A2) Vocabulary Synonyms

Occupant – d) inhabitant

Streamline – e) modernize

Collapse – f) breakdown

Reinforce – a) strengthen

Airfoil – b) blade

Simultaneous – c) concurrent

Cockpit – h) cabin

Flush – g) level

B1) Discussion Questions

1) All of the components are necessary for an airplane, but the most
important parts of an aircraft are wings and fuselage. The fuselage is the main
section, or body, of the airplane. This is where you’ll find passengers, cargo,
and the flight crew. The fuselage is the foundation for the structure of the
aircraft.
A plane is capable of flight because its wings provide lift. Without wings,
airplanes simply could not fly!
2) Airplane – Engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft
Lighter-Than-Air – Aircraft that uses a gas that is lighter than air in order to
rise and remain in the air.
Powered Parachute – A powered type of aircraft that has a flexible wing,
frame and wheels. The wing is not in the proper position or ready to provide
lift until the aircraft is moving.
Rotorcraft – Flight is maintained by one or more spinning rotors.
Weight-Shift-Control – Also known as a hang glider. This aircraft contains a
motor but is only directionally controlled by changes in the center of gravity
rather than by control surfaces.
3) Fighters are fixed-wings military aircrafts, and their role is to is to establish
air superiority of the battlespace. On the other hand, cargo airplane is a fixed-
wing aircraft that is designed for the carriage of cargo.
4) Performance, weight, maneuverability, power, range, speed, payload,
operation, span, wing geometry, fuselage geometry, stability.

B2) Scanning

1- Part 1, second and third lines.

2- Major components, fourth and fifth lines.
3- Fuselage, fourth and fifth lines.
4- Fuselage, tenth and eleventh lines.
5- Fuselage, last paragraph.
6- Wings, first and second lines.
7- Wings, eighth and nineth lines.
8- Wings, sixth paragraph.
9- Wings, last paragraph - second and third lines.
10- Wings, last paragraph - last four lines.

D1) Choosing

1) C- empennage.
2) B- utilize aluminum alloy tubing.
3) D- reinforce the stresses skin by taking some of the bending stress from the
fuselage.
4) A- each fulfills a certain need with respect to the expected performance for
the particular airplane.
5) B- transmit the flight and landing loads through the struts to the main
fuselage structure.
6) C- ailerons and flaps.
7) C- to explain different components of aircraft structure.
8) D- the other major components of aircraft’s structure e.g. empennage, landing
gear, etc.
D2) True or False – Scanning

1) False - major components, first and second lines.

2) True – fuselage, second and third lines.
3) True – fuselage, third paragraph.
4) False – wings, fifth paragraph and second, third, fourth lines.
5) Non mentioned.
6) Non mentioned.
7) Non mentioned.

D3) Matching

Glider – 3) an aircraft without an engine that flies by riding air currents.

Brief – 6) lasting for only a short time.

Rigid – 1) not bending or easily moved into a different shape.

Pivot – 5) a pin, shaft, or point on which something turns.

Extend – 2) to stretch out into space.

Tolerate – 4) to withstand the unpleasant effects of something.

D4) Vocabulary

1) Certification
2) Overall
3) Welding
4) Ailerons
5) Aerodynamic forces

D5) Check Your Comprehension

1) The fuselage includes the cabin and cockpit, which contains seat for the
occupants and the controls for the airplane. In addition, the fuselage may also
provide room for cargo and attachment points for the other major airplane
components. Airplanes have different structure for improved performance and
maneuverability. Some of them are Monocoque, Semi monocoque, truss type
fuselage.
 2) The monocoque design uses stressed skin to support almost all imposed
loads. This characteristic is easily demonstrated by a thin aluminum beverage
can. You can exert considerable force to the ends of the can without causing
any damage.
3) The principal structural parts of the wing are spars, ribs and stringers.
Ailerons extend from about the midpoint of each wing
outward toward the tip and move in opposite directions to create aerodynamic
forces that cause the airplane to roll.
Flaps extend outward from the fuselage to near the midpoint of
each wing. The flaps are normally flush with the wing’s surface during cruising
flight. When extended, the flaps move simultaneously downward to increase
the lifting force of the wing for takeoffs and landings.
4) This passage is probably be assigned for Aerospace Structures course.
5) The tone of this passage is scientific and informative.

D6) Bring to Order

DAKMBICHEGJFL

D7) Picture practice

The MiG-29 is powered by a pair of the fuel efficient Isotov RD-33 low bypass
ratio turbofans which develop 11,110 lb st. dry and 18,300 lb st. with re-heat. The
radar has a range of 100km and is of a pulse-doppler type with a look down/shoot
capability. Maximum level speed ‘clean’ at 11000m 2445 km/h or at sea level 1500
km/h. It’s range is 2000 km with internal fuel; 3200km with external fuel tanks.

The B-2 is the only acknowledged aircraft that can carry large air-to-surface
standoff weapons in a stealth configuration. The B-2 is capable of all-altitude attack
missions up to 50,000 feet (15,000 m), with a range of more than 6,000 nautical
miles (6,900 mi; 11,000 km) on internal fuel and over 10,000 nautical miles (12,000
mi; 19,000 km) with one midair refueling.

The Boeing P-26 "Peashooter" was the first American production all-metal fighter
aircraft. It’s max speed is 377 km/h and rate of climb is 3.65 m/s. The "Peashooter",
as it was known by service pilots, was faster than previous American combat aircraft.
Nonetheless, rapid progress in aviation led to it quickly becoming an anachronism,
with wire-braced wings, fixed landing gear and an open cockpit.

The Boeing 314 Clipper was an American long-range flying boat. In 1942 the
Model 314 was then the only aircraft in the world that could make the 2,150-statute-
mile (3,460 km) crossing over water. It’s max speed is 340 km/h and it’s range is
3,685 mi (5,930 km, 3,202 nmi) normal, 4,900 mi (4,258 nmi; 7,886 km) at
maximum loaded weight.
Part 2)

1) The Mikoyan MiG-29 “Fulcrum” is the Soviet answer to the Western type of
fighter capabilities. It is a break away from the traditional Soviet types.
2) It’s earlier models such as MiG-17/19 and the MiG-21, which were limited in
their range, and the heavy-weight MiG-25, which had high speed capability at
the expense of maneuverability.
3) The MiG-29 is powered by a pair of the fuel efficient Isotov RD-33 low bypass
ratio turbofans witch develop 11,110 lb st. dry and 18,300 lb st. with re-heat.
4) The first prototype flew on 6 October 1997.
5) It has retractable doors on the air intakes to prevent debris being sucked from
the ground into the engines. While the nose wheel is on the ground and the
engine running, these doors shut and a number of small doors on the top
surface of the wing open to allow air to be drawn into the engine.
6) It refers to the radar which has a range of 100km.
7) The passage mainly discusses that when and why Mikoyan MiG-29 “Fulcrum”
was made and its properties, propulsion systems. The text actually introduces
the aircraft.
8) Last paragraph. The author says that “The MiG-29 is replacing the MiG-21,
MiG-23, Su-15 and Su-17. It is currently operated by CIS, Cuba, Germany, …”

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