EEN330 ElectromagneticsI Chapter4 Magnetostatics

EEN 330
Electromagnetics I
Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh
Chapter 4
Magnetostatics
Learning outcomes
 Describe magnetic field intensity and magnetic flux density
 Define Biot-Savart’s law & use it to find magnetic field intensity
 Use Ampere’s Circuital law to find magnetic field intensity
 Introduce magnetic forces, torque, and moment
 Describe the features of magnetic materials
 Compare the magnetic field across material boundaries
 Define inductance and calculate it for various geometries
 Describe magnetic circuits and electromagnets
3 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

4.1 Magnetic fields and the cross product
 Field lines are in terms of magnetic field intensity H [A/m] (analogous to

electric field intensity E [V/m]).
 In 1820, Oersted  current in wire generates a magnetic field.

 In the presence of a magnetic field, a current carrying wire is deflected.

 The force of deflection depends on the velocity of the current and on the
strength of the field.
 The force direction (ay) is normal to both the magnetic field (ax) and the
current (az) directions (aF = aI×aH).

 In general, the cross product of a pair of vectors A and B is
A × B = A B sin θ AB a N
where aN is a unit vector in the normal direction of A×B taken by the right-
hand rule.
 If we consider our Cartesian coordinate system 

ax × a y = az a y × a x = −a z
a y × az = ax a z × a y = −a x
ax × a y = az a z × a x =a y a x × a z = −a y
 Similarly for the spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems
ar × aθ = aφ aρ × aφ = a z

Example 4.1
A=
3a x + 4a y , A =
5
B = 3a y
3
sin θ AB =
5
3
( )( )   a z
A×B =5 3
5
It is not always easy to calculate θAB

Example 4.1
InAlso,
general, we use the determinant
ax a y az
A×B = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
= ( Ay Bz − Az By ) a x − ( Ax Bz − Az Bx ) a y
+ ( Ax By − Ay Bx ) a z
In this example,
ax a y az
=
A×B 3 =
4 0 9a z HW: Drill 4.1
0 3 0 See Matlab 4.1
4.1.1 Oersted’s experiment
 Hans Christian Oersted (1777-
1851) found that current produces
magnetic fields that loop around
the conductor.
 Prior to the discovery of Oersted,

electricity and magnetism where
thought to be two separate
entities.
Note:

4.2 Biot-Savart’s law
 Jean Baptist Biot (1774) and Felix Savart (1791-1841)  mathematical
relation between the field and current
Illustration of the Biot-Savart’s law

showing magnetic field arising from a
differential segment of current.
Biot-Savart’s law:
I1dL1 × a12 IdL × a R

=dH 2 =
4π R12
2
H ∫ 4π R 2 [A/m]
Example 4.2: Infinite length line of current
 Consider an infinite length line along the z-axis conducting a current I in
the +az direction.
az×az = 0
Ra R = − za z + ρ a ρ . a ×a = a z ρ φ
∞ Idza z × ( − za z + ρ a ρ )
H= ∫−∞
( )
3
4π z + ρ 2 2 2
I ρ aφ ∞
dz
=
4π ∫ .
(z )
3
−∞
2
+ ρ2 2
+∞
I ρ aφ  z 
(integral in Appendix D): H =  
4π  ρ 2 z 2 + ρ 2  −∞
By symmetry  field independent of z and φ

Iaφ
H=
2πρ
Example 4.2: Ring of current
 Consider a ring of current with radius a lying in the xy-plane with current I
in the +aφ direction.
IdL × a R
H=∫
4π R 2
IdL = Iadφ aφ
R=
− aa ρ + ha z
−a h
R=a 2 + h 2 , a R =a ρ + a z
R R
2π
Iadφ aφ × ( ha z − aa ρ )
H= ∫φ
( )
3
=0 4π h + a
2 2 2

Example 4.2: Ring of current
By symmetry,
the dHρ components
(from aφ × a z ) cancel
2π
Ia 2a z Ia 2
3 ∫
H = dφ az .
( ) ( )
3
4π h 2 + a 2 2 0 2 h2 + a 2 2
I
At h = 0, H = az
2a
HW: Drill 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

4.2.1 Solenoid
A solenoid can be considered as a group of N rings.
dIa 2 N
dH P = az , where dI = Idz '
2(z ' + a )
3
2 2 2 h
h
− z+
NIa 2 2
dz '
H= ∫ az
(z' + a )
3
2h h 2 2 2
− z−
2
From Appendix D

H
NI  z+h 2
−
( z − h 2 )  a
2h  2 
z
( z + h 2) ( z − h 2) + a 
2
+a 2 2

NI
At z = 0, assuming (h >> a), H = az
h
4.2.2 Surface and volume current densities
 Linear current I [A]
 Volume current density J [A/m2]
 Surface current density K [A/m]  Sheet current that flows in an
infinitesimally thin layer.
 For example in a solenoid, the coils were considered so tightly wound that
the current could be assumed as an evenly distributed sheet current. We
could write for the solenoid
NI
K= aφ
h
 In general, the Biot-Savart law for surface and volume current densities

KdS × a R Jdv × a R
H=∫ and H=∫
4πR 2 4πR 2
Example 4.4: Ribbon of current
• The field is sought at a point above
the center of the ribbon
KdS × a R K z dxdza z × a R
• H ∫=
= ∫ 4π R 2
4π R 2
• Numerical integration is needed for
this double integration
• Better approach is to treat sheet as a
collection of lines of current Kzdx

Example 4.4: Ribbon of current
I
from one line of current: dH = aφ
2πρ
where ρ = R =
− xa x + aa y ,
d
(
K z dx a z × ( − xa x + aa y ) )
H= ∫
−d (
2π x 2 + a 2 )
K z  − xdxa y adxa x 
d d
2π  −∫d x 2 + a 2 −∫d x 2 + a 2 
H  − 
The first integral term is zero; the second

one is from Appendix D, giving
−Kz d 
H= tan −1   a x
π a
Kz
for an infinite extent sheet of current, ( infinite d) H = − ax
2
4.3 Ampere’s circuital law
 In electrostatics Gauss’s law to solve E-field instead of Coulomb’s law
 In magnetostatics Ampere’s circuital law instead of Biot-Savard’s law
Ampere’s circuital law:

 The integration of H around any closed path is equal to the net current
enclosed by that path
∫ H.dL = I enc
 Compare to Gauss’s law

∫ D ⋅ dS = Q enc

 ∫ H.dL = I is true regardless of the chosen
enc
Amperian Path (analogous to Gaussian surface).
 The line integral of H around a closed path is termed

the circulation of H.
 The direction of the circulation is chosen such that the

right-hand rule is satisfied

Example 4.5: Infinite length of line
 Magnetic field resulting form an infinite length of line  Choose path b
which has a constant value of Hφ around the circle specified by the radius
ρ.
2π
∫ H.dL = ∫ H a
0
φ φ ⋅ ρdφa φ = 2πρH φ = I enc
I
I = I enc ⇒H= aφ
2πρ

Example 4.6: Infinite sheet of current
 Sheet with uniform current density
K = Kxax in the xy-plane.
 Choose rectangular Amperian path of
height ∆h and width ∆w.
 Perform integration across the path
a  b  c  d  a, which direction
is chosen according to the right-hand
rule.
b c d a
∫ H.dL = ∫ H.dL + ∫ H.dL + ∫ H.dL + ∫ H.dL = I

a b c d
enc

Example 4.6: Infinite sheet of current
 By Symmetry, H only has an Hy component.
 Above the sheet H = Hy(-ay) (as ax×az=-ay) and blow the sheet H = Hyay.
0 ∆w
∫ H.dL = ∫ H ∆w
y (−a y ).dya y + ∫ H y (a y ).dya y = 2 H y ∆w = I enc
0
 The current enclosed by the path is

∆w
I= ∫ K dy = K ∆w
0
x x
I = I enc ⇔ 2 H y ∆w = K x ∆w
Kx 1 aN = normal vector from

⇒ Hy = and in general H = K × aN sheet to test point
2 2
HW: Drill 4.5
Example 4.7: Cylindrical conductor
 Cylindrical conductor with current
density J = J0ρaz [A/m2] .
 Two Amperian paths inside and

outside the conductor.
 H has both aρ and aφ components,
but from symmetry we see that the
aρ components cancel and H will
only have an aφ component.

 Our two Amperian paths are for
 ρ ≤ a (path#1)
 ρ > a (path#2)
 Evaluating the left side of Ampere’s law (true for both paths)
2π
∫ H.dL = ∫ H a .ρdφa
0
φ φ φ = 2πρH φ = I enc
 The current enclosed: by path#1 (ρ ≤ a )

ρ 2π
2πJ 0ρ3
I = ∫ J.dS = ∫ J 0ρa z ⋅ ρdρdφa z = J 0 ∫ ρ dρ ∫ dφ =
2
0 0
3
J 0ρ 2
I = I enc ⇔ Hφ =
3
 The current enclosed: by path#2 (ρ > a )
2πJ 0 a 3
I=
3
J 0a3
I = I enc ⇔ Hφ =
3ρ
 Finally, we can write

J 0ρ 2
H= aφ ρ≤a
3
J 0a3
H= aφ ρ>a
3ρ

 HW:
Modify Matlab 4.3 to plot the H-field of example 4.7

Example 4.8: Coaxial cable
 Four Amperian paths:
 ρ≤a (path#1)
 a≤ρ≤b (path#2)
 b≤ρ≤c (path#3)
 ρ>c (path#4)
 Evaluating the left side of Ampere’s

law (true for all paths)
2π
∫ H.dL = ∫ H a .ρdφa
0
φ φ φ = 2πρH φ = I enc

2π
∫∫
HH
.dLdL= H
∫ ∫=Haφ a.ρφ dρφadφ=aφ2πρ2H
φ φ φ
πρ H
φ = φI enc
0
I
AP#1 (ρ ≤ a):I enc I == ∫∫JJ i ⋅ddSS, where J i = 2 a z
πa
ρ 2π
II I I 2
So IIenc =∫ ∫ = a ρ d ρ dφ a
2 2 ⋅z a z .ρdρdφaz z
= 2 ∫
ρ d ρ ∫ dφ ρ
π πaa πa 0 0
a 2
I ρ2 Iρ
=
Then Hφ = for ρ ≤ a
a 2πρ 2π a
2 2
I
AP2 (a ≤ ρ ≤ b): Ienc= I and Hφ =
2πρ
I (−a z )
AP3 (b ≤ ρ ≤ c): I enc= I + ∫ J o ⋅ddSS where J o =
π c2 − b2 ( )
ρ ρ 2π 2π
I (−Ia(z−)a z ) − I −I ρ 2 − b2
∫ J∫o J⋅ do Sd=S ∫ π∫(=
( )
πc −c b−)b
2 2 2
⋅2ρdρddφρadz φ=a z 2 2 ∫ ρ2dρ∫ ∫ρddφρ=∫ −dIφ 2
( )
π (c π− bc )−bb b 0 0 c − b 2
 ρ 2 − b2  c2 − ρ 2
I enc =
I 1 − 2 2  = I 2 2
 c −b  c −b
I  c2 − ρ 2 
Hφ = 2  
(
2π c − b  ρ 
2
)
AP#4 (ρ > c): total current enclosed is zero so Hφ = 0
 HW Drill 4.6:
Write a MATLAB program to plot the H-field intensity for all
paths of example 4.8.

Example 4.9: Infinite-length Solenoid
 Magnetic field inside a solenoid.
 Over a distance h, we have N turns of coil.
 By symmetry, H = Hzaz.
Method1
 Cross section in figure resembles a pair of infinite
extent sheets of current, one directed out of the
page and one into the page. The current density of
each of these sheets is
NI
K=
h
1
 Using H = K × a N , we see that the fields from
2
the two sheets cancel each other outside and add
inside the solenoid (right-hand rule)
NI
H= az
h
Method 2
1. Outside the solenoid
 The Amperian path shown encloses no current 
∫ H.dL =0
 Hzaz is constant or zero outside the solenoid.
 Constant Hzaz is unrealistic away from the
solenoid
 Hz is zero outside the solenoid (confirmed
experimentally)

Method 2
2. Inside the solenoid
b c d a 
∫ H.dL = ∫a + ∫b + ∫c + ∫d H.dL = I enc


 The only non-zero portion of the circulation integral
will be from a  b, so
h
∫ H.dL = ∫ H a
0
z z ⋅ dza z = H z h = I enc
NI
I enc = NI ⇔ H z =
h
NI
 At the center of the solenoid H = az Note: result independent from radius of
h solenoid
4.4 Curl and the point form of Ampere’s circuital law
 Recall  Divergence and point form of Gauss’s law:
∇.D = ρv
where (in the Cart. coo. sys)

∂Dx ∂D y ∂D
∇⋅D = ax + a y + z az
∂x ∂y ∂z
 The point form of Ampere’s circuital law:
∇×H = J
where (in the Cart. coo. sys)

 Divergence  field magnitude
changes in the direction of the field,
so result is a scalar quantity.
 Curl  field magnitude changes in a

direction transverse to that of the
field, so a vector quantity is needed
to give this direction.
In (b), the field is A = Axax so

 Fig. 4.23(a)  positive divergence
and zero curl ( as no change in y- − ∂Ax
∇× A = az
direction and change in x-direction) ∂y
 Fig. 4.23(b)  divergence is zero and Now because Ax decreases as y
curl is a positive value in the +az increases, ∂Ax ∂y is negative, leading
direction (as no change in x-direction to a positive az direction of the curl.
and change in y-direction)

 Another way to imagine the direction of the curl  Skilling Wheel
(introduced by Hugh H. Skilling in 1948)
 Using the right hand rule with fingers curling in the direction of the paddle
wheel spin, the thumb will indicate the curl direction.
 Here, curl is in the +az direction

 Curl H in different coordinate systems:
(Cartesian)
HW: Drill 4.7 and

4.8
(Cylindrical)
(Spherical)

4.4.1 Stokes’s theorem
 Recall  Divergence theorem
∫ D ⋅ dS = Qenc = ρv dv and ∇.D = ρv 

∫ ∫ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ∇ ⋅ Ddv
 Stokes’s theorem 
∫ H ⋅ dL = I enc = ∫ J ⋅ dS
and ∇ × H = J
 ∫ H ⋅ dL = ∫ (∇ × H )⋅ dS

4.5 Magnetic flux density
 Magnetic flux density in free space
B = µ 0 H [Wb/m 2 ]
where the free-space permeability µ0 = 4π×10-7 [H/m]
 The amount of magnetic flux φ in [Wb] passing through a surface is found

as
φ = ∫ B ⋅ dS [Wb]
HW: Drill 4.9

Table 4.1: Approximate magnetic flux densities for selected items
Unit conversions
Weber = Wb = H⋅A
Tesla = T = Wb/m2
Gauss = G = 10-4 T
Maxwell = Mx = G⋅cm2 = 10-8 Wb

 A fundamental feature of magnetic fields that distinguishes them from
electric fields is that the field lines form closed loops.
 Moreover, we cannot isolate magnetic poles  The net magnetic flux that
is passing through a Gaussian surface (which is closed) must be zero:
Gauss’s law for static magnetic fields
∫ B ⋅ dS = 0
(also called law of conservation of magnetic flux)
 Applying the divergence theorem  Point form of Gauss’s law for static
magnetic fields
∇.B = 0
 We can now present all four Maxwell’s equations for static fields
Integral form Differential (point)

form
∫ D ⋅ dS = Q enc
∇ ⋅ D = ρv
∫ B ⋅ dS = 0 ∇⋅B = 0
∫ E ⋅ dL = 0 ∇×E = 0
∇×H = J
∫ H ⋅ dL = I enc

4.6 Magnetic forces
 We saw that when a current carrying wire is passed through a
magnetic field, a force is exerted on the wire normal to both
magnetic field and current direction.
 This force is actually acting on individual charges moving in the

conductor.
 Magnetic force  Fm = qu x B [N]

 u = velocity of charges within a field of magnetic flux density B.
 Electric force  Fe = qE [N]
 Total force on a charge  Lorentz force equation
F = q (E + u × B) [N]
 If we also know the particle mass m, the force is related to
acceleration a by the equation
F = ma

HW: Drill 4.10
4.6 Magnetic forces
4.6.1 Force on a current element
 Consider a current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field.
 Goal  Find the resulting force on the line.
 Looking at a small differential segment dQ of charge moving with velocity u,
the differential magnetic force on this charge is
dF = dQu × B
dL
but u =  dQ
dt dF = dL × B
dt
now dQ = I 
dt dF = IdL × B motor equation
 We can use the equation to find the force from a collection of current
elements using the integral
Magnetic force form B1 on
F12 = ∫ I 2 dL 2 × B1 an element I2dL2

4.6 Magnetic forces
 Goal  find the force dF12 from the magnetic
field of line 1 acting on a differential section of
line 2 with opposite current. We have
dF12 = I 2 dL 2 × B1
 dL2 = dzaz
 For an infinite length line 
µ 0 I1 µ 0 I1
B1 = aφ = (- a x )
2πρ 2πy
 Replacing 
µ 0 I1 µ 0 I1 I 2
dF12 = I 2 dza z × (-a x ) = dz (- a y )
2πy 2πy

4.6 Magnetic forces
 To find F12, we need to integrate from L to 0, in
order to account for the direction of current:
 Remember that F12 is the magnetic force from

line 1 on line 2, and it is in the +ay direction 
it is a repulsive force.
 If currents in lines 1 and 2 were in the same

direction  F12 would be an attractive force.
 Note: F21 = −F12

4.6 Magnetic forces
Example 4.10: Magnetic force on a square loop
 Find magnetic force on each arm of the square loop
shown in the figure resulting from the magnetic field
created by the infinite line of current I1 on the z-axis.
µ o I1
B1 = ( -a x )
2π y
µo I1
F1a ∫ I 2 dL a ×=
= B1 I 2 ∫ dya y × ( −ax )
2π y
yo + w
µo I1 I 2 a z dy µo I1 I 2  yo + w 
=
2π ∫ y 2π
ln 
 yo 
 az .
yo
µo I1 µo I1 I 2 w Note: here we are

w
I 2 ∫ dza z ×
F1b = ( −a x ) =
− ay ignoring the effect
2π ( yo + w ) 2π ( yo + w )
0
of loop on itself.
µ o I1 I 2  yo + w 
F1c = − ln   az ,
2π  yo 
HW: Drill 4.11
µIIw
48 F1d = o 1 2 a y .
2π yo
4.6 Magnetic forces
4.6.2 Magnetic torque and moment
 In classical physics, torque (also called moment or moment of force) is the
tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis. Just as a force is a push or a
pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist.
 Loosely speaking, torque is a measure of the turning force on an object such as a

bolt or a flywheel. For example, pushing or pulling the handle of a wrench
connected to a nut or bolt produces a torque (turning force) that loosens or
tightens the nut or bolt.

4.6 Magnetic forces
 The torque is the cross product of the moment arm r (d in figure) and the
force F:
τ = r×F [N⋅ m]

4.6 Magnetic forces
 If we have a pair of moment arms and a pair of forces, the total torque is the
superposition of the individual torques.

4.6 Magnetic forces
 In magnetism, the torque is a result of the magnetic force which is due a
magnetic field density B
F12 = ∫ I 2 dL 2 × B1
 Consider a current-carrying loop in the x-y plane immersed in a uniform

magnetic field B = Bxax + Byay + Bzaz

4.6 Magnetic forces
 The magnetic field can be broken up into a field normal to the plane of the
loop, B⊥ = Bzaz and into a field parallel to the plane B// = Bxax + Byay.
 For simplicity, we let Bx = 0 for this example.

 Looking at the figure below, we notice that the direction of the forces due
to Bz on the loop is pointing inwards, i.e. canceling each other  there is
no net force due to Bz.

4.6 Magnetic forces
 Looking at the By component of the field now, we want to find the total
torque about the center of the loop. We can find the individual torques on
each section of the loop and add them to find the total torque. We have:
τ = R1 × F1 + R 2 × F2 + R 3 × F3 + R 4 × F4
Idya y × B ya y = 0, likewise dF3 =
dF1 = 0

4.6 Magnetic forces
dF2 = Idxa x × B y a y = IBy dxa z
a
ab
F2 = ∫ Idxa x
× B y a y = IB y aa z and R2=(b/2)ay so τ 2 = IB y
2
ax
0
0
ab
F4 = ∫ IB dxa
y z
= − IB y aa z and R4 = –(b/2) ay, so τ 4 = IB y
2
ax
a
total torque on the loop: τ = IB y aba x

4.6 Magnetic forces
 By definition, the magnetic dipole moment m of a loop is
m = ISa N
aN is a unit vector normal to the planar loop of area S.

The unique aN direction is found via the right hand rule
where the fingers curl in the direction of the current on
the loop and the thumb points in the direction of aN.
τ= m × B
For multiple loops: m = NISa N .

4.6 Magnetic forces
 In our example 
S = ab
aN = − a z
 m = I⋅ab⋅(− az)
 τ = m × B = I⋅ab⋅(− az) × Byay = IByab ax (as before)

4.6 Magnetic forces
 To understand the function of m, let us look at the loop in the yz-plane, and
consider it is free to rotate along its axis.
The torque is twisting the loop

such that m is aligned with By.
There, we reach zero torque.
HW: Drill 4.12

4.6 Magnetic forces
 Application  principle of simple DC motors
 After point of torque zero is reached, due to conservation of momentum, there will
be an inertia and the loop continues to turn. At that point, we switch the current
direction, so the direction of m will be opposite and the rotor continues to be
torqued in the same direction as before  motor keeps on turning

4.7 Magnetic materials
 Recall in dielectrics 
P = χeε0E D = ε0E + P D = ε 0 (1 + χ e )E = ε r ε 0 E = εE
ε r = 1 + χ e = relative permitiviy
 In magnetic materials, we define 

 Magnetization M and magnetic susceptibility χm
 M contributes to the total magnetic flux density as
B = µ 0 H + µ 0M
where M = χmH
and the permeability µ and the relative permeability µr of a material are defined by
B = µ 0 (1 + χ m )H = µH = µ r µ 0 H

Table 4.2: Relative permeabilities for a variety of materialsa

 Recall  loop of current has a
magnetic dipole moment
 Consider an electron orbiting a

nucleus, it has:
 Orbital magnetic dipole moment
 Spin magnetic dipole moment
 The degree to which these

moments contribute determines
the material’s type.

 Most materials: orbital magnetic dipole moment cancels the spin magnetic
dipole moment, and µr ≈ 1
 Diamagnetic material: orbital magnetic dipole moment is slightly less than

the spin magnetic dipole moment; µr is slightly less than 1
(example: Bismuth µr = 0.99983)
 Paramagnetic material: moments are not equal and there exist a net
magnetic dipole moment. However, the arrangement of moments is
random so material exhibit no magnetic behavior.
 Ferromagnetic material: strongly magnetic because of exchange coupling

and domain formation

 Exchange coupling: spins on adjacent atom electrons tend to align
 Domains: regions where dipoles are aligned  strong magnetic field is
generated by these aligned dipoles. (for more information, see TB)
Random dipoles All aligned via Collected in domains

exchange coupling

 Magnetization curve  hysteresis loop
of ferromagnetic material
1. Begin at point a with completely
demagnetized material (random
dipoles)
2. Apply a magnetizing field H and
measure B  domains align (a to b)
until reaching saturation (b to c) Hs
and Bs.
3. Reduce H to zero (c to d)  there
remains a residual Br at H = 0 
permanent magnet.

4. To force B back to zero  apply
negative H (d to e)  − Hc ==
coercive field intensity
5. Continue increasing negative H until
reaching negative saturation (e to f)
− Hs and − Bs.
6. Restart increasing H back to point c(f
to g to h to c)
7. Complete round trip is called
hysteresis loop
8. To let material looses its
magnetization again  high
temperature  Curie temperature,
the thermal energy to overwhelm the
exchange coupling (back to point a)
(example: 770° for iron)

4.8 Boundary conditions
 Goal  Study how B and H vary across a boundary separating a pair of
magnetic materials (medium 1 with µ1 and medium 2 with µ2).
 These magnetostatic boundary conditions are derived using Ampere’s

circuital law and Gauss’s law for magnetostatic fields:
∫ H ⋅ dL = I enc and ∫ B ⋅ dS = 0

 First apply ∫ H ⋅ dL = I enc around Amperian path abcda, and
consider that the magnetic media are separated by a sheet current density
K.
 The current enclosed by the path is I enc = ∫ KdW = K∆w

 Summing the results for each segment (see TB for proof) we see that the
tangential components
HT1 − HT 2 = K
and in general
a 21 × (H1 − H 2 ) = K
where a21 is the vector normal going from medium 1 to medium 2.
 If there is no current at the interface  HT1 = HT2
First boundary condition:

“If there is no surface current, the tangential component of the H-field must
be continuous across the boundary of two magnetic materials”

 We can get a second boundary condition applying Gauss’s law for
magnetostatic fields ∫ B ⋅ dS = 0 over a very small coin shaped Gaussian
surface  top, bottom, sides

 Summing the results for each segment (see TB for proof) we get the
second boundary condition
B N1 = B N 2
Second boundary condition:

“The normal components of the magnetic flux density must be continuous
across the surface of two magnetic materials”
Table 4.3: Electrostatic and magnetostatic boundary conditions

Example 4.11
H1 = 6a x + 2a y + 3a z A/m
(a) H N 1 = 3a z (g) H 2 = 6a x + 2a y + 6a z A/m
(b) H=
T1 6a x + 2a y = N 2 µ r 2 µo
(f) H N 2 B= 6a z
(d) B N 1 = µr1µo H N 1 (c) H=
T2 H=
T1 6a x + 2a y
= 18, 000 µoa z (e) B=
N2 B=
N1 18, 000 µoa z

HW: Drill 4.13
4.9 Inductance and magnetic energy
 Inductance is the last of the three familiar parameter from circuit theory.
 Resistance was defined as the ratio of potential difference of a conducting

material to the total current crossing it. Resistance is a function of
conductor’s geometry and conductivity only.
Vab
R= [Ω]
I
 Capacitance was defined as the ratio of the total charge on either of two
conducting surface to the potential difference between them. Capacitance
is a function only of the geometry of the two conducting surfaces and the
permittivity of the dielectric medium between or surrounding them.
Q
C= [F]
V
 In order to define the inductance, we first need to introduce the concept
of the flux linkage. Let us consider a solenoid of N turns in which a current
I produces a total flux φtot.
 The flux linkage λ is defined as the product of the number of turns N and
the flux φtot linking them  λ ≡ Nφtot.
 The inductance L is defined as the ratio of the total flux linkage to the
current which it links
λ Nφtot
L= = [H] or [Wb/A]
I I
 Inductors are devices used to store energy in the magnetic field, analogous
to storage of energy in the electric field by capacitors.

 Inductors most generally consist of loops of wire, often wrapped around a
permanent magnet (ferromagnetic material) core, and their value of
inductance is a function only of the physical configuration of the conductor
along with the permeability of the material through which the flux passes.
 Procedure to find inductance:

1. Assume current I in conductor
2. Determine B
3. Calculate the total flux φtot linking the loops
4. Find flux linkage λ = Nφtot
5. Inductance L= λ/I

Example 4.12: Solenoid
 Inductance for a solenoid with N turns
wrapped around a µr core.
NI µ NI
H= az , B = az ,
h h
µ NI π a 2
φφtottot = ∫=
= B⋅ dS
B
h
µ N 2 Iπ a2
=λ N=
φtot
h
λ µ N 2π a 2
L= =
I h HW: Drill 4.14
Inductance per unit length of the coax. Flux

through the area of height h and width from
a to b:
 µµII 
=φφ = = B d∫
B ⋅ dS = 
 S ∫∫∫∫
 22πρ
aaφφ ⋅ddρρdz
πρ  
dzaaφφ
µI b d ρ h µ Ih  b 
= ∫
2π a ρ 0 ∫ dz ln  
2π  a 
N=1, so λ = φ,
λ µh  b 
L= = ln  
I 2π  a 
Distributed inductance:
L µ b
L' = = ln  
h 2π  a 
4.9.1 Mutual inductance
 What we have discussed before has been a self-inductance, where the flux is
linked to the circuit containing the current that produced the flux.
 Mutual inductance flux linked to a different circuit than the generating

one.
 Circuit 1(N1 loops) driving coil

 Circuit 2 (N2 loops) receiving coil

φ12 = ∫ B1 ⋅ dS 2
flux B1 from circuit 1 on circuit 2 with
area S2.

4.9.1 Mutual inductance
 The flux linkage λ12 is then the number of times φ12 links with circuit 2
λ12 = N 2 φ12
 The mutual inductance M12 is then
λ12 N 2 φ12 N 2
M 12 =
I1
=
I1
=
I1 ∫ B1 ⋅ dS 2
 Procedure to find mutual inductance:

1. Assume current I1 in driving circuit conductor
2. Determine B1
3. Find φ12 through one loop of circuit 2
4. Find flux linkage λ12 = N2φ12
5. Mutual inductance M= λ12/I1

Example 4.14: Solenoid with secondary winding
 Consider solenoid of example 4.12
as having N1 turns and add a
secondary winding of N2 turns.
µ N1I1
B1 = az
h
µ N1 I1π a 2
φ12 =
h
µ N1 N 2 I1π a 2
λ12 = N 2φ12 =
h
µ N1 N 2π a 2
M 12 =
h HW: Drill 4.15
4.9.2 Magnetic energy
 In electrostatics  Work to assemble a collection of like charges 
electrostatic potential energy
1 1
WE = ∫ D ⋅ Edv = ∫ εE 2 dv
2 2
1
WE −cap = CV 2
2
 In magnetostatics, for inductors, it takes work to place current in the coil

and this work is stored as energy in the magnetic field
1 1
WM = ∫ ⋅ = ∫ µ 2
B H dv H dv
2 2
1
WM − Ind = LI 2
2
Example 4.15: Magnetic energy in a solenoid
 From example 4.12
µ NI Bh
B= a z where I =
h µN
µ N 2π a 2 1 2
L= , WM = LI
h 2
1  µ N π a   Bh 
2 2 2
WM =   
1
BH π a (
2
h )
2 h  µN  2
Likewise,
1
WM = ∫=
2
B⋅H
1
dv =
Hdv
2
BH ∫ dv
1
2
BH π a 2 h ( )

Example 4.16: Inductance in a cylindrical conductor
 From Ampere’s circuital law, we can find (similar to inner
conductor of a coax)
Iρ
Hφ =
2πa 2
2π
µ µI 2 h
2 a h
1 1 I
→ WM = ∫ µH φ dv =
2
2 4 ∫
ρ dρ ∫ dφ∫ dz =
3
2 2 4π a 0 0 0
16π
1 2 µI 2 h
→ WM = LI =
2 16π
L µ
⇒ = = internal inductance per unit length for a wire
h 8π
Note: L/h is only a function of the permeability µ
HW: Drills 4.16 and 4.17

4.10 Magnetic circuits
 Consider a ferrite core wrapped with N turns of wire  Toroid

 Pass a current through this wire  flux φ trough the core.
 It can be shown(Magnetic field mapping) that flux is confined to the core,
even if loops are not evenly distributed.

 We can consider a magnetic circuit, analogous to an electric circuit, where
flux replaces current and permeability replaces conductivity.
 A current prefers to flow on paths of high conductivity, so the loops of

magnetic flux prefer to occupy paths of highest permeability.
 Magnetic circuits are useful in the analysis of magnetic devices such as

transformers.

Table 4.4 Analogy between magnetic and electric circuits
 For example, the magnetomotive force Vm, is analog to the electromotive

force (emf) V in electric circuits, and it is the total current enclosed by an
Amperian path along the center of the toroid
∫ H ⋅ dL = NI = V m

 Analog to resistance in electric circuits is the reluctance in magnetic circuits 

l 2πρ0
R= ≈
µA µA
 l is the length of the ferrite core = 2πρ0, ρ0 = radius of toroid, and A = corss
sectional area of the ferrite core

 The flux φ can be calculated using magnetic circuit approach. By Ohm’s law
for magnetic circuits 
Vm NIµA
φ= ≈
R 2πρ0

Example 4.17
 Consider a toroid with core having a small air
gap of length lg. We can analyze the structure
using the magnetic circuit approach.
2πρ o lg
Rc ≈ and Rg ≈
µA µA
(Assuming lg << 2πρ0)
Vm
φ=
Rc + Rg
φ B B
B= , Hc = , Hg =
A µ µo
Hg µ  Magnetic field intensity in air
= gap is a factor µ/µ0 greater than in
H c µ0 the core.
89 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE HW: Drill 4.18
4.10.1 Electromagnets
 Electromagnet  a type of magnet whose magnetic field is produced by the flow of
electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current ceases.
Electromagnets are very widely used as components of other electrical devices,
such as motors, generators, relays, loudspeakers, etc…
 Consider electromagnet below.
 Goal Determine the magnetic force that is holding an iron bar in place.
 Approach  displace the bar from the magnet by a differential length dl and see
how system energy changes (approach of virtual work)

 Energy is related to force. The differential work dW is
dW = F ⋅ dl
or dW = Fdl if F and l are in the same direction.
 The work done in moving the object a distance dl is stored as energy.

 The magnetic energy in the field between the bar and the magnet is
1 1
WM = ∫ B ⋅ Hdv = ∫ µ 0 H 2 dv
2 2
where dv = Adl for each end of the bar and 2Adl total. Then we have
1
( )
dWM = µ 0 H 2 2 Adl = µ 0 H 2 Adl
2
dWM = Fdl
⇒ F = µ0 H 2 A

Example 4.18
 Determine how many turn of wire carrying
current I are needed to hold up an iron bar
of mass m. Neglecting the presence of the
gap:
2( w + h)
R =
µA
Vm NI µ A
φ
= =
R 2( w + h)
φ NI µ
=
B =
A 2( w + h)
2
 NI µ r 
F = µo H 2 A = µo   A  We know that this force must counter
 2 ( w + h )  the force of gravity F = mg
2( w + h) mg HW: Drill 4.19
N=
I µr µo A and 4.20
4.10.2 Practical application: Maglev
 Levitation and propulsion by interaction between electromagnets in the
train and current in the guidance-rail cable windings
 As virtually no friction is present, speeds up to 500 km/h!

Thank you and hope you enjoyed the course!
Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh

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EEN 330

3 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 Field lines are in terms of magnetic field intensity H [A/m] (analogous to

4 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 In the presence of a magnetic field, a current carrying wire is deflected.

5 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 If we consider our Cartesian coordinate system 

7 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

8 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 Prior to the discovery of Oersted,

10 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

Illustration of the Biot-Savart’s law

I1dL1 × a12 IdL × a R

By symmetry  field independent of z and φ

13 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

the dHρ components

14 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

17 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

The first integral term is zero; the second

Ampere’s circuital law:

 Compare to Gauss’s law

19 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 The line integral of H around a closed path is termed

 The direction of the circulation is chosen such that the

20 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

21 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

∫ H.dL = ∫ H.dL + ∫ H.dL + ∫ H.dL + ∫ H.dL = I

22 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 The current enclosed by the path is

Kx 1 aN = normal vector from

 Two Amperian paths inside and

24 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 The current enclosed: by path#1 (ρ ≤ a )

 Finally, we can write

26 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

27 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 Evaluating the left side of Ampere’s

28 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

31 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

33 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

where (in the Cart. coo. sys)

where (in the Cart. coo. sys)

35 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 Curl  field magnitude changes in a

In (b), the field is A = Axax so

36 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

37 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

HW: Drill 4.7 and

38 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

∫ D ⋅ dS = Qenc = ρv dv and ∇.D = ρv 

39 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

where the free-space permeability µ0 = 4π×10-7 [H/m]

 The amount of magnetic flux φ in [Wb] passing through a surface is found

HW: Drill 4.9

41 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

Integral form Differential (point)

43 Dr. M. Bou Sanayeh, ECCE

 This force is actually acting on individual charges moving in the

 Magnetic force  Fm = qu x B [N]