5.tamil Literature Sangam Age To Contemporary Times
5.tamil Literature Sangam Age To Contemporary Times
5.tamil Literature Sangam Age To Contemporary Times
In the history of Tamil Literature Sangam Age is as per the researches of the scholars, B.C.30-
A.D 300. The texts written in this period are called Sangam Literatures. Here we see about
those literatures.
Merkanakku Noolgal
▪▪ The verses of Pathuppattu and Ettuthogai are called “Padhinenmerkanakku Noolgal.
Pathuppattu, is a whole text of Ten hydils, having lengthy verses in the metre of Agaval.
“Ettuthogai” is a major work of eight individual texts containing hundreds of songs,
majority in the metre of Agaval. Most of the songs of “Merkanakku” texts are written
in the style of Agavarpa, one of the four kinds of Tamil Prosody. All these songs are
classified by Agam and Puram as per their contents in the texts.
Pathuppattu
▪▪ Half of this texts are belonging to “Atruppadai” which deals with the external part
of life. These texts guide a person to the kings or philanthropists for having wealth.
“Madhuraikanchi” an another text deals with external matter other songs Mullaippattu,
Kurinjippattu, Pattinappalai and Nedunalvadai are the texts of internal Agam.
Ettuthogai
▪▪ I n this Anthology, Natirai, Kurunthogai, Agananuru, Inkurunuru, Kalithogai are
belonged to Agam, internal, Pathitruppathu and Purananuru are dealing with Puram,
external. Paripadal is a text of Agam and Puram. Total songs of Ettuthogai are 2381; poets
473.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
The following schedule explains the complete Data of Pattuppattu and Ettuthogai.
Pattuppattu
Text Poet King/God Lines
Thirumurugatruppadai Nakkeerar Murugan 317
Porunar Atruppadai Mudathama Kanniar Karikalan 248
Sirupan Atruppadai Nallur Nathathanar Nalliakkodan 269
Perumpan Atruppadai Kadiyalur Thondaimaan 500
Uruthirankannanar
Koothar Atruppadai Perunkowsikanar Nannan 583
Or
Malaipadukadam
Nedunalvadai Nakkeerar Nedunchezhian 188
(Ariyappadai)
Kurinjippattu Kabilar - 261
Pattinappalai Kadiyalur Uruthiran Karikalan 301
Kannanar
Maduraikanchi Mangudi Maruthanar Nedunchezhian 782
Mullaippattu Nappodhanar Thalaialankanam 103
Etthuthogai
Text Songs Poets Complier
Natrinai 400 + Thirumal 192 Maranvazhudi
Kurunthogai 400 + Murugan 205 Poorikko
Inkurunuru 498 + Shiva 005 Koodalur Kizhar
Kalithogai 140 + Shiva 005 Nallanthuvanar
Agananuru 400 + Shiva 142 Uruthirasanmar
Purananuru 399 + Shiva 157 -
Pathitruppathu 80 + Shiva 008 -
Paripadal 22 + 10 013
The prayer songs to all texts of Ettuthogai are song by Perundhevanar.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Special News
▪▪ Agananuru or Nedunthogai or poetical lines : 13 – 31
▪▪ “Agananuru” is titled with three heads.
▪▪ The songs 1 - 120 Kalitriyanaivirai
121 – 300 Manimidaipavalam
301 – 400 Nithilakkovai
▪▪ Songs with odd numbers Palai Thinai
▪▪ Songs with 4, 14 …… Mullai Thinai
▪▪ Songs with 2, 8 …… Kurinji Thinai
▪▪ Songs with 6, 16 …… Marudham Thinai
▪▪ Songs with 10, 20 ……. Neithal Thinai
Pathitruppathu
▪▪ This text contains 10 x 10 songs. It deals with the history of Ten Chera emperors who ruled
over “Chera” region once in Tamil Nadu.First and Last chapters are not available. From
second to Nineth Chera dynasty are widely explaining in this text. Each and every song
ends with Thurai, Vannam, Thookku (Pann) and name of the song. At the last portion of
every tens, poet, King, presentation, regnal year of the King are mentioned. This one is
the prior to the “Meikkeerthi” of Imperial Cholas.
Poet Emperor
2nd Ten - Kumatturkannanar Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralathan
3 Ten - Palaigowthamanar
rd
Palyanaichelkezhukuttuvan
4th Ten - Kappiyatrukkappiyanar Narmudicheral
5th Ten - Paranar Kadal Pirakkottiya Senguttuvan
6 Ten - Kakkaipadiniyar
th
Adukotppattu Cheralathen
7 Ten - Kabilar
th
Selvakkadungovazhiathan
8 Ten - Arisilkizhar
th
Peruncheral Irumporai
9th Ten - Perunkundrurkizhar Elancheral Irumporai
Kurinjippattu
Ninety Nine flowers names are mentioned in this Agam text by Kabilar.
Pattinappalai
▪▪ This literature takes about the trade and commerce of Sangam Age particularly in the
period of Karikalan. It portrays the harbour “Puhar”, port of early Chola, Karikalan in the
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Eraiyanar Kalaviyal
▪▪ This text deals with the matter of Agam written by Iraiyanar. Nakkeerar made the
commentary to it as “Iraiyanar Kalaviyal Urai”. This commentary itself firstly stated
about the three Sangam doctrine. And also it mentioned so many texts on early music
and Drama in Tamil.
Thagadu Yathirai
▪▪ This is considered to be a text of past Sangam Age written by unknown. As a text of prase-
poetry containing only 44 poems deals with the invasion of Chera King on Adhiyaman of
Thagalur presently called Dharmapuri. Its poetical style is as Sangam songs having the
valor of our Tamil Kings.
Muthollayiram
▪▪ Very fantastic songs of Agam and Puram, having highly creative and imaginative
literature is Muthollayiram. The poet is unknown. Only 109 songs of Venba are available
now. This text praises three kings Chera, Chola and Pandiya.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Thirumandhiram:
▪▪ This was made by Thirumular, also considered as the ‘first Sidha’ of Eighteen. His work
‘Thirumandhiram’ deals with yoga and medicine. He fells ‘Love is God’, ‘Love is Sivam’.
This text widely speaks about Bhakthi ,Yogam, Penance, Gnanam and Medicine.
▪▪ Karaikkal Ammaiyar, Senior of all 63 Nayanmars, Praise Lord Shiva in her creations
Ayputhathiruvandhathi, Erattai Manimalai and Mootha Thiruppadhihangal. These are
the songs of ancient divinity of our culture.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Thevaram:
▪▪ In seventh century AD, Two divine poet saints Thirugnana Sambandhar and
Thirunavukkarasar sang the songs, which praising Lord Shiva. Another poet saint
is Sundarar. These three divine poets’ (called Nayanmars) works are scheduled as
‘Thevaram! They are classified as 1-7 Thirumurais in Tamil Bhakthi Texts.
▪▪ The first three thirumurais are sung by Gnanasambandar; 4th to 6th Thirumurais are sung
by Appar called Thirunavukkarasar and 7th Thirumurai is sung by Sundarar, who called
as Thambiran Thozhar Eighth Thirumurai refers Thiruvasagam and Thirukkovaiyar
made by Manickavasakar. The nineth one is ‘Thiruvisaippa’ of nine poet saints. The
Tenth of Thirumurai is Thirumandhiram. Eleventh one is sung by many saints including
karaikkal Ammaiyar and Pattinathu Adigal. Twelth Thirumurai is Periyapuranam alias
thiruthondar Puranam by Semkkaishar, ‘Thirumurai’ is compiled by Nambi Andar
Nambi.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Nandhikalampagam:
▪▪ The poet is unknown. Nandhivarmam III is the hero of this literature, having hundred
verses in Andhathi stye with creative and imaginative text. He is called as ‘Thellaru
Erintha Nandhivarman’. The very first Kalampagam Text is this. In 19th century, Poondi
Aranganathar made another Kalampagam called ‘Kachikalampagam’ which praises
Kanchipuram.
Pandikkovai:
▪▪ The poet is unknown. This one is made at the age of 6th or 7th. A.D. praising the king
Pandian Nedumaran. In the ‘Kovai’ series, this is the oddest one.
Parani:
▪▪ In the 11th century, this text of war was made by Jayankondar praising the courage of
Cholan Kulothungan and his army head Karuna Kara thondaiman. ‘Parani’ is text of
victory of war. The Rhyms and Rhythms of Parani is very tasted and imaginative.
Ula:
▪▪ In this ‘Sitrilakkiyam’ sort, Thirukkailaya Gnana Ula is the first one done by Cheraman
Perumal Nayanar, who is the associate of Sundasrar. It is called as Ádhi Ula’.
Ottakkoothar, the contemporary of Kambar made ‘Moovar Ula’ praising the tri Chola
Kings Kulothungan, Vikiraman and Rajarajan II. Similies and Metaphors of this kind are
very tasty to the readers. But many of the words of Sanskrit are frequently mingted with
our Tamil Dictions.
Thoodhu:
▪▪ Umapathi Sivam, a famous saivaite made the text ‘Nenjui Vidu Thoodhu’. In 15th Century
Chokkanathar wrote ‘Azhagar Killai Vidu Thoodhu’, of all ‘Thoodhu’ texts ‘Thamil Vidu
Thoodhu’ is a master piece made by unknown author.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Kambar’s Epic:
▪▪ ‘Kambar’, the veteran personality equal to Northern Kalidasan made the gigantic epic
called ‘Rama Avatharam! If contains nearly 10,600 songs Viruthams which deeply concerns
the sacred life Rama and Sita with a typical style. He stressed the worldly brotherhood
in the society through the divinity Ramayana. ‘Kamban’ – He is the legend of words and
vocabulary. His dictions in the epic are unique and unparallel to any poet in the world.
Avvaiyar:
▪▪ This is very popular name known to literates and Rurals. There are three Avvaiyars being
in Tamil culture. First one was belonging to Sangam Age, Poetess of nearly 60 songs of
Agam and Puram. A story on Avvaiyar at the time of Nayanmars also another one. The
third Avvaiyar was the contemporary of Kambar and Ottakkoothar. She is the author of
popular literatures like Aathisoodi, Koinraivendhan, Moodhurai and Nalvazhi. News in
brief is the famous method of telling be her.
Grammar Texts:
▪▪ Soodamani, Thivagaram Pinkalandhai and Kayadharam are the ‘Nigandus’ like
dictionaries in Tamil at the period of Medieval times.
▪▪ In the 12th century, Nanool is the famous grammar of Tamil, which is next to Thokappiam.
▪▪ Thandialangaram deals with the Similie and metaphors used in Tamil which is copy of
Sanskrit ‘Kavyadharsham!
▪▪ Yapparunkalam, and Yapparum Kalakkarigai are the texts of Grammar of verses.
▪▪ Veera Sozhiam, Neminatham, Vachanandhi Malai are the texts of Tamil Grammar
followed by Nannool.
‘Siddhas’:
▪▪ In Tamil Literary history, Siddhas have a prominent role for their famous songs of
Gnanam, Yogam, Medicine and Philosophy. Agasthiyar, Thirumular, Kudhambai,
Pampatti, Bogar, Kaduveli are very popular among the eighteen Siddhas.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
Saiva Siddhantha:
▪▪ Thevaram also called as ‘Moovar’ Thevaram is the songs of containing prai sing the Lord
Shiva. In the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries, 14 texts on Saivam are called as ‘Sathiram’.
OTHERS
‘Seerappuranam’ is the Islamic Holy text on Nabigal Nayagam was written by
Umaruppulavar. It has 5027 songs.
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
20th Century
▪▪ Gandhi Puranam, Thilagar Manmiyam, Vallalar Chaithiram – Asalambikai Ammaiyar.
▪▪ Malaikallan, Avanum Avalum (Novels) – Namakkal Kavingnar.
▪▪ Tamil Eymological words research – Gna. Devaneyappavanar.
▪▪ King of Short stories – Pudhumaipithan. His famous short stories are Agaligai,
Sabavimochanam, Oru Nal Kazhindhadhu, Kadavulum Kandasami Pillaiyum.
▪▪ Kalki – historical novelist. His popular novels are Parthiban Kanavu, Ponniyin Selvan,
Sivakamiyin Sabatham, Thiyaga Boomi.
▪▪ Dr. Mu.Va: 18 novels, Kallo Kaviyamo, Nenjil Oru Mul, Dr. Alli (Drama).
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
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History, Culture, Heritage and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
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