Answer to the question no.

-04

Ikhtiyar Uddin Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji also referred to as Muḥammad Bakhtiyar
Khalji was a Turko-Afghan military general who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian
regions of Bengal and Bihar and established himself as their ruler.In Bengal, his reign is liable
for the spread of Islam. Admired by Islamists, Bakhtiyar's conquests ushered Islamic rule out
Bengal, most notably those of Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal. It's believed that his
invasions also caused severe damage to the Buddhist faith in Bihar.

Answer to the question no.-02

A culture may be a way of lifetime of a gaggle of people-the behaviors, beliefs, values, and
symbols that they accept without giving a thought about them. The culture of Bengal defines the
cultural heritage of the Bengali people native to eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent,
mainly what's today Bangladesh and therefore the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and
Assam's Barak Valley, where the Bengali language is that the official and first language. Bengal
features a recorded history of 1,400 years. The cultures of Bangladesh are composite over the
centuries have assimilated influences of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity. It's
manifested in various forms, including music, dance, drama, art craft, folklore folktale,
languages literature, philosophy religion, festivals celebrations; also as during a distinct cuisine
culinary tradition.

Answer to the question no.-06

Bangladesh is a country of South Asia, located in the delta of the Padma and Jamuna rivers in
the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. Bangladesh is bordered by the Indian states of
West Bengal to the west and north, Assam to the north, Meghalaya to the north and northeast,
and Tripura and Mizoram to the east. To the southeast, it shares a boundary with Myanmar. The
southern a part of Bangladesh opens into the Bay of Bengal. In the northeast and southeast in the
Sylhet and Chittagong Hills areas, respectively the alluvial plains give place to ridges, running
mainly north-south, that form a part of the mountains that separate Bangladesh from Myanmar
and India. In its southern region, Bangladesh is fringed by the Sundarbans, an enormous expanse
of marshy deltaic forest.

Answer to the question no.-10

Nationalism is a thought and movement that promotes the interests of a specific nation,
especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
Nationalism holds that every nation should govern itself, free from outside interference, that a
nation may be a natural and ideal basis for a polity which the state is that the only rightful source
of political power. Bengali nationalism is rooted within the expression of pride within the history
and cultural heritage of Bengal. Bengal became a centre of recent culture, intellectual and
scientific activities, politics and education under British Raj. Bangladeshi nationalism is an
ideology that promotes the territorial identity of Bangladeshis. The ideology emerged during the
late 1970s, popularized by former Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman. The history of
nationalism within the country dates back to the colonial era, when the region started witnessing
anti-colonial movements against British Empire. Soon, a way of spiritual nationalism began to
emerge which was later revolutionised into ethnolinguistic nationalism. Following independence
of Bangladesh in 1971, leaders like Ziaur Rahman began to market Bangladeshi nationalism
which was supported territorial attachment of Bangladeshis. Politically, Bangladeshi nationalism
is especially professed by the center-right and rightist political parties in Bangladesh, led by
Bangladesh Nationalist Party.

Answer to the question no.-09

The Mughal Empire governed the region during the first modern period. Under Mughal rule, the
Old City of Dhaka grew on the banks of the Buriganga River. Dhaka was proclaimed the capital
of Mughal Bengal in 1608. Islam Khan Chishti was the primary administrator of the town . Khan
named it "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honor of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was
dropped soon after English conquered. Dhaka was one among the most important and most
prosperous cities in South Asia. It grew into a regional economic center during the 17th and 18th
centuries, serving as a hub for Eurasian traders, including Bengalis, Marwaris, Kashmiris,
Gujaratis, Armenians, Arabs, Persians, Greeks, Dutch, French, English, and therefore the
Portuguese. The city was a center of the worldwide muslin, cotton and jute industries, with
80,000 skilled weavers. Mughal Bengal generated 50% of the Mughal Empire's GDP, which at
the time constituted 29% of world GDP. Dhaka was the commercial capital of the empire.
Bengal was an affluent region in the Mughal era.
Answer to the question no.-11

After the Mughal campaign in Bhati, as found in the Akbarnama, the following list of the
Bhuiyans may be drawn up: 1) Isa Khan Masnad-i-Ala, 2) Ibrahim Naral, 3) Karimdad Musazai,
4) Majlis Dilwar, 5) Majlis Pratap, 6) Kedar Rai, 7) Sher Khan, 8) Bhadur Ghazi, 9) Tila Ghazi,
10) Chand Ghazi, 11) Sultan Ghazi, 12) Selim Ghazi, 13) Qasim Ghazi. In the Baharistan-i-
Ghaibi, the names of Musa Khan and his 12 zamindar allies are as follows: (i) Musa Khan
Masnad-i-Ala, (ii) Alaul Khan, (iii) Abdullah Khan, (iv) Mahmud Khan, (v) Bahadur Ghazi, (vi)
Sona Ghazi, (vii) Anwar Ghazi, (viii) Shaikh Pir, (ix) Mirza Mumin, (x) Madhav Rai, (xi)
Binode Rai, (xii) Pahlwan, (xiii) Haji Shamsuddin Baghdadi. The patriotic Bhuiyans, who
resisted the Mughal conquest, were famous as Bara-Bhuiyans or twelve Bhuiyans, but in both the
above lists, there are thirteen names. Actually they were thirteen including the leader, and
actually both Abul Fazl and Mirza Nathan, while pertaining to the Bara-Bhuiyans, wrote, 'Isa
Khan made the 12 zamindars of Bengal subject to himself. Mirza Nathan wrote 'Musa Khan and
his 12 zamindar allies. The Baro-Bhuyans were warrior chiefs and landlords (zamindars) in
medieval Bengal and Assam who maintained a loosely independent confederacy. In times of
aggression by external powers, they generally cooperated in defending and expelling the
aggressor. In times of peace, they maintained their respective sovereignty. In the presence of a
strong king, they offered their allegiance. In general, they were in control of a group of villages,
called cakala, and the more powerful among them called themselves raja. Baro denotes the
number twelve, but in general there were more than twelve chiefs or landlords, and the word
baro meant many. Thus, Bhuyan-raj denoted individual Bhuyanship, whereas Baro-Bhuyan
denoted temporary confederacies that they formed. In Bengal they carved the land of Bhati into
twelve administrative units or Dwadas Bangla. The system of Baro-Bhuyan confederacy is a
relic of the erstwhile Kamarupa kingdom, that covered all of Assam, North Bengal and large
portions of Bangladesh. The "parcelization" of power, which was an effect of settling North
Indian adventurers, became prominent during the 9th century reign of Balavarman III of
theMlechchha dynasty. Whereas the central Kamarupa kingdom fragmented, the system of small
chieftains remained. In Bengal as in Assam, the Baro-Bhuyans are found in regions within the
traditional boundaries of the Kamarupa kingdom. In Assam, the Baro-Bhuyans occupied the
region west of the Kachari kingdom in the south bank of the Brahmaputra river, and west of the
Sutiya kingdom in the north bank. They were instrumental in defending against aggressors from
Bengal, especially in defeating the remnant of Alauddin Husain Shah's administration after 1498.
They also resisted the emergence of the Koch dynasty but failed. Subsequently, they were
squeezed between the Kachari kingdom and the Kamata kingdom in the south bank and were
slowly overpowered by the expanding Ahom kingdom in the north. In Bengal, the Kingdom of
Chandradvipa or Barisalwas ruled by the royal Basu family, the last of which being Raja
Rabindra Narayan Bose, who later fled to Kolkata during the partition of Bengal, as their
position had already been reduced to that of a zamindar.
Answer to the question no.-12

Battle of Plassey was a major turning point in modern Indian history that led to the consolidation
of the British rule in India. This battle was fought between the East India Company headed by
Robert Clive and the Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-Ud-Daulah) and his French Troop. This battle is
often termed as the ‘decisive event’ which became the source of ultimate rule of the British in
India. The battle occurred during the late reign of Mughal empire (called later Mughal Period).
Mughal emperor Alamgir-II was ruling the empire when the Battle of Plassey took place. It is a
battle fought between the Malay Archipelago Company force headed by Clive and Siraj-Ud-
Daulah (Nawab of Bengal). The rampant misuse by EIC officials of trade privileges infuriated
Siraj. The continuing misconduct by EIC against Siraj-Ud-Daulah led to the battle of Plassey in
1757.

Causes of the Battle of Plassey

Majorly, the reasons for the Battle of Plassey to take place were: The rampant misuse of the trade
privileges given to the British by the Nawab of Bengal. Non-payment of tax and duty by the
workers of the British East India Company. Other reasons that supported the coming of this
battle were: Fortification of Calcutta by the British without the Nawab’s permission. Misleading
Nawab on various fronts by British.

An asylum was provided to Nawab’s enemy Krishna Das. The East India Company had a strong
presence in India majorly at Fort St. George, Fort William and Bombay Castle. The British
resorted to having an alliance with the Nawabs and princes in exchange for security against any
form of external and internal attack and were promised concessions in return for their safety and
protection. The problem arose when the alliance was disrupted under the rule of Nawab of
Bengal (Siraj-Ud-Daulah). The Nawab started seizing the fort of Calcutta and imprisoning many
British Officials in June 1756. The prisoners were kept in a dungeon at Fort William. This
incident is called the Black Hole of Calcutta since only a handful of the prisoners survived the
captivity where over a hundred people were kept in a cell meant for about 6 people. The East
India company planned an attack and Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of
the Nawab’s army, and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal. The Battle of Plassey
was fought at Palashi, on the banks of Bhagirathi river near Calcutta on June 23, 1757. After
three hours of intense fighting, there was a heavy downpour. One of the reasons for the defeat of
Nawab was the lack of planning to protect their weapons during the heavy downpour which
turned the table in favour of the British army apart from the major reason being the treachery of
Mir Jafar. Siraj-Ud-Daulah’s army with 50,000 soldiers, 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was
defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Robert Clive. The battle ended in 11 hours and Siraj-Ud-Daulah
fled from the battle post his defeat. According to Robert Clive, 22 men died and 50 were injured
from the British troops. The Nawab army lost about 500 men, including several key officials and
many of them even suffered several casualties. This is judged to be one among the pivotal battles
within the control of Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers. British now wielded enormous
influence over the Nawab, Mir Jafar and consequently acquired significant concessions for
previous losses and revenue from trade. British further used this revenue to extend their military
might and push the opposite European colonial powers like the Dutch and therefore the French
out of South Asia, thus expanding British Empire.