AG Detects Lapses in Implementation of NREGA in UP
AG Detects Lapses in Implementation of NREGA in UP
AG Detects Lapses in Implementation of NREGA in UP
Allahabad: In findings that may further strain Congress-BSP relationship in Uttar Pradesh, the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India has detected serious lapses and irregularities in the implementation of the NREGA scheme in the state.
In its report for the year ended March 31, 2008, the CAG has expressed serious concern over deficiencies like "non-
provision of the envisaged job guarantee to rural poor, fake payment of wages and delay in payment of wages to labourers".
The much-touted National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) came into being in 2006.
The CAG report has pointed out instances of "delay ranging from six to 11 months in annual plans" which have resulted in
non-timely provision and in some cases even non-provision of employment to households.
Besides, implementation of the programme was adversely affected on account of non-appointment of Dedicated Programme
Officers at block level and non-deployment of "Rozgar Sevaks" in Gram Panchayats.
The CAG has also noted with concern that "wages of Rs 1.21 crore were paid to labourers with delay ranging from one to
nine months as against the maximum permissible period of 15 days".
The report has also pointed out an instance of "fraudulent payment" to the tune of Rs 47,000 in Sitapur district where the
money was paid to labourers who "did not exist in the Gram Panchayat concerned".
Besides, fraudulent payment to the tune of Rs 1.07 lakh for a total of 1585 mandays was made in various other districts on
account of labourers with same name and job card appearing twice or even thrice in the muster rolls of "same or different
works which were executed during the same period", the report said.
The CAG also has pointed out the instance of Rs 32,000 being paid without taking
signature/thumb impression on token of receipt of payments to "51 labourers (347) mandays" in a Gram Panchayat of
Fatehpur district.
Yet another deficiency detected by the CAG is "short payment of wages", wherein payment for 7,911 mandays was made at
the rate of Rs 58 instead of the approved rate of Rs 80-100.
The report has also pointed out poor maintenance of records due to which "it was not possible to verify the issue of job cards
within prescribed time limit, the number of households demanded/provided employment and the entitlement of individual
households to unemployment allowance".
Besides, "inadequate compliance of the scheme’s inbuilt transparency safeguards such as social audit, non-formation of
vigilance and monitoring committees, inadequate inspections of work by district and block level officers and non-
appointment of District Quality Monitors adversely affected effectiveness of the scheme" the report noted
Sunday will mark the fifth anniversary of the landmark National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (later
rechristened the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, or MGNREGA). At a time when
the country is debating the contours of similar landmark legislation for food security (the National Food
Security Act), it is time to evaluate the working of MGNREGA, initially implemented in 200 of the country’s
poorest districts and expanded to all rural areas by 2008.
Going by the statistics available with the ministry of rural development, MGNREGA is the largest programme
for providing employment in rural areas. Official statistics say that with 2.83 billion person days generated,
52.5 million households benefited from it in 2009-10, out of the 113.2 million households that had been
issued job cards. Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) households accounted for 51.2% of total person
days, and women for 49%. These are impressive statistics by any standard. Nonetheless, these need to be
verified against independent evidence.
Though numerous field and micro-studies are available, very few large-scale surveys existed on the
functioning of MGNREGA until the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) decided to include it as part
of its official employment-unemployment surveys. NSSO has now introduced a separate activity code (42)
for all those working as wage labourers under MGNREGA. The 64th round of the survey (2007-08), the
latest available, is large enough to provide a reliable estimate of MGNREGA work at both the national and
state levels, and is fully comparable with the quinquennial round of 2004-05—the year immediately
preceding the implementation of MGNREGA.
First, the broad results: According to NSSO, total employment generated by public jobs programmes in
2007-08 was 1.02 billion person days, 71% of the official estimate of 1.44 billion person days. At an average
wage rate of Rs78.91 per day, this implies that the total wage bill was Rs8,040 crore, 74% of the official
estimate of Rs10,738 crore. These definitely show an improvement over the usual claim that only 15% of
government money reaches the people. But even a 25% leakage in MGNREGA wage payment is cause for
concern.
How does this compare with pre-MGNREGA days? Public jobs programmes in 2004-05 generated 240 million
person days of employment. In comparison, employment generated increased by 4.2 times in 2007-08.
However, the increase varies across states and districts. Compared with phase I districts (the poorest 200),
employment increased by more than 5.4 times in the 130 phase II districts, and by just 1.9 times in phase
III ones. Considering that the districts in phase I and II were among the poorest, this also suggests that the
largest expansion in employment generation happened in the poorest areas. Since these districts are also
the ones where the programme was initially implemented, this may also represent strengthening of the
delivery system over time.
However, there is considerable performance variation across gender and states. NSSO shows only 38%
female employment compared with the official claim of 43%. The 200 poorest districts showed a marginal
improvement in female employment, from 28% in 2004-05 to 36% in 2007-08. It actually declined in phase
III districts. NSSO’s estimate of SC/ST employment, however, was similar to official statistics.
In terms of state-wise distribution, four states accounted for 71% of total employment generated— Andhra
Pradesh (28%), Madhya Pradesh (19.7%), Rajasthan (13.5%) and Chhattisgarh (9.5%). Andhra Pradesh
itself showed a massive increase in employment from less than 10 million person days in 2004-05 to more
than 270 million person days in 2007-08. The increase in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh was also
impressive. On the other hand, Rajasthan, at 1.31 times, showed little improvement. Compared with these
four, the poor states of Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh together accounted
for only 18% of the total employment generated.
These outcomes have had positive externalities on other areas. Not only have casual wages increased by
4.5% per year in real terms, MGNREGA has also led to a narrower gender gap in casual wages. As reported
by NSSO, there is a negligible gender gap in public employment; but even in casual employment in other
works, male wages were only 50% higher in 2007-08 compared with 58% in 2004-05.
It is obvious that in a short span of five years, MGNREGA has performed much better than what sceptics
expected—in terms of the level of leakages, as well as inclusion for disadvantaged groups such as women
and SC/ST households and poor districts. While these highlight the huge potential that the programme has,
they also underscore its dependence on institutional structures and innovations in programme delivery, as in
Andhra Pradesh. The huge gap across states in implementation is partly a result of governance. But it is also
a reflection of political will.
Most sceptics agree that inflation and drought in recent years did not lead to massive protests partly
because the rural population was insulated by MGNREGA’s safety net. Such claims need to be verified. But
the last general election is evidence that the scheme has paid rich political dividends.
Himanshu is an assistant professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University and a visiting fellow at Centre de
Sciences Humaines, New Delhi.
Home > Liberation > Year_2008 > February > CAG Report on NREGS
CAMPAIGN
The COG Audit also includes a range of recommendations, many of which are thoughtful and
useful. However, it remains that even the best of suggestions and methods can be of use only if
Governments in question wish to correct the irregularities, curb the vested interests and make
NREGS something more than a mere showpiece of the ruling elite.
Home > Liberation > Year_2008 > February > CAG Report on NREGS
Employment guarantee scheme wage hiked
Friday - Jan 07, 2011, 12:14pm (GMT+5.5)
New Delhi - Wages under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have been linked to the Consumer Price
Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) which will lead to enhancement of wages of beneficiaries by between 17 to 30 percent, Rural
Development Minister C.P. Joshi announced Thursday.
The indexing to CPI-AL will be applicable from Jan 1 and over 50 million people will be benefitted, he said, adding that the linkage to CPI-AL
has been done with the wage of Rs.100 on April 1, 2009 as the base.
He said the linkage will result in annual enhancement in wages of MGNREGA beneficiaries and the base wage will also be revised after five
years.
The government was prepared to look into any suggestions made by a study group concerning linkage of MGNREGA wage, the minister
added.
Joshi rejected suggestions that there were differences between the government and Sonia Gandhi-headed National Advisory Council (NAC) on
the method of hiking wages of MGNREGA beneficiaries.
"The decision has been arrived at on the basis of recommendations of NAC... We have taken care of NAC recommendations and desire of our
honourable leader. The decision has been taken within the purview of rules relating to MGNREGA," he said.
Ministry sources said some NAC members had favoured paying MNREGA workers the minimum wages statutorily notified by different states.
However, they said that MGNREGA rules do not permit such a linkage and indexing to CPI-AL will prove more beneficial.
With the government decision, the revised rate of wage to MGNREGA beneficiary in Assam will be Rs.130 instead of the present wage rate of
Rs.100 per day. Similarly it will go up by Rs.27 in Maharashtra, Rs.44.60 in Manipur, Rs.25 in Karnataka and Rs.34 in Chandigarh.
Ministry officials said beneficiaries in some states will continue to get more than revised per day wage rate and the additional burden will be
borne by the governments concerned.
MGNREGA aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage-employment in a financial
year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.