0.

5 mm

Parent

Bud

(a) Hydra (b) Redwoods

1

5 µm

Pair of homologous
replicated chromosomes

Centromere

Sister
chromatids
Metaphase
chromosome

2
 Key
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)

Two sister chromatids

of one replicated
chromosome
Centromere

Two nonsister Pair of homologous

chromatids in chromosomes
a homologous pair (one from each set)

Key Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Haploid (n)
Egg (n)
Diploid (2n)

Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Ovary Testis

Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development

Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)
4
 Key
Haploid (n)
Haploid multi- Haploid unicellular or
Diploid (2n) multicellular organism
cellular organism
(gametophyte)
n Gametes n

n Mitosis n Mitosis Mitosis n Mitosis

n n
n n n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Spores n n
Gametes
Gametes n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Zygote MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

2n 2n
2n
2n
Diploid Zygote
Diploid 2n
multicellular Mitosis multicellular Mitosis
organism Zygote
organism
(sporophyte)

(a) Animals (b) Plants and some algae (c) Most fungi and some protists

Interphase
Homologous pair of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell

Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

Sister
chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes

Meiosis I

1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II

2 Sister chromatids
separate

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

6
 Telophase I and Prophase II Telophase II and
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase II
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis

Centrosome
(with centriole pair) Sister chromatids
remain attached
Centromere
Sister Chiasmata (with kinetochore)
chromatids
Spindle
Metaphase
plate

Sister chromatids
separate Haploid daughter cells
Homologous Cleavage forming
Homologous chromosomes
chromosomes furrow
separate
Fragments Microtubule
of nuclear attached to
envelope kinetochore

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Chiasma MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
Chromosome Chromosome
Prophase replication replication Prophase I
Homologous
chromosome
Replicated chromosome 2n = 6 pair

Metaphase Metaphase I

Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Haploid
n=3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n MEIOSIS II

Daughter cells n n n n
of mitosis Daughter cells of meiosis II

8
 SUMMARY

Property Mitosis Meiosis

DNA Occurs during interphase before Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins
replication mitosis begins
Number of One, including prophase, metaphase, Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
divisions anaphase, and telophase telophase

Synapsis of Does not occur Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over
homologous between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata
chromosomes hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion

Number of Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomes
daughter cells identical to the parent cell as the parent cell; genetically different from the parent
and genetic cell and from each other
composition
Role in the Enables multicellular adult to arise from Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by half
animal body zygote; produces cells for growth, repair, and introduces genetic variability among the gametes
and, in some species, asexual reproduction

Possibility 1 Possibility 2

Two equally probable

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Metaphase II

Daughter
cells
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4

10
Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids
Pair of held together
homologs during synapsis

Chiasma

Centromere
TEM

Anaphase I

Anaphase II

Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
11