Rep Health Notes Part 2

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH -PART 3
For watchig video,use the link below

https://youtu.be/bS1-70Wz264
CONTRACEPTIVES
 Contraceptives are devices used to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
Characteristics of contraceptives
An ideal contraceptive should be
 user-friendly,
 easily available,
 effective and reversible with no or least side-effects.
 It also should in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or
the sexual act of the user.
 Contraceptives can be classified into the following groups

Natural/Traditional methods
 Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum
and sperms meeting.
Periodic
Periodic Abstinence
abstinence
 In this method couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17
of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
 As chances of fertilisation are very high during this period, it is called
the fertile period.
 Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception
could be prevented.
Withdrawal or coitus interruptus

 In this method, the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina
just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
Lactational Amenorrhea
 Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based

on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during
the period of intense lactation following parturition.
 This method has been reported to be effective only upto a maximum
period of six months following parturition.
 As no medicines or devices are used in these methods, side effects are
almost nil.
 Chances of failure in this method are also high.
 In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented from physically

meeting with the help of barriers.
 Such methods are available for both males and females.
Condoms
 Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath that are used
to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in the female, just
before coitus so that the ejaculated semen would not enter into the
female reproductive tract.
 ‘Nirodh’ is a popular brand of condom for the male.
 Condoms has the benefit of protecting the user from STIs and AIDS.
Diaphragms, Cervical caps and Vaults
 Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are also barriers made of rubber
that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix
during coitus.
 ‘They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the

cervix.
 They are reusable.
 IUDs are devices inserted in the uterus through vagina with the help
of doctors or expert nurses.
 They are classified into
 Mode of action of IUDsIUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within

the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the
fertilising capacity of sperms.
 The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for
implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
Oral Contraceptives
 Oral administration of progestogens or progestogen–oestrogen
combinations in the form of tablets (pills) are called oral
contraceptives.
 Pills are taken daily for 21 days starting within the first five days of
menstrual cycle.
 After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs) it has to be
repeated in the same pattern till the female desires to prevent
conception.
Mode of action of Oral Contraceptives

 They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of
cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
 Pills are very effective with lesser side effects.
Example
 Saheli –the new oral contraceptive for the females contains a non-
steroidal preparation.
 It is a ‘once a week’ pill with very few side effects and high
contraceptive value.
 Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used

by females as injections or implants under the skin.
 Their mode of action is similar to that of pills and their effective
periods are much longer.
Emergency Contraceptives
 Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen
combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be
very effective as emergency contraceptives.
 They could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual
unprotected intercourse.
 Surgical methods, also called sterilisation, are generally advised for

the male/female partner as a terminal method to prevent any more
pregnancies.
 Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby prevent
conception.
Vasectomy
 Sterilisation procedure in male.
 In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up
through a small incision on the scrotum.
Tubectomy
 Sterilisation procedure in female.
 In tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up
through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.
Demerit of surgical method
 These techniques are highly effective but their reversibility is very
poor.
Possible ill- Effects of Contraceptives
 Nausea
 Abdominal pain
 Breakthrough bleeding
 Irregular menstrual bleeding are some of the ill effects of
contraceptives.

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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH -PART 3

For watchig video,use the link below

 Contraceptives are devices used to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

 Contraceptives can be classified into the following groups

Withdrawal or coitus interruptus

 Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based

 In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented from physically

 ‘They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the

 Mode of action of IUDsIUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within

Mode of action of Oral Contraceptives

 Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used

 Surgical methods, also called sterilisation, are generally advised for

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