Bone Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging

cancer.org | 1.800.227.
2345
Bone Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis,

and Staging
Detection and Diagnosis
Finding cancer early -- while it's small and before it has spread -- often allows for more
treatment options. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be
noticed, but that's not always the case.
● Can Bone Cancer Be Found Early?

● Signs and Symptoms of Bone Cancer
● Tests for Bone Cancer
Stages and Outlook (Prognosis)
After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent of
cancer in the body and anticipated response to treatment.
● Bone Cancer Stages

● Survival Rates for Bone Cancer
Questions to Ask About Bone Cancer
Here are some questions you can ask your cancer care team to help you better
understand your cancer diagnosis and treatment options.
● Questions to Ask About Bone Cancer
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American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345
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Can Bone Cancer Be Found Early?

The information here focuses on primary bone cancers (cancers that start in bones) that
most often are seen in adults. Information on Osteosarcoma1, Ewing Tumors2 (Ewing
sarcomas), and Bone Metastasis3 is covered separately.
At this time, there are no widely recommended screening tests for bone cancer in
people who aren’t known to be at increased risk. (Screening is testing for cancer in
people without any symptoms.)
Still, most bone cancers are found at an early stage, before they have clearly spread to
other parts of the body. Symptoms such as bone pain or swelling often prompt a visit to
a doctor. (For more on this, see Signs and Symptoms of Bone Cancer.)
For people at higher risk
For some people who are at increased risk for bone cancer because they have certain
bone conditions (listed in Risk Factors for Bone Cancer4), doctors might recommend
closer monitoring. Watching for early signs and symptoms can sometimes be helpful in
finding bone cancer early and treating it successfully.
Hyperlinks
1. www.cancer.org/cancer/osteosarcoma.html
2. www.cancer.org/cancer/ewing-tumor.html
3. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/advanced-cancer/bone-
metastases.html
4. www.cancer.org/cancer/bone-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
References
Anderson ME, Dubois SG, Gebhart MC. Chapter 89: Sarcomas of bone. In:
Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff’s
Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2020.
Last Revised: June 17, 2021
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Signs and Symptoms of Bone Cancer

most often are seen in adults. Information on Osteosarcoma,1 Ewing Tumors2 (Ewing
There are different types of primary bone cancer4. Signs and symptoms depend mainly
on the type, location, and extent of the cancer.
Pain
Pain in the area of the tumor is the most common sign of bone cancer. At first, the pain
might not be there all the time. It may get worse at night or when the bone is used, such
as when walking for a tumor in a leg bone. Over time, the pain can become more
constant, and it might get worse with activity.
Sometimes a tumor can weaken a bone to the point where it breaks (fractures), which
can cause a sudden onset of intense pain (see Fractures below).
Lump or swelling
Some bone tumors cause a lump or swelling in the area, although this might not happen
until sometime after the area becomes painful.
Cancers in the bones of the neck can sometimes cause a lump in the back of the throat
that can lead to trouble swallowing or breathing.
Fractures
Bone cancer can weaken the bone, but most often the bones do not fracture (break).
People with a fracture next to or through a bone tumor usually describe sudden severe
pain in a bone that had been sore for a few months.
Other symptoms
Cancer in the bones of the spine can press on the nerves coming out of the spinal cord.
This can cause numbness and tingling or even weakness in different parts of the body,
depending on where the tumor is.
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Bone cancer, like many other types of cancer, can sometimes cause weight loss and
fatigue.
If the cancer spreads to other organs, it can also cause other symptoms. For instance, if
the cancer spreads to the lungs, it might result in a cough or trouble breathing.
Bone cancer isn’t common, and the symptoms it can cause are more likely to be
due to other conditions, such as injuries or arthritis. Still, if you have symptoms
that go on for a long time or get worse, it’s important to see a doctor so the cause
can be found and treated, if needed.
Hyperlinks
metastases.html
4. www.cancer.org/cancer/bone-cancer/about/what-is-bone-cancer.html
References
Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2020.
Hornicek FJ, McCarville B, Agaram N. Bone tumors: Diagnosis and biopsy techniques.
UpToDate. 2020. Accessed at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bone-tumors-
diagnosis-and-biopsy-techniques on August 28, 2020.
Tests for Bone Cancer

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Primary bone cancers are usually found when signs or symptoms a person is having
prompt them to visit a doctor.
Symptoms and the results of physical exams and imaging tests might suggest that a
person has bone cancer. But in most cases, doctors need to confirm this by taking and
testing a tissue or cell sample (a procedure known as a biopsy4).
It’s important for doctors to distinguish primary bone cancers from cancers that have
spread to the bones from other parts of the body (bone metastasis5), as well as from
bone tumors that are benign (not cancer) and from other types of bone problems. These
conditions might need different types of treatment.
Accurate diagnosis of a bone tumor often depends on combining information

about which bone and what part of the bone is affected, how it looks on imaging
tests, and what the tumor cells look like under a microscope.
If a bone cancer is found, other tests might then be needed to learn more about it.
Medical history and physical exam
If a person has signs or symptoms that suggest they might have a bone tumor, the
doctor will want to take a complete medical history to find out more about the
symptoms.
A physical exam can sometimes provide information about a possible tumor. For
example, the doctor may be able to see or feel an abnormal mass.
The doctor may also look for problems in other parts of the body. When adults have
cancer in the bones, it’s most often the result of cancer that started somewhere else
and then spread to the bones (bone metastasis).
After the exam, if the doctor suspects it could be bone cancer (or another type of bone
tumor), more tests will be done. These might include imaging tests, biopsies, and/or lab
tests.
Imaging tests
Imaging tests use x-rays, magnetic fields, or radioactive substances to create pictures
of the inside of the body. Imaging tests might be done for a number of reasons,
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including:
● To help find out if a suspicious area might be cancer

● To help determine if a cancer might have started in another part of the body
● To learn how far cancer has spread
● To help determine if treatment is working
● To look for signs that the cancer might have come back
People who have or might have bone cancer will have one or more of these tests. For
more information on these tests, see Imaging (Radiology) Tests for Cancer6.
X-rays
An x-ray7 of the bone is often the first test done if some type of bone tumor is
suspected. Tumors might look “ragged” instead of solid on an x-ray, or they might look
like a hole in the bone. Sometimes doctors can see a tumor that might extend into
nearby tissues (such as muscle or fat).
Doctors might strongly suspect an abnormal area is a bone cancer by the way it
appears on an x-ray, but usually a biopsy (described below) is needed to tell for sure.
Adults with bone tumors might have a chest x-ray done to see if the cancer has spread
to the lungs. But this test isn't needed if a chest CT scan (discussed below) has been
done.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI scans8 create detailed images of the inside of the body using radio waves and
strong magnets instead of x-rays, so no radiation is involved. A contrast material called
gadoliniumis often injected into a vein before the scan to better see details.
An MRI is often done to get a more detailed look at an abnormal area of bone seen on
an x-ray. MRIs can usually show if it’s likely to be a tumor, an infection, or some type of
bone damage from another cause.
MRIs can help determine the exact extent of a tumor, as they can show the marrow
inside bones and the soft tissues around the tumor, including nearby blood vessels and
nerves. MRIs can also show any small bone tumors several inches away from the main
tumor (called skip metastases). Knowing the extent of tumor is very important when
planning surgery.
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Computed tomography (CT) scan
A CT scan9 combines many x-ray pictures to make detailed cross-sectional images of

parts of the body.
CT scans aren’t usually as helpful as MRIs in showing the detail in and around bone
tumors. But they are often done to look for possible cancer spread in other parts of the
body, such as the lungs, liver, or other organs.
CT scans can also be used to guide a biopsy needle into a tumor (a CT-guided needle
biopsy). For this test, you stay on the CT scanning table while the doctor moves a
biopsy needle toward the tumor. CT scans are repeated until the tip of the needle is
within the mass. (See Needle biopsy below.)
Bone scan
A bone scan10 can show if a cancer has spread to other bones, and is often part of the
workup for people with bone cancer. This test is useful because it can show the entire
skeleton at once. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan, described below, can
often provide similar information, so a bone scan might not be needed if a PET scan is
done.
For this test, a small amount of low-level radioactive material is injected into the blood
and travels to the bones. A special camera that can detect the radioactivity then creates
a picture of the skeleton.
Areas of active bone changes attract the radioactivity and appear as “hot spots” on the
skeleton. Hot spots may suggest areas of cancer, but other bone diseases can also
cause the same pattern. To make an accurate diagnosis, other tests such as plain x-
rays, MRI scans, or even a bone biopsy might be needed.
Positron emission tomography (PET or PET scan)
For a PET scan11, a form of radioactive sugar (known as FDG) is injected into the blood.
Because cancer cells in the body are growing quickly, they absorb large amounts of the
sugar. A special camera then creates a picture of areas of radioactivity in the body. The
picture is not detailed like a CT or MRI scan, but it provides useful information about the
whole body.
PET scans can help show the spread of bone cancer to the lungs, other bones, or other
parts of the body. They can also be used to see how well the cancer is responding to
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treatment.
Many machines can do a PET and CT scan at the same time (PET/CT scan). This lets
the doctor compare areas of higher radioactivity on the PET scan with the more detailed
appearance of that area on the CT scan.
Biopsy
The results of imaging tests might strongly suggest that a person has bone cancer, but
a biopsy12 (removing some of the abnormal area and checking it under a microscope
and with other lab testing) is usually the only way to be certain.
If the tumor is most likely a primary bone cancer, it’s very important that the
biopsy is done by doctors experienced in treating bone tumors. Whenever
possible, the biopsy and surgical treatment should be planned together, and the same
doctor should do both. Proper planning of the biopsy can help prevent later
complications and might reduce the amount of surgery needed later on.
Sometimes the wrong kind of biopsy can make it hard for the surgeon to later remove all
of the cancer, which might then require more extensive surgery. It might also increase
the risk of the cancer spreading.
The type of biopsy done is based on whether the tumor looks benign (not cancer) or
malignant (cancer) and exactly what type of tumor it most likely is (based on imaging
tests, the patient’s age, and where the tumor is). Some kinds of bone tumors can be
diagnosed from needle biopsy samples, but larger samples (from a surgical biopsy) are
often needed to diagnose other types. Plans to remove the entire tumor during the
biopsy will also impact the type of biopsy done.
Needle biopsy
For these biopsies, the doctor uses a hollow needle to remove a small cylinder of tissue
from the tumor. The biopsy is usually done with local anesthesia, where numbing
medicine is injected into the skin and other tissues over the biopsy site. In some cases,
the patient might need sedation or general anesthesia (where the patient is asleep).
Often, the doctor can aim the needle by feeling the suspicious area if it's near the
surface of the body. If the tumor can’t be felt because it's too deep, the doctor can guide
the needle into the tumor using an imaging test such as an ultrasound or CT scan.
These types of image-guided biopsies are usually done by a doctor who is an
interventional radiologist.
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There are 2 types of needle biopsies:
● A core needle biopsy uses a large needle to remove a cylinder of tissue. This is
the most common type of needle biopsy used for bone tumors.
● A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy uses a very thin needle on the end of a
syringe to suck out a small amount of fluid and some cells from the tumor. This type
of biopsy is less likely to be helpful for bone tumors, as the smaller needle might not
be able to get through the bone. And even if it can be done, it might not remove
enough of a sample for testing. But FNA can sometimes be useful for checking
abnormal areas in other parts of the body for cancer cells.
Surgical (open) biopsy
For this type of biopsy, a doctor (typically an orthopedic surgeon) cuts through the
skin to reach the tumor. If only a piece of it is removed, it is called an incisional biopsy.
If the entire tumor is removed (not just a small piece), it's called an excisional biopsy.
These biopsies are often done in an operating room with the patient under general
anesthesia (in a deep sleep). They can also be done using a nerve block, which numbs
a large area of the body.
Again, it’s important that the biopsy is done by an expert in bone tumors, or it could
result in problems later on. For example, if the tumor is on the arm or leg and the biopsy
isn’t done properly, it might lower the chances of saving the limb. If possible, the incision
for the biopsy should be lengthwise along the arm or leg because this is the way the
incision will be made during the operation to remove the cancer. The entire scar of the
original biopsy will also most likely need to be removed, so making the biopsy incision
this way means less tissue will need to be removed later on.
Lab tests
Testing the biopsy samples
All samples removed by biopsy are sent to a pathologist (a doctor specializing in lab
tests) to be looked at with a microscope. If cancer cells are seen, other types of lab
tests might also be done to learn more about the exact type of cancer.
The pathologist will also assign the cancer a grade, which is a measure of how quickly
it is likely to grow and spread, based on how the tumor cells look. Cancers that look
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somewhat like normal bone tissue are described as low grade (and tend to grow more
slowly), while those that look very abnormal are called high grade. For more on grading,
see Bone Cancer Stages.
Blood tests
Blood tests are not needed to diagnose bone cancer, but they may be helpful once a
diagnosis is made. For example, high levels of chemicals in the blood such as alkaline
phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can suggest that the cancer may be
more advanced.
Other tests such as blood cell counts and blood chemistry tests are done before
surgery and other treatments to get a sense of a person’s overall health. These tests
can also be used to monitor the person’s health while they are getting treatments such
as chemotherapy.
Hyperlinks
metastases.html
4. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/testing-biopsy-and-
cytology-specimens-for-cancer.html
metastases.html
6. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/imaging-radiology-
tests-for-cancer.html
7. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/x-rays-and-other-
radiographic-tests.html
8. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/mri-for-cancer.html
9. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/ct-scan-for-
cancer.html
10. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/nuclear-medicine-
scans-for-cancer.html
11. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/nuclear-medicine-
scans-for-cancer.html
12. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/testing-biopsy-
and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer.html
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References
Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Elsevier; 2020.
diagnosis-and-biopsy-techniques on August 28, 2020.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Practice Guidelines in Oncology:

Bone Cancer. Version 1.2020. Accessed at
www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bone.pdf on July 28, 2020.
Bone Cancer Stages

sarcomas), and Bone Metastasis 3is covered separately.
After someone is diagnosed with bone cancer, doctors will try to figure out if it has
spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer
describes how much cancer is in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is
and how best to treat it. Doctors also use a cancer's stage when talking about survival
statistics.
The stage of a bone cancer is based on the results of physical exams, imaging tests,
and any biopsies that have been done, which are described in Tests for Bone Cancer.
Cancer staging can be complex, so ask your doctor to explain it to you in a way you
understand.
A staging system is a standard way for the cancer care team to sum up the extent of the
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cancer. Two main staging systems can be used to describe bone cancers.
Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) staging system
A system commonly used to stage bone cancer is the MSTS system, also known as the
Enneking system. It is based on 3 key pieces of information:
● The grade (G) of the cancer, which is a measure of how likely it is to grow and
spread, based on how it looks under the microscope. In this system, cancers are
either low grade (G1) or high grade (G2). Low-grade cancer cells look more like
normal cells and are less likely to grow and spread quickly, while high-grade cancer
cells look more abnormal.
● The extent of the primary tumor (T), which is classified as either
intracompartmental (T1), meaning it has basically remained within the bone, or
extracompartmental (T2), meaning it has grown beyond the bone into other
nearby structures.
● If the tumor has metastasized (M), which means it has spread to other areas,
either to nearby lymph nodes (bean-sized collections of immune system cells) or
other organs. Tumors that have not spread to the lymph nodes or other organs are
considered M0, while those that have spread are M1.
These factors are combined to give an overall stage, using Roman numerals from I to
III. Stages I and II are divided into A for intracompartmental tumors or B for
extracompartmental tumors.
Stage Grade Tumor Metastasis
IA G1 T1 M0
IB G1 T2 M0
IIA G2 T1 M0
IIB G2 T2 M0
III G1 or G2 T1 orT2 M1
In summary:
● Low-grade, localized tumors are stage I.

● High-grade, localized tumors are stage II.
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● Metastatic tumors (regardless of grade) are stage III.
AJCC TNM staging system
The other staging system sometimes used for bone cancer is the American Joint
Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system. This system is based on 4 key pieces of
information:
● The extent (size) of the main (primary) tumor (T): How large is the tumor and/or
has it reached nearby bones? Is it in more than one spot in the bone?
● The spread to nearby lymph nodes (N): Has the cancer spread to nearby lymph
nodes?
● The spread (metastasis) to distant sites (M): Has the cancer spread to distant
parts of the body, such as the lungs, other bones, or the liver?
● The grade of the cancer (G): How abnormal do the cells look under a microscope?
Numbers or letters after T, N, M, and G provide more details about each of these
factors. Higher numbers generally mean the cancer has more concerning features.
For example, the scale used for grading bone cancer in this system ranges from 1 to 3.
Low-grade cancers (G1) tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade (G2 or
G3) cancers.
● Grade 1 (G1) means the cancer looks much like normal bone tissue.
● Grade 2 (G2) means the cancer looks more abnormal.
● Grade 3 (G3) means the cancer looks very abnormal.
Once a person’s T, N, M, and G categories have been determined, this information is

combined in a process called stage grouping to assign an overall stage. These stages
(which are different from those of the MSTS system) are described by Roman numerals
from I to IV (1 to 4), and are sometimes divided further.
Where the cancer started is another important factor in the AJCC system. In the current
edition of the system (which came into use in 2018), the T categories are different for
bone cancers that start in the arms, legs, trunk, skull, or facial bones, as opposed to
cancers that start in the pelvis or spine. The T categories in the table below do not apply
to cancers that start in the pelvis or spine. If you have a cancer that starts in one of
these areas, it’s best to speak with your doctor about your cancer's stage.
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Two types of stages can be assigned to bone cancers in the TNM system:
● The clinical stage is based on the results of the exams and tests that have been
done before the cancer has been treated with surgery. This stage can be used to
help plan treatment.
● Once surgery has been done, the pathological stage (also called the surgical
stage) can be determined, based on the results of exams and imaging tests, as
well as what was found during surgery.
Sometimes, the clinical and pathological stages can be different (for example, if surgery
finds that the cancer has spread farther than could be seen on imaging tests). The table
below describes the pathological stage of the cancer.
Stage description*
AJCC Stage
stage grouping (8 centimeters = about 3 inches)
T1 The main tumor is no more than 8 centimeters across (T1). The

cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (N0) or to distant
N0
parts of the body (M0). The cancer is low grade (G1), or the grade
IA
M0 cannot be determined (GX).
G1 or GX
T2
The main tumor is more than 8 centimeters across (T2). The
N0 cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (N0) or to distant
parts of the body (M0). The cancer is low grade (G1), or the grade
M0
cannot be determined (GX).
G1 or GX
OR
IB T3
There is more than one tumor in the same bone (T3). The cancer
N0 has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (N0) or to distant parts of
the body (M0). The cancer is low grade (G1), or the grade cannot
M0
be determined (GX).
G1 or GX
IIA T1 The main tumor is no more than 8 centimeters across (T1). The
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N0
M0
parts of the body (M0). The cancer is high grade (G2 or G3).
G2 or G3
T2
IIB N0 The main tumor is more than 8 centimeters across (T2). The
M0 parts of the body (M0). The cancer is high grade (G2 or G3).
G2 or G3
T3
N0 There is more than one tumor in the same bone (T3). The cancer
III has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (N0) or to distant parts of
M0 the body (M0). The cancer is high grade (G2 or G3).
G2 or G3
Any T
The main tumor can be any size, and there may be more than
N0 one in the bone (Any T). The cancer has not spread to nearby
IVA
lymph nodes (N0). It has spread only to the lungs (M1a). The
M1a
cancer can be any grade (Any G).
Any G
Any T
N1 one in the bone (Any T). The cancer has spread to nearby lymph
nodes (N1). It may or may not have spread to distant organs like
Any M the lungs or other bones (Any M). The cancer can be any grade
(Any G).
Any G
IVB OR
Any T
Any N one in the bone (Any T). The cancer might or might not have
spread to nearby lymph nodes (Any N). It has spread to distant
M1b parts of the body, such as other bones, the liver, or the brain
(M1b). The cancer can be any grade (Any G).
Any G
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* The following additional categories are not listed on the table above:
● TX: Main tumor cannot be assessed due to lack of information.

● T0: No evidence of a primary tumor.
● NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed due to lack of information.
For more general information on how cancers are staged, see Cancer Staging4.
Hyperlinks
metastases.html
4. www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/staging.html
References
American Joint Committee on Cancer. Bone. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed.
New York, NY: Springer; 2017: 471-486.
Gelderblom AJ, Bovee J. Chondrosarcoma. UpToDate. Accessed at

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chondrosarcoma on September 1, 2020.
diagnosis-and-biopsy-techniques on September 1, 2020.
Survival Rates for Bone Cancer

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Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type
and stage of cancer are still alive a certain length of time (usually 5 years) after they
were diagnosed. They don't tell you how long a person will live, but they might help give
you a better understanding of how likely it is that your treatment will be successful.
Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous
outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they can’t
predict what will happen in any particular person’s case. These statistics can be
confusing and might raise more questions for you. Talk with your doctor about
how these numbers might apply to your situation.
What is a 5-year relative survival rate?
A relative survival rate compares people with the same type (and often stage) of
cancer to people in the overall population. For example, if the 5-year relative survival
rate for a specific type and stage of bone cancer is 80%, it means that people who have
that cancer are, on average, about 80% as likely as people who don’t have that cancer
to live for at least 5 years after being diagnosed.
Where do these numbers come from?
The American Cancer Society relies on information from the SEER (Surveillance,
Epidemiology, and End Results) database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute
(NCI), to provide survival statistics for different types of cancer.
The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for different types of bone
cancer in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. The SEER
database, however, does not group cancers by MSTS or TNM stages (stage 1, stage 2,
stage 3, etc.). Instead, it groups cancers into localized, regional, and distant stages:
● Localized: There is no sign that the cancer has spread outside of the bone where it
started.
● Regional: The cancer has grown outside the bone and into nearby bones or other
structures, or it has reached nearby lymph nodes.
● Distant: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as to the lungs or
to bones in other parts of the body.
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5-year relative survival rates for bone cancer
These numbers are based on people diagnosed with certain types of bone cancer
between 2009 and 2015. For rates for some of the other more common types of bone
cancer, see Survival Rates for Osteosarcoma4 or Survival Rates for Ewing Tumors5.
Chondrosarcoma
SEER stage 5-year relative survival rate
Localized 91%
Regional 75%
Distant 22%
All SEER stages combined 78%
Chordoma
SEER stage 5-year relative survival rate
Localized 87%
Regional 83%
Distant 55%
All SEER stages combined 82%
Some types of bone cancers are so rare that survival rates are only available for all
stages combined, instead of for individual SEER stages. For example, the 5-year
relative survival rate for giant cell tumor of bone for all stages combined is 79%.
Understanding the numbers
● These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first
diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back
after treatment.
● These numbers don’t take everything into account. Survival rates are grouped
based on how far the cancer has spread. But other factors, such as your age and
overall health, which bone the cancer started in, and how well the cancer responds
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to treatment, can also affect your outlook.

● People now being diagnosed with bone cancer may have a better outlook
than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are
based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.
Hyperlinks
metastases.html
4. www.cancer.org/cancer/osteosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-
rates.html
5. www.cancer.org/cancer/ewing-tumor/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-
rates.html
References
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-
2016, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2016/,
based on November 2018 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website, April
2019.
Questions to Ask About Bone Cancer

It’s important to have honest, open discussions with your health care team. Ask any
question, no matter how small it might seem. For instance, consider these questions:
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Before getting a bone biopsy
● How much experience do you have doing this type of biopsy?

● Are you part of a team that treats bone cancers?
● What will happen during the biopsy?
● How long will it take to get the results from the biopsy?
If bone cancer has been diagnosed
● What type of bone cancer4 do I have?

● Has the cancer spread outside the bone?
● What is the stage of my cancer, and what does that mean?
● Do you think the cancer can be resected (removed) completely?
● Do I need any other tests before we can decide on treatment?
● Will I need to see any other types of doctors?
● How much experience do you have treating this type of cancer?
● Who else will be part of the treatment team, and what do they do?
When deciding on a treatment plan
● What are my treatment options5?

● What do you recommend and why?
● (For tumors on an arm or leg) Which is the better surgical option: limb-sparing
surgery or amputation? Why?
● Are there any clinical trials6 we should consider? How can I find out more about
them?
● What’s the goal of treatment?
● Should I get a second opinion7? How do we do that? Can you recommend a doctor
or cancer center?
● How soon do I need to start treatment?
● What should I do to be ready for treatment?
● How long will treatment last? What will it be like? Where will it be done?
● What risks or side effects are there to the treatments you suggest?
● Which side effects start shortly after treatment, and which ones might develop later
on?
20
____________________________________________________________________________________
During and after treatment
Once treatment begins, you’ll need to know what to expect and what to look for. Not all
of these questions may apply to you, but getting answers to the ones that do may be
helpful.
● How will we know if the treatment is working?

● Is there anything we can do to help manage side effects?
● What symptoms or side effects should we tell you about right away?
● How can I reach you or someone on your team on nights, weekends, or holidays?
● Who can I talk to if I have questions about costs, insurance coverage, or social
support?
● What are the chances of the cancer coming back with these treatment plans? What
will our options be if this happens?
● What type of follow up and rehab will I need after treatment?
● Do you know of any local or online support groups where I can talk to others who
have been through this?
Along with these sample questions, be sure to write down some of your own. For
instance, you might want more information about recovery times so that you can plan
your work schedule.
Keep in mind that doctors aren’t the only ones who can give you information. Other
health care professionals, such as nurses and social workers, can answer some of your
questions. To find more about speaking with your health care team, see The Doctor-
Patient Relationship8.
Hyperlinks
metastases.html
4. www.cancer.org/cancer/bone-cancer/about/what-is-bone-cancer.html
5. www.cancer.org/cancer/bone-cancer/treating/treating-specific-bone-cancers.html
6. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/clinical-trials.html
7. www.cancer.org/treatment/finding-and-paying-for-treatment/choosing-your-
21
____________________________________________________________________________________
treatment-team/seeking-a-second-opinion.html
8. www.cancer.org/treatment/finding-and-paying-for-treatment/choosing-your-
treatment-team/the-doctor-patient-relationship.html
Written by
The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team

(www.cancer.org/cancer/acs-medical-content-and-news-staff.html)
Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of
cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in
medical writing.
American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint

requests, please see our Content Usage Policy (www.cancer.org/about-
us/policies/content-usage.html).
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345
22

Bone Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging

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Bone Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging

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cancer.org | 1.800.227.

Bone Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis,

● Can Bone Cancer Be Found Early?

Stages and Outlook (Prognosis)

● Bone Cancer Stages

Questions to Ask About Bone Cancer

● Questions to Ask About Bone Cancer

Can Bone Cancer Be Found Early?

For people at higher risk

Last Revised: June 17, 2021

Signs and Symptoms of Bone Cancer

Last Revised: June 17, 2021

Tests for Bone Cancer

sarcomas), and Bone Metastasis3 is covered separately.

Accurate diagnosis of a bone tumor often depends on combining information

Medical history and physical exam

● To help find out if a suspicious area might be cancer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Computed tomography (CT) scan

A CT scan9 combines many x-ray pictures to make detailed cross-sectional images of

Positron emission tomography (PET or PET scan)

There are 2 types of needle biopsies:

Surgical (open) biopsy

Testing the biopsy samples

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Practice Guidelines in Oncology:

Last Revised: June 17, 2021

Bone Cancer Stages

Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) staging system

Stage Grade Tumor Metastasis

● Low-grade, localized tumors are stage I.

● Metastatic tumors (regardless of grade) are stage III.

AJCC TNM staging system

Once a person’s T, N, M, and G categories have been determined, this information is

T1 The main tumor is no more than 8 centimeters across (T1). The

● TX: Main tumor cannot be assessed due to lack of information.

Gelderblom AJ, Bovee J. Chondrosarcoma. UpToDate. Accessed at

Last Revised: June 17, 2021

Survival Rates for Bone Cancer

sarcomas), and Bone Metastasis3 is covered separately.

What is a 5-year relative survival rate?

Where do these numbers come from?

5-year relative survival rates for bone cancer

SEER stage 5-year relative survival rate

All SEER stages combined 78%

SEER stage 5-year relative survival rate

All SEER stages combined 82%

Understanding the numbers

to treatment, can also affect your outlook.

Last Revised: June 17, 2021

Questions to Ask About Bone Cancer

Before getting a bone biopsy

● How much experience do you have doing this type of biopsy?

If bone cancer has been diagnosed

● What type of bone cancer4 do I have?

When deciding on a treatment plan

● What are my treatment options5?

During and after treatment

● How will we know if the treatment is working?

The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team