‫]÷‪ð]çŞÞ‬‬

‫‪<Convolution‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬ﺇﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ )‪ .Digital Signal Processing (DSP‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﻧﺘﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﱵ ﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺴﻤﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻟـ ‪ DSP‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫]‪< íé–fßÖ]<íe^rj‰÷]æ<^jÖ<Äe^jÖ‬‬
‫<‪The Delta Function and Impulse Response‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠـ ‪ DSP‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ )ﲨﻊ( ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪134‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻲ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ‪.Convolution‬‬
‫ﻧﻨﻮﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻨﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪.discrete signals‬‬
‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ‪ ،continuous signals‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.13‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-6‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﹰﺎ ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﻫﺎﻣﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .DSP‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ Delta Function‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ] ‪ δ[n‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .Unit Impulse‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1-6‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ‪.Impulse Response‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ )ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﻬﺗﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ]‪ x[n‬ﻭ]‪ ،y[n‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ]‪ .h[n‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ]‪.f[n‬‬
‫]‪a[n‬‬‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻟﺘـﺎ ﻣـﺰﺍﺡ ﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻥ‪ ..‬ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 8‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ .(-3‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻣﺰﺍﺡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 8‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ .(-3‬ﻧﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫]‪a[n] = -3 δ [n - 8‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ DSP‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ]‪ ،-3 δ [n - 8‬ﻓﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ؟ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ .Homogeneity And Shift Invariance‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺘﲔ ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ]‪ δ [n‬ﻫﻲ ]‪،h[n‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ]‪ -3 δ [n - 8‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ] ‪ .-3h[n - 8‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪135‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1-6‬‬

‫<‬ ‫<<‪Convolution‬‬ ‫]÷‪<ð]ç{{ŞÞ‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻧﻠﺨﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻣﺰﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﺒﲔ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺷـﺢ ‪ Filter Kernel‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ Convolution Kernel‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ‪ .Kernel‬ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ‪Image Processing‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ .Point Spread Function‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﺷﺎﺭ ﹰﺓ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺇﺷــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺷــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳــﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2-6‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪136‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪2-6‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ]‪ x[n‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ ]‪ h[n‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ]‪ ،y[n‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ .y[n]= x[n] * h[n] :‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (+‬ﻭﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (x‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺭﻣﺰﻧﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )*(‪ .‬ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-6‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﺎ ٍﻝ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫)ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ )ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (a‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺱ ﻣﻨﺤ ٍﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (b‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3-6‬‬
‫‪137‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4-6‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﲔ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳐﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﻛﺲ )‪ (a‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﳜﻔﺾ ﻣﻄﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ‪) Discrete Derivative‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪(b) (First Difference‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4-6‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ )‪ (3-6‬ﻭ)‪ .(4-6‬ﺇﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪ 81‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ 31‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ‪ DSP‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻻﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻄﻮﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ )‪ (3-6‬ﻭ)‪(4-6‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ‪ 81+31-1=111 :‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺘﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ .80‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲤﺘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ .30‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.110‬‬
‫ﻧﺄﰐ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪138‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻠﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﱵ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺗﲔ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ .DSP‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻒ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،DSP‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫<‬ ‫<<‪The Input Side Algorithm‬‬ ‫}‪Ø}‚Ö]<gÞ^q<íéÚ‡…]ç‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-6‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ]‪ x[n‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 9‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ ]‪ h[n‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 4‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻫﻲ ]‪ y[n‬ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪9+4-1=12‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ]‪ y[n‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ]‪ x[n‬ﻣﻊ ]‪ .h[n‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠـ ‪ DSP‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻊ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6-6‬ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳓﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ]‪.y[n‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-6‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺳـﻨﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ]‪ x[4‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ .1.4‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ .1.4δ[n − 4] :‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ .1.4 h[n - 4] :‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪139‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(6-6‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺑـ‬
‫‪ 1.4‬ﻭﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ 3-0‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ 11-8‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪ .‬ﳉﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6-6‬ﻧﻘﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-6‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪ 8‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪ .-0.5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲏ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(6-6‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ]‪x[8‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﲟﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﲦﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑـ ‪ .-0.5‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ .0 - 7‬ﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ]‪ x[0‬ﻭ]‪.x[7‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﲔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ]‪ x[n‬ﻫﻮ ‪ 9‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ]‪ h[n‬ﻫﻮ ‪ 4‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-6‬ﺳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ]‪ x[n‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 4‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ]‪ h[n‬ﻫﻮ ‪9‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪140‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ]‪ x[n‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻛﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪7-6‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺮ ﳊﻈﺔ! ﺇﻥ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ )‪ (7-6‬ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(5-6‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﲞﻄﺄ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :Commutative‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫]‪a[n]* b[n]= b[n] * a[n‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻬﺗﺘﻢ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫‪141‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‪ ..‬ﻓﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ )‪ (1-6‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﹰﺎ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲡﺴﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﺴﻂ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﰎ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺮﳎﻲ ﻭﳘﻲ ‪Mythical Subroutine‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ‪ ..‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ‪ 160‬ﻭ‪ ،( 280‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﳓﺪﺩ ﻛﻴﻒ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻧﻨﺼﺢ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻔﺰ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 81‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ] [‪ X‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 31‬ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ] [‪ .H‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﲢﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ] [‪ Y‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪111‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ )‪ (3-6‬ﻭ)‪ .(4-6‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ BASIC‬ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺄﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪240‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ )*( ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ )ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﳎﻴﺔ( ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 160‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ] [‪X‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ] [‪ .H‬ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 180‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 200‬ﲡﻌﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ] [‪Y‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻷﻥ ] [‪ Y‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﲨﻊ ﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪ FOR‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 220‬ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﲤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ] [‪ .X‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ‪ (230 - 250‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ] [‪ .Y‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ( ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪100 'CONVOLUTION USING THE INPUT SIDE ALGORITHM‬‬
‫' ‪110‬‬
‫]‪120 DIM X[80‬‬ ‫‪'The input signal, 81 points‬‬
‫]‪130 DIM H[30‬‬ ‫‪'The impulse response, 31 points‬‬
‫]‪140 DIM Y[110‬‬ ‫‪'The output signal, 111 points‬‬
‫' ‪150‬‬
‫‪160 GOSUB XXXX‬‬ ‫] [‪'Mythical subroutine to load X[ ] and H‬‬
‫' ‪170‬‬
‫‪180 FOR I% = 0 TO 110‬‬ ‫‪'Zero the output array‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪142‬‬

‫‪190 Y(I%) = 0‬‬

‫‪200 NEXT I%‬‬
‫' ‪210‬‬
‫‪220 FOR I% = 0 TO 80‬‬ ‫] [‪'Loop for each point in X‬‬
‫‪230 FOR J% = 0 TO 30‬‬ ‫] [‪'Loop for each point in H‬‬
‫]‪240 Y[I%+J%] = Y[I%+J%] + X[I%]*H[J%‬‬
‫‪250 NEXT J%‬‬
‫‪260 NEXT I%‬‬ ‫)!‪'(remember, * is multiplication in programs‬‬
‫' ‪270‬‬
‫‪280 GOSUB XXXX‬‬ ‫] [‪'Mythical subroutine to store Y‬‬
‫' ‪290‬‬
‫‪300 END‬‬
‫اﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ‪1-6‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 240‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺑﻜﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ]‪ ،X[40‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ .I%=40‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﺮﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 240‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪.Y[J%]=X[40]*H[J%] :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 40‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 240‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫]‪ .Y[J%+40]=X[40]*H[J%‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ )ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ( ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪.Y[40+J%]=Y[40+J%]+X[40]*H[J%] :‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻜﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫<‬ ‫<‪The Output Side Algorithm‬‬ ‫}‪t†¤]<gÞ^q<íéÚ‡…]ç‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪..‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﳍﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﹰﺎ ﲝﻠﻘﺔ ﲢﺴﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪) :‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ =]‪ .(Y[n‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗـﻢ ‪ n‬ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪143‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻨﺪﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ]‪ y[6‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(5-6‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(6-6‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ]‪ ،y[6‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻭﺟـﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.6‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪) 6‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻴﺔ( ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﲤﻠﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 6‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ]‪ .x[3], x[4], x[5], x[6‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ]‪ y[6‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪.y[6] = x[3] h[3] + x[4] h[2] + x[5] h[1] + x[6] h[0]:‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲨﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-6‬ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﳐﻄﻂ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ]‪ x[n‬ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ]‪ y[n‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺗﻀﺮﺏ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳚﻤﻊ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ]‪ y[6‬ﰎ ﺣﺴﺎﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ]‪.x[3], x[4], x[5], x[6‬‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ]‪ y[7‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻫﻲ ]‪ x[4‬ﺣﱴ ]‪ x[7‬ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ]‪y[7‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺫﻭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(5-6‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9-6‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪144‬‬

‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ ..‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(a‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ]‪ .y[0‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ]‪ x[-3], x[-2], x[-1], x[0‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺩﺧ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ .x[-1], x[-2], x[-3] :‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (d‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﳝﲔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ]‪.x[9], x[10], x[11‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺩﺧ ﹰ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(8-6‬‬
‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-6‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺸﻮ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻔﺎﺭ ‪ .Zero Padding‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺳﺘﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺳﺘﺰﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﺃﳘﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﳝﲔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ M‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ‪ M-1‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﳌﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺯﻣﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺴـﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻋـﺪﺍ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘـﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DSP‬ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪146‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(9-6‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (10-6‬ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﺎ ٍﻝ ﺫﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺒﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ‪ 30‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﺿﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺸﻴﺖ ﺑـ ‪ 30‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ]‪ x[-1‬ﺣﱴ ]‪ ،x[-30‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪ 30‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ]‪ x[81‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ x[110] .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ ،DSP‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(10-6‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ]‪ x[n‬ﻫﻮ ‪ N‬ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ .N-1‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫]‪ h[n‬ﻫﻮ ‪ M‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ .M-1‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ y[n] = x[n] * h[n] :‬ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ ،N+M-1‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ .N+M-2‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪M -1‬‬
‫= ] ‪y [i‬‬ ‫] ‪∑ h[ j ] x [i - j‬‬ ‫)‪(1-6‬‬
‫‪j= 0‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،Convolution Sum‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ )‪ (i‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ‪ -‬ﳝﲔ ﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﳎﻴﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﱪ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ )‪ (j‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ‪ j‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪ 0‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫‪ ،M-1‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ]‪ .x[i-j‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰒ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1-6‬ﻟﺘﻔﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ DSP‬ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ،n‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳊﺠﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ y[ ] = x[ ] * h[ ]:‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲎ(‪ .‬ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ )‪ (2-6‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ .(1-6‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ )‪ .(1-6‬ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﳎﲔ‪ :‬ﰲ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ )ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 220‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ )‪ .((1-6‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ )ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 180‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ )‪.((2-6‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫‪148‬‬

‫‪100 'CONVOLUTION USING THE OUTPUT SIDE ALGORITHM‬‬

‫' ‪110‬‬
‫]‪120 DIM X[80‬‬ ‫‪'The input signal, 81 points‬‬
‫]‪130 DIM H[30‬‬ ‫‪'The impulse response, 31 points‬‬
‫]‪140 DIM Y[110‬‬ ‫‪'The output signal, 111 points‬‬
‫' ‪150‬‬
‫‪160 GOSUB XXXX‬‬ ‫] [‪'Mythical subroutine to load X[ ] and H‬‬
‫' ‪170‬‬
‫] [‪180 FOR I% = 0 TO 110 'Loop for each point in Y‬‬
‫‪190 Y[I%] = 0‬‬ ‫‪'Zero the sample in the output array‬‬
‫‪200 FOR J% = 0 TO 30‬‬ ‫] [‪'Loop for each point in H‬‬
‫‪210 IF (I%-J% < 0) THEN GOTO 240‬‬
‫‪220 IF (I%-J% > 80) THEN GOTO 240‬‬
‫)‪230 Y(I%) = Y(I%) + H(J%) * X(I%-J%‬‬
‫‪240 NEXT J%‬‬
‫‪250 NEXT I%‬‬
‫' ‪260‬‬
‫‪270 GOSUB XXXX‬‬ ‫] [‪'Mythical subroutine to store Y‬‬
‫' ‪280‬‬
‫‪290 END‬‬
‫اﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ )‪(2-6‬‬

‫‪250‬‬ ‫ﻧﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ‪ FOR - NEXT‬ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ‪ 180‬ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﱪ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪ I%‬ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ‪ 200‬ﺣﱴ ‪ 230‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ]‪.Y[I%‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ]‪ Y[I%‬ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 190‬ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﲜﻤﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ‪ FOR - NEXT‬ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ‪ 200‬ﺣﱴ ‪ 240‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ .(1-6‬ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ J%‬ﻳﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﱪ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 230‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ]‪ H[J%‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ]‪ X[I% - J%‬ﻭﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ‪ 230‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻲ‪ .X[I% - J%] :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ‪ 210‬ﻭ‪ 220‬ﳝﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ]‪ X[0‬ﺣﱴ ]‪ .X[80‬ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﺎﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ]‪ X[-30‬ﺣﱴ ]‪ X[110‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 30‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳒﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ FOR - NEXT‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ‪ 180‬ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ‪ 30‬ﺣﱴ ‪ 80‬ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺣﱴ ‪ .110‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺳﻴﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
 ‫‪149‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺳﻴﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪< íÞæ‡ç¹]<Ø}‚Ö]<l]…^c<ÅçÛ¥‬‬
‫<‪< The Sum of Weighted Inputs‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(8-6‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ‪ .‬ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﲨﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﲟﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭﺯﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ُﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻀﻲ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻗﺪﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-6‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ]‪ y[6‬ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ]‪ .x[3], x[4],x[5], x[6‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﲨﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫]‪ y[6‬ﻣﺴـﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‪ .x[4], x[5], x[6], x[7], x[8] :‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ )‪ (8-6‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟـﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﳍـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﳏﻔﻮﻇـﺔ ﰲ ]‪ .h[2], h[1], h[0], h[-1], h[-2‬ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭﺯﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻮﺍﺀ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ .(1-6‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺭﻓﹰﺎ ﳍﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬