Unit 5 - Basic Mechanical Engineering - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in
Unit 5 - Basic Mechanical Engineering - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in
Unit 5 - Basic Mechanical Engineering - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in
Tech
Subject Name: Basic Mechanical Engineering
Subject Code: BT-203
Semester: 2nd
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UNIT V
Reciprocating Machines: Working principle of steam Engine, Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles P-V & T-S
diagrams and its efficiency, working of 2- stroke & 4- stroke Petrol & Diesel engines. Working principle of
compressor.
Simple steam engine shown is a horizontal double acting steam engine having cylinder fitted with cylinder
cover on left side of cylinder. Cylinder cover has stuffing box and gland through which the piston rod
reciprocates. One end of piston rod which is inside cylinder has piston attached to it. Piston has piston rings
upon it for preventing leakage across the piston. Other end of piston rod which is outside cylinder has cross
head attached to it. Cross head slides in guide ways so as to have linear motion in line with engine axis.
Cross head is connected to the small end of connecting rod by the gudgeon pin. Big end of connecting rod
is mounted over crank pin of the crank. Reciprocating motion of piston rod is transformed into rotary
motion of crankshaft by cross head, connecting rod and crank. Cross head transmits the motion of piston
rod to connecting rod. Cross head guide ways bear the reaction force.
High pressure and high temperature steam enters from main inlet passage into steam chest. D-slide valve
occupies such a position that passage from the steam chest to engine cylinder gets opened. High pressure
steam enters cylinder and forces piston towards other dead centre. Linear motion of piston is transformed
into rotation of crankshaft through crosshead, connecting rod, gudgeon pin and crank. When piston
reaches other dead centre then the corresponding displacement of valve rod causes shifting of D-slide valve
such that other passage from steam chest to cylinder gets opened and initial passage comes in
communication with the exhaust passage. Thus the live steam enters from steam chest to cylinder through
passage and dead steam leaves from cylinder to exhaust passage through another passage.
box is to prevent leakage of the steam from the cylinder to atmosphere, at the same time allowing the
piston rod a free movement.
10. Cross – Head: - It forms a connecting link between the piston rod and the connecting rod. It guides the
motion of the piston rod and also carries the small end of the connecting rod.
11. Connecting Rod: - It is made up forged steel, whose one end is connected to the cross – head and the
other to the crank. Its function is to convert reciprocating motion of the piston (or cross – head) into
rotary motion of the crank.
12. Crank Shaft: - It is main shaft of the engine having crank. The crank works on the lever principle and
produces rotary motion of the shaft. The crank shaft is supported on main bearing of the engine.
13. Eccentric: - It is generally made up of cast iron, and is fitted to the crank shaft. Its function is to provide
reciprocating motion of the Slide Valve.
14. Eccentric Rod and Valve Rod: - The eccentric rod is made up of forged steel, whose one end is fixed to
the eccentric and other to the valve rod. Its function is to convert rotary motion of the crank shaft into
to and fro motion of the valve rod. The valve rod connects the eccentric and D-Slide valve. Its function
is to provide Simple Harmonic Motion to the D – Slide Valve.
15. Flywheel: - It is a heavy cast iron wheel, mounted on the crank shaft. Its function is to prevent the
fluctuation of engine. It also prevents the jerks to the crankshaft.
16. Governor: - It is a devise to keep the engine speed, more or less, uniform at all load conditions. It is
done either by controlling the quantity of pressure of the steam supplied to the engine.
Classification of I. C. Engine:-
COMPONENTS OF I. C. ENGINES:-
The essential Parts of Otto-cycle and Diesel-cycle Engines are same. A few of them are shown in fig.
Cylinder: - It is the heart of the engine. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder. It has to withstand high
pressure and temperature, thus it is made strong. Generally it is made up of Cast Iron.
Cylinder Head: - The top cover of the cylinder, towards TDC (Top Dead Centre) is called Cylinder Head. It
houses the spark plug in petrol engines and fuel injector in Diesel Engines. For Four Stroke Cycle Engines,
the cylinder head has the housing of inlet and exhaust valves.
Piston: - It is reciprocating part of engine. It is made of usually Cast Iron or Aluminum alloys. Its top surface
is called Piston Crown and bottom surface is piston skirt. Its top surface is made flat for four stroke engines
and deflected for two stroke engines.
Piston Rings: - The two or three piston rings are provided on piston. The piston rings seal the space
between cylinder liner and piston in order to prevent leakage (blow by losses) of high pressure gases, from
cylinder to crank case.
Crank: - It is rotating member. It makes circular motion in the crank case (its housing). Its one end is
connected with shaft called Crank-Shaft and other end is connected with connecting rod.
Crank-Case: - It is housing of the crank and body of the engine to which cylinder and other engine parts are
fastened. It also acts as a ground for lubricating oil.
Connecting Rod: - It is a link between piston and crank. It is connected at its one end with crank and on
other end with piston. It transmits power developed on the piston to crank shaft through crank. It is usually
made of medium carbon steel.
Crank Shaft: - It is shaft, a rotating member, which connects crank and the power developed by the engine
is transmitted outside through this shaft. It is made up of medium carbon or alloy steel.
Cam Shaft: - It is provided on four stroke engines. It carries two cams, for controlling the opening and
closing of inlet and exhaust valves.
Inlet Valve: - This valve controls the admission of charge into the engine during suction stroke.
Exhaust Valve: - The removal of exhausted gases after doing work on the piston is controlled by the valve.
Fly Wheel: - It is mounted on the crank shaft. It is made of Cast Iron. It stores energy in the form of inertia,
when energy is in excess and it gives back energy when it is deficit. In other words, it minimizes the speed
fluctuations on the engine.
Carnot Cycle
Carnot cycle is an ideal cycle having highest thermodynamic efficiency. Let us use Carnot cycle for getting
positive work with steam as working fluid. Arrangement proposed for using Carnot vapor power cycle is as
follows.
1 – 2 = Reversible isothermal heat addition in the boiler
2 – 3 = Reversible adiabatic expansion in steam turbine
3 – 4 = Reversible isothermal heat rejection in the condenser
4 – 1 = Reversible adiabatic compression or pumping in feed water pump
Carnot vapor power cycle and A schematic arrangement for Carnot cycle
Assuming steady flow processes in the cycle and neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies,
thermodynamic analysis may be carried out.
Working of 2-Stroke Petrol Engine:- In 1878, Dugald–Clerk, a British Engineer introduced a cycle which
could be completed in Two Strokes of piston rather than Four Strokes as is the case with the Four Stroke
Cycle Engines. The following operations take place in Two Stroke or in One Cycle of the engine:
Charge Transfer and Scavenging: When piston is nearer to crank case (Bottom Dead Centre), the Transfer
Port and Exhaust Port are uncovered by piston, a mixture of Air and Fuel as a charge, slightly compressed in
the crank case, enters through the Transfer Port and drives out the burnt gases of previous cycle through
the Exhaust Port.
In Two Stroke Engines, the piston Top is made deflected. Therefore, the incoming charge is directed
upward, aids in sweeping of the burnt gases out of the cylinder. This operation is known as Scavenging (A
gas exchange process).
As piston moves upward the fresh charge passes into the cylinder 1/6 th of the revolution and exhaust port
remains open little longer than transfer port.
Compression and Suction: As piston moves upward, both Transfer Port and Exhaust Port are covered by
pisto a d the harge trapped i the li der is o pressed the pisto s up ard o e e t as sho i
fig. At the same time, the partial vacuum is created into crank case, the Suction Port opens by moving crank
and fresh charge enters the crank case.
Combustion: When the piston reaches at its end of stroke nearer to cylinder head or at Top Dead Centre, a
highly intensity Spark from Spark Plug ignites the charge and initiates the combustion in the cylinder. The
burning of the charge generates the pressure in the cylinder.
Power and Exhaust: The burning gases exert pressure on the top of the piston and piston is forced
downward as a result of pressure generated.
As piston descends through about 80% of the expansion stroke, the Exhaust Port is uncovered by the
piston, and the combustion gases leave the cylinder by pressure difference and at the same time, and at
the same time, underside of piston causes compression of charge taken into crank case as shown in fig.
Charging: The slightly compressed charge in the crank case passes through Transfer Port and enters the
cylinder as soon as it is uncovered by descending piston and when it approaches the Bottom Dead Centre,
the cycle is completed.
Working of Four Stroke Petrol Engine: - The 4 Stroke Otto Cycle refers to its use in Petrol Engines, Gas
Engines, in which the mixture of Air and Fuel are drawn in the engine cylinder. Since ignition in these
engines is due to a Spark, therefore they are also called Spark Ignition Engines. The work is obtained only
during one stroke out of four. The strokes are as follows:-
Suction: During this stroke, the inlet valve stays open and the exhaust valve closed. The piston moves
downward from TDC to BDC by means of crankshaft, this piston movement creates a pressure difference
between outside and inside the cylinder and the higher pressure of the atmosphere forces the air fuel
mixture from the carburetor into the cylinder through inlet valve.
Compression: The air fuel mixture, sucked during the suction stroke, is compressed in this stroke. Piston
moves from BDC to TDC. Just a little before the end of compression stroke, a spark produced by spark plug
ignites the compressed mixture. Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke.
Working or Power Stroke: The inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke. Product of
combustion (hot gases) expands due to high temperature and pressure, due to this the piston starts to
move downward from TDC to BDC and the power is obtained.
Exhaust: The inlet valve remains closed while the exhaust opens. The major portion of burnt gases escapes
due to own expansion. The upward movement of the piston from BDC to TDC pushes the remaining gases
out of the open exhaust valve. Only a small quantity of burnt gases stays in the clearance space. This cycle
or series of events take place over and over again.
Working of Two Stroke Diesel Engine: - All engines using Diesel as a fuel operate on Diesel Cycle. They work
similar to Petrol Engine except they take in only Air as charge during suction and fuel is injected at the end
of compression stroke. The Diesel Engines have Fuel Injector instead of Spark Plug in Cylinder head as
shown in fig. The Diesel engines use high compression ratio in the range of 14 to 21. The temperature of
intake air reaches a quite high value at the end of compression. Therefore, the injected fuel is self – ignited.
In Diesel Engines the following operations take place during a power stroke.
Suction or Induction Stroke: The piston moves down from the Top Dead Centre (TDC) to Bottom Dead
Centre (BDC). The air is drawn into the cylinder through inlet valve, which closes at the end of this stroke.
The exhaust valve remains closed during this stroke.
Compression Stroke: In a vertical engine the piston moves up towards TDC from BDC position. The inlet
valve is now closed. The air drawn in the cylinder in the previous stroke is entrapped inside the cylinder
and compressed with the upward movement of the piston. As the compression ratio used in this engine is
high (14: 22) the air is finally compressed to a pressure as high as 40 bars at which its temperature is high
(as high as 10000 C) enough to ignite the fuel. As the piston moves after reaching TDC the fuel is injected
into the hot compressed air where it starts burning, maintaining the pressure constant.
Working or Power Stroke: Both inlet and exhaust valves remains closed during this stroke. The product of
combustion now expands in the engine cylinder pushing the piston down, and hence doing work. The
piston finally reaches the BDC position.
Exhaust Stroke: The piston now moves up once again. The inlet and fuel valves are closed but the exhaust
valve opens. Major part of the burnt gases escape due to their own expansion. The upward movement of
the piston pushes the remaining gasses out through the open exhaust valve. The exhaust valve closes at
the end of the exhaust stroke. The cycle is thus completed.
All the above processes are shown in give diagrams
OR 1 - T2 /T3 = 1 – T1 /T4
Using perfect gas equation and governing equation for thermodynamic process 1 –2;
PV = RT
And
P1V1ϒ = P2V2ϒ
Combining above two, we get
T2 = T1 r ϒ-1
T3 = T1 r ϒ-1 ρ
So
T4 = T1 (r)ϒ-1
Substituting T2, T3 and T4 as function of T1, in the expression of air standard efficiency of Diesel Cycle
T5 = T4 / (V5/V4) ϒ-1
Substituting T4
T5 = T3 ρ ϒ / (r) ϒ-1
Substituting for T 2
T1 = T3 /α r ϒ-1
Substituting for T 1, T2, T4 and T5 in expression for efficiency,