Processing Technology of Cereals ASFE 2201: Sudipta Behera Assistant Professor, Soabe

PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGY OF CEREALS
ASFE 2201
SUDIPTA BEHERA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SoABE
WHEAT PROCESSING
Wheat is a single-seeded fruit, 4- to 10-mm long,
consisting of a germ and endosperm enclosed by an
epidermis and a seed coat.
The fruit coat or pericarp (45- to 50 µm thick)

surrounds the seed and adheres closely to the seed coat.
The wheat color, depending on the species and other

factors, is red to white, and is due to material present in
the seed coat.
Wheat also is classified based on physical

characteristics such as red, white, soft, hard, spring, or
winter.
Types of wheat
Wheat types may be classified as hard or soft wheat
and strong or weak.
Hardness and softness are the milling characteristics

relating to the way, the endosperm breaks down.
In hard wheat, fragmentation of endosperm tends to

occur along the lines of cell boundaries. Whereas the
endosperm of soft wheat fractures in random way.
This phenomena suggests a pattern of area of

mechanical strength and weakness in hard wheat. But
fairly uniform mechanical weakness in soft wheat.
Hardness is related to the degree of adhesion between the starch
granules and surrounding protein.
Hard wheat yield coarse, gritty flour, free flowing and easily sifted
consists of regular shape particles.
Soft wheat gives very fine flour, consists of irregular shape

fragments of endosperm cells with some flattened particles which
becomes entangled and adhere together, sift with difficulty and tend to
clog the apertures of sieves.
The degree of mechanical damage to starch granules produced

during milling is greater for hard wheat than for soft wheat.
Hardness effects the ease of detachment of endosperm from the

bran. In hard wheat, the endosperm cells comes away more cleanly
whereas in soft wheat the endosperm cells tend to fragment.
Depending upon the degree of hardness, the principle
wheat are classified into :-
i). Extra hard ex: durum, some algerium varieties
ii). Hard varieties- Manitoba, American hard red spring

wheat, Australian prime hard
iii). Medium hard – Russian varieties, American Hard seed

winter wheat & some European varieties
iv). Soft: American soft red winter wheat, American soft

white variety.
Strong and weak wheat:
Wheat yielding flour which has the ability to produce

the bread of large loaf volume, good crumb texture and
good keeping qualities generally has high protein content
and these types are called as strong wheat.
Whereas the wheat yielding flour from which only a

small loaf volume with coarse open crumb texture having
low protein content are, generally categorized as weak
flour / weak wheat. The flour from the weak wheat is ideal
for biscuits and cakes.
The main types of wheat are classified according to their
baking strength are as follows:
1) Strong wheat Ex: CWRS (Canadial wester Red spring

wheat) called as Manitoba. American HR’s, Russian
spring type and some Australian varieties.
2) Medium types: American Hard red winter wheat, some

European varieties and some Australian varieties.
3) Weak wheat: American soft red winter wheat, American

soft white varieties.
Wheat quality: Quality in the general sense means
suitability for some particular purpose as applied to wheat.
The criteria of quality are :
i) Yield of end product (wheat – for the grower, flour- for
the miller, bread or baked goods for the baker)
ii) Ease of processing
iii) Nature of the end product – uniformity, palatability,

appearance and chemical composition.
These criteria of quality are dependent upon the variety of

wheat grown & the agro-climate conditions.
Quality requirements: Wheat passes through many hands
between the field and the table. All those who handle it are
interested in the quality of cereal, but in different ways.
i) The grower requires good cropping and high yields. He

is not concerned with quality whether it is fit for milling or
not.
ii) The miller requires wheat of good milling quality which

is fit for storage, capable of yielding the max amount of
flour suitable for a particular purpose.
iii) The baker requires flour suitable for making bread
biscuits and cakes. He wants his flour to yield maximum
quantity of goods which meets rigid specifications.
iv) Consumer requires palatability and good appearance
in goods he purchases. They should have high nutritive
value and be reasonably priced.
For the miller wheat in a good is
i) Is of good appearance, The grains are normal in colour and

bright, grains should be free from fungal and bacterial
diseases.
ii)Undamaged: The grains are not mechanically damaged by

the thresher, by insect infestation, by the rodent attack and
have not been damaged by over heating during drying.
iii) Clean: The grain should be free from admixture with

chaff, straw, stones, weed seeds and other types of varieties.
iv) Fit for storage: The moisture content should not exceed
16% for immediate milling and 15% for storage.
Grading: There is no official grading system for the wheat.
Generally wheat is described as “millable’ or ‘non millable’.
Marketing guide specifies the following requirements for milling
the wheat.
i)It should be free from objectionable small , pest infestation,
discoloured grains and other injurious metals.
ii)It should not be over heated during drying or storage
iii)Moisture content should not exceed 15% or 16%
iv)Content of admixture should not exceed 2%
v)Pesticide residues should be with in limits prescribed by European
countries legislation.
The marketing guide recommends a minimum protein
content of 10.5 – 11% for bread making with a falling no
index of 250 or more is acceptable.
For biscuit making the marketing guide specifies a soft

milling wheat with a low water absorption capacity having
a protein content of 9-10% with falling no index of 140 or
more is acceptable.
MILLING OF WHEAT
• Wheat is consumed mostly in the form of flour obtained by milling the
grain while a small quantity is converted into breakfast foods such as
wheat flakes and puffed wheat. Indian wheats are hard and the
moisture content is usually 8-10%.
• The objective of modern flour milling is to obtain the maximum
amount of white flour from the wheat endosperm without any bran or
germ content.
• The yields of white flour and byproducts are generally 70 % and 30 %
by weight.
• The mill feed (wheat) is composed of 12 % bran, 3% germ and 85 %
endosperm.
• Modern flour milling consists of 6 steps:-
1.Receiving , drying and storage of wheat
2.Cleaning
3.Conditioning
4.Milling into flours and byproducts
5.Packaging and storage of byproducts
6.Blending
CLEANING
• It removes all the fine impurities and dirt sticking to the surface of the grain.
• Impurities like sticks, stones, sand etc. are removed by sieving and all the
light impurities like chaff etc. are removed by aspiration.
• Powerful magnetic separators are used to remove all the ferromagnetic

impurities.
• Disc separators are employed to remove other grains, defective grains and
weeds.
• Scouring is done to remove dirt sticking on the surface. Usually, wheat is

moved by paddles against stationary emery coated surface after which dirt
and loose outer coating is aspirated off.
• The final step is washing by water which allows the dirt and metal bits to
sink. The moisture content of wheat is increased by 1% during washing.
CONDITIONING/
HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT
• It helps in separating bran and germ from endosperm.
• It is done in three steps of heating, moistening and cooling.
• The moisture content is elevated from 15-17 % to 16 – 19% at

moistening.
• The tempering is done in a separate tempering bin for 18 to 72

hrs.
• The temperature of heating should not be more than 47°c as it

can affect the quality of the flour as the gluten quality can
deteriorate.
GRINDING/MILLING
• It is carried out in roller mills (break roll and reduction roll
systems).
• The surface of reduction roll is smooth and break roll is rough.
• In break roll, the bran is cracked, the kernel is broken open and
the endosperm adhering to the bran is milled successively in few
steps. A series of four rolls are generally used.
• The reduction rolls are used for proper grinding of middling's

into proper flour size. A series of 12 to 14 reduction mills are
generally used.
STORAGE
• The flour and mill feed(bran, germ and shorts) are bagged in
waterproof bags, stiched and stored in cold dry condition in
flat godowns.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Draw the flowchart of wheat milling process.
2. Write the different steps in modern wheat milling

briefly describing the various equipment's used.

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PROCESSING

The fruit coat or pericarp (45- to 50 µm thick)

The wheat color, depending on the species and other

Wheat also is classified based on physical

Hardness and softness are the milling characteristics

In hard wheat, fragmentation of endosperm tends to

This phenomena suggests a pattern of area of

Soft wheat gives very fine flour, consists of irregular shape

The degree of mechanical damage to starch granules produced

Hardness effects the ease of detachment of endosperm from the

ii). Hard varieties- Manitoba, American hard red spring

iii). Medium hard – Russian varieties, American Hard seed

iv). Soft: American soft red winter wheat, American soft

Wheat yielding flour which has the ability to produce

Whereas the wheat yielding flour from which only a

1) Strong wheat Ex: CWRS (Canadial wester Red spring

2) Medium types: American Hard red winter wheat, some

3) Weak wheat: American soft red winter wheat, American

ii) Ease of processing

iii) Nature of the end product – uniformity, palatability,

These criteria of quality are dependent upon the variety of

i) The grower requires good cropping and high yields. He

ii) The miller requires wheat of good milling quality which

i) Is of good appearance, The grains are normal in colour and

ii)Undamaged: The grains are not mechanically damaged by

iii) Clean: The grain should be free from admixture with

For biscuit making the marketing guide specifies a soft

1.Receiving , drying and storage of wheat

4.Milling into flours and byproducts

5.Packaging and storage of byproducts

• Powerful magnetic separators are used to remove all the ferromagnetic

• Scouring is done to remove dirt sticking on the surface. Usually, wheat is

• It is done in three steps of heating, moistening and cooling.

• The moisture content is elevated from 15-17 % to 16 – 19% at

• The tempering is done in a separate tempering bin for 18 to 72

• The temperature of heating should not be more than 47°c as it

• The surface of reduction roll is smooth and break roll is rough.

• The reduction rolls are used for proper grinding of middling's

2. Write the different steps in modern wheat milling

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