List of plain English words and phrases 1

List of plain English words and phrases

This is a list of plain English words and phrases which have been recommended in United States guides to writing.
Plain language is writing or speaking with simple, familiar words instead of lengthy, formal words.[1] It avoids
jargon, prefers positive words to negative words,[2] and prefers strong verbs to be verbs.[3] Plain language is simple,
direct and human.[1] It reflects a writer or speaker's clear thinking and respects an audience's time.[4] The problem
word is listed first; the plain English alternative follows.
Contents:
• Top
• 0–9
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
List of plain English words and phrases 2

A
• above-mentioned, above-listed, before-mentioned, aforementioned – (Omit)[5][6]
• abundance – Enough, plenty, (or specific amount)[7]
• accede to – Allow, agree to[7]
• accelerate – Speed up[7]
• accentuate – Stress[7]
• accommodation – Room[8]
• accompany – Go with[9], with[7]
• accomplish – Do[9]
• accorded – Given[9]
• accordingly – Thus, so[9][10]
• accrue – Add, gain[9]
• accurate – Right[9]
• acquiesce – Agree[7]
• acquire – Get[7]
• additional – Extra[9][11][10]
• address – Discuss[9]
• addressees – You[9]
• adjacent to – Next to[9]
• adjustment – Change, alteration[7]
• admissible – Allowed, accepted[7]
• advantageous – Helpful[9]
• adversely impact on – Hurt, set back[9]
• advise – Tell[9][11]
• afford an opportunity – Allow, let[9]
• aggregate – Total[7]
• aircraft – Plane[9]
• alleviate – Ease, reduce[7]
• allocate – Divide[9]
• all of – All[12]
• along the lines of – Like, as in[13]
• alternatively – Or[13]
• ameliorate – Improve, help[13]
• an absence of – No, none[7]
• and particularly – Particularly[14]
• and – Use either "and" or "or."[9][12]
• anticipate – Expect[9]
• a number of – Some[9]
• applicant – You[11]
List of plain English words and phrases 3

• application – Use[13]
• apparent – Clear, plain[9]
• apprehend – Arrest[15]
• appreciable – Many[9]
• appropriate – Proper, right[9]
• approximate – About[9][16]
• arrive onboard – Arrive[9]
• as a means of – To[9]
• ascertain – Find out, learn[9]
• as per our telephone conversation of this date – As we discussed this afternoon[17][18]
• as prescribed by – In, under[9]
• as far as ... is concerned – (Omit)[18][19]
• as to– Of, on, with, for, to, by, in, into[18]
• as yet, as of yet – Yet[20]
• assist, assistance – Help[9][16]
• at its discretion – Can, may[13]
• attain – Meet[9]
• attempt – Try[9]
• at the present time, at this time, at the moment – Now[9][16][21][13]
• attributable to – Because[13]
• at your earliest convenience – As soon as you can[17]
• authorize – Allow, let[22]

B
• basis, on a – (omit)[18]
• be advised – (omit)[9]
• because of the fact that – because, since[23][24]
• beg – ask[17]
• belated – late[25]
• beneficial – helpful, useful[25]
• bestow – give, award[25]
• by means of – by, with[9][21]
• by reason of – because[21]
• by virtue of – by, under[21]
• beverage – drink[16]
List of plain English words and phrases 4

C
• capability – ability[9]
• case of, in the – (omit)[26]
• caveat – warning[9]
• cease – stop[16]
• chauffeur – driver[27]
• clearly, obviously – (omit)[28]
• close proximity – near[9]
• combat environment – combat[9]
• combined – joint[9]
• commence – Begin or start[9][29][11]
• completely revoke – revoke[28]
• comply with – follow[9][11]
• complete – fill in[11]
• component part –[9]
• comprise – form[9]
• wiktionary: conceal – hide[8]
• concerning – about, on[9]
• consensus, of opinion, consensus, general – consensus[30]
• consequently – so[9][11][10]
• consolidate – join, merge[9]
• constitutes – is, forms, makes up[9]
• contains – has[9]
• convene – meet[9]
• corridor – hall[16]
• currently – (omit), now[9]

D
• deem – believe, think[9]
• delete – cut, drop[9]
• demonstrate – prove, show[9]
• depart – leave, go[9][16]
• designate – choose, name[9]
• desire – want, wish[9]
• despite the fact that – although[23][24]
• determine – decide, figure, find[9]
• disclose – show[9]
• discontinue – drop, stop[9]
• disseminate – give, issue, pass, send[9]
• does not have – lacks[2]
List of plain English words and phrases 5

• does not include – excludes, omits[2]

• due to the fact that – because, since[9][24]
• duly (authorized, signed) – (omit)[31]
• during the period, during the time that – during, while[9][19]

E
• each and every – (omit)[32]
• early beginnings) – beginnings, early days[33]
• each...apiece) – each[33]
• economical – cheap[34]
• effect modifications – make changes[9]
• elect – chose, pick[9]
• eliminate – cut, drop, end[9]
• else but, else than) – but[35]
• elucidate – explain[36][6]
• emphasize – stress[34]
• employ – use[9]
• enclosed please find – i have enclosed[37][17]
• encounter – meet[9]
• endeavor – try[9][16]
• end (result, product) – omit[38]
• enquiry – question[34]
• ensure – make sure[9][11]
• entitlement – right[34]
• enumerate – count[9]
• equally as – equally[38]
• equipments – equipment[9]
• equitable – fair[9]
• equivalent – equal[34]
• establish – set up, prove, show[9]
• evaluate – test, check[34]
• evidenced – showed[9]
• evident – (omit), clear[9]
• evince – show, prove[34]
• excluding – except[34]
• exclusively – only[34]
• exhibit – show[9]
• expedite – hurry[9][6]
• expeditious – fast, quick[9]
• expend – spend[9]
List of plain English words and phrases 6

• expertise – ability[9]
• expiration – end[9]

F
• facilitate – ease, help[9]
• feasible – workable[9]
• females – women[9]
• finalize – complete, finish[9][39]
• first(ly), second(ly), third(ly) – first, second, third[39]
• first and foremost – first[40]
• following – after[41]
• for a period of – for[9][19]
• for example,______etc. – for example, such as[9]
• forfeit – lose, give up[9]
• formulate – plan[41]
• for the purpose of, – to[21]
• for the reason that, – to[21]
• forward – send[9][11]
• frequently – often[9]
• function – act, role, work[9]
• furnish – give, send[9]

H
• has a duty to – must[42]
• has a requirement for – needs[9]
• herein, heretofore, herewith, thereof, wherefore, wherein –(omit)[9][39]
• honest truth – truth[43]
• however – but, yet[9][44]
Contents:
• Top
• 0–9
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
List of plain English words and phrases 7

• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

I
• identical – same[9]
• identify –find, name[9]
• identify with –agree, understand[45]
• if and when – use either word; not both[45]
• immediately – at once[9]
• impacted – affected,changed[9]
• implement – carry out, start[46]
• in accordance with – by, under[9][11][21]
• in addition – also, besides, too[9]
• in all likelihood – probably[47]
• in an effort to – to[9]
• inasmuch – since[9][21]
• in a timely manner – on time, promptly[9]
• in between – between[46]
• inception – start[9]
• in connection with – with, about[21]
• incumbent upon – must[9]
• indicate – say, state, or show[9][46][16]
• indication – sign[9]
• individual – person[48][16]
• in excess of – more than[11]
• in favor of – for[21]
• initial – first[9]
• initiate – start[9]
• in lieu of – instead[9]
List of plain English words and phrases 8

• in light of the fact that – because[17][23][24]

• in many cases – often[24]
• in order that – for, so[9]
• in order to – to[9][48][23][21]
• inquire – person[16]
• in regard(s) to – about, concerning, on[9][16]
• in relation to – about, with, to[9][21]
• in some instances – sometimes[24]
• inside of – inside[49]
• institute legal proceedings against, bring action against – sue[15]
• inter alia – (omit)[9]or use "among others"[49]
• interface – meet, work with[9][49]
• in terms of –(omit)[49][24]
• interpose no objection – don't object[9]
• in the amount of – for[9]
• in the case of – when[24]
• in the event of – if[9][23][11][24]
• in the majority of instances – usually[19]
• in the nature of – like[24]
• in the near future – shortly, soon[9]
• in the process of – (omit)[9]
• in view of – since[9]
• in view of the above – so[9]
• regardless – regardless[16][50]
• is applicable to – applies to[9]
• is authorized to – may[9]
• is in consonance with – agrees with, follows[9]
• is responsible for – (omit) handles[9]
• it appears – seems[9]
• it is – (omit)[9]
• it is essential – must, need to[9]
• it is requested – please, we request, I request[9]
• it is important to add that, in this regard it is of significance that, it may be recalled that, it is interesting to
point out that – (omit)[28]
List of plain English words and phrases 9

L
• liaison – discussion[9]
• -ly (doubtless, fast, ill, much, seldom, thus) – (omit)[51]
• last will and testament – will[52]

M
• magnitude – size[9]
• maintain – keep, support[9]
• majority – most (except for voting)[53]
• make a mockery of – (omit)[53]
• make an attempt, make an effort – try[53]
• make reference to – refer[54]
• maximum – greatest, largest, most[9]
• mental attitude – attitude[55]
• merge – merge[56]
• methodology – method[9]
• minimize – decrease, method[9]
• minimum – least, smallest[9]
• modify – change[9]
• monitor – check, watch[9]
• month + of + year – March 2013[57]
• moreover – what's more[58]
• multiple – many[59]

N
• nature, of a – (omit)[60]
• necessitate – cause, need[9]
• nevertheless – still, besides, even so[58]
• notify – let know, tell[9]
• not able – unable[2]
• not accept – reject[2]
• not certain – uncertain[2]
• not unlike – similar, alike[2]
• not many – few[2]
• not often – rarely[2]
• not the same – different[2]
• not...unless, not...except – only if[2]
• not...until – only when[2]
• not later than 10 May – by 10 May, before 11 May not later than 1600 by 1600[9]
• notwithstanding – in spite of, still[9]
List of plain English words and phrases 10

• now comes – (omit)[61]

• null and void – use either "null" or "void"[62][63][64]
• numerous – many[9][62][47]

O
• objective – aim, goal[9]
• obligate – bind, compel[9]
• observe – see on a _________basis (omit)[9]
• obtain – get[65]
• off of – off[66]
• on request – if you ask[11]
• on the basis of – by, from[24]
• on the contrary – but, so[58]
• on the grounds that – (omit)[57]
• on the other hand – (omit)[57]; but, so[58]
• on the part of – by[67][57]
• operate – run, use, work[9]
• optimum – best, greatest, most[9]
• option – choice, way[9]
• orientate – orient[67][68]
• ...out (calculate, cancel, distribute, segregate, separate) – omit[69]
• outside of – outside[67]
• overall – (omit)[70]
• oversight [v] – oversee[71]
• owing to the fact that – because, since[23][24]

P
• parameters – limits[9][72]
• participate – take part[9]
• particulars – details[11]
• pass away – die[16]
• per annum – a year[11]
• perchance – perhaps[73]
• perform – do[9]
• permit – let[9]
• pertaining to – about, of, on[9]
• perspire – sweat[16]
• peruse – read[16]
• PIN number – PIN[74]
• place – put[16]
• portion – part[9]
• possess – have, own[9]
• point in time, particular point in time – time, point, now, moment[75]
• potentiality – potential[76]
• practicable – practical[9]
• preclude – prevent[9]
List of plain English words and phrases 11

• preowned – used[77]
• preliminary to, previous to, previously, prior to – before[9][78][16][23][24]
• preparatory to – to prepare for[78][11]
• prioritize – rank;[9] set or make priorities[79]
• proceed – do, go ahead, try[9][16]
• procure – (omit)[9]
• proficiency – skill[9]
• promulgate – issue, publish[9]
• provide – give, offer, say[9]
• provided that – if[9][80][81]
• provide guidance for – guide[9]
• purchase – buy[9][16][82]
• pursuant to – by, following, per, under[9]; in response to, in carrying out, as required by[83][17]

Q
• question as to whether, question of whether – question whether[83]
• quite puzzling – baffling[43]

R
• reason ... is because – because[84]
• refer back – refer[85]
• reflect – say, show[9]
• regard as being – regard as[85]
• regarding – about, of, on[9][82]
• relative to – about, on[9]
• relocate – move[9]
• remain – stay[9]
• remainder – rest[9]
• remuneration – pay, payment[9]
• render – give, make[9]
• represents – is[9]
• request – ask[9]
• require – must, need[9]
• requirement – need[9], rule[86]
• reside, residence – live, house[9][16]
• respectively – (omit)[87]
• retain – keep[9]
• retire – go to bed[16]
List of plain English words and phrases 12

S
• said, some, such, same – the, this, that[9][88][17][6][89]
• selection – choice[9]
• set forth in – in[9]
• shall – must[90][91][92]
• should you wish – if you want[82]
• similar to – like[9]
• solicit – ask for, request[9]
• state-of-the-art – latest[9]
• strategize – plan[16]
• subject – the, this, your[9]
• submit – give, send[9]
• subsequent, subsequently, subsequent to –later, next, after, then[9][93][16][23][24]
• substantial – large, much[9]
• successfully complete – complete, pass[9]
• sufficient – enough[9][16]

T
• take action to – (omit)[9]
• terminate – end, stop[9][36][82][6]
• than was formerly the case – now[24]
• the month of – (omit)[9]
• there are – (omit)[9]
• therefore – thus, so[9][58]
• therein – there[9]
• there is – (omit)[9]
• the undersigned – I[9]
• the use of – (omit)[9]
• this activity, command – us, we[9]
• timely – prompt[9]
• time period – (either one)[9]
• to be violative of – violate[94]
• took advantage of – preyed[43]
• to wit – (omit)[95]
• transpire – happen[16]
• transmit – send[9][15]
• type – (omit)[9]
List of plain English words and phrases 13

U
• under the provisions of – under[9]
• until such time as – until[9][19]
• utilize, utilization – use[9][36][15][6]

V
• validate – confirm[9]
• variation – change[96]
• various different – "various" or "different"[97]
• very – (omit)[98]
• very angry – enraged[43]
• viable – practical, workable[9]

W
• warrant – call for, permit[9]
• we are in receipt of – we've received[17][11]
• whereas – because, since[9]
• whether or not – whether[99]
• whosoever, whomsoever – whoever, whomever[100]
• with a view to – by, from[24]
• with reference to, with regard to – about[9][24]
• with respect to – on, about[24]
• with the exception of – except for[9]
• with the minimum of delay – quickly (or say when)[99]
• witnessed – saw[9]

Y
• you are requested – please[101]
• your attention is drawn – please see, please note[101]
• your office – you[9]
• / (slash) – and, or[9]
Contents:
• Top
• 0–9
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
List of plain English words and phrases 14

• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

Notes
[1] Schiess 2003-2004, p. 71-75
[2] SEC 1998, p. 27
[3] Garner 2001
[4] Garner 2009a, p. 630-32
[5] Garner 2002, p. 100-01: "cumbersome phrases; lawyerisms"
[6] Wydick 1978, p. 739: "lawyerism"
[7] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 3
[8] Garner 2009a, p. 371: "formal word"
[9] Simple word suggestions.
[10] Schiess, p. 1: "heavy connector"
[11] Plain English Campaign, p. 10: "word to avoid"
[12] Garner 2002, p. 102
[13] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 4
[14] Garner 2009a, p. 611: "unnecessary"
[15] Garner 2009a, p. 587: "officialese"
[16] Garner 2009b, p. 91: "genteelism"
[17] Garner 2009b, p. 96: "commercialese"
[18] Garner 2002, p. 104: "legaldegook"
[19] Wydick 1978, p. 733: "verbose"
[20] Garner 2002, p. 104-05
[21] Wydick 1978, p. 731: "compound preposition"
[22] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 5
[23] SEC 1998, p. 25: "superfluous"
[24] Wydick 1978, p. 732: "verbose"
[25] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 6
[26] Garner 2002, p. 106
[27] Garner 2009a, p. 155: "class distinction"
[28] Wydick 1978, p. 755: "throat-clearing"
[29] Garner 2002, p. 107
[30] Garner 2002, p. 108
[31] Garner 2009a, p. 284: "redundant"
[32] Garner 2002, p. 112
[33] Garner 2009a, p. 287: "redundant"
[34] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 11
[35] Garner 2009a, p. 300: "redundant"
[36] SEC 1998, p. 31: "simpler synonym"
[37] Garner 2002, p. 113: "deadwood"
List of plain English words and phrases 15

[38] Garner 2009a, p. 313: "redundant"

[39] Garner 2002, p. 115"a favorite word of jargonmongers"
[40] Garner 2009a, p. 355: "cliché"
[41] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 12
[42] Kimble 1998-2000, p. 113: "wordy"
[43] Wydick 1978, p. 754: "adjective-adverb mania"
[44] Schiess, p. 1-2: "heavy connector"
[45] Garner 2002, p. 118: "voguish phrase"
[46] Garner 2002, p. 119: "vogue word"
[47] Wydick 1978, p. 737: "verbose"
[48] Garner 2002, p. 120
[49] Garner 2002, p. 121
[50] Garner 2009a, p. 570: "nonword"
[51] Garner 2009a, p. 24: "nonword double adverbs"
[52] Lebovitz 2008, p. 59: "redundant"
[53] Garner 2009a, p. 522
[54] Garner 2002, p. 125
[55] Garner 2009a, p. 532-33: "redundant"
[56] Garner 2009a, p. 533: "redundant"
[57] Garner 2009a, p. 594: "superfluous"
[58] Schiess, p. 2: "heavy connector"
[59] Saffire 1997: "pompous, snooty"
[60] Garner 2002, p. 128
[61] Kimble 2002, p. 45: "legal jargon"
[62] Garner 2002, p. 129
[63] Butt 2006, p. 29: "jargon"
[64] Kimble 1998-2000, p. 114: "redundant doublet"
[65] Garner 2009b, p. 94: "officialese"
[66] Garner 2002, p. 130
[67] Garner 2002, p. 131
[68] Garner 2009a, p. 598: "redundant"
[69] Garner 2009a, p. 600: "superfluous"
[70] Garner 2009a, p. 601: "vogue word"
[71] Garner 2009a, p. 602: "jargon"
[72] Garner 2002, p. 132: "jargonistic vogue word"
[73] Garner 2009a, p. 618: "archaic"
[74] Garner 2009a, p. 630: "redundant"
[75] Garner 2009a, p. 640: "clumsy phrase"
[76] Garner 2009a, p. 648: "jargon"
[77] Garner 2009a, p. 653: "euphemism"
[78] Garner 2002, p. 133
[79] Garner 2002, p. 134
[80] Garner 2002, p. 135
[81] Schiess 2003-2004, p. 57-58: "wordy"
[82] Plain English Campaign, p. 11: "word to avoid"
[83] Garner 2002, p. 136: "legalese"
[84] Garner 2002, p. 136-37: "verbose"
[85] Garner 2002, p. 137: "redundan[t]"
[86] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 26
[87] SEC 1998, p. 35
[88] Garner 2002, p. 139: "legaldegook"
[89] Schiess 2003-2004, p. 56: "vague word"
[90] Butt 2008, p. 29: "jargon"
[91] Kimble 1992
[92] Schiess 2003-2004, p. 74
[93] Garner 2002, p. 141
[94] Garner 2009a, p. 845: "verbose"
[95] Lebovitz 2001, p. 56: "legalese"
[96] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 30
List of plain English words and phrases 16

[97] Garner 2009a, p. 838: "redundant"

[98] Garner 2009a, p. 842: "weasel word"
[99] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 31
[100] Garner 2002, p. 147: "legalese"
[101] Plain English Campaign 2001, p. 32

References
• A Plain English Handbook (http://www.webcitation.org/6FO0HX9pl). Washington, D.C.: Office of Investor
Education and Assistance U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1998. p. 77. Archived from the original
(http://www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf) on 2013-03-25.
• Baker, Julie A. (2011). "And the Winner Is: How Principles of Cognitive Science Resolve the Plain Language
Debate" (http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2362&
context=californialawreview). University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review (Kansas City: UMKC School of
Law): 11–33.
• Butt, Peter (2006). "Plain Language: Drafting and Property Law" (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.
cfm?abstract_id=938029). European Journal of Law Reform 7 (1–2): 19–29. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
• "Federal Plain Language Guidelines" (http://www.webcitation.org/6FO08xdr5). plainlanguage.gov. Plain
Language Action and Information Network (PLAIN). May 1, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.
plainlanguage.gov/howto/guidelines/FederalPLGuidelines/FederalPLGuidelines.pdf) on 2013-03-25.
Retrieved 23 March 2013.
• Garner, Bryan A. (2002). The Elements of Legal Style (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 268.
ISBN 978-0-19-514162-7.
• Garner, Bryan A. (2010). "Interviews with United States Supreme Court Justices" (http://www.webcitation.org/
6FNzvIoqU). The Scribes Journal of Legal Writing (Lansing: Scribes- The American Society of Legal Writers)
13: 182. Archived from the original (http://www.scribes.org/sites/default/files/
Scribes-Journal_Volume-13_Garner-transcripts.pdf) on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
• Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner on Language and Writing: Selected Essays and Speeches of Bryan A. Garner.
Chicago: American Bar Association. p. 876. ISBN 1-60442-445-1.
• Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
p. 1008. ISBN 978-0-19-538275-4.
• Garner, Bryan A. (2001). "Legal Writing in Plain English, Exercises" (http://www.webcitation.org/
6FPYmeDsd). The University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original (http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/
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Article Sources and Contributors 18

Article Sources and Contributors

List of plain English words and phrases  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561825423  Contributors: Dthomsen8, Fluous, PamD, Ross Hill

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