Design Thickness of Cold Formed Members and Sheeting: Continued From p32

Technical/Advisory Desk
Practical application of the “General Method” of EN 1993-1-1

continued from p32
value was 82.1%, meaning that according to the conventional method the Conclusions
column is adequate. The reason for the big difference between the two This article presented some examples of the application of the general
utilization values is that the buckling shape of the frame involves both the method. It was demonstrated that if a more realistic modelling and structural
column and the rafter, so these two members should form a consistent unit analysis is possible – i.e. a general stability analysis – then a more realistic and
in stability design. The separation of the column and the determination of the natural way for the stability design is to use the general method. The examples
buckling length independently of the rafter produce an overestimation for the also showed the importance of an accurate assessment of the buckling shapes
column buckling resistance. This can be understood clearly if it is appreciated and the associated elastic critical values which can lead to safer – and in other
that as one unit, the column and the beam together reach the elastic critical cases more economic – structural design.
state at a lower level of load than the column alone.
AD 358
Design thickness of cold formed
members and sheeting
The purpose of this Advisory Desk Note is to highlight the existence of, and According to BS EN 10143:2006, for nominal thicknesses between 1.6 mm
explain the implications of, an important but often over-looked definition and 2.0 mm, for a width of strip between 100 mm and 1500 mm, the “normal”
in BS EN 1993-1-3:2006 – the design thickness of cold formed members and tolerance is +/– 0.15 mm and the “special” tolerance is +/- 0.09 mm.
sheeting. It is crucial that designers use the correct design thickness for cold The core thickness is thus:
formed members and sheeting because small differences between design and tcor = tnom − tmetallic coatings = 1.80 – 0.04 = 1.76 mm
nominal thicknesses can lead to significant differences in section properties
and design resistances. Design thickness for “normal” tolerance
The definition concerned is in clause 3.2.4 (3) of BS EN 1993-1-3. The The “normal” tolerance of – 0.15 mm is equivalent to 8.3% of the nominal
wording in the clause is slightly confused but it does provide two expressions thickness (i.e. tol = 8.3). Therefore, the design thickness is given by expression
for the design thickness, depending on the specified tolerance on thickness. (3.3b) as:
If the negative tolerance on the material thickness, tol, (expressed as a t = tcor × (100 – tol) = 1.76 × (100 – 8.3) / 95 = 1.70 mm
percentage of the nominal thickness) is less than or equal to 5%, expression
(3.3a) gives the design thickness as: Design thickness for “special” tolerance
t = tcor (3.3a) It might be noted that the negative tolerance is equivalent to 5.0% of the
where the core thickness, tcor = tnom − tmetallic coatings , in which tnom is the nominal nominal thickness (i.e. tol = 5.0) but, irrespective of its value, the design
material thickness and tmetallic coatings should be taken as the total coating thickness is given in this case by expression (3.3a) as:
thickness on both faces. t = tcor = 1.76 mm
However, if the negative tolerance, tol, is greater than 5% then the design
thickness is given by expression (3.3b) as: Specification of different positive and negative tolerances
t = tcor × (100 – tol) / 95 (3.3b) The approach described above to determine design thickness is based on
(Note that the above expression corrects a typographic error in the published the assumption that the positive and negative tolerances for the material
Standard.) thickness are the same, which is true when either “normal” or “special”
The tolerances on dimensions and shape for continuously hot-dip coated tolerances in accordance with in BS EN 10143: 2006 apply. However, it is
steel sheet and strip are given in BS EN 10143: 2006. There are two types of common practice to specify material with different positive and negative
thickness tolerance given in BS EN 10143 - “normal” and “special”. The actual tolerances. Where this is done, the value of tnom should be taken as the mid-
tolerance value is dependent on several factors such as the steel grade, point of the extreme values, rather than the specified nominal value. The
nominal material thickness and the width of the strip. negative tolerance tol should then be taken as the difference between the
Where “normal” tolerances apply, the negative “normal” tolerance values modified nominal thickness and the extreme minimum thickness.
are generally greater than 5% of the nominal material thickness, meaning Consider the above example but with a positive tolerance of 0.0 mm and
that expression 3.3b should be used. Where “special” tolerances apply, a negative tolerance of 0.1 mm. The minimum and maximum thicknesses to
although the negative tolerance values are also greater than 5%, according this specification are thus 1.70 mm and 1.80 mm, respectively, giving tnom =
to BS EN 1993-1-3, 3.2.4 (4) the design thickness may be taken as the core 1.75 mm. The core thickness is thus given by:
thickness, tcor , irrespective of the magnitude of that tolerance. tcor = tnom − tmetallic coatings = 1.75 – 0.04 = 1.71 mm
The designer therefore needs to know, in addition to the nominal thickness The negative tolerance from the mid-range of nominal thickness is 0.05 mm,
and the coating thickness, whether “normal” or “special” tolerances will be which is equivalent to 2.9% of the nominal thickness (i.e. tol = 2.9). Therefore,
specified for coated steel to BS EN 10143. To illustrate the difference between the design thickness is given by expression (3.3a) as :
the two alternatives, consider the following example. t = tcor = 1.71 mm
Example
Consider a cold formed member manufactured from S350 strip steel with a Contact: Andrew Way
nominal thickness of 1.8 mm and with a Z275 coating (for which the metallic Tel: 01344 636525
coating thickness is 0.04 mm). Email: [email protected]
NSC
May 11 37

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Technical/Advisory Desk

Practical application of the “General Method” of EN 1993-1-1

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