Nucleic Acid: Biochem Reviewer

BIOCHEM REVIEWER
NUCLEIC ACID
What Are the Structure and Chemistry of  Ribonucleosides contain the pentose d-
Nitrogenous Bases? ribose
The bases of nucleotides and nucleic acids are  Deoxyribonucleosides contain the pentose
derivatives of either pyrimidine or purine 2-deoxy-d-ribose
Nucleosides are more water soluble than free
Pyrimidines :
 Are six-membered heterocyclic aromatic rings bases.
containing two nitrogen atoms. The base is linked to the sugar via a glycosidic
 Cytosine & uracil (DNA); thymine (RNA) bond
Purines: Nucleosides are named by adding the ending:
 consists of two rings of atoms: one resembling -idine to the root name of a pyrimidine (Cytidine,
the pyrimidine ring and another resembling the Uridine)
imidazole ring -osine to the root name of a purine. (Adenosine,
 Adenine (6-amino purine) and guanine (2- Guanosine)
amino-6-oxy purine), in both DNA and RNA
The common nucleosides are thus cytidine,
uridine, thymidine, adenosine, and guanosine
The aromaticity of the pyrimidine and purine ring

systems and the electron-rich nature of their -OH What Are the Structure and Chemistry of
and ring nitrogen substituents allow them to undergo Nucleotides?
keto–enol tautomeric shifts and endow them with
the capacity to absorb UV light. A nucleotide results when phosphoric acid is
esterified to a sugar -OH group of a nucleoside.
What Are Nucleosides?
Nucleosides are formed when a base is linked

to a sugar.
The usual sugars of nucleosides are pentose (5

carbon atoms)
REFERENCE: Garrett, R., & Grisham, C. M. (2008). Biochemistry (4th ed.) Australia: brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
BIOCHEM REVIEWER
What Are Nucleic Acids?
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides

Linear polymers of nucleotides linked 3’ to 5’ by
phosphodiester bridges.
They are formed as 5’-nucleoside
monophosphates are successively added to the
3’-OH group of the preceding nucleotide
Structures of the common four ribonucleotides,

whose formal names are:
Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (5’-AMP)
Guanosine 5’-monophosphate (5’-GMP)
Cytidine 5’-monophosphate (5’-CMP)
Uridine 5’-monophosphate (5’-UMP)
Nucleotides have acidic properties. This acidity is

implicit in the other names by which these
substances are known—adenylic acid, guanylic
acid, cytidylic acid, and uridylic acid.
Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates Polymers of ribonucleotides are named

Are Nucleotides with Two or Three Phosphate ribonucleic acid, or RNA.
Groups
Deoxyribonucleotide polymers are called
Example: deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA
The Base Sequence of a Nucleic Acid Is Its
Defining Characteristic
Reaction: Phosphate + ADP = H20 + ATP
NDPs and NTPs Are Polyprotic Acids
Nucleoside 5’-Triphosphates Are Carriers of

Chemical Energy
Nucleoside 5’-triphosphates are indispensable
agents in metabolism because the phosphoric
anhydride bonds they possess are a prime
source of chemical energy to do biological work.
BIOCHEM REVIEWER
What Are the Different Classes of Nucleic

Acids?
The two major classes of nucleic acids are DNA

and RNA.
FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION
Two fundamental chemical differences
distinguish DNA from RNA: Central Dogma
 The nucleotides in DNA contain 2- 1. DNA replication
deoxyribose instead of ribose as their sugar
2. RNA Synthesis: Transcription
component
 DNA contains the base thymine instead of 3. Translation
uracil.
Guys search niyo nalang sa YT yung central
DNA consists of two antiparallel polynucleotide dogma na may 3D animation para d kayo
strands wound together to form a long, slender, mahirap iimagine HAHAHA
double helix.
Things You Should Remember:
Specific base pairing of A-T and C-G.
Nucleotides are composed of either a
Because base pairing is specific, the information
pyrimidine or a purine base, a ribose, and
in the two strands is complementary
phosphate.
Nucleotides participate in virtually all aspects of
metabolism.
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides.
RNA occurs in multiple forms in cells
The two kinds of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the sequence
information for synthesis of a protein. DNA is the repository of genetic information in
cells.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) provides both the
structural framework and the protein-synthesizing RNA is involved in the expression of genetic
function of ribosomes. information through the processes of
transcription and translation.
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) deliver amino acids in
the form of aminoacyltRNAs for use in protein Pyrimidines and purines are heterocyclic
synthesis. aromatic substances containing two
(pyrimidines) or four (purines) nitrogen atoms
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)
in their ring structures.
mediate the splicing of enkaryotic gene
transcripts to form mature mRNAs. The three principal pyrimidines are cytosine,
uracil, and thymine.
Small RNAs and long noncoding RNAs serve a
variety of regulatory roles in cells. The two principal purines are adenine and
guanine.
Base pairing A-U and C-G
Purines and pyrimidines undergo keto-enol
tautomeric shifts
GOD BLESS!
BIOCHEM REVIEWER

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BIOCHEM REVIEWER

The aromaticity of the pyrimidine and purine ring

What Are Nucleosides?

Nucleosides are formed when a base is linked

The usual sugars of nucleosides are pentose (5

What Are Nucleic Acids?

Nucleic acids are polynucleotides

Structures of the common four ribonucleotides,

Nucleotides have acidic properties. This acidity is

Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates Polymers of ribonucleotides are named

Reaction: Phosphate + ADP = H20 + ATP

NDPs and NTPs Are Polyprotic Acids

Nucleoside 5’-Triphosphates Are Carriers of

What Are the Different Classes of Nucleic

The two major classes of nucleic acids are DNA

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