Criminal Law Revised Penal Code Summary

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Criminal law Revised Penal Code Summary
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Revised Penal Code Reviewer The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
(18th Edition - Reyes 2012)
Preliminary Article — This law shall be known as
Criminal Law – a branch or division of law which defines crimes, nature, and "The Revised Penal Code." (Act No. 3815)
provides for their punishment.
BOOK ONE
Crime – an act committed or omitted in violation a public law forbidding it or
commanding it. GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE DATE OF ENFORCEMENT AND
APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE, AND REGARDING
Mala In Se - acts or omissions that are inherently criminal. (e.g.: theft, rape, THE OFFENSES, THE PERSONS LIABLE AND THE PENALTIES
homicide, etc.) [Violations of the RPC]
Preliminary Title
Mala Prohibita - acts made criminal because there is a law prohibiting it. (e.g.
illegal possession of firearms) [Violations of Special Laws] DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION
OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE
Sources of Philippine Criminal Law:
Art. 1 Time when Act takes effect - This Code shall take effect on Jan. 1,
1) Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815) 1932.
2) Special Penal Laws
3) Penal Presidential Decrees (Martial Law Era) Theories in Criminal Law: (PUCE)
Limitations on the power of the lawmaking body to enact penal legislation: 1) Positivist Theory - Reformation; Prevention / correction. Basis of criminal
(Bill of Rights – 1987 PC) liability: The sum of the social, natural and economic phenomena to which the
actor is exposed.
1) No Ex Post Facto Law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. No retroactive laws
2) Utilitarian Theory - Protection of society from actual or potential wrongdoers.
Ex Post Facto Law - An act which when committed was not a crime, cannot be
made so by statute without violating the constitutional inhibition as to ex post 3) Classical Theory - Basis of criminal liability is Human free will and the purpose
facto laws. of the penalty is Retribution (punishment as vengeance for a criminal act).
Endeavored to establish a mechanical and direct proportion between crime and
Ex post facto law is one which: penalty; there is scant regard to human element.
1) Makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and which was 4) Eclectic/Mixed - Combines both positivist and classical thinking. Crimes that
innocent when done, and punishes such an act. are economic and social by nature should be dealt with in a positivist manner;
2) Aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed. thus, the law is more compassionate. Heinous crimes should be dealt with in a
3) Changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than the law classical manner; thus, capital punishment.
annexed to the crime when committed.
4) Alters the legal rules of evidence, and authorizes conviction upon less or Note: The Revised Penal Code today follows the mixed or eclectic philosophy.
different testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the For example: a) Intoxication of the offender is considered to mitigate his criminal
offense. liability, unless it is intentional or habitual; b) Age of the offender is considered; c)
5) Assumes to regulate civil rights and remedies only, in effect imposes penalty A woman who killed her child to conceal her dishonor has in her favor a
or deprivation of a right for something which when done was lawful. mitigating circumstance.
6) Deprives a person accused of a crime some lawful protection to which he

has become entitled, such as the protection of a former conviction or Art. 2. Application of provisions. — Except as provided in the treaties and
acquittal, or a proclamation of amnesty. laws of preferential application, the provisions of this Code shall be
enforced not only within the Philippine Archipelago including its
Bill Of Attainder – A legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial. atmosphere, its interior waters and Maritime zone, but also outside of its
No one shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. jurisdiction, against those who:
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1. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship; Jurisdictional Rules aboard merchant vessels in territorial waters of other
countries (foreign vessels in Philippine seas or Philippine vessels in foreign
2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the seas):
Philippine Islands or obligations and securities issued by the Government
of the Philippine Islands; a) French Rule – nationality of the vessel unless it violates host’s peace&order.
3. Should be liable for acts connected with the introduction into b) English Rule – location of the crime unless relates to internal management
these islands of the obligations and securities mentioned in the preceding of the vessel. (Adopted by the Philippines)
number;
International Theories on Aerial Jurisdiction:
4. While being public officers or employees, should commit an
offense in the exercise of their functions; or a) Free Zone Theory – atmosphere over the country is free, except for the
protection of national security and public order.
5. Should commit any crimes against the national security and the
law of nations, defined in Title One of Book Two of this Code. b) Relative Theory – exercises jurisdiction only up to the extent it can control.
Characteristics of Criminal Law: c) Absolute Theory – Philippine Criminal Law will govern the crimes committed
within its territory. (Adopted by the Philippines)
1) GENERALITY (WHO?)
Par. 2 – Forging/Counterfeiting Coins or Currency Notes, Obligations and
GR: The penal law is binding on all persons who live and sojourn in Philippine Securities of the Philippines even if committed abroad.
Territory. (Art. 14 CCP)
Par. 3 – Introduction into the Philippines the above – mentioned obligations and
L: Except as provided in the treaties of preferential Application. (Art. 2 RPC) securities.
Ex: Sovereigns and other heads of state; Ambassadors, Ministers, Par. 4 – When public officers or employees commit an offense in the exercise of
Plenipotentiary, Minister Resident, and Charges d’ Affaires (Note: Consuls and their functions even in foreign countries. The crimes which may be committed
its officers are NOT exempt of local prosecution) are:
a) Direct bribery (A.210)
2) TERRITORIALITY (WHERE?) b) Qualified Bribery (A. 211-A)
c) Indirect bribery (A.211)
GR: Criminal Laws undertake to punish crimes committed within Philippine d) Corruption (A.212)
Territory. Penal Laws are enforceable only within its territory. e) Frauds against the public treasury (A.213)
f) Possession of prohibited interest (A.216)
L: It cannot penalize crimes outside its territories. Thus, the territory only includes g) Malversation of public funds or property (A. 217)
its Terrestrial (land), Fluvial (maritime and interior waters) as well as its Aerial h) Failure to render accounts (A.218)
(atmosphere) jurisdiction. (Art. 2 1987 PC) i) Illegal use of public funds or property (A.220)
j) Failure to make delivery of public funds or property (A.221)
Ex: Extraterritorial Crimes committed outside of the Philippine Territory. (Art. 2 k) Falsification by a public officer or employee committed with abuse of
RPC) his official position (A.171)
l) Those with the discharge of their duties in a foreign country.
Par.1 - Crimes committed aboard Philippine ship or airship (registration of the
vessels not nationality of the owner). The RPC is applied to Philippine vessels Par. 5 – Crimes against national security and the law of nations (Title1 B2 RPC).
while the trip is treading:
Crimes against national security:
a) Philippine waters (intra-territorial)
b) High seas (extra-territorial) a) Treason (A.114)
b) Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (A.115)
c) Misprision of treason (A.116)
d) Espionage (A.117)
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Crimes against the law of nations: There is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent and
there is fault when the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence,
a) Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals (A.118) lack of foresight, or lack of skill.
b) Violation of neutrality (A.119)
c) Correspondence with hostile country (A.120) Offense - crime punished under a special law is called a statutory offense.
d) Flight to enemy‘s country (A.121)
e) Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters Misdemeanor – a minor infraction of the law such as a violation of an ordinance.
Note: Crimes against public order (e.g., rebellion, coup d’état, sedition) Act – any external bodily movement with the direct intention of committing felony.
committed abroad is under the jurisdiction of the host country. Terrorism is now
classified as a crime against national security and the law of nations. (See R.A. Felony - refers only to violations of the Revised Penal Code.
9372, otherwise known as Human Security Act of 2007).
Elements of felonies:
3) PROSPECTIVITY (WHEN?)
1) There must be an act or omission
GR: A penal law cannot make an act punishable if it was not yet punishable 2) The act or omission must be punishable by law
during the time of commission of the crime. (No Ex post facto Law). 3) The act is performed or omission incurred by means of dolo or culpa
Ex: When there is a new law more lenient or favorable to the accused, it can give
a retroactive effect. Omission - failure to perform a duty required by law.
Ex to the Ex: a) The new law is expressly made inapplicable to pending actions Punishable omissions in the RPC:
or existing cause of actions; or b) The offender is a habitual criminal.
1) Art. 116: Misprision of treason.
Effects of repeal of penal laws: 2) Art. 137: Disloyalty of public officers or employees.
3) Art. 208: Negligence and tolerance in prosecution of offenses.
1) If the repeal makes the penalty lighter in the new law, the new law shall be 4) Art. 223: Conniving with or consenting to evasion.
applied, except when the offender is a habitual delinquent or when it is not made 5) Art. 275: Abandonment of person in danger and abandonment of
applicable to pending action or existing causes of action. one‘s own victim.
6) Art. 276: Abandoning a minor.
2) If the new law imposes a heavier penalty, the previous penalty at the time of
commission of the crime shall be applied. Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege – There is no crime when there is no law
punishing it.
3) If the new law totally repeals the existing law so that the act which was
penalized under the old law is no longer punishable, the crime is obliterated. Pro Reo Doctrine - Whenever there are two interpretations - one lenient and
one strict to the offender, that which is lenient or favorable to the offender will be
4) Applies to judicial decisions, administrative rulings, and circulars. adopted.
Classification of Felonies:
Title One
1) Intentional Felony is a malicious act with deliberate intent to cause injury.
FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES
WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY 2) Culpable Felony is an unintentional act without malice that causes injury
which is a result of imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, and lack of skill.
Chapter One – FELONIES
Requisites of Dolo (with malice):
Art. 3. Definition — Acts and omissions punishable by law are felonies
(delitos). Felonies are committed not only by means of deceit (dolo) but 1) He must have FREEDOM while doing an act or omitting to do an act.
also by means of fault (culpa). 2) He must have INTELLIGENCE while doing / omitting an act.
3) He must have INTENT while doing / omitting the act:

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a) Intent which is a mental process presupposes the exercise of 2. By any person performing an act which would be an offense
freedom and the use of intelligence. against persons or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its
b) If an act is proven to be unlawful, then intent will be presumed accomplishment or an account of the employment of inadequate or
prima facie (first encounter). ineffectual means.
c) An honest mistake of fact destroys the presumption of criminal
intent which arises from the commission of a felonious act. El que es causa de la causa es causa del mal causado - Spanish maxim
which means: "He who is the cause of the cause is the cause of the evil caused.
Criminal intent – is a voluntary mental state shown by the overt (done openly)
unlawful acts of a person. A person is still criminally liable even if:
General vs. Specific Intent: In some particular felonies, proof of specific intent Error in personae – mistake in identity.
is required. In certain crimes against property, there must be intent to gain (Art.
293 – robbery, Art 308 – theft). Intent to kill is essential in attempted and What is the legal effect of error in personae?
frustrated homicide (Art 6 in relation to Art 249), as well as in murder. In forcible
abduction (Art. 342), specific intent of lewd designs must be proved. a) if same crime results, liable for the same crime
b) if different crime results, apply Art. 49 - penalty for lesser crime in its
Mens Rea - the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part of a maximum period
crime, as opposed to the action or conduct of the accused.
Aberratio ictus - mistake in the blow; when offender intending to do an injury to
Actus me invito factus non est meus actus – an act done by me against my one person actually inflicts it on another
will is not my act.
a) There is only one subject
Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea – the act itself does not make a man b) Intended subject is a different subject, but the felony is still the same.
guilty unless his intentions were so.
Praeter intentionem - injurious result is greater than that intended (Art. 13 –
Requisites of Culpa (without malice): mitigating circumstance)
1) He must have FREEDOM while doing / omitting to do an act.

2) He must have INTELLIGENCE while doing the act / omitting to do act. Art. 5. Duty of the court in connection with acts which should be repressed
3) He is IMPRUDENT, NEGLIGENT, or LACKS FORESIGHT or SKILL but which are not covered by the law, and in cases of excessive penalties.
while doing the act / omitting to do an act.
— Whenever a court has knowledge of any act which it may deem proper to
Mistake of fact (ignorantia legis non excusat) - misapprehension of fact on the repress (restrain) and which is not punishable by law, it shall render the
part of the person who caused injury to another. Anyone will not be held proper decision, and shall report to the Chief Executive, through the
criminally liable, if there is no criminal intent. Department of Justice, the reasons which induce the court to believe that
said act should be made the subject of legislation.
Requisites of Mistake of Fact as a defense:
In the same way, the court shall submit to the Chief Executive,
1) That the act done is the same as the accused believed them to be. through the Department of Justice, such statement as may be deemed
2) The intention in performing the act should be lawful. proper, without suspending the execution of the sentence, when a strict
3) There be no fault or carelessness on the part of the accused. enforcement of the provisions of this Code would result in the imposition
of a clearly excessive penalty, taking into consideration the degree of
malice and the injury caused by the offense.
Art. 4. Criminal liability. — Criminal liability shall be incurred:
Art. 5 Covers two situations:
1. By any person committing a felony (delito) although the wrongful
act done be different from that which he intended. a. Where the court cannot convict the accused because the act he
committed is not punishable under the law, but the court deems it proper to
repress such act. The proper judgment is acquittal. The judge must report to the

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Chief Executive that said act be made subject of penal legislation and the Art. 7. When light felonies are punishable. — Light felonies are punishable
reasons therefore. only when they have been consummated, with the exception of those
committed against person or property.
b. Where the court after trial finds the accused guilty, and the penalty
prescribed for the crime appears too harsh considering the conditions Light felonies – light, insignificant moral or material injuries with penalty of
surrounding the commission of the crime, the judge should impose the law (not Arresto Menor (imprisonment of 1 day to 30 days).
suspend the execution of the sentence). The most that he could do is
recommend to the Chief Executive to grant executive clemency.
Art. 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony. — Conspiracy and
proposal to commit felony are punishable only in the cases in which the
Art. 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted felonies. — Consummated law specially provides a penalty therefor.
felonies as well as those which are frustrated and attempted are
punishable. A conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an
agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it.
A felony is consummated when all the elements necessary for its
execution and accomplishment are present; and it is frustrated when the There is proposal when the person who has decided to commit a
offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony felony proposes its execution to some other person or persons.
as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of
causes independent of the will of the perpetrator. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony in general are not punishable by law
since they are only preparatory acts, except when provided by law.
There is an attempt when the offender commences the commission
of a felony directly or over acts, and does not perform all the acts of
execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or Art. 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies and light felonies. — Grave
accident other than this own spontaneous desistance. felonies are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or
penalties which in any of their periods are afflictive, in accordance with Art.
Development of a crime: 25 of this Code.
1) Internal Acts – mere ideas in the mind. Less grave felonies are those which the law punishes with penalties
which in their maximum period are correctional, in accordance with the
2) External Acts: a. Preparatory acts mere proposal or planning; b. Acts of above-mentioned Article.
execution: consummated, frustrated, and attempted.
Light felonies are those infractions of law for the commission of
Consummated – when all the elements necessary for execution are present. which a penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos or
both; is provided.
Frustrated – although all elements are complete, but still not consummated at
the will of the perpetrator. This Article simply states the classification of felonies according to their gravity
determined by their corresponding penalties attached to them by law.
Attempted – the offender commences but does not perform all acts which would
produce felony.
Art. 10. Offenses not subject to the provisions of this Code. — Offenses
Indeterminate offense – purpose of the offender in performing the act is not
which are or in the future may be punishable under special laws are not
certain. subject to the provisions of this Code.
This Code shall be supplementary to such laws, unless the latter
Spontaneous desistance - voluntary omission of the act of execution may be
should specially provide the contrary.
because of fear or remorse.
The first clause states that the Penal Code is not intended to supersede special
penal laws, while the second clause makes the Code supplementary to such
laws.

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Chapter Two - JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES AND CIRCUMSTANCES 5. Any person who acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the lawful
WHICH EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY exercise of a right or office.
Imputability – is the quality by which an act may be ascribed to a person as its 6. Any person who acts in obedience to an order issued by a
author or owner. It implies that the act committed has been freely and superior for some lawful purpose.
consciously done and may, therefore, be put down to the doer as his very own
Kinds of aggression:
Responsibility – is the obligation of suffering the consequences of crime. It is
the obligation of taking the penal and civil consequences of the crime. Unlawful aggression – actual physical assault, threat or intimidation which is
offensive and positively strong.
Imputability distinguished from responsibility – while imputability implies that
a deed may be imputed to a person, responsibility implies that the person must Lawful aggression – the fulfillment of a duty or exercise of a right.
take the consequences of such a deed.
Types of Peril:
Guilt – is an element of responsibility, for a man cannot be made to answer for
the consequences of a crime unless he is guilty. Actual – the danger must be present and in existence.
Imminent – the danger is on the point of happening.

Art. 11. Justifying circumstances (lack of criminal intent) — The following
do not incur any criminal liability:
Art. 12. Exempting Circumstances - Circumstances which exempt from
1. (Self - defense) Anyone who acts in defense of his person or criminal liability. — the following are exempt from criminal liability:
rights, provided that the following circumstances concur;
1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless the latter has acted
First. Unlawful aggression. during a lucid interval. When the imbecile or an insane person has
Second. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it. committed an act which the law defines as a felony (delito), the court shall
Third. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself. order his confinement in one of the hospitals or asylums established for
persons thus afflicted, which he shall not be permitted to leave without first
2. (Defense of Relatives) Anyone who acts in defense of the person obtaining the permission of the same court.
or rights of his spouse, ascendants, descendants, or legitimate, natural or
adopted brothers or sisters, or his relatives by affinity in the same degrees Imbecile - One who, while advanced in age, has a mental development
and those consanguinity within the fourth civil degree, provided that the comparable to that of a child between 2 and 7 years of age. Exempt in all cases
first and second requisites prescribed in the next preceding circumstance from criminal liability
are present, and the further requisite, in case the revocation was given by
the person attacked, that the one making defense had no part therein. Insane - There is a complete deprivation of intelligence in committing the act but
capable of having lucid intervals. During a lucid interval, the insane acts with
3. (Defense of stranger) Anyone who acts in defense of the person intelligence and thus, is not exempt from criminal liability Insanity is a defense in
or rights of a stranger, provided that the first and second requisites the nature of confession and avoidance and must be proved beyond
mentioned in the first circumstance of this Article are present and that the reasonable doubt.
person defending be not induced by revenge, resentment, or other evil
motive. Note: There is another school of thought that believes that insanity, as with other
4. (Avoidance of greater evil) Any person who, in order to avoid an such defenses, need only be proved to a degree sufficient to raise a reasonable
evil or injury, does not act which causes damage to another, provided that doubt of guilt.
the following requisites are present;
Evidence of insanity must refer to:
First. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;
Second. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it; a. the time preceding the act under prosecution
b. at the very moment of its execution.
Third. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.

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Insanity subsequent to commission of crime is not exempting

Feeblemindedness is not imbecility. It is necessary that there is a complete Under Article 12, paragraph 4, the offender is exempt not only from criminal but
deprivation of intelligence in committing the act, that is, the accused be deprived also from civil liability.
of reason, that there is no responsibility for his own acts; that he acts without the
least discernment; that there be complete absence of the power to discern, or 5. Any person who act under the compulsion of irresistible force.
that there be a complete deprivation of the freedom of the will. (People vs.
Formigones). Cases covered under this article: Elements:
(1) Dementia praecox (precocious madness) 1) The compulsion is by means of physical force.
(2) Kleptomania: if found by a competent psychiatrist as irresistible 2) That the physical force must be irresistible.
(3) Epilepsy 3) The physical force must come from a third person.
(4) Somnambulism: sleep-walking (People vs. Taneo)
(5) Malignant malaria: which affects the nervous system Note: Before a force can be considered to be an irresistible one, it must produce
such an effect on the individual that, in spite of all resistance, it reduces him to a
2. A person under fifteen years of age. mere instrument and, as such, incapable of committing the crime. (Aquino,
Revised Penal Code)
RA 9344, Sec. 6: Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility. - A child fifteen (15)
years of age or under at the time of the commission of the offense shall be 6. Any person who acts under the impulse of an uncontrollable fear
exempt from criminal liability. However, the child shall be subjected to an of an equal or greater injury.
intervention program pursuant to Section 20 of this Act.
Requisites:
3. A person over fifteen years of age and under eighteen, unless he
has acted with discernment, in which case, such minor shall be proceeded 1) That the threat which causes the fear is of an evil greater than or at
against in accordance with the provisions of Art. 80 of this Code. least equal to, that which he is forced to commit;
2) That it promises an evil of such gravity and imminence that the
When such minor is adjudged to be criminally irresponsible, the court, in ordinary man would have succumbed to it.
conformably with the provisions of this and the preceding paragraph, shall
commit him to the care and custody of his family who shall be charged with his A threat of future injury is not enough. The compulsion must be of such a
surveillance and education otherwise, he shall be committed to the care of some character as to leave no opportunity to the accused for escape or self-defense in
institution or person mentioned in said Art. 80. equal combat.
RA 9344, Sec. 6: Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility. - A child above fifteen 7. Any person who fails to perform an act required by law, when
(15) years but below eighteen (18) years of age shall likewise be exempt from prevented by some lawful insuperable cause.
criminal liability and be subjected to an intervention program, unless he/she has
acted with discernment, in which case, such child shall be subjected to the Requisites:
appropriate proceedings in accordance with this Act.
1) That an act is required by law to be done;
4. Any person who, while performing a lawful act with due care, 2) That a person fails to perform such act;
causes an injury by mere accident without fault or intention of causing it. 3) That his failure to perform such act was due to some lawful or
insuperable cause
Requisites:
Insuperable cause means insurmountable - some motive, which has lawfully,
1) A person performing a lawful act; morally or physically prevented a person to do what the law commands.
2) With due care;
3) He causes an injury to another by mere accident;
4) Without fault or intention of causing it. Chapter Three - CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MITIGATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Accident - something that happens outside the sway of our will and, although Art. 13. Mitigating circumstances — The following are mitigating
coming about through some act of our will, lies beyond the bounds of humanly circumstances;
foreseeable consequences.
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1. Those mentioned in the preceding chapter, when all the 2) That the injury caused or offense committed be the necessary
requisites necessary to justify or to exempt from criminal liability in the consequence of the due performance of such duty or the lawful exercise
respective cases are not attendant. of such right or office.
The circumstances of justification or exemption which may give place to d. Incomplete exempting circumstance of accident:
mitigation, because not all the requisites necessary to justify the act or to exempt
from criminal liability in the respective cases are attendant, are the following: Requisites under par. 4 of Art. 12:
(1) Self-defense (Art. 11, par. 1) 1) A person is performing a lawful act

(2) Defense of relatives (Art. 11, par. 2) 2) With due care
(3) Defense of strangers (Art. 11, par. 3) 3) He causes an injury to another by mere accident
(4) State of necessity (Art. 11, par. 4) 4) Without fault or intention of causing it
(5) Performance of duty (Art. 11, par. 5)
(6) Obedience to the order of superiors (Art. 11, par. 6) There is NO SUCH MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE because:
(7) Minority over 15 years of age but below 18 years of age (Art. 12, par. 3)
(8) Causing injury by mere accident (Art. 12, par.4)  If the 2nd requisite and 1st part of the 4th requisite are absent, the case
(9) Uncontrollable fear (Art. 12 par. 6) will fall under Art. 365 which punishes reckless imprudence.
 If the 1st requisite and 2nd part of the 4th requisite are absent, it will be
Incomplete justifying circumstances: an intentional felony (Art. 4, par. 1).
a. Incomplete self-defense, defense of relatives, defense of stranger Incomplete exempting circumstance of uncontrollable fear:
In these 3 classes of defense, UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION must always be Requisites under par. 6 of Art. 12:
present. It is an indispensable requisite. Par. 1 of Art. 13 is applicable only when:
1) That the threat which caused the fear was of an evil greater than, or at
 unlawful aggression is present least equal to, that which he was required to commit;
 but one or both of the other 2 requisites are not present in any of the 2) That it promised an evil of such gravity and imminence that an
cases referred to in circumstances number 1, 2 and 3 or Art. 11. ordinary person would have succumbed to it.
b. Incomplete justifying circumstance of avoidance of greater evil or injury. Note: If only one of these requisites is present, there is only a mitigating
circumstance.
Requisites under par. 4 of Art. 11:
2. That the offender is under eighteen year of age or over seventy
1) That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists; years. In the case of the minor, he shall be proceeded against in
2) That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it; accordance with the provisions of Art. 80.
3) There be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
a. In lowering the penalty: Based on age of the offender at the time of
Avoidance of greater evil or injury is a justifying circumstance if all the the commission of the crime not the age when sentence is imposed.
three requisites mentioned in par. 4 of Art. 11 are present. But if any of the last
two requisites is lacking, there is only a mitigating circumstance. The first b. In suspension of the sentence: Based on age of the offender (under
element is indispensable. Art. 18) at the time the sentence is to be promulgated (See Art. 80)
c. Incomplete justifying circumstance of performance of duty c. Par. 2 contemplates the ff:
Requisites under par.5, Art. 11: 1) An offender over 9 but under 15 of age who acted with discernment.
2) An offender fifteen or over but under 18 years of age.
1) That the accused acted in the performance of a duty or in the lawful 3) An offender over 70 years old
exercise of a right or office; and

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Legal effects of various ages of offenders: 8. That the offender is deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering
some physical defect which thus restricts his means of action, defense, or
1. 15 and below - Exempting communications with his fellow beings.
2. Above 15 but under 18 years of age, also an exempting circumstance,
unless he acted with discernment (Art. 12, par. 3 amended by RA 9344). 9. Such illness of the offender as would diminish the exercise of the
3. Minor delinquent under 18 years of age, the sentence may be will-power of the offender without however depriving him of the
suspended. (Art. 192, PD No. 603 as amended by PD 1179) consciousness of his acts.
4. 18 years or over, full criminal responsibility.
5. 70 years or over – mitigating, no imposition of death penalty; if already 10. And, finally, any other circumstances of a similar nature and
imposed. Execution of death penalty is suspended and commuted. analogous to those above mentioned.
Determination of Age – The child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the
presumption of minority. He/She shall enjoy all the rights of a child in conflict with Chapter Four - CIRCUMSTANCE WHICH AGGRAVATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY
the law until he/she is proven to be eighteen (18) years old or older. The age of a
child may be determined from the child's birth certificate, baptismal certificate or Art. 14 Aggravating circumstance. — The following are aggravating
any other pertinent documents. In the absence of these documents, age may be circumstances:
based on information from the child himself/herself, testimonies of other persons,
the physical appearance of the child and other relevant evidence. In case of 1. That advantage be taken by the offender of his public position.
doubt as to the age of the child, it shall be resolved in his/her favor.
2. That the crime be committed in contempt or with insult to the
Any person contesting the age of the child in conflict with the law prior to public authorities.(with knowledge to commit a crime in the presence of
the filing of the information in any appropriate court may file a case in a summary public authorities)
proceeding for the determination of age before the Family Court which shall
decide the case within twenty-four (24) hours from receipt of the appropriate 3. That the act be committed with insult or in disregard of the
pleadings of all interested parties. If a case has been filed against the child in respect due the offended party on account of his rank, age, or sex, or that
conflict with the law and is pending in the appropriate court, the person shall file a is be committed in the dwelling of the offended party, if the latter has not
motion to determine the age of the child in the same court where the case is given provocation.
pending. Pending hearing on the said motion, proceedings on the main case
shall be suspended. 4. That the act be committed with abuse of confidence or obvious
ungratefulness.
3. That the offender had no intention to commit so grave a wrong as
that committed. (Unintentional) 5. That the crime be committed in the palace of the Chief Executive
or in his presence, or where public authorities are engaged in the
4. That sufficient provocation or threat on the part of the offended discharge of their duties, or in a place dedicated to religious worship.
party immediately preceded the act.
6. That the crime be committed in the night time, or in an
5. That the act was committed in the immediate vindication of a uninhabited place, or by a band, whenever such circumstances may
grave offense to the one committing the felony (delito), his spouse, facilitate the commission of the offense. Whenever more than three armed
ascendants, or relatives by affinity within the same degrees. malefactors shall have acted together in the commission of an offense, it
shall be deemed to have been committed by a band.
6. That of having acted upon an impulse so powerful as naturally to
have produced passion or obfuscation.(impulsive reaction to act upon) 7. That the crime be committed on the occasion of a conflagration,
shipwreck, earthquake, epidemic or other calamity or misfortune.
7. That the offender had voluntarily surrendered himself to a person
in authority or his agents, or that he had voluntarily confessed his guilt 8. That the crime be committed with the aid of armed men or
before the court prior to the presentation of the evidence for the persons who insure or afford impunity.
prosecution

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9. That the accused is a recidivist. A recidivist is one who, at the Recidivist – one who at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been
time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced in the same
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of this Code. title of the RPC.
10. That the offender has been previously punished by an offense to Reiteracion or Habituality – Where the offender has been previously punished
which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two or more for an offense to which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two
crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty. crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty. This is a generic aggravating
circumstance.
11. That the crime be committed in consideration of a price, reward,
or promise.
Art 15. ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES. Their concept. — Alternative
12. That the crime be committed by means of inundation, fire, circumstances are those which must be taken into consideration as
poison, explosion, stranding of a vessel or international damage thereto, aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and effects of the crime
derailment of a locomotive, or by the use of any other artifice involving and the other conditions attending its commission. They are the
great waste and ruin. relationship, intoxication and the degree of instruction and education of the
offender.
13. That the act be committed with evidence premeditation.
The alternative circumstance of relationship shall be taken into
14. That the craft, fraud or disguise be employed. consideration when the offended party is the spouse, ascendant,
descendant, legitimate, natural, or adopted brother or sister, or relative by
15. That advantage be taken of superior strength, or means be affinity in the same degrees of the offender.
employed to weaken the defense.
The intoxication of the offender shall be taken into consideration as
16. That the act be committed with treachery (alevosia). a mitigating circumstances when the offender has committed a felony in a
There is treachery when the offender commits any of the crimes against the state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual or subsequent to the plan
person, employing means, methods, or forms in the execution thereof to commit said felony but when the intoxication is habitual or intentional, it
which tend directly and specially to insure its execution, without risk to shall be considered as an aggravating circumstance.
himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make.
RELATIONSHIP
17. That means be employed or circumstances brought about which
add ignominy to the natural effects of the act. Mitigating Circumstance if: Crimes against property (Robbery, Usurpation,
Fraudulent insolvency, Arson). RUFA
18. That the crime be committed after an unlawful entry. There is an
unlawful entry when an entrance of a crime a wall, roof, floor, door, or EX: STEM Art 332 of CC – no criminal liability, but only civil liability for the crimes
window be broken. of Swindling, Theft, Estafa, or Malicious mischief committed or caused mutually
by spouses, ascendants, descendants or relatives by affinity (also brothers,
20. That the crime be committed with the aid of persons under sisters, brothers or sisters-in-law if living together). It becomes an EXEMPTING
fifteen years of age or by means of motor vehicles, motorized watercraft, circumstance.
airships, or other similar means. (As amended by RA 5438).
Aggravating Circumstance if: In crimes against persons – in cases where the
21. That the wrong done in the commission of the crime be offended party is higher, or when the offender and the offended party are
deliberately augmented by causing other wrong not necessary for its relatives of the same level, as killing a brother, adopted brother or half-brother. It
commissions. is always aggravating in crimes against chastity.
Recidivism – Where a person, on separate occasions, is convicted of two * Relationship is neither mitigating nor aggravating when relationship is an
offenses embraced in the same title in the RPC. This is a generic aggravating element of the offense. Example: parricide, adultery, concubinage.
circumstance.

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INTOXICATION EX: in the crime of murder with treachery – all the offenders must at least know
that there will be treachery in executing the crime or cooperate therein.
Mitigating Circumstance if: a) if not habitual; b) if not subsequent to the plan to
commit a felony Conspiracy – Is unity of purpose and intention.
Aggravating Circumstance if: a) if it is habitual – such habit must be actual and Implied conspiracy – exists when the offenders acted in concert with unity of
confirmed; b) if intentional (subsequent to the plan to commit a felony) purpose and unity of execution without having a formal agreement
DEGREE OF INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION Establishment of Conspiracy
Mitigating Circumstance if: Low degree of instruction/education or the lack of it, a. proven by overt act
because he does not fully realize the consequences of his criminal act. Not just b. Not mere knowledge or approval
mere illiteracy but lack of intelligence. c. It is not necessary that there be formal agreement.
d. Must prove beyond reasonable doubt
Aggravating Circumstance if: High degree of instruction/education – offender e. Conspiracy is implied when the accused had a common purpose and
avails himself of his learning in committing the offense. were united in execution.
f. Unity of purpose and intention in the commission of the crime may be
EX: (not mitigating) crimes against property, crimes against chastity (rape shown in the following cases:
included), and crime of treason 1. Spontaneous agreement at the moment of commission of the crime
2. Active Cooperation by all the offenders in the perpetration of the crime
3. Contributing by positive acts to realization of a common criminal intent
Title Two - PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR FELONIES 4. Presence during the commission of the crime by a band and lending
moral support thereto.
Art 16. Who are criminally liable. — The following are criminally liable for
grave and less grave felonies: Principals by Induction
1. Principals. Requisites:
2. Accomplices.
3. Accessories. 1. Inducement be made directly with the intention of procuring the
commission of the crime
The following are criminally liable for light felonies: 2. such inducement be the determining cause of the commission of the
crime by the material executor
1. Principals
2. Accomplices. Requisites for words of command to be considered inducement:
Art 17. Principals. — The following are considered principals: 1. Commander has intention of procuring the commission of the crime
2. Commander has ascendancy or influence
1. Those who take a direct part in the execution of the act 3. Words used be so direct, so efficacious, so powerful
2. Those who directly force or induce others to commit it 4. Command be uttered prior to the commission
3. Those who cooperate in the commission of the offense by 5. Executor had no personal reason
another act without which it would not have been accomplished.
Principal by induction liable only when principal by direct participation
Principals by Direct Participation committed the act induced. Induction may be by Prize, Reward, or Promise
and/or by Irresistible Force or Uncontrollable Fear.
Requisites for 2 or more to be principals by direct participation:
Words uttered in the heat of anger and in the nature of the command that
a. participated in the criminal resolution (conspiracy) had to be obeyed do not make one an inductor.
b. carried out their plan and personally took part in its execution by acts
which directly tended to the same end

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Principals by Indispensable Cooperation 2. he cooperates in the execution by previous or simultaneous acts,

intending to give material and moral aid (cooperation must be knowingly
Requisites: done, it must also be necessary and not indispensable
3. There be a relation between the acts of the principal and the alleged
1. Participation in the criminal resolution accomplice
2. Cooperation through another act (includes negligence) there is
collective criminal responsibility when the offenders are criminally liable
in the same manner and to the same extent. The penalty is the same for Art. 19. Accessories. — Accessories are those who, having knowledge of
all. the commission of the crime, and without having participated therein,
either as principals or accomplices, take part subsequent to its
There is collective criminal responsibility when the offenders are commission in any of the following manners:
criminally liable in the same manner and to the same extent. The penalty is the
same for all. 1. By profiting themselves or assisting the offender to profit by the
effects of the crime.
There is individual criminal responsibility when there is no
conspiracy. 2. By concealing or destroying the body of the crime, or the effects
or instruments thereof, in order to prevent its discovery.
Distinguish: PRINCIPAL AND CO-CONSPIRATOR
3. By harboring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the
As to criminal liability, Principal is limited to his own acts while a co- principals of the crime, provided the accessory acts with abuse of his
conspirator includes the acts of his fellow conspirators. public functions or whenever the author of the crime is guilty of treason,
parricide, murder, or an attempt to take the life of the Chief Executive, or is
Distinguish: ACCOMPLICE AND CONSPIRATOR known to be habitually guilty of some other crime.
As to CRIMINAL INTENT, conspirators know the criminal intention GR: When the principal acquitted, the accessory is also acquitted.
because they themselves have decided upon such course of action.
EX: When the crime was in fact committed but the principal is covered by
Accomplices come to know about it after the principal have reached the exempting circumstances.
decision, and only then they do agree to cooperate in its execution.
Trial of accessory may proceed without awaiting the result of the
As to DECISION to commit the crime, conspirators decide that a crime separate charge against the principal because the criminal responsibilities are
should be committed; accomplices do not decide whether the crime should be distinct from each other.
committed, they merely assent to the plan and cooperate in its accomplishment.
Liability: the responsibility of the accessory is subordinate to that of a principal in
As to their PARTICIPATION, conspirators are the authors of the crime; a crime because the accessory’s participation therein is subsequent to its
accomplices are merely their instruments who perform acts not essential to the commission, and his guilt is directly related to the principal. If the principal was
perpetration of the offense. acquitted by an exempting circumstance the accessory may still be held liable.
Difference of accessory from principal and accomplice:

Art. 18. Accomplices. — are those persons who, not being included
in Art.17 cooperate in the execution of the offense by previous or a. Accessory does not take direct part or cooperate in, or induce the
simultaneous acts. commission of the crime
b. Accessory does not cooperate in the commission of the offense by
Requisites: acts either prior thereto or simultaneous therewith
c. Participation of the accessory in all cases always takes place after
the commission of the crime
1. there be a community of design (principal originates the design,
d. Takes part in the crime through his knowledge of the commission of
accomplice only concurs)
the offense.

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Art. 20. Accessories who are EXEMPT from criminal liability. — The 3) accused knows or should have known that said article has been derived from
penalties prescribed for accessories shall not be imposed upon those who the proceeds of #1;
are such with respect to their spouses, ascendants, descendants, 4) there is, on the part of the accused, intent to gain for himself or for another.
legitimate, natural, and adopted brothers and sisters, or relatives by affinity
within the same degrees, with the single exception of accessories falling
within the provisions of paragraph 1 of the next preceding article. Title Three
Basis: Ties of blood and the preservation of the cleanliness of one’s name which Chapter One - PENALTIES IN GENERAL
compels one to conceal crimes committed by relatives so near as those
mentioned. Penalty – is the suffering inflicted by the State for the transgression of a law.
EX: Only accessories covered by par 2 and 3 are exempted. The purpose of the State in imposing penalties is to secure justice.
Accessories are not exempt when they helped a relative-principal by Theories Justifying penalty: Prevention, Self – defense, Reformation,
profiting from the effects of the crime, or assisted the offender to profit from the Exemplarity, and Justice.
effects of the crime.
3 Fold Purpose of Penalty:
Public officer who helped his guilty brother escape does not incur
criminal liability as ties of blood constitute a more powerful incentive than the call a. Retribution or Expiation – penalty commensurate with the gravity of the
of duty. offense
b. Correction or Reformation – rules which regulate the execution of
penalties consisting of deprivation of liberty
Anti - Fencing Law P.D. 1612 (in relation to an accessory by profiting from c. Social Defense – inflexible severity to recidivists and habitual delinquents
effects of crime)
Fence – is a person who commits the act of fencing (an act, with intent to gain, of Art. 21. Penalties that may be imposed. — No felony shall be punishable by
buying, selling, receiving, possessing, keeping, or in any other manner dealing in any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its commission.
anything of value which a person knows or should have known to be derived
from the proceeds of the crime of robbery or theft.) A fence who receives stolen EX: When the penalty is favorable to the criminal
property as above-provided is not an accessory but a principal in the crime
defined in and punished by the Anti-Fencing Law. Mere possession of anything Guarantees that no act of a citizen will be considered criminal unless the
of value which has been the subject of robbery or theft shall be prima facie State has made it so by law and provided a penalty.
evidence of fencing.
Fencing – is the act of any person who, with intent to gain for himself or for Art. 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws. — Penal Laws shall have a
another, shall buy, receive, possess, keep, acquire, conceal, sell or dispose of, or retroactive effect insofar as they favor the persons guilty of a felony, who is
shall buy and sell, or in any other manner deal in any article, item, object, or not a habitual criminal, as this term is defined in Rule 5 of Article 62 of this
anything of value which he knows, or should be known to him, to have been Code, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence
derived from the proceeds of the crime of robbery or theft. (Dunlao v. CA). The has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same.
crime of fencing applies only to proceeds of theft or robbery. If it’s some other
crime, then it would make the person merely an accessory. GR: Criminal laws are given prospective effects
Elements: EX: Give retroactive effect when favorable to the accused. Ex. Special law made
the penalty less severe – but must refer to the same deed or omission penalized
1) robbery or theft has been committed; by the former statute.
2) accused, not a principal or accomplice in #1, buys, receives, possesses,
keeps, acquires, conceals, sells, disposes, or buys and sells, or in any EX to EX: Habitual criminal (person who within the pd of 10 years from date of
manner deals in any article of value, which have been derived from the release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries,
proceeds of said crime; robbery, theft, estafa or falsification, he is found guilty of any said crimes a third
lOMoARcPSD|10634155
time or oftener) is NOT entitled to the benefit of the provisions of the new 4. Fines and other corrective measures which, in the exercise of
favorable law. their administrative disciplinary powers, superior officials may impose
upon their subordinates.
Civil liabilities not covered by Art 22 because rights of offended persons
are not within the gift of arbitrary disposal of the State. But new law increasing 5. Deprivation of rights and the reparations which the civil laws may
civil liability cannot be given retroactive effect. establish in penal form.
Art. 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party. — A pardon of the offended Chapter Two - CLASSIFICATION OF PENALTIES
party does not extinguish criminal action except as provided in Article 344
of this Code; but civil liability with regard to the interest of the injured party Art. 25. Penalties which may be imposed. — The penalties which may be
is extinguished by his express waiver. imposed according to this Code, and their different classes, are those
included in the following:
EX: Art 344 - crimes of seduction, abduction, rape or acts of lasciviousness – Scale
pardon must be expressed. Pardon under Art 344 is only a bar to criminal PRINCIPAL PENALTIES
prosecution. It DOES NOT extinguish criminal liability. It is not one of the causes Capital punishment:
that totally extinguish criminal liability in Art 89. Death.
Even if injured party already pardoned the offender – fiscal can still Afflictive penalties:
prosecute. Not even considered a ground for dismissal of the information. Reclusion perpetua, Reclusion temporal, Perpetual or temporary absolute
Basis: crime is an offense against the State. Aggrieved party only a witness. disqualification, Perpetual or temporary special disqualification, Prision
mayor.
PARDON
a. express or implied pardon in crimes of adultery and concubinage Correctional penalties:
b. express pardon in Seduction, Abduction, Rape, Acts of lasciviousness, Prision correccional, Arresto mayor, Suspension, Destierro.
Concubinage
Light penalties:
 Pardon does not extinguish criminal and civil liability but only becomes a Arresto menor, Public censure.
bar to criminal prosecution Penalties common to the three preceding classes:
 Pardon must be given before institution of criminal prosecution; after the Fine, and Bond to keep the peace.
institution of criminal action, the only act that extinguishes penal action is
marriage between the offender and offended party ACCESSORY PENALTIES
 Civil liability, in any crime, may be extinguished by express waiver
Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification, Perpetual or temporary
special disqualification, Suspension from public office, the right to vote
and be voted for, the profession or calling; Civil interdiction,
Art. 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are, nor considered Indemnification, Forfeiture or confiscation of instruments and proceeds of
penalties. — The following shall not be considered as penalties: the offense; Payment of costs.
1. The arrest and temporary detention of accused persons, as well Distinguish: Reclusion Perpetua is a penalty for serious offenses penalized
as their detention by reason of insanity or imbecility, or illness requiring under the RPC, while, Life Imprisonment is a penalty for serious offenses
their confinement in a hospital. penalized under special laws.
2. The commitment of a minor to any of the institutions mentioned Principal Penalties – those expressly imposed by the court in the judgment of
in Article 80 and for the purposes specified therein. conviction.
3. Suspension from the employment of public office during the trial 1. Divisible Penalties – those that have fixed duration and are divisible
or in order to institute proceedings. into three periods.

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2. Indivisible Penalties – those that have no fixed duration. Arresto menor. — The duration of the penalty of arresto menor shall be
from one day to thirty days.
Accessory Penalties – those that are deemed included in the imposition of the
principal penalties. Bond to keep the peace. — The bond to keep the peace shall be required to
cover such period of time as the court may determine.
Classification according to Subject – matter:
Destierro is imposed in the following circumstances:
Corporal (death), Deprivation of Freedom (reclusion, prision, arresto),
Restriction of Freedom (destierro), Deprivation of Rights (disqualification and a. Serious physical injuries or death under exceptional circumstances
suspension), and Pecuniary (fine) b. Failure to give bond for good behavior
c. Penalty for the concubine
Classification according to their gravity: d. In cases where the reduction of the penalty by one or more degrees
results in destierro
Capital, Afflictive, Correctional, and Light
Bond to keep the peace is not specifically provided as a penalty for any
felony and therefore cannot be imposed by the court. It is required in Art 284 and
Art. 26. When afflictive, correctional, or light penalty. — A fine, whether not to be given in cases involving other crimes.
imposed as a single of as an alternative penalty, shall be considered an
afflictive penalty, if it exceeds 6,000 pesos; a correctional penalty, if it does Summary:
not exceed 6,000 pesos but is not less than 200 pesos; and a light penalty if
it less than 200 pesos. a. Perpetual penalties – after 30 years, can be pardoned, except when he
is unworthy of pardon by reason of his conduct and some other serious
cause, it won’t exceed 40 years.
DURATION AND EFFECT OF PENALTIES
b. Reclusion Temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs.
Art. 27. Reclusion perpetua. — Any person sentenced to any of the
c. Prision Mayor and temporary disqualification – 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 yrs;
perpetual penalties shall be pardoned after undergoing the penalty for
disqualification if accessory follows the duration of the principal penalty.
thirty years, unless such person by reason of his conduct or some other
serious cause shall be considered by the Chief Executive as unworthy of
d. Prision Correccional, suspension and destierro – 6 mos and 1 day to 12
pardon.
yrs; disqualification if accessory follows the duration of the principal
penalty.
Reclusion temporal. — The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be from
twelve years and one day to twenty years.
e. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months.
Prision mayor and temporary disqualification. — The duration of the
f. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days.
penalties of prision mayor and temporary disqualification shall be from six
years and one day to twelve years, except when the penalty of
g. Bond to keep the peace – the period during which the bond shall be
disqualification is imposed as an accessory penalty, in which case its
effective is discretionary to the court.
duration shall be that of the principal penalty.
Prision correccional, suspension, and destierro. — The duration of the

penalties of prision correccional, suspension and destierro shall be from Art. 28. Computation of penalties. — If the offender shall be in prison, the
six months and one day to six years, except when suspension is imposed term of the duration of the temporary penalties shall be computed from the
as an accessory penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the day on which the judgment of conviction shall have become final.
principal penalty.
If the offender be not in prison, the term of the duration of the
Arresto mayor. — The duration of the penalty of arresto mayor shall be penalty consisting of deprivation of liberty shall be computed from the day
from one month and one day to six months. that the offender is placed at the disposal of the judicial authorities for the
enforcement of the penalty. The duration of the other penalties shall be

lOMoARcPSD|10634155
computed only from the day on which the defendant commences to serve agree to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted
his sentence. prisoners, he shall be credited in the service of his sentence with four-fifths
of the time during which he has undergone preventive imprisonment. (As
Director of Prisons/warden to compute based on Art 28: amended by Republic Act 6127, June 17, 1970). cd i
a. When the offender is in prison – the duration of the temporary penalties Whenever an accused has undergone preventive imprisonment for
(PAD, TAD, detention, suspension) is from the day on which the a period equal to or more than the possible maximum imprisonment of the
judgment of conviction becomes final. offense charged to which he may be sentenced and his case is not yet
terminated, he shall be released immediately without prejudice to the
b. When the offender is not in prison – the duration of the penalty in continuation of the trial thereof or the proceeding on appeal, if the same is
deprivation of liberty is from the day that the offender is placed at the under review. In case the maximum penalty to which the accused may be
disposal of judicial authorities for the enforcement of the penalty sentenced is destierro, he shall be released after thirty (30) days of
preventive imprisonment. (As amended by E.O. No. 214, July 10, 1988)
c. The duration of the other penalties – the duration is from the day on
which the offender commences to serve his sentence Prescription Of A Crime – is the loss/forfeiture of the right of the state
to prosecute the offender after the lapse of a certain time.
Reason for rule (a) – because under Art 24, the arrest and temporary detention
of the accused is not considered a penalty. Prescription Of Penalty - means the loss/forfeiture of the right of
government to execute the final sentence after the lapse of a certain time.
If in custody, the accused appealed, the service of the sentence should
commence from the date of the promulgation of the decision of the appellate
court, not from the date of the judgment of the trial court was promulgated. Art. 30. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualification. — The penalties of perpetual or temporary absolute
Service of one in prison begins only on the day the judgment of conviction disqualification for public office shall produce the following effects:
becomes final.
1. The deprivation of the public offices and employments which the
In cases if temporary penalties, if the offender is under detention, as when offender may have held even if conferred by popular election.
undergoing preventive imprisonment, rule (a) applies.
2.The deprivation of the right to vote in any election for any popular
If not under detention (released on bail) rule (c) applies; Offender under office or to be elected to such office.
preventive imprisonment, rule (c) applies not rule (a)
3. The disqualification for the offices or public employments and for
The offender is entitled to a deduction of full-time or 4/5 of the time of his the exercise of any of the rights mentioned.
detention. In case of temporary disqualification, such disqualification as is comprised
in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article shall last during the term of the
sentence.
Art. 29. Period of preventive imprisonment deducted from term of
imprisonment. — Offenders who have undergone preventive imprisonment 4. The loss of all rights to retirement pay or other pension for any
shall be credited in the service of their sentence consisting of deprivation office formerly held.
of liberty, with the full time during which they have undergone preventive
imprisonment, if the detention prisoner agrees voluntarily in writing to EX: (1) deprivation of the public office or employment; (2) loss of all rights to
abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted prisoners, retirement pay or other pension for any office formerly held.
except in the following cases:
The exclusion is a mere disqualification for protection and not for punishment –
1. When they are recidivists or have been convicted previously the withholding of a privilege, not a denial of a right.
twice or more times of any crime; and
Perpetual absolute disqualification is effective during the lifetime of the convict
2. When upon being summoned for the execution of their sentence and even after the service of the sentence.
they have failed to surrender voluntarily. If the detention prisoner does not

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Temporary absolute disqualification is effective during the term of sentence and 1. Deprivation of the right to vote or to be elected in an office.
is removed after the service of the same. 2. Cannot hold any public office during the period of
disqualification.
Effects of Perpetual and temporary absolute disqualification:
a. Deprivation of any public office or employment of offender Art. 33. Effects of the penalties of suspension from any public office,
b. Deprivation of the right to vote in any election or to be voted upon profession or calling, or the right of suffrage. — The suspension from
public office, profession or calling, and the exercise of the right of suffrage
Loss of rights to retirement pay or pension d All these effects last during the shall disqualify the offender from holding such office or exercising such
lifetime of the convict and even after the service of the sentence except as profession or calling or right of suffrage during the term of the sentence.
regards paragraphs 2 and 3 of the above in connection with Temporary Absolute
Disqualification. The person suspended from holding public office shall not hold
another having similar functions during the period of his suspension.
Art. 31. Effect of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special Effects:

disqualification. — The penalties of perpetual or temporal special
disqualification for public office, profession or calling shall produce the a. Disqualification from holding such office or the exercise of such
following effects: profession or right of suffrage during the term of the sentence.
b. Cannot hold another office having similar functions during the period of
1. The deprivation of the office, employment, profession or calling suspension.
affected;
2. The disqualification for holding similar offices or employments Art. 34. Civil interdiction. — Civil interdiction shall deprive the offender
either perpetually or during the term of the sentence according to the during the time of his sentence of the rights of parental authority, or
extent of such disqualification. guardianship, either as to the person or property of any ward, of marital
authority, of the right to manage his property and of the right to dispose of
such property by any act or any conveyance inter vivos.
Art. 32. Effect of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special
disqualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage. — The perpetual or Effects:
temporary special disqualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage
shall deprive the offender perpetually or during the term of the sentence, a. Deprivation of the following rights:
according to the nature of said penalty, of the right to vote in any popular
election for any public office or to be elected to such office. Moreover, the 1. Parental rights
offender shall not be permitted to hold any public office during the period 2. Guardianship over the ward
of his disqualification. 3. Martial authority
4. Right to manage property and dispose of the same by acts inter vivos
Temporary disqualification if imposed is an accessory penalty, its
duration is that of the principal penalty b. Civil Interdiction is an accessory penalty to the following principal penalties:
Effects of Perpetual and Temporary Special Disqualification 1. If death penalty is commuted to life imprisonment
2. Reclusion perpetua
a. For public office, profession, or calling 3. Reclusion temporal
1. Deprivation of the office, employment, profession or

calling affected Art. 35. Effects of bond to keep the peace. — It shall be the duty of any
2. Disqualification for holding similar offices or employment during person sentenced to give bond to keep the peace, to present two sufficient
the period of disqualification sureties who shall undertake that such person will not commit the offense
sought to be prevented, and that in case such offense be committed they
b. For the exercise of the right of suffrage will pay the amount determined by the court in the judgment, or otherwise
lOMoARcPSD|10634155
to deposit such amount in the office of the clerk of the court to guarantee Art. 37. Cost. — What are included. — Costs shall include fees and
said undertaking. indemnities in the course of the judicial proceedings, whether they be fixed
or unalterable amounts previously determined by law or regulations in
The court shall determine, according to its discretion, the period of force, or amounts not subject to schedule.
duration of the bond.
Costs include: a. fees; b. indemnities in the course of judicial proceedings
Should the person sentenced fail to give the bond as required he
shall be detained for a period which shall in no case exceed six months, is Costs (expenses of the litigation) are chargeable to the accused in vase
he shall have been prosecuted for a grave or less grave felony, and shall of conviction.
not exceed thirty days, if for a light felony. In case of acquittal, the costs are de oficio, each party bearing is own
expense
Bond to keep the peace is different from bail bond which is posted for the No costs allowed against the Republic of the Philippines until law
provisional release of a person arrested for or accused of a crime. Bond to keep provides the contrary
the peace or for good behavior is imposed as a penalty in threats.
Art. 38. Pecuniary liabilities. — Order of payment. — In case the property of

Art. 36. Pardon; its effect. — A pardon shall not work the restoration of the the offender should not be sufficient for the payment of all his pecuniary
right to hold public office, or the right of suffrage, unless such rights be liabilities, the same shall be met in the following order:
expressly restored by the terms of the pardon.
1. The reparation of the damage caused.
A pardon shall in no case exempt the culprit from the payment of 2. Indemnification of consequential damages.
the civil indemnity imposed upon him by the sentence. 3. The fine.
4. The cost of the proceedings.
Pardon by the President does not restore the right to public office or
suffrage except when both are expressly restored in the pardon. Nor does it Applicable “in case property of the offender should not be sufficient for
exempt from civil liability/from payment of civil indemnity. the payment of all his pecuniary liabilities.” Hence, if the offender has insufficient
or no property, there is no use for Art 38. Order of payment is mandatory.
Limitations to President’s power to pardon:
a. can be exercised only after final judgment Art. 39. Subsidiary penalty. — If the convict has no property with which to
b. does not extend to cases of impeachment meet the fine mentioned in the paragraph 3 of the nest preceding article, he
c. does not extinguish civil liability – only criminal liability shall be subject to a subsidiary personal liability at the rate of one day for
each eight pesos, subject to the following rules:
EX: a.If the absolute pardon us granted after the term of imprisonment has
expire, it removes all that is left of the consequences of conviction. However, if 1. If the principal penalty imposed be prision correccional or arresto
the penalty is life imprisonment and after the service of 30 years, a pardon is and fine, he shall remain under confinement until his fine referred to in the
granted, the pardon does not remove the accessory penalty of absolute preceding paragraph is satisfied, but his subsidiary imprisonment shall not
perpetual disqualification exceed one-third of the term of the sentence, and in no case shall it
continue for more than one year, and no fraction or part of a day shall be
b. if the facts and circumstances of the case show that the purpose of the counted against the prisoner.
President is to precisely restore the rights i.e., granting absolute pardon after
election to a post (mayor) but before the date fixed by law for assuming office to 2. When the principal penalty imposed be only a fine, the subsidiary
enable him to assume the position in deference to the popular will imprisonment shall not exceed six months, if the culprit shall have been
prosecuted for a grave or less grave felony, and shall not exceed fifteen
Pardon by the offended party – does not extinguish criminal liability, may days, if for a light felony.
include offended party waiving civil indemnity and it is done before the institution
of the criminal prosecution and extended to both offenders. 3. When the principal imposed is higher than prision correccional,
no subsidiary imprisonment shall be imposed upon the culprit.

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4. If the principal penalty imposed is not to be executed by Outline of accessory penalties inherent in principal penalties:
confinement in a penal institution, but such penalty is of fixed duration, the
convict, during the period of time established in the preceding rules, shall a. death – if not executed because of commutation or pardon
continue to suffer the same deprivations as those of which the principal 1. perpetual absolute disqualification
penalty consists. 2. civil interdiction during 30 years (if not expressly remitted in the
pardon)
5. The subsidiary personal liability which the convict may have
suffered by reason of his insolvency shall not relieve him, from the fine in b. RP and RT
case his financial circumstances should improve. (As amended by RA 1. civil interdiction for life or during the sentence
5465, April 21, 1969.) 110 2. perpetual absolute disqualification (unless expressly remitted in the
pardon)
Art. 40. Death — Its accessory penalties. — The death penalty, when it is c. PM
not executed by reason of commutation or pardon shall carry with it that of 1. temporary absolute disqualification
perpetual absolute disqualification and that of civil interdiction during 2. perpetual absolute disqualification from suffrage (unless expressly
thirty years following the date sentence, unless such accessory penalties remitted in the pardon)
have been expressly remitted in the pardon.
d. PC
1. suspension from public office, profession or calling
2. perpetual special disqualification from suffrage if the duration of the
Art. 41. Reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal. — Their accessory
imprisonment exceeds 18 months (unless expressly remitted in the
penalties. — The penalties of reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal
pardon)
shall carry with them that of civil interdiction for life or during the period of
the sentence as the case may be, and that of perpetual absolute
disqualification which the offender shall suffer even though pardoned as to
the principal penalty, unless the same shall have been expressly remitted Art. 45. Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the
in the pardon. crime. — Every penalty imposed for the commission of a felony shall carry
with it the forfeiture of the proceeds of the crime and the instruments or
tools with which it was committed.
Art. 42. Prision mayor — Its accessory penalties. — The penalty of prision
Such proceeds and instruments or tools shall be confiscated and
mayor, shall carry with it that of temporary absolute disqualification and
forfeited in favor of the Government, unless they be property of a third
that of perpetual special disqualification from the right of suffrage which
person not liable for the offense, but those articles which are not subject of
the offender shall suffer although pardoned as to the principal penalty,
lawful commerce shall be destroyed.
unless the same shall have been expressly remitted in the pardon.
Art. 46. Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general. — The penalty

Art. 43. Prision correccional — Its accessory penalties. — The penalty of
prescribed by law for the commission of a felony shall be imposed upon
prision correccional shall carry with it that of suspension from public
the principals in the commission of such felony.
office, from the right to follow a profession or calling, and that of perpetual
special disqualification from the right of suffrage, if the duration of said
Whenever the law prescribes a penalty for a felony is general terms,
imprisonment shall exceed eighteen months. The offender shall suffer the
it shall be understood as applicable to the consummated felony.
disqualification provided in the article although pardoned as to the
principal penalty, unless the same shall have been expressly remitted in
the pardon.
Art. 47. In what cases the death penalty shall not be imposed. — The death
penalty shall be imposed in all cases in which it must be imposed under
existing laws, except in the following cases:
Art. 44. Arresto — Its accessory penalties. — The penalty of arresto shall
carry with it that of suspension of the right to hold office and the right of
1. When the guilty person be more than seventy years of age.
suffrage during the term of the sentence.

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2. When upon appeal or revision of the case by the Supreme court, b) When the acts are wholly different, not only in themselves, but also
all the members thereof are not unanimous in their voting as to the because they are directed against 2 different persons, as when one fires his gun
propriety of the imposition of the death penalty. For the imposition of said twice in succession, killing one and injuring the other.
penalty or for the confirmation of a judgment of the inferior court imposing
the death sentence, the Supreme Court shall render its decision per  Light felonies produced by the same act should be treated and punished as
curiam, which shall be signed by all justices of said court, unless some separate offenses or may be absorbed by the grave felony.
member or members thereof shall have been disqualified from taking part  There is no complex crime of arson w/ homicide
in the consideration of the case, in which even the unanimous vote and  Art 48 is applicable to crimes through negligence
signature of only the remaining justices shall be required.  No complex crime when one of the offenses is penalized by a special law
 “Necessary means” does not mean “indispensable means”. Indispensable
would mean it is an element of the crime. The crime can be committed by
Art. 48. Penalty for complex crimes. — When a single act constitutes two or another mean. The means actually employed (another crime) was merely to
more grave or less grave felonies, or when an offense is a necessary facilitate and insure the consummation of the crime.
means for committing the other, the penalty for the most serious crime  When in the definition of a felony, one offense is a means to commit the
shall be imposed, the same to be applied in its maximum period. other, there is no complex crime.
 Not complex crime when trespass to dwelling is a direct means to commit a
The 2 or more grave or less grave felonies must be the result of a single act, or grave offense. Like rape, there is no complex crime of trespass to dwelling
an offense must be a necessary means to commit the crime. with rape. Trespass will be considered as aggravating (unlawful entry or
breaking part of a dwelling)
Complex crime – one crime only as there is only one criminal intent – only one  No complex crime when one offense is committed to conceal another
information need be filed  There is no complex crime of rebellion with murder, arson, robbery or other
common crimes. They are mere ingredients of the crime of rebellion –
2 kinds of complex crimes: absorbed already.
 When 2 crimes produced by a single act are respectively within the exclusive
a) Compound Crime – single act constitutes 2 or more grave or less grave jurisdiction of 2 courts of different jurisdiction, the court of higher jurisdiction
felonies shall try the complex crime.
 The penalty for complex crime is the penalty for the most serious crime, the
Requisites: same to be applied in its maximum period. If the different crimes resulting
from one single act are punished with the same penalty, the penalty for any
1) that only one single act is committed by the offender one of them shall be imposed, the same to be applied in the maximum
2) that the single act produces period. The same rule shall be observed when an offense is a necessary
a) 2 or more grave felonies means to commit the other.
b) one or more grave and one or more less grave felonies
 When two felonies constituting a complex crime are punishable by
c) 2 or more less grave felonies
imprisonment and fine, respectively, only the penalty of imprisonment shall
be imposed.
b) Complex Crime Proper – when an offense is a necessary means for
 When a single act constitutes two grave or less grave or one grave and
committing another
another less grave, and the penalty for one is imprisonment while that for the
other is fine, the severity of the penalty for the more serious crime should not
Requisites:
be judged by the classification of each of the penalties involved, but by the
nature of the penalties.
1) that at least 2 offenses are committed
2) that one or some of the offenses be necessary to commit the other  In the order of severity of the penalties, arresto mayor and arresto menor are
3) that both or all the offenses must be punished under the same statute considered more severe than destierro and arresto menor is higher in degree
than destierro.
No single act in the following cases:  Fine is not included in the list of penalties in the order of severity and it is the
last in the order.
a) When 2 persons are killed one after the other, by different acts,  Art 48 applies only to cases where the Code doesn’t provide a specific
although these 2 killings were the result of a single criminal impulse, the different penalty for a complex crime.
acts must be considered as distinct crimes.

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Art 48 doesn’t apply when the law provides one single penalty for single complex Art. 49. Penalty to be imposed upon the principals when the crime
crimes like the ff: committed is different from that intended. — In cases in which the felony
committed is different from that which the offender intended to commit, the
a) robbery w/ homicide following rules shall be observed:
b) robbery w/ rape
c) kidnapping w/ serious physical injuries 1. If the penalty prescribed for the felony committed be higher than
d) rape w/ homicide that corresponding to the offense which the accused intended to commit,
the penalty corresponding to the latter shall be imposed in its maximum
When a complex crime is charged and one offense is not proven, the accused period.
can be convicted of the other.
2. If the penalty prescribed for the felony committed be lower than
Plurality of crimes – consists in the successive execution by the same that corresponding to the one which the accused intended to commit, the
individual of different criminal acts upon any of w/c no conviction has yet been penalty for the former shall be imposed in its maximum period.
declared.
3. The rule established by the next preceding paragraph shall not be
Kinds of plurality of crimes: applicable if the acts committed by the guilty person shall also constitute
an attempt or frustration of another crime, if the law prescribes a higher
a) formal or ideal – only one criminal liability penalty for either of the latter offenses, in which case the penalty provided
b) real or material – there are different crimes in law as well as in the for the attempted or the frustrated crime shall be imposed in its maximum
conscience of the offender, in such cases, the offender shall be punished for period.
each and every offense that he committed.
Notes:
Distinguished: In Recidivism, there must be conviction by final judgment of the
first or prior offense; In Plurality of Crimes, there is no conviction of any of the 1. Art. 49 has reference to Art. 4(1). It applies only when there is error in
crimes committed. personae.
2. In Art. 49 (Paragraphs 1 and 2) the lower penalty in its maximum period
Formal/ideal plural crimes are divided into 3 groups: (a person committing is always imposed.
multiple crimes is punished w/ one penalty in the ff cases) 3. In Par. 3 the penalty for the attempted or frustrated crime shall be
imposed in its maximum period. This rule is not necessary and may well
a) when the offender commits any of the complex crimes defined in art 48 be covered by Art. 48, in view of the fact that the same act also
b) when the law specifically fixes a single penalty for 2 or more offenses constitutes an attempt or a frustration of another crime.
committed: robbery w/ homicide, kidnapping w/ serious physical injuires
c) when the offender commits continued crimes
Art. 50. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of a frustrated crime. — The
Continued crimes – refers to a single crime consisting of a series of acts but all penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the
arising from one criminal resolution. Although there is a series of acts, there is consummated felony shall be imposed upon the principal in a frustrated
only one crime committed, so only one penalty shall be imposed. felony.
A continued crime is not a complex crime as offender does not perform a single
act but a series of acts. Therefore: Art. 51. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of attempted crimes. — A
penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the
a) penalty not to be imposed in the maximum consummated felony shall be imposed upon the principals in an attempt to
b) no actual provision punishing a continued crime – it’s a principle commit a felony.
applied in connection w/ 2 or more crimes committed w/ a single intention.
Continued crime is different from a transitory crime. Transitory crime is “moving

crime”. Art. 52. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in consummated crime.
— The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the
consummated shall be imposed upon the accomplices in the commission
of a consummated felony.
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Art. 53. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories to the commission of a Distinguished: A degree refers to the penalty imposable for a felony committed
consummated felony. — The penalty lower by two degrees than that considering the stages of execution and the degree of participation of the
prescribed by law for the consummated felony shall be imposed upon the offender, while, a period refers to the duration of the penalty consisting of the
accessories to the commission of a consummated felony. maximum, medium, and minimum, after considering the presence or absence of
aggravating circumstances.
Art. 54. Penalty to imposed upon accomplices in a frustrated crime. — The

penalty next lower in degree than prescribed by law for the frustrated Art. 58. Additional penalty to be imposed upon certain accessories. —
felony shall be imposed upon the accomplices in the commission of a Those accessories falling within the terms of paragraphs 3 of Article 19 of
frustrated felony. this Code who should act with abuse of their public functions, shall suffer
the additional penalty of absolute perpetual disqualification if the principal
offender shall be guilty of a grave felony, and that of absolute temporary
Art. 55. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of a frustrated crime. — disqualification if he shall be guilty of a less grave felony.
The penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the
frustrated felony shall be imposed upon the accessories to the commission Additional Penalties for Public Officers who are accessories:
of a frustrated felony.
1. Absolute perpetual disqualification, if the principal offender is guilty of
a grave felony.
2. Absolute temporary disqualification if the principal offender is guilty of
Art. 56. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in an attempted crime. —
less grave felony
The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for an attempt
to commit a felony shall be imposed upon the accomplices in an attempt to
commit the felony.
Art. 59. Penalty to be imposed in case of failure to commit the crime
because the means employed or the aims sought are impossible. — When
Art. 57. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of an attempted crime. — the person intending to commit an offense has already performed the acts
The penalty lower by two degrees than that prescribed by law for the for the execution of the same but nevertheless the crime was not produced
attempted felony shall be imposed upon the accessories to the attempt to by reason of the fact that the act intended was by its nature one of
commit a felony. impossible accomplishment or because the means employed by such
person are essentially inadequate to produce the result desired by him, the
court, having in mind the social danger and the degree of criminality shown
Participation Consummated Frustrated Attempted by the offender, shall impose upon him the penalty of arresto mayor or a
Principal Penalty imposed by law less 1 less 2 fine from 200 to 500 pesos.
Accomplice less 1 less 2 less 3
Accessory less 2 less 3 less 4 Art. 60. Exception to the rules established in Articles 50 to 57. — The
provisions contained in Articles 50 to 57, inclusive, of this Code shall not
Notes: be applicable to cases in which the law expressly prescribes the penalty
Art 50-57 not applicable when the law specifically prescribes the penalty provided for a frustrated or attempted felony, or to be imposed upon
for the frustrated and attempted felony or that to be imposed upon the accomplices or accessories.
accomplices and accessories.
2 cases wherein the accomplice is punished w/ the same penalty imposed upon
Degree – one whole penalty, one entire penalty or one unit of the penalties the principal:
enumerated in the graduated scales provided for in Art 71
a) ascendants, guardians, curators, teachers and any person who by
Period – one of 3 equal portions, min/med/max of a divisible penalty. A period of abuse of authority or confidential relationship shall cooperate as accomplices in
a divisible penalty when prescribed by the Code as a penalty for a felony, is in the crimes of rape, acts of lasciviousness, seduction, corruption of minors, white
itself a degree. slave trade or abduction.

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b) one who furnished the place for the perpetration of the crime of slight Art. 62. Effect of the attendance of mitigating or aggravating circumstances
illegal detention. and of habitual delinquency. — Mitigating or aggravating circumstances
and habitual delinquency shall be taken into account for the purpose of
Cases when instead of a penalty 2 degrees lower, one degree for accessory: diminishing or increasing the penalty in conformity with the following
rules:
a) using counterfeited seal or forged signature or stamp of the President
127 b) illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank note 1. Aggravating circumstances which in themselves constitute a
c) using a falsified document crime specially punishable by law or which are included by the law in
d) using a falsified dispatch defining a crime and prescribing the penalty therefor shall not be taken into
account for the purpose of increasing the penalty.
Art. 61. Rules for graduating penalties. — For the purpose of graduating the 2. The same rule shall apply with respect to any aggravating
penalties which, according to the provisions of Articles 50 to 57, inclusive, circumstance inherent in the crime to such a degree that it must of
of this Code, are to be imposed upon persons guilty as principals of any necessity accompany the commission thereof.
frustrated or attempted felony, or as accomplices or accessories, the
following rules shall be observed: 3. Aggravating or mitigating circumstances which arise from the
moral attributes of the offender, or from his private relations with the
1. When the penalty prescribed for the felony is single and offended party, or from any other personal cause, shall only serve to
indivisible, the penalty next lower in degrees shall be that immediately aggravate or mitigate the liability of the principals, accomplices and
following that indivisible penalty in the respective graduated scale accessories as to whom such circumstances are attendant.
prescribed in Article 71 of this Code.
4. The circumstances which consist in the material execution of the
2. When the penalty prescribed for the crime is composed of two act, or in the means employed to accomplish it, shall serve to aggravate or
indivisible penalties, or of one or more divisible penalties to be impose to mitigate the liability of those persons only who had knowledge of them at
their full extent, the penalty next lower in degree shall be that immediately the time of the execution of the act or their cooperation therein.
following the lesser of the penalties prescribed in the respective graduated
scale. 5. Habitual delinquency shall have the following effects.
3. When the penalty prescribed for the crime is composed of one or (a) Upon a third conviction the culprit shall be sentenced to the
two indivisible penalties and the maximum period of another divisible penalty provided by law for the last crime of which he be found guilty and
penalty, the penalty next lower in degree shall be composed of the medium to the additional penalty of prision correccional in its medium and
and minimum periods of the proper divisible penalty and the maximum maximum periods;
periods of the proper divisible penalty and the maximum period of that
immediately following in said respective graduated scale. (b) Upon a fourth conviction, the culprit shall be sentenced to the
penalty provided for the last crime of which he be found guilty and to the
4. when the penalty prescribed for the crime is composed of several additional penalty of prision mayor in its minimum and medium periods;
periods, corresponding to different divisible penalties, the penalty next
lower in degree shall be composed of the period immediately following the (c) Upon a fifth or additional conviction, the culprit shall be
minimum prescribed and of the two next following, which shall be taken sentenced to the penalty provided for the last crime of which he be found
from the penalty prescribed, if possible; otherwise from the penalty guilty and to the additional penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period
immediately following in the above mentioned respective graduated scale. to reclusion temporal in its minimum period.
5. When the law prescribes a penalty for a crime in some manner Notwithstanding the provisions of this article, the total of the two
not especially provided for in the four preceding rules, the courts, penalties to be imposed upon the offender, in conformity herewith, shall in
proceeding by analogy, shall impose corresponding penalties upon those no case exceed 30 years.
guilty as principals of the frustrated felony, or of attempt to commit the
same, and upon accomplices and accessories. For the purpose of this article, a person shall be deemed to be
habitual delinquent, is within a period of ten years from the date of his
release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical

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injuries, robo, hurto estafa or falsification, he is found guilty of any of said d) convictions on the same day or at about the same time are considered
crimes a third time or oftener. as one only (days, weeks..)
e) crimes committed on the same date, although convictions on different
Par 1: Aggravating circumstances are not to be taken into account when: dates are considered as one
a) they themselves constitute a crime 132 f) previous convictions are considered every time a new offense is
b) they are included by law in the definition of a crime committed
g) commissions of those crimes need not be consummated
Par 2: Same rules applies when the aggravating circumstance is inherent in the h) habitual delinquency applies to accomplice and accessories as long
crime as in the crimes specified
i) a crime committed in the minority of the offender is not counted
Par 3. Aggravating or mitigating circumstances arising from any of the ff affect j) imposition of additional penalty is mandatory and constitutional
only those to whom such circumstances are attendant: k) modifying circumstances applicable to additional penalty
l) habitual delinquency is not a crime, it is simply a fact or circumstance
a) from the moral attributes of the offender which if present gives rise to the imposition of additional penalty
b) from his private relations w/ the offended party m) penalty for habitual delinquency is a real penalty that determines
c) from any other personal cause jurisdiction
n) a habitual delinquent is necessarily a recidivist
Par 4: the circumstances w/c consist of the ff shall serve to aggravate and o) in imposing the additional penalty, recidivism is not aggravating. The
mitigate the liability only of those who had knowledge of them at the time of the additional penalty must be imposed in its minimum
commission of the offense p) an offender can be a habitual delinquent w/o being a recidivist
a) material execution of the act Notes:134

b) means employed to accomplish the crime  In no case shall be the total penalties imposed upon the offender exceed
30 years
Par 5: Habitual Delinquent is a person who within the period of 10 years from  The imposition of the additional penalties on habitual delinquents are
the date of his (last) release or last conviction of the crimes of: constitutional, it is simply a punishment on future crimes on account of
the criminal propensities of the accused.
a) Falsification is found guilty of any of said crimes a 3rd time or oftener  The imposition of such additional penalties are mandatory.
b) Robbery  Habitual delinquency applies at any stage of the execution because
c) Estafa subjectively, the offender reveals the same degree of depravity or
d) Threat perversity as the one who commits a consummated crime.
e) Serious or less serious physical injuries  Habitual delinquency applies to all participants because it reveals
persistence in them of the inclination to wrongdoing and of the perversity
Ten year period to be computed from the time of last release or conviction of character that led them to commit the previous crime.
 Cases where the attending aggravating or mitigating circumstances are
Subsequent crime must be committed after conviction of the former crime. Cases not considered in the imposition of penalties.
still pending are not to be taken into consideration.  Penalty that is single and indivisible; Penalty is a fine; Penalty is
prescribed by a special law
Rulings on Habitual Delinquency:
 Felonies through negligence
a) the law on habitual delinquency does not contemplate the exclusion
from the computation of prior conviction those falling outside the 10 yr pd
immediately preceding the crime for w/c the defendant is being tried Art. 63. Rules for the application of indivisible penalties. — In all cases in
b) ten yr pd is counted not from the date of commission of the which the law prescribes a single indivisible penalty, it shall be applied by
subsequent offense but to the date of conviction thereof in relation to the the courts regardless of any mitigating or aggravating circumstances that
date of his last release or last conviction may have attended the commission of the deed. In all cases in which the
c) when an offender has committed several crimes mentioned in the law prescribes a penalty composed of two indivisible penalties, the
definition of habitual delinquent, without being first convicted of any of following rules shall be observed in the application thereof:
them before committing the others, he is not a habitual delinquent

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1. When in the commission of the deed there is present only one 7. Within the limits of each period, the court shall determine the
aggravating circumstance, the greater penalty shall be applied. extent of the penalty according to the number and nature of the
aggravating and mitigating circumstances and the greater and lesser
2. When there are neither mitigating nor aggravating circumstances extent of the evil produced by the crime.
and there is no aggravating circumstance, the lesser penalty shall be
applied.
Art. 65. Rule in cases in which the penalty is not composed of three
3. When the commission of the act is attended by some mitigating periods. — In cases in which the penalty prescribed by law is not
circumstances and there is no aggravating circumstance, the lesser composed of three periods, the courts shall apply the rules contained in
penalty shall be applied. the foregoing articles, dividing into three equal portions of time included in
the penalty prescribed, and forming one period of each of the three
4. When both mitigating and aggravating circumstances attended portions.
the commission of the act, the court shall reasonably allow them to offset
one another in consideration of their number and importance, for the
purpose of applying the penalty in accordance with the preceding rules, Art. 66. Imposition of fines. — In imposing fines the courts may fix any
according to the result of such compensation.
amount within the limits established by law; in fixing the amount in each
case attention shall be given, not only to the mitigating and aggravating
circumstances, but more particularly to the wealth or means of the culprit.
Art. 64. Rules for the application of penalties which contain three periods.
— In cases in which the penalties prescribed by law contain three periods, Court must consider the following in imposing the fine:
whether it be a single divisible penalty or composed of three different
penalties, each one of which forms a period in accordance with the a) mitigating and aggravating circumstances
provisions of Articles 76 and 77, the court shall observe for the application b) the wealth and means of the culprit
of the penalty the following rules, according to whether there are or are not
mitigating or aggravating circumstances: When the minimum of the fine is not fixed, the court shall have the
discretion provided it does not exceed the amount authorized by law.
1. When there are neither aggravating nor mitigating circumstances,
they shall impose the penalty prescribed by law in its medium period.
Art. 67. Penalty to be imposed when not all the requisites of exemption of
2. When only a mitigating circumstances is present in the the fourth circumstance of Article 12 are present.— When all the conditions
commission of the act, they shall impose the penalty in its minimum required in circumstances Number 4 of Article 12 of this Code to exempt
period. from criminal liability are not present, the penalty of arresto mayor in its
maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period shall be
3. When an aggravating circumstance is present in the commission imposed upon the culprit if he shall have been guilty of a grave felony, and
of the act, they shall impose the penalty in its maximum period. arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods, if of a less grave felony.
4. When both mitigating and aggravating circumstances are Requisites of Art 12 par 4:
present, the court shall reasonably offset those of one class against the
other according to their relative weight. a) act causing the injury must be lawful
b) act performed w/ due care
5. When there are two or more mitigating circumstances and no c) injury was caused by mere accident
aggravating circumstances are present, the court shall impose the penalty d) no fault or intention to cause injury
next lower to that prescribed by law, in the period that it may deem
applicable, according to the number and nature of such circumstances.
6. Whatever may be the number and nature of the aggravating Art. 68. Penalty to be imposed upon a person under eighteen years of age.
circumstances, the courts shall not impose a greater penalty than that — When the offender is a minor under eighteen years and his case is one
prescribed by law, in its maximum period. coming under the provisions of the paragraphs next to the last of Article 80
of this Code, the following rules shall be observed:

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1. Upon a person under fifteen but over nine years of age, who is 143 Such maximum period shall in no case exceed forty years. In
not exempted from liability by reason of the court having declared that he applying the provisions of this rule the duration of perpetual penalties
acted with discernment, a discretionary penalty shall be imposed, but (pena perpetua) shall be computed at thirty years. (As amended).
always lower by two degrees at least than that prescribed by law for the
crime which he committed.  Maximum duration of the convict’s sentence: 3 times the most severe
penalty
2. Upon a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age the  Max period shall not exceed 40 years
penalty next lower than that prescribed by law shall be imposed, but  Subsidiary imprisonment – this shall be excluded in computing for the
always in the proper period. maximum duration
THREE-FOLD RULE
Art. 69. Penalty to be imposed when the crime committed is not wholly
The maximum duration of the convict’s sentence shall not be more than 3x
excusable. — A penalty lower by one or two degrees than that prescribed
by law shall be imposed if the deed is not wholly excusable by reason of the length of time corresponding to the most severe of penalties imposed
the lack of some of the conditions required to justify the same or to exempt upon him
from criminal liability in the several cases mentioned in Article 11 and 12,
provided that the majority of such conditions be present. The courts shall  applies only when convict has to serve at least four sentences
impose the penalty in the period which may be deemed proper, in view of  applies although penalties were imposed for different crimes, at different
the number and nature of the conditions of exemption present or lacking. times, and under separate informations
 subsidiary imprisonment for nonpayment of fine cannot be eliminated as
long as the principal penalty does not exceed 6 years of imprisonment
Art. 70. Successive service of sentence. — When the culprit has to serve  Maximum period shall in no case exceed 40 years (continuously)
two or more penalties, he shall serve them simultaneously if the nature of  Duration of perpetual penalties shall be computed at thirty years
the penalties will so permit otherwise, the following rules shall be  Court must impose the penalties for all the crimes of which the accused
observed: is found guilty, but in the service of the same, they shall not exceed 3x
the most severe and shall not exceed 40 years. The computation is for
In the imposition of the penalties, the order of their respective the prison authorities to undertake.
severity shall be followed so that they may be executed successively or as  Two or more death penalties should be imposed on one convict.
nearly as may be possible, should a pardon have been granted as to the
penalty or penalties first imposed, or should they have been served out.
Art. 71. Graduated scales. — In the case in which the law prescribed a
For the purpose of applying the provisions of the next preceding penalty lower or higher by one or more degrees than another given penalty,
paragraph the respective severity of the penalties shall be determined in the rules prescribed in Article 61 shall be observed in graduating such
accordance with the following scale: penalty.
The lower or higher penalty shall be taken from the graduated scale
1. Death, 2. Reclusion perpetua, 3. Reclusion temporal, 4. Prision in which is comprised the given penalty. The courts, in applying such lower
mayor, 5. Prision correccional, 6. Arresto mayor, 7. Arresto menor, 8. or higher penalty, shall observe the following graduated scales:
Destierro, 9. Perpetual absolute disqualification, 10. Temporal absolute
disqualification. 11. Suspension from public office, the right to vote and be SCALE NO. 1
voted for, the right to follow a profession or calling, and 12. Public censure. 1. Death, 2. Reclusion perpetua, 3. Reclusion temporal, 4. Prision mayor,
5. Prision correccional, 6. Arresto mayor, 7. Destierro, 8. Arresto menor,
Notwithstanding the provisions of the rule next preceding, the 9. Public censure, 10. Fine.
maximum duration of the convict's sentence shall not be more than three- SCALE NO. 2
fold the length of time corresponding to the most severe of the penalties 1. Perpetual absolute disqualification, 2. Temporal absolute disqualification
imposed upon him. No other penalty to which he may be liable shall be 3. Suspension from public office, the right to vote and be voted for, the
inflicted after the sum total of those imposed equals the same maximum right to follow a profession or calling, 4. Public censure, 5. Fine.
period. _______
144

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Art. 72. Preference in the payment of the civil liabilities. — The civil If there are 3 distinct penalties; there shall be a minimum, a medium and
liabilities of a person found guilty of two or more offenses shall be satisfied a maximum. Example: Reclusion temporal max to death
by following the chronological order of the dates of the judgments
rendered against him, beginning with the first in order of time. Complex Penalty – penalty prescribed by law composed of three distinct
penalties, each forming a period; the lightest of them shall be the minimum, the
next medium, and the most severe the maximum period.
Art. 73. Presumption in regard to the imposition of accessory penalties. —
Whenever the courts shall impose a penalty which, by provision of law,
carries with it other penalties, according to the provisions of Articles 40, Art. 78. When and how a penalty is to be executed. — No penalty shall be
41, 42, 43 and 44 of this Code, it must be understood that the accessory executed except by virtue of a final judgment.
penalties are also imposed upon the convict.
A penalty shall not be executed in any other form than that
Subsidiary penalties are deemed imposed. However, the subsidiary prescribed by law, nor with any other circumstances or incidents than
imprisonment must be expressly stated in the decision. those expressly authorized thereby.
In addition to the provisions of the law, the special regulations

Art. 74. Penalty higher than reclusion perpetua in certain cases. — In cases prescribed for the government of the institutions in which the penalties are
in which the law prescribes a penalty higher than another given penalty, to be suffered shall be observed with regard to the character of the work to
without specially designating the name of the former, if such higher penalty be performed, the time of its performance, and other incidents connected
should be that of death, the same penalty and the accessory penalties of therewith, the relations of the convicts among themselves and other
Article 40, shall be considered as the next higher penalty. persons, the relief which they may receive, and their diet.
The regulations shall make provision for the separation of the sexes
in different institutions, or at least into different departments and also for
Art. 75. Increasing or reducing the penalty of fine by one or more degrees.
the correction and reform of the convicts.
— Whenever it may be necessary to increase or reduce the penalty of fine
by one or more degrees, it shall be increased or reduced, respectively, for
each degree, by one-fourth of the maximum amount prescribed by law,
without however, changing the minimum. Art. 79. Suspension of the execution and service of the penalties in case of
insanity. — When a convict shall become insane or an imbecile after final
The same rules shall be observed with regard of fines that do not sentence has been pronounced, the execution of said sentence shall be
consist of a fixed amount, but are made proportional. suspended only with regard to the personal penalty, the provisions of the
second paragraph of circumstance number 1 of article 12 being observed
in the corresponding cases.
Art. 76. Legal period of duration of divisible penalties. — The legal period of
duration of divisible penalties shall be considered as divided into three If at any time the convict shall recover his reason, his sentence
parts, forming three periods, the minimum, the medium, and the maximum shall be executed, unless the penalty shall have prescribed in accordance
in the manner shown in the following table. with the provisions of this Code.
The respective provisions of this section shall also be observed if

the insanity or imbecility occurs while the convict is serving his sentence.
Art. 77. When the penalty is a complex one composed of three distinct
penalties. — In cases in which the law prescribes a penalty composed of
three distinct penalties, each one shall form a period; the lightest of them
Art 80 (as amended by PD 603: Child and Youth Welfare Code)
shall be the minimum the next the medium, and the most severe the
maximum period.
a) youthful offender – over 9 but under 18 at time of the commission
of the offense
Whenever the penalty prescribed does not have one of the forms
b) a youthful offender held for examination or trial who cannot
specially provided for in this Code, the periods shall be distributed,
furnish bail will be committed to the DSWD/local rehab center or detention
applying by analogy the prescribed rules.
home
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c) judgment of the court shall not be pronounced but suspended Art. 83. Suspension of the execution of the death sentence. — The death
except for the ff cases: sentence shall not be inflicted upon a woman within the three years next
1. those who previously enjoyed a suspension of sentence following the date of the sentence or while she is pregnant, nor upon any
2. those convicted of death or life imprisonment person over seventy years of age. In this last case, the death sentence
3. those convicted for an offense by the military tribunals shall be commuted to the penalty of reclusion perpetua with the accessory
penalties provided in Article 40.
d) the DSWD may dismiss the case if the youth behaves properly
e) the records of the proceeding shall be privileged and shall not Art. 84. Place of execution and persons who may witness the same. — The
be disclosed execution shall take place in the penitentiary of Bilibid in a space closed to
the public view and shall be witnessed only by the priests assisting the
f) the civil liability of the youthful offender may be voluntary offender and by his lawyers, and by his relatives, not exceeding six, if he
assumed by a relative or a friend so request, by the physician and the necessary personnel of the penal
establishment, and by such persons as the Director of Prisons may
g) the parent or guardian of the child is liable when he aids, abets authorize.
or connives w/ the commission of the crime or does an act
producing, promoting or contributing to the child’s being a
juvenile delinquent.
Art. 85. Provisions relative to the corpse of the person executed and its
burial. — Unless claimed by his family, the corpse of the culprit shall, upon
h) The penalties for the parent or guardian: Fine not exceeding 500
the completion of the legal proceedings subsequent to the execution, be
and/or imprisonment not exceeding 2 years
turned over to the institute of learning or scientific research first applying
for it, for the purpose of study and investigation, provided that such
institute shall take charge of the decent burial of the remains. Otherwise,
Art. 81. When and how the death penalty is to be executed. — The death the Director of Prisons shall order the burial of the body of the culprit at
sentence shall be executed with reference to any other and shall consist in government expense, granting permission to be present thereat to the
putting the person under sentence to death by electrocution. The death members of the family of the culprit and the friends of the latter. In no case
sentence shall be executed under the authority of the Director of Prisons, shall the burial of the body of a person sentenced to death be held with
endeavoring so far as possible to mitigate the sufferings of the person pomp.
under sentence during electrocution as well as during the proceedings
prior to the execution.
Art. 86. Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision
If the person under sentence so desires, he shall be anaesthetized correccional and arresto mayor. — The penalties of reclusion perpetua,
at the moment of the electrocution. reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision correccional and arresto mayor,
shall be executed and served in the places and penal establishments
provided by the Administrative Code in force or which maybe provided by
Art. 82. Notification and execution of the sentence and assistance to the law in the future.
culprit. — The court shall designate a working day for the execution but not
the hour thereof; and such designation shall not be communicated to the
offender before sunrise of said day, and the execution shall not take place
Art. 87. Destierro. — Any person sentenced to destierro shall not be
until after the expiration of at least eight hours following the notification,
permitted to enter the place or places designated in the sentence, nor
but before sunset. During the interval between the notification and the
within the radius therein specified, which shall be not more than 250 and
execution, the culprit shall, in so far as possible, be furnished such
not less than 25 kilometers from the place designated.
assistance as he may request in order to be attended in his last moments
by priests or ministers of the religion he professes and to consult lawyers,
as well as in order to make a will and confer with members of his family or
persons in charge of the management of his business, of the Art. 88. Arresto menor. — The penalty of arresto menor shall be served in
administration of his property, or of the care of his descendants. the municipal jail, or in the house of the defendant himself under the
surveillance of an officer of the law, when the court so provides in its

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decision, taking into consideration the health of the offender and other conditions are not observed, a convict may be returned to the custody and
reasons which may seem satisfactory to it. continue to serve his sentence without deducting the time that elapsed.
2. PROBATION (03, 02, 01, 97, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90 BAR)
1. INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW (03, 02, 01, 99, 95, 94, 91, 90 BAR)
Probation - a disposition under which a defendant after conviction and sentence
 The court shall sentence the accused to an indeterminate sentence is released subject to conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a
Revised Penal Code probation officer.
Maximum: in view of attending circumstance, could be properly
imposed; shall not exceed maximum fixed by said law  Suspension of execution of sentence upon application by said defendant
within period for perfecting an appeal  interlocutory judgment to be
Minimum: within range of Penalty next lower to that prescribed by the followed by a final judgment of discharge or by a final judgment of sentence
Code Other Law; not less than minimum term prescribed by said law
 Defendant released after conviction and sentence subject to conditions
 Not applicable: imposed by court and supervision of probation officer
a. Convicted of offenses punished with death penalty or life-  May be granted whether sentence imposes a term of imprisonment or a fine
imprisonment with subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency
b. Convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit treason
c. Convicted of misprision of treason, rebellion, sedition or espionage  May be denied if defendant in need of correctional treatment that can be
d. Convicted of piracy provided most effectively by commitment, if there is undue risk of committing
e. Those who are habitual delinquents another crime, if probation will depreciate seriousness of offense (not a right
f. Those who shall have escaped from confinement or evaded but a privilege)
sentence
g. Those who having been granted conditional pardon by the Chief  Accessory penalties are deemed suspended once probation is granted
Executive violated the terms thereof
h. Those whose maximum term of imprisonment does not exceed one  If you file a notice of appeal, you are forever barred from applying for
year, based on penalty actually imposed probation. If you file an application for probation, you are deemed to have
i. Those already sentenced by final judgment at the time of approval of abandoned your right to appeal.
this Act
j. Destierro or Suspension(the law contemplates imprisonment) Disqualified offenders:
 Application of Indeterminate Sentence is Mandatory; granting of parole is 1. Application shall not be entertained or granted if defendant has perfected
not. the appeal from the judgment of conviction
2. Sentenced to serve a maximum term of imprisonment of more than six
 After the minimum has been served, the offender is entitled to parole (6) years
3. Convicted of subversion or any crime against the national security or the
 When a prisoner released on parole shall violate any conditions of his public order
parole, the Board may issue an order his arrest. In such case, the 4. Previously been convicted by final judgment of an offense punished by
prisoner so rearrested shall serve the remaining unexpired portion of the imprisonment of not less than one month and one day and/or a fine of
maximum sentence (Period from parole to rearrest not deducted) not less than P200
5. Who have been once on probation under the provisions of this Decree
Pardon – an act of grace proceeding from the power entrusted with the 6. Who are already serving sentence at the time the substantive provisions
execution of laws, which exempts the individual from the punishment the law of this Decree became applicable
inflicts for the crime. 7. R.A. 9165, Section 24. Non-Applicability of the Probation Law for Drug
Traffickers and Pushers. Any person convicted for drug trafficking or
Parole – consists in the suspension of the sentence of a convict after serving the pushing under this Act, regardless of the penalty imposed by the Court,
minimum term of the indeterminate penalty, without granting pardon, prescribing cannot avail of the privilege granted by the Probation Law.
the terms upon which the sentence shall be suspended. In case his parole

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Criminal law Revised Penal Code Summary

Juris Doctor (Foundation University)

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6) Deprives a person accused of a crime some lawful protection to which he

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1) He must have FREEDOM while doing / omitting to do an act.

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Imminent – the danger is on the point of happening.

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Insanity subsequent to commission of crime is not exempting

(1) Self-defense (Art. 11, par. 1) 1) A person is performing a lawful act

c. Incomplete justifying circumstance of performance of duty c. Par. 2 contemplates the ff:

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DEGREE OF INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION Establishment of Conspiracy

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Principals by Indispensable Cooperation 2. he cooperates in the execution by previous or simultaneous acts,

Difference of accessory from principal and accomplice:

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Prision correccional, suspension, and destierro. — The duration of the

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Art. 31. Effect of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special Effects:

1. Deprivation of the office, employment, profession or

Art. 38. Pecuniary liabilities. — Order of payment. — In case the property of

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Art. 46. Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general. — The penalty

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Continued crime is different from a transitory crime. Transitory crime is “moving

Art. 54. Penalty to imposed upon accomplices in a frustrated crime. — The

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a) material execution of the act Notes:134

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In addition to the provisions of the law, the special regulations

The respective provisions of this section shall also be observed if

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