1.4 2018 PDF Mozac

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Cendawan kering

terlalu ringan untuk


dikesan oleh
Ubi kentang terlalu berat penimbang itu
sehingga melebihi had The dry mushroom is
maksimum penimbang. too light to be detected
Potatoes are too heavy until by the balance
it exceed the maximum
reading of the balance
Alat mengukur panjang. /Instruments to measure length.

Pembaris meter / Meter ruler Pita ukur / Measuring tape

Angkup Vernier / Vernier Calliper Tolok skru mikrometer


Micrometer screw gauge
Pembaris meter Angkup Vernier Tolok skru mikrometer
Meter ruler Vernier Calliper Micrometer screw gauge

Bacaan tersebut sedikit berbeza


• Pelajar mengukur ketebalan buku kerana alat pengukur mempunyai
yang sama tetapi bacaan berlainan.
Mengapa? kepekaan berbeza.
The readings are slightly different
• The students measure the same book
but their readings are different. Why? because the instruments have a
different sensitivity
Pembaris meter Angkup Vernier Tolok skru mikrometer
Meter ruler Vernier Calliper Micrometer screw gauge

• Bacaan manakah paling peka? • Ukuran manakah paling tepat?


• Which reading is the most sensitive? • Which measurement is the most accurate?
Why?
Tolok skru mikrometer
Micrometer screw gauge 1.487 kerana titik perpuluhan paling banyak
1.487 because it has the most number of
decimal places.
KEPEKAAN / SENSITIVITY KEJITUAN / ACCURACY KEPERSISAN / CONSISTANCY
Kepekaan ialah kebolehan alat Kejituan ialah betapa hampirnya Kepersisan ialah kebolehan alat
pengukur untuk mengesan suatu nilai pengukuran kepada pengukur mengukur sesuatu
perubahan kecil kuantiti fizik nilai sebenar. secara konsisten apabila
yang diukur. Accuracy is the degree of pengukuran dibuat berulang kali
Sensitivity of an instrument is closeness of the measurements Consistency is the degree of a
the ability to detect a small to the actual or accepted value. measuring instrument to record
change in the quantity to be consistent reading for each
measured. measurement by the same way.

Kepekaan alat pengukur Lebih banyak titik perpuluhan, Satu set bacaan mempunyai
bergantung kepada unit ukuran lebih jitu pengukuran. kepersisan jika nilai adalah rapat.
terkecilnya. The more the number of decimal When we say the measurements
The smallest scale division on the places, the more accurate the are consistent, we mean that all
measuring instruments shows measurement. the values of the measurements
the sensitivity of the are close together.
instruments. Thus the more
sensitive the measuring
instruments the smaller the
scale divisions.
Peserta A lebih tepat balingannya kerana
tepat menuju sasaran.
Contentant A throws are more accurate
because they hit the target.

Pengukuran yang kita buat pada kuantiti fizik seperti ketumpatan cecair, panjang
gelombang warna merah, lebih jitu jika ukuran itu hampir dengan nilai tertentu.
A measurement we make of these quantities (density of liquid, wavelength of red light) is
accurate if the measurement is close to its specified value.
Kejituan tinggi, kepersisan tinggi
High accuracy, high consistancy

Kepersisan tinggi, kejituan rendah Kejituan tinggi, kepersisan rendah


High consistency but low accuracy High accuracy but low consistancy
Silinder penyukat 10 ml
Measuring cylinder 10 ml

Silinder penyukat 100 ml


Pita pengukur Measuring cylinder 100 ml
Measuring tape

Pembaris Jam digital


Meter ruler Digital clock

Angkup vernier
Vernier calliper Jam randik
stopwatch
Tolok skru mikrometer
Micrometer screw gauge
Magnitud ukuran / magnitude of the measurement

Neraca tiga alur / triple beam balance

Ammeter

Voltmeter
Tinggi /high rendah /low
rendah / low Tinggi /high
Tinggi /high Tinggi /high
rendah /low rendah /low
Tinggi /high
Bacaan adalah rapat /
Measurement are closer

rendah /low
Bacaan jauh daripada nilai
sebenar 3.31 cm/
Readings are far away from
actual value 3.31 cm
0.1 cm
0.1 cm
0.01 cm
0.001 cm
1 minit
0.2 s
1 ⁰C
0.2/10 1/10 10/10 = 1 mA
= 0.02 A = 0.1 A
1/5 = 0.2 s
8.2 s
1/10
= 0.1 A
1/10 = 0.1 ⁰C
0.2/10
= 0.02 A
0.30 A
Ralat yang berlaku Ralat yang berlaku
disebabkan oleh kecacatan disebabkan kecuaian
pada alat pengukur pemerhati apabila membuat
Error due to incorrect pengukuran
calibration of the Error due to carelessness of
instrument or incorrect the observer when making a
position of the zero point. measurement.

Ralat sifar Ralat paralaks


Zero error Parallax error
Ralat sifar berlaku apabila penunjuk alat tidak kembali ke
bacaan sifar apabila tidak digunakan.
Zero errors occurs when the instrument gives a non-zero
reading when in the actual reading is zero.
Melaraskan pelaras sifar pada alat pengukur atau menolak bacaan
didapati dengan ralat sifar alat pengukur.
Adjusting the zero adjuster on the instrument or by subtracting zero
error from any reading taken from the instrument.
Kedudukan mata yang salah apabila mengambil bacaan.
Occur when the position of the eye is not perpendicular to
the scale
Kedudukan mata mesti berserenjang
dengan skala alat pengukur.
The position of the eyes must be
perpendicular to scale of instrument.
Ammeter: penunjuk dan imej penunjuk
dalam cermin selari atau bertindih.
Ammeter: the pointer and the image of
the pointer in the mirror are in line or
overlapped.
0.01 cm
0.1

0.9

0.09
0.1 – 0.09
0.01
0.06 cm 0.05 cm 0.04 cm 0.03 cm
0.02 cm

Nak cari berapa 0.01 cm


jarak ni?
Pilih n = 6, garis skala Vernier dan skala utama segaris,
‘0’ skala Vernier terletak antara tiada selisih
0.2 dan 0.3 cm. Panjang objek
antara 0.2 dan 0.3 cm
Pilih skala utama 0.2 cm.
0.2 cm
6 x 0.01 = 0.06 cm
0.2 + 0.06 = 0.26 cm
0.1 + 0.05 cm
= 0.15 cm

2.1 + 0.05 cm
= 2.15 cm

3.2 + 0.05 cm
= 0.15 cm
0.0 + 0.04 cm = 0.04 cm
panjang dengan kejituan 0.001 cm/ length with accuracy to 0.001 cm
1. Objek yang hendak diukur
diletakkan di antara rahang 2. Bidal diputarkan sehingga rahang
menyentuh objek.

3. Skru racet mengelakkan tekanan


berlebihan dikenakan dengan cara
membuat 1 bunyi ‘tik’ apabila
mikrometer bersedia untuk diambil
bacaan
1 pusingan = 50 bahagian = 0.50 mm
1 bahagian = 0.50/50 = 0.01 mm

0.01 mm = 0.001 cm
0.001 cm

2.0 mm
22 x 0.01 = 0.22 mm
2.0 + 0.22 = 2.22 mm
+ 0.04 mm

- 0.03 mm
6.2 + 0.08
7.8 + 0.09 = 6.28 cm
= 7.89 cm

4.2 + 0.07 0.0 + 0.02


= 4.27 cm = 0.02 cm
0.2 cm

5.6 + 0.04
= 5.64 cm
4.5 + 0.21
6.5 + 0.37 = 4.71 mm
= 6.87 mm

12.0 + 0.32 9.0 + 0.17


= 12.32 mm = 9.17 mm
- 0.02 mm +0.03 mm

6.5 + 0.17
+ 0.03 mm = 6.67 mm
6.67 – 0.03
= 6.64 mm

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