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    This document provides an introduction to the force method for structural analysis. It discusses the general procedures for analyzing statically indeterminate structures using the force method. The key steps are to make the structure statically determinate by removing one redundant reaction, analyze the primary structure, then use compatibility conditions and flexibility coefficients to solve for the redundant reaction. The document provides examples of applying these procedures to solve for vertical and moment redundant reactions using compatibility equations. It also discusses Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacements which relates the flexibility coefficients between any two points on a structure.

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    PowerPoint Presentation 2

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    This document provides an introduction to the force method for structural analysis. It discusses the general procedures for analyzing statically indeterminate structures using the force method. The key steps are to make the structure statically determinate by removing one redundant reaction, analyze the primary structure, then use compatibility conditions and flexibility coefficients to solve for the redundant reaction. The document provides examples of applying these procedures to solve for vertical and moment redundant reactions using compatibility equations. It also discusses Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacements which relates the flexibility coefficients between any two points on a structure.

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    structure lecture 2

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    This document provides an introduction to the force method for structural analysis. It discusses the general procedures for analyzing statically indeterminate structures using the force method. The key steps are to make the structure statically determinate by removing one redundant reaction, analyze the primary structure, then use compatibility conditions and flexibility coefficients to solve for the redundant reaction. The document provides examples of applying these procedures to solve for vertical and moment redundant reactions using compatibility equations. It also discusses Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacements which relates the flexibility coefficients between any two points on a structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    147 views11 pages

    PowerPoint Presentation 2

    Uploaded by

    Anwaar Safdar
    This document provides an introduction to the force method for structural analysis. It discusses the general procedures for analyzing statically indeterminate structures using the force method. The key steps are to make the structure statically determinate by removing one redundant reaction, analyze the primary structure, then use compatibility conditions and flexibility coefficients to solve for the redundant reaction. The document provides examples of applying these procedures to solve for vertical and moment redundant reactions using compatibility equations. It also discusses Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacements which relates the flexibility coefficients between any two points on a structure.

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    of 11

    Structural Analysis

    Course Number # CE311


    Dr. Wasim Abbass
    Lecture # 2
    Introduction to Force Method

    Structural Analysis
    Methods of Analysis
    • Force Method / Flexibility Method.
    • Displacement Method
     Slope Deflection Method
     Moment Distribution Method
     Stiffness Method
    Structural Analysis
    Method of Analysis
    • Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold
    the structure at rest.
    • Compatibility is satisfied when various segments of the
    structure fit together without intentional breaks or
    overlaps.
    • Force displacement relationship depends upon the way
    on which material behaves. Since our material is elastic
    or we are developing the equations for elastic limit of
    our structure.

    Structural Analysis
    Force Method (History)
    • Originally Developed
    • James Clerk Maxwell in 1864

    Otto Mohr Heinrich


    Muller
    • First method of analysis for Statically Indeterminate Breslau

    structures.
    • Since compatibility forms the basis of this method
    hence it is also known as compatibility method or
    method of consistent deformations or displacements.
    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    • This method includes at first writing force-
    displacement relationship and then satisfying the
    equilibrium requirements for the structure.
    • The unknowns in the equations are displacements.
    • Once displacements are obtained, the forces are
    determined from force-displacement and
    compatibility equations.

    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    General Procedure for vertical force as redundant
    • Consider the beam shown in figure (a)
    • There are four unknown reactions.
    • The beam has DOI=4-3 = 1°
    • In order to analyze this structure principle of
    superposition will be used as follows.
    • Choose one of the unknown reaction as redundant
    and temporarily remove its effect from the beam to
    make it Statically determinate structure as shown
    in figure-(b) and termed as “Primary structure”.
    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    General Procedure for vertical force as redundant
    • When the support is removed at joint B, it will
    cause deflection “ΔB” or δBB
    • On the other hand when the redundant force
    “By” is applied as shown in fig-(c) it will cause
    upward deflection “Δ’BB” i.e. deflection at joint
    “B” due to redundant force at “B”.
    ′
    𝑃 Δ
    • 𝑃 = 𝐾𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = => 𝑓𝑃, 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵𝐵
    𝐾
    = 𝑓𝐵𝐵 ∗ 𝐵𝑦

    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    General Procedure for vertical force as redundant
    • Using figures “b” and “c”, the compatibility condition at support “B”
    can be written as follows
    ′
    0 = −Δ𝐵𝐵 + Δ 𝐵𝐵
    ′
    • Where Δ 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝐵𝐵 ∗ 𝐵𝑦
    • The first equation can be modified as follows
    0 = −Δ𝐵𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐵 ∗ 𝐵𝑦
    Where fBB is a measure of deflection per unit force obtained using
    figure – d using unit force method.
    ′
    Δ = 𝑓𝐵𝐵 ∗ 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵𝑦 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑑
    𝐵𝐵
    ′
    Therefore 𝑓𝐵𝐵 = Δ 𝐵𝐵
    • Hence the unknown force will be obtained using above equation in the
    following form.
    Δ𝐵𝐵 𝐿 𝑀𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝑚2 𝑑𝑥
    • 𝐵𝑦 = where Δ𝐵𝐵 = ‫׬‬0 & 𝑓𝐵𝐵 = ‫׬‬0
    𝑓𝐵𝐵 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    General Procedure for Moment as redundant
    • Consider the beam shown in Figure (a)
    • There are four unknown reactions.
    • The beam has DOI=4-3 = 1°
    • In order to analyze this structure principle of superposition
    will be used as follows.
    • Choose one of the unknown reaction as redundant and
    temporarily remove its effect from the beam to make it
    Statically determinate structure as shown in Figure-(b) and
    termed as “Primary structure”.

    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    General Procedure for Moment as redundant
    • When the fixed support is removed at joint A, it will cause
    rotation under load “P” as “θA”
    • On the other hand when the redundant force “MA” is
    applied as shown in fig-(c) it will cause CCW rotation
    “θ’AA” i.e. rotation at joint “A” due to redundant moment at
    “A”.
    𝑃
    • 𝑃 = 𝐾𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = => 𝑓𝑃, 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 θ′𝐴𝐴 = α𝐴𝐴𝑀𝐴
    𝐾
    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    General Procedure for Moment as redundant
    • Using figures “b” and “c”, the compatibility condition at
    support “B” can be written as follows
    ′
    0 = +θ𝐵𝐵 + θ 𝐵𝐵
    • Where θ′𝐴𝐴 = α𝐴𝐴𝑀𝐴

    • The first equation can be modified as follows


    • 0 = θ𝐵𝐵 + α𝐴𝐴𝑀𝐴
    • Where αBB is a measure of angular displacement per unit
    moment obtained using figure – d using unit force method.
    • Hence the unknown force will be obtained using above
    equation in the following form.
    θ𝐵𝐵
    • 𝑀𝐴 = −
    α𝐵𝐵

    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    • When Maxwell developed the force method of analysis, he also published a
    theorem that relates the flexibility coefficients of any two points on an elastic
    structure—be it a truss, a beam, or a frame.
    • This theorem is referred to as the theorem of reciprocal displacements and may
    be stated as follows: The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit
    load acting at point A is equal to the displacement of point A when the unit load
    is acting at point B, that is

    𝑓𝐵𝐴 = 𝑓𝐴𝐵
    • Similarly for rotations αBA= αAB
    Structural Analysis
    Force Method
    • This theorem is referred to as the theorem of reciprocal displacements and may
    be stated as follows: The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit
    load acting at point A is equal to the displacement of point A when the unit load
    is acting at point B, that is

    𝑓𝐵𝐴 = 𝑓𝐴𝐵
    • Similarly for rotations αBA= αAB

    Structural Analysis
    Example
    Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the beam shown in Figure.
    EI is constant.

    • Solve Example by using Force Method.


    Structural Analysis
    Example
    Break structure into primary structure and redundant force structure.

    • Beam is statically indeterminate to 1st degree.


    • To solve Structure we need to find By.
    • Find
    • Find

    Structural Analysis
    Example
    Break structure into primary structure and redundant force structure.

    • Apply compatibility Condition


    Structural Analysis
    Example
    Deflection.

    Structural Analysis
    Example
    Deflection.
    Structural Analysis
    Example
    Flexibility Co efficient.

    Structural Analysis
    Structural Analysis

    Thanks

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