“SAMUI International Airport”

“Introduction”
Samui International Airport (Thai: ท า่ อากาศยานสม ย ุ ) (IATA: USM, ICAO: VTSM), also
known as Ko Samui Airport or Koh Samui Airport, is a privately owned airport on the island
of Ko Samui (Koh Samui) in Thailand. The airport is roughly 2 km north of the main city and
largest resort centre on the island, Chaweng. It was built by Bangkok Airways. Construction
began in 1982 and the airport was officially opened in April 1989.
Samui Airport has a unique, open-air design with the indoor areas being the gift shop, ticket
office, toilets, and VIP lounge area. It is also the country's seventh busiest airport, handling more
than a million passengers annually. The airport has two terminals (domestic and international).
The international terminal is about 50 metres north of the domestic terminal. Samui Airport is
near the Big Buddha Pier where ferries depart to Ko Pha-ngan. High speed ferries to Ko
Tao and Chumphon depart from the Maenam Beach Pier, approximately 6 km northwest of the
airport.

“Equipment of SAMUI International Airport”

Airport terminal sign:
The term “airside” refers to the part of an aerodrome that's in open,
containing all the airplanes. In general, these areas have higher security
needs than those occupied by guests and travelers. There are variety of international and native
restrictive bodies that manage and enforce compliance with style standards for these signs.
This class of aerodrome signs include:

 Airfield steerage Signs (Taxiway steerage Signs)

 Stand variety Identification Boards (gate signs)
 VOR stop signs
 Runway Distance Remaining signs
 Arresting Gear Markers
 Access restriction, warning and different security signs

Vending machines:
More and a lot of airports are adding hawking machines that sell
everything from physics to cosmetics. The primary hawking machines,
operated by Systems, were put in at Hartsfield-Jackson International
aerodrome back in 2006. The machine carried physics for travelers
WHO could have forgotten or lost things. Below are twenty-one things
you'll notice in aerodrome hawking machines.
Guidance barriers:
Flexibility for oftentimes dynamic queueing configurations.
Merchandise designed to support crowd management and traveler facilitation whereas
providing a stronger client expertise once navigating a busy aerodrome.
General aerodrome Lighting:
This initial form of lighting consists of the can't-miss-it aerodrome beacon and any warning
lights on prime of towers, buildings, and construction
instrumentality. The aerodrome beacon could be a massive,
powerful, rotating lightweight that is extremely visible from miles
away. Public-use aerodrome beacons rotate inexperienced and
white. Military airports rotate inexperienced and white however
have 2 white lightweights for every inexperienced light, so
differentiating themselves from civilian airports. Heliports rotate
between inexperienced, white, and yellow lights.
Combi-thermal:
Combi-thermal has provided customers all round the world with advanced cooling systems and
solutions for over thirty-five years. the corporate is found within the southern German industrial
region encompassing city. As a manufacturer and repair supplier its main activities are within
the areas of refrigeration technology, apparatus technology, heat recovery and energy
technology.
Flight announcement systems:
Simple provides innovative Unified traveler data Systems for travel hubs with a spotlight on
airports. Our product portfolio covers not solely machine-
controlled voice announcements - VOX, however it follows the
passenger's journey to and from the aerodrome. Besides VOX -
voice, passengers receive data regarding their flights through data
displays - VUE and on their mobile devices - CUE. All WAY
options, user interfaces and also the system logic - merely the
complete system - were developed with a considerable
contribution from aerodrome and airline professionals. The WAY
team will prove that they're acquainted with aerodrome processes
which they perceive the wants of the system users - the agents, handling personnel, and others
Interactive kiosks:
An interactive booth could be a laptop terminal that includes specialized hardware and computer
code that gives access to data and applications for communication, commerce, recreation, or
education. Early interactive kiosks typically resembled phone booths, however are embraced by
retail, food service and welcome to boost client service and contour operations. Interactive
kiosks are generally placed in high pedestrian traffic settings like retailers, building lobbies or
airports.
Full body scanner
A full-body scanner could be a device that detects objects on an individual's body for security
screening functions, while not physically removing garments or creating physical contact. betting
on the technology used, the operator might even see AN alternate-wavelength image of the
person's naked body, or just a cartoon-like illustration of the person with AN indicator showing
wherever any suspicious things were detected. For privacy and security reasons, the show is
usually not visible to different passengers, and in some cases is found in a very separate area
wherever the operator cannot see the face of the person being screened. not like metal detectors,
full-body scanners will observe non-metal objects, that became AN increasing concern when
numerous planes bombing makes an attempt within the 2000s
Airport displays:
A flight data show system (FIDS) could be ADP system employed in airports to show flight data
to passengers, during which ADP system controls mechanical or electronic show boards or TV
screens so as to show inbound and outgoing flight data in time period. The displays are situated
within or around a terminal. A virtual version of a FIDS also can be found on most aerodrome
websites and teletext systems. In massive airports, there are completely different sets of FIDS
every terminal or maybe each major airline. FIDS are accustomed inform passengers of
boarding gates, departure/arrival times, destinations, notifications of flight delays/flight
cancellations, and partner airline.

“Transmission channels SAMUI International Airport”

Frequency Data
 

“Ground Equipment SAMUI International Airport”

Ground Support instrumentation (GSE) in SAMUI
International Airport instrumentation, typically on the
apron, the mating space by the terminal. This
instrumentation is employed to service the craft between
flights. because the name suggests, ground support
instrumentation is there to support the operations of craft
while on the bottom. The role of this instrumentation
typically involves ground power operations, craft quality,
and cargo/passenger loading operations.

“Powered instrumentation of SAMUI

International Airport”
Refuelers:
Aircraft refuelers is either a self-contained fuel truck, or a hydrant truck or cart. Fuel trucks area
unit self-contained, generally containing up to ten thousand North American nation gallons of
fuel and have their own pumps, filters, hoses, and different instrumentation. A hydrant cart or
truck hooks into a central pipeline network and provides fuel to the craft. there's a big advantage
with hydrant systems when put next to fuel trucks, as fuel trucks should be sporadically
replenished.
Tugs and tractors:
The tugs associated tractors at an airfield have many functions and represent the essential a part
of ground support services. they're wont to move all instrumentation that may not move itself.
This includes bag carts, mobile air-con units, air starters, and toilet carts.
Ground power units:
A ground electromagnetic unit could be a vehicle capable of activity power to craft put on the
bottom. Ground power units may additionally be engineered into the jetway, creating it even
easier to produce power to craft. several craft need twenty-eight V of DC and one hundred
fifteen V four hundred Hz of AC. the electrical energy is carried from a generator to affiliation
on the craft via three part 4-wire insulated cable capable of handling 261 amps (90 kVA). These
connectors area unit customary for all craft, as outlined in ISO 6858. Alleged "solid state unit"
converts power from AC to DC alongside current separation for craft power necessities. Solid
state units are provided stationary, bridge-mounted or as a mobile unit
Container loader
Container loaders, additionally called payload loaders or "K loaders", area unit used for the
loading and unloading of containers and pallets into and out of craft. The loader has 2 platforms
that raise and descend severally. The containers or pallets on the loader area unit touched with
the assistance of intrinsic rollers or wheels. There area-unit completely different instrumentality
and pallet loaders.

 3.5 T
 7T
 14 T

Air begin Unit:

An Air begin Unit could be a device not to begin associate aircraft's
engines once it's not equipped with associate on-board APU or the APU
isn't operational. There area-unit 3 primary forms of these devices that
exist currently: a keep air cart, a turbine primarily based unit, and
internal-combustion engine driven screw mechanical device unit. All 3
devices produce a supply of air mass air to begin the craft engines. one
or 2 hoses area unit connected to those units, with the most important
craft engines requiring 3.

Belt loaders:
Belt loaders area unit vehicles with conveyor belts for unloading and
loading of bags and payload onto craft. A belt loader is positioned at the
door sill of associate craft hold (baggage compartment) throughout
operation. Belt loaders area unit used for airliner, and therefore the bulk
hold of wide body craft. stowage baggage while not containers is
thought as bulk loading
Pushback tugs and tractors:
Pushback tugs area unit largely wont to push associate craft aloof from the gate once it's able to
leave. These tugs area unit terribly powerful and since of the big engines, area unit generally
observed as associate engine with wheels. Pushback tugs may also be wont to pull craft in varied
things, like to a structure. completely different size tugs area unit needed for various size craft.
Some tugs use a tow-bar as affiliation between the tug and
therefore the craft, whereas different tugs elevate the nose gear
off the bottom to create it easier to tow or push. Recently there
has been a push for tow bar tractors as larger airplanes area unit
designed.
Aircraft rescue and firefighting:
Firefighting instrumentation at Düsseldorf airfield, 2013. Aircraft rescue and firefighting could
be a special class of firefighting that involves the response, hazard mitigation, evacuation and
doable rescue of passengers Non-powered instrumentation
Dollies:
Dollies for loose baggage area unit used for the transportation of loose baggage, outsized
luggage, mailbags, loose payload carton boxes, etc. between the craft and therefore the terminal
or sorting facility. Dollies for loose baggage area unit fitted with a brake that blocks the wheels
from moving once the rod isn't connected to a tug. Most dollies for loose baggage area unit
utterly engulfed apart from the perimeters that use plastic curtains to safeguard things from
weather. In the US, these dollies area unit known as Baggage Cart, however in Europe Baggage
Cart suggests that rider baggage trolleys.
Dolly fleet management is a difficulty specific to the airfield
ground support trade. Dollies don't seem to be cheap expendable
instrumentation sort of a hand self-propelled vehicle. Dollies
area unit various (thousands) on an outsized airfield apron
Chocks:
Chocks area unit wont to stop associate craft from moving
whereas put at the gate or in a very structure. Chocks area unit placed within the front and back
of the wheels of undercarriage. They’re created out of arduous wood or vulcanite. Company
safety tips within the North American nation nearly always specify that chocks should be
employed in a combine on identical wheel and that they should be placed in physical contact
with the wheel. Therefore, "chocks" area unit generally found in pairs connected by a phase of
rope or cable. The word "chock" is additionally used as a verb, outlined because the act of
putting chocks before and back of the wheel.
Aircraft stand Jack:
They are wont to support a put craft to forestall their tail from drooping or perhaps falling to the
bottom. Once the passengers within the front get off associate craft, the craft becomes tail
significant and therefore the tail can droop. Exploitation the jack is nonobligatory however not
all craft want it. Once required, they're tugged to the tail and came upon by personnel. Once
came upon, no management to the jack is required till the craft is prepared to go away.

Aircraft Service Stairs:

Aircraft Services support helps the upkeep technician to achieve all-time low of craft and crew of
associate craft concerned in (typically) associate airfield ground emergency.

“ATC practices at SAMUI International Airport”

Currently, the authority of SAMUI International Airport hires traffic controllers solely from
these specific groups:

 graduates of FAA-approved faculty programs;

 people with previous traffic management experience; or
 military veterans, ideally traffic controllers.
 Training for traffic controllers could be a combination of formal and
on-the-job coaching.
To qualify for coaching, you want to pass a range method. First, you want to
pass Associate in Nursing test that measures your ability to be told a
controller's duties. once passing the test, you bear per week of screening at
the authority academy in capital of Oklahoma. At the academy, you're taking ability tests on
laptop simulators. you furthermore might take physical and psychological exams. All of those
tests and exams area unit to work out your quality for controller's work. once passing this
primary screening, you're taking a drug-screening take a look at.
After passing the screening method, you train for seven months at the authority academy. At the
academy, you study the airway system, FAA rules, controller instrumentation, and craft
performance. you want to pass a series of exams and show you'll be able to acknowledge and
solve issues quickly. additionally, you want to create sound judgments supported abstraction
relationships. you furthermore might should apply authority procedures and rules to several
traffic things.
WORK expertise:
Work expertise as a pilot or in field operations in SAMUI International Airport is sweet
expertise for this occupation.
ON-THE-JOB coaching:
After graduating from the authority academy, you're employed as a tyro for many years.
throughout this era, you gain work expertise, take a lot of room coaching, and complete self-
study assignments. you're employed your far through a series of tougher jobs. you start by giving
pilots routine flight and field data. Then management aircraft at the field ramps and taxiways.
You then progress to native controller, departure controller, and at last to arrival controller.
These on-the-job coaching steps area unit necessary to become a totally qualified controller.
Approach and space police work:
Primary radio detection and ranging for Rating. The primary can support the rating
endorsements associated with primary radar. The system is simple to use, apace established and
may be applied in room coaching and self-learning phases. The system is often put in during
approach that your students access it through your academy's computer network, even outside the
room times. this will be triggered via the learning
Tower / ACC / APP / GND machine for Rating:
The tower machine can prepare the scholars for specific ratings and rating endorsements. It
permits to be told and apply the entire procedures of airport management, Approach management
(non-radar) and police work (radar), in addition as space management The machine permits to
supply a continual seamless coaching surroundings from ACC to Advanced Surface Movement
steerage and system. Roles of positions are often modified even throughout the course of a
coaching, allowing e.g., to form virtual management centers with ever-changing space attribution
PRN within the Single European Sky approach.
Approach and space police work - ADS-B for Rating:
Being able to explain, list, state, justify necessary aspects of Automatic Dependent police work
(ADS). Radar provides specific simulators for ADS-B, employed in ATCO coaching. Approach
management Non-Radar – Navigation Aids machine of SAMUI International Airport
Being able to know, describe, and justify numerous aspects of aircraft landing Systems (ILS).
Radar provides a strong machine for VOR, DME and ILS. The simulators are often used
throughout room sessions in addition as throughout self-learning session.

“ICAO CLASS of SAMUI International Airport”

In the Latin Central American country Flights square measure fly with these rules, airspace is
classified as regulative and non-regulatory. inside these classes exist: controlled categories A, B,
C, D, and E and uncontrolled category G airspace, supported that traffic management service is
provided to IFR flights and a few VFR flights. category F isn't utilized in the Central American
country Besides controlled and uncontrolled airspace, different styles of airspace embrace
"special use" and "other airspace
Class A:
Class A airspace extends from eighteen thousand feet mean water level MSL to FL600 feet
throughout the contiguous Central American country. not like the altitude measurements utilized
in different airspace categories, the flight levels utilized in category A airspace square measure
pressure altitudes documented to an even measuring device setting of 29.92" Hg and so truth
altitudes rely on native air pressure variations.
Class B:
Class B airspace is outlined around key landing field traffic areas, typically airspace close the
busiest airports within the Central American country in step with the quantity of IFR operations
and passengers served. the precise form of the airspace varies from one category B space to a
different, however in most case it's the form of Associate in Nursing inverted bride cake, with a
series of circular "shelves" of airspace of many thousand feet in thickness focused on a selected
landing field. every shelf is larger than the one at a lower place it. category B airspace usually
begins at the surface within the immediate space of the landing field, and consecutive shelves of
larger and larger radius begin at higher and better altitudes at larger distances from the landing
field. several category B airspaces diverge from this model to accommodate traffic patterns or
native topological or different options. The higher limit of sophistication B airspace is often ten
thousand feet.
Class C:
Class C house is structured in abundant identical approach as category B airspace, however on a
smaller scale. category C airspace is outlined around airports of moderate importance; airports
with regular business rider jet service of one hundred passengers per flight or additional square
measure usually category C. The office necessities for sophistication C airspace standing square
measure Associate in Nursing operational tower, a radar-controlled approach system, and a
minimum range of IFR approaches conducted each year. The airspace category designation is in
result solely throughout the hours of tower and approach operation at the first airport; the
airspace reverts to category D if approach management isn't operational, and to category E or G
if the tower is closed. The vertical boundary is sometimes four thousand feet on top of the
landing field surface. The core expanse encompasses a radius of 5 marine miles, and goes from
the surface to the ceiling of the category C airspace. The higher "shelf" space encompasses a
radius of 10 marine miles, and extends from as low as one,200 feet up to the ceiling of the
airspace. A procedural "outer area" encompasses a radius of twenty marine miles
Class D
Class D airspace is usually established around any landing field with a functioning tower,
however that doesn't see important IFR approaches which might build category B or C additional
applicable. category D airspace is usually cylindrical in type and usually extends from the
surface to two thousand 500 feet on top of the bottom. Airspace inside the given radius, however
in close category C or category B airspace, is excluded. category D airspace reverts to category E
or G throughout hours once the tower is closed, or underneath different special conditions.

“FLIGHT info SERVICE at SAMUI International Airport”

 Flight info service provided by the SAMUI International Airport’s ATCO for the aim
of giving recommendation and data helpful for the safe and economical conduct of flights
in its neck of the woods.
 A flight info service could also be provided on its own or in conjunction with Associate
in Nursing traffic management service.
 Flight info service includes the availability of pertinent in SAMUI International Airport:
SIGMET and AIRMET information;
 Information regarding pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruptions and volcanic ash
clouds;
 Information regarding the discharge into the atmosphere of hot materials or harmful
chemicals;
 Information on changes within the serviceableness of navigation aids;
 Information on changes in condition of aerodromes and associated facilities, together
with info on the state of the landing field movement square measure once they are laid
low with snow, ice or important depth of water
 Information on pilotless free balloons; and,
 Any different info seemingly to have an effect on safety as well as info concerning:
 Weather conditions rumored or forecast at departure, destination and alternate
aerodromes Collision hazards, to craft operational in airspace categories C, D, E, F.
 For flight over water areas, in to date as practicable and once requested by a pilot, any
obtainable info like radio decision sign, position, true track, speed, etc., of surface vessels
within the space.
Airspace:
AFIS is provided at the landing field and within the close airspace. The airspace within the
immediate neck of the woods of the landing field is internationally referred to as TIZ – Traffic
info Zone. The traffic info zone is comparable to the management aerodromes CTR – control
zone. on top of the TIZ Juan Santamaria AFIS landing field have a TIA – Traffic info space
comparable to the controlled aerodromes TMA. The TIZ and TIA square measure most
ordinarily airspace classification G however with the extra regulation of necessary two-way radio
communication., ordinarily referred to as G+. In some nations the airspace classification F is
additionally used
Regulation:
AFIS isn't internationally regulated like traffic management is by SAMUI agency. However,
monetary unit management have issued a recommendation referred to as monetary unit
management manual for AFIS. Since there's no international regulation AFIS is subject to
national regulation by the relevant CAA.

“LATEST AIR REPORT”

Wind 4 kt from the Northwest

Temperature 21°C
Humidity 88%
Pressure 1017 hPa
UV Radiation 0%
Latest Aeronautical and metrological information

METAR of SAMUI TAF VTSM 240518Z 2406/2506 09005KT

9999 FEW015 SCT090 TX29/2418Z
VTSM 240500Z 31004KT 9999 BCFG TN19/2411Z
SCT010 BKN020 21/19 A3002 NOSIG TEMPO 2406/2412 VRB02KT BCFG
BKN010 TEMPO 2418/2424 RA
Trends SCT015TCU TEMPO 2500/2506
NOSIG VRB02KT BCFG BKN010
No significant change is expected to the
reported conditions within the next 2 hours Trends
NOSIG
No significant change is expected to the
reported conditions within the next 4 hours
Speci report of SAMUI SAMUI warning

Low IFR: 0-2 statute miles Few clouds at a height of 1500 ft

IFR: 1-5 statute miles Scattered clouds at a height of 9000 ft
Marginal VFR: 2-5 statute miles Temporary from 24 at 06 UTC to 24 at 12
Overlays of surface wind and gusts UTC
Depicted with standard wind barb
Scattered clouds at a height of 1500 ft,
Towering cumulus rain Temporary
from 25 at 00 UTC to 25 at 06 UTC

Wind and temperature forecast SIGMET of SAMUI

Wind
Wind 5 kt from the East from 24 at 06 UTC WVEQ31 SEGU 240600
to 24 at 12 UTC SEFG SIGMET 2 VALID 240600/241200
Wind 2 kt from the variable directions SEGU-
Temporary from 25 at 00 UTC to 25 at 06 SEFG GUAYAQUIL FIR VA ERUPCION
UTC MT SANGAY PSN S0200 W07820
VA CLD OBS AT 0530Z FL170/200 WI
Temperature S0152 W07906 - S0159 W07819 - S0206
W07906 - S0152 W07906 MOV W 10KT
Temperature 21°C FCST VA CLD AT 1130Z WI S0152 W07906
Humidity 69% - S0159 W07819 - S0205 W07907 -
Pressure 1017 hPa S0152 W07906
Visibility 10 km or more
 no clouds below 1500 m and no
cumulonimbus

“Decode of METAR SAMUI”

Wind 310° 4kt. Visibility 10km or more. Patches fog. Clouds scattered 1000ft, broken 2000ft.
Temperature 21°C, dew point 19°C. Altimeter 30.02inHg. No significant change

“Decode of TAF SAMUI”

From Friday 0:00 till Saturday 0:00:
Wind 090° 5kt. Visibility 10km or more. Clouds few 1500ft, scattered 9000ft.
Maximum temperature 29°C at Friday 12:00. Minimum temperature 19°C at Friday 5:00.
Temporarily from Friday 0:00 till 6:00: Wind variable 2kt. Patches fog. Clouds broken 1000ft.
Temporarily from Friday 12:00 till 18:00: Rain. Clouds scattered 1500ft towering cumulus.
Temporarily from Friday 18:00 till 0:00 next day: Wind variable 2kt. Patches fog. Clouds broken
1000ft.

“Approach Control Service of SAMUI International Airport”

The Approach management Service in SAMUI’s management Zone, that is provided for
controlled flights of craft inbound at one or additional airports below the TMA or outward from
them.
Approach management is often set on one amongst the lower floor within the tower of SAMUI
or within the center. The traffic management in approach control cannot see the craft within the
air, however they'll follow them on their measuring instrument displays. The traffic management
in approach control have the responsibility of maintaining the specified separation between craft
that square measure approaching the airdrome
Some of the services provided to departure craft square measure as follow:

 Runway to be used for take-off.

 Direction for start
 Clearance limit
 Altitude to fly.
 Turn to create the allotted SSR code and (SID) if applicable
 Track and route to follow
 Runway condition (wet or below construction)
 QNH
  Current weather report.

The traffic management in approach management take over responsibility for the craft from
management once the craft comes into the approach control center’s area of responsibility. This
happens once the traffic management within the space management instructs the pilot to vary
frequency and call approach control.
The traffic controller controls the aircraft’s course, speed and altitude, ensuring that each one
approaching craft are available in like pearls on a string. throughout busy periods the traffic
controllers pack the approaching craft so there square measure solely regarding five klick
between them. once Associate in Nursing craft is regarding fifteen klick from the runway, the
traffic management requests the pilot to vary frequency and call tower control.
Air traffic management service for inbound or outward controlled flights. it's provided by
Associate in airfield tower or space center once it's necessary or fascinating to mix the functions
of the approach management services with those of the airfield management service or the realm
management service below the responsibility of 1 unit. The service may be provided by
Associate in approach management workplace once it's fascinating or necessary to ascertain a
separate unit. The ARTCC provides restricted approach management services at some airports
not served by Associate in Nursing approach management facility.

“Runway Configuration and Directions of landing and take-off SAMUI

International Airport”
Runway 17 Information Runway 35 Information

Runway True Heading: 275° Runway True Heading: 95°

Takeoff Distance Available: 5250 Runway Displaced Threshold: 20
Landing Distance Available: 5250 Takeoff Distance Available: 5250
Runway Latitude: N0957.4 Landing Distance Available: 5050
Runway Longitude: W08407.9 Runway Latitude: N0957.5
Runway Elevation: 3287' Runway Longitude: W08408.8
Runway Slope: -.9° Runway Elevation: 3238'
Runway Slope: .9°
“Signals used at SAMUI International Airport”
TAXIWAY/RUNWAY AND RUNWAY/RUNWAY HOLDING
This sign is found at the holding position on taxiways that cross a runway or on
runways that cross completely different runways. The inscription on the sign contains
the designation of the across runway. The runway numbers on the sign unit of
measurement organized to correspond to the individual runway threshold. for example, “07-25”
indicates that the brink for Runway 07 is to the left and thus the brink for Runway twenty 5 is to
the proper. A runway holding position sign up a horizontal surface are aiming to be place in
adjacent to holding position markings on the horizontal surface pavement. On runways, holding
position markings are aiming to be settled alone on the runway pavement adjacent to the sign, if
the runway is mostly utilized by traffic management for “Land, Hold Short” operations or as a
horizontal surface.
On taxiways that cross the beginning of the takeoff runway, alone the designation of
the takeoff runway might sound on the sign, whereas all completely different signs
will have the designation of every runway directions.

When a symbol is found on a horizontal surface that intersects the intersection of two
runways, the designations for every runway are aiming to be shown on the sign at the side of
arrows showing the approximate alignment of each runway. to boot to showing the approximate
runway alignment, the arrow indicates the direction to the brink of the runway whose designation
is instantly next to the arrow.
ILS crucial house HOLDING
At some airports, once the landing system is being utilized, it is necessary to hold
Associate in Nursing craft on a horizontal surface at a location apart from the
normal holding position. In these situations the holding position sign for these
operations will have the inscription “ILS” and be settled adjacent to the holding
position marking on the horizontal surface.
RUNWAY APPROACH house HOLDING
At some airports, it is necessary to hold Associate in Nursing craft on a horizontal surface
settled among the approach or departure house for a runway so as that the craft
does not interfere with operations thereon runway. In these items, a symbol with
the designation of the approach end of the runway followed by a “dash” (-) and
letters “APCH” ar aiming to be settled at the holding position on the horizontal surface.
throughout this instance, the sign would possibly defend the approach to Runway fifteen and/or
the departure for Runway 33
NO ENTRY:
Prohibits Associate in Nursing craft from going in a neighborhood. Typically, this
sign would be settled on a horizontal surface imagined to be used in barely one
direction or at the intersection of automotive roadways with runways, sealed surfaces
or aprons where the route is additionally mistaken as a taxi strip or completely different craft
movement surface.
LOCATION SIGNS:
Location signs unit of measurement accustomed confirm either a horizontal surface or
runway on it the craft is found.
Other location signs provides a visible cue to pilots to assist them in crucial when
they need exited a neighborhood. the numerous location signs unit of measurement
described below.
Taxiway Location Signs have a black background with a yellow inscription and
yellow border. The inscription is that the designation of the horizontal surface on it
the craft is found. These signs unit of measurement place in on taxiways either by
themselves or in conjunction with direction signs or runway holding position signs.
Runway Location Signs have a black background with a yellow inscription and yellow
border. The inscription is that the designation of the runway on it the craft is found. These signs
unit of measurement imagined to enrich the information gettable to pilots through their compass
and typically unit of measurement place in where the proximity of two or tons of runways to a
minimum of each other would possibly cause pilots to be confused on it runway they are on.
Runway Boundary Signs have a yellow background with a black inscription with
a graphic portrayal the pavement holding position marking. This sign, that faces
the runway and is visible to the pilot exiting the runway, is found adjacent to the
holding position marking on the pavement. The sign is supposed to provide pilots with another
visual cue that they're going to use as a guide to come to a decision when they unit of
measurement “clear of the runway.”
ILS crucial house Boundary Signs have a yellow background with a black inscription
and a graphic portrayal the ILS pavement holding position marking. This sign is found adjacent
to the ILS holding position marking on the pavement and may well be seen by pilots going the
crucial house. The sign is supposed to provide pilots with another visual cue that they're going to
use as a guide to come to a decision when they unit of measurement “clear of the ILS crucial
house.”
DIRECTION SIGNS:
Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription. The inscription
identifies the designations(s) of the across taxiway(s) leading out of the intersection that a pilot
would normally be expected to point out onto or hold wanting. each designation is within the
middle of Associate in Nursing arrow indicating the direction of the flip.

DESTINATION SIGNS:
 Destination signs even have a yellow background with a black inscription indicating a
destination on the flying field. These signs constantly have Associate in Nursing arrow showing
the direction of the taxi route to it destination. once the arrow on the destination sign indicates a
flip, the sign is found before the intersection.
Destinations normally shown on these types of signs embody runways, aprons, terminals,
military areas, civil aviation areas, merchandise areas, international areas, and affixed base
operators. Associate in Nursing abbreviation is additionally used as a result of the inscription on
the sign for a couple of these destinations.
Outbound Destination Sign Outbound Destination

Sign to all completely different Runways. over one runway, separated

by a dot, is shown where the taxiing route is common to every runway.
Inbound Destination Sign

INFORMATION SIGNS:
Information signs have a yellow background with a black inscription. they are
accustomed provide the pilot with data on such things as areas that cannot be seen from the
tower, applicable radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures. The flying field operator
determines the requirement, size, and website for these signs.
RUNWAY DISTANCE REMAINING SIGNS:
Runway Distance Remaining Signs unit of measurement accustomed provide distance
remaining data to pilots throughout takeoff and landing operations. The signs unit of
measurement settled on one or either aspect of the runway, and thus the inscription
consists of a white numeral on a black background. The signs indicate the house
remaining in thousands of feet.

RUNWAY-HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS:

Runway-holding position markings unit of measurement settled at runway holding
positions.
CHARACTERISTICS:
At Associate in Nursing intersection of a horizontal surface and a non-precision, non-instrument
or take-off runway or where one runway-holding position is provided at Associate in Nursing
intersection of a horizontal surface and a preciseness approach category I, II or III runway, the
runway-holding position marking are aiming to be shown as in pattern A. where a pair of or
three runway-holding positions unit of measurement provided at such Associate in Nursing
intersection, the runway-holding position marking nearer to the runway are aiming to be as
shown as in pattern A, and thus the markings farther from the runway as in pattern B. where a
pattern B runway-holding position marking exceeds 60m long, the term CAT II or CAT III as
applicable are aiming to be marked on the surface at the ends of the runway-holding position
marking. The runway-holding position marking displayed at a runway/runway intersection are
aiming to be perpendicular to the road of the runway forming a district of the standard taxi route.
The runway-holding position marking are aiming to be shown as in pattern B.

INTERMEDIATE HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS:

An intermediate holding position marking is displayed at Associate in Nursing
intersection of two sealed taxiways. it's positioned across the horizontal surface coincident with a
stop bar or intermediate holding position lights, where provided.
CHARACTERISTICS:
An intermediate holding position marking consists of 1 broken yellow line.
STOP BARS:
A stop bar is provided at every runway-holding position once it's supposed that the runway is
aiming to be used in RVR conditions however 350m or between 350m and 550m. A stop bar is
aiming to be provided at Associate in Nursing intermediate holding position to supplement
markings with lights or where ancient stop bar lights may possibly be obscured.
LOCATION:
Stop bars unit of measurement settled across the horizontal surface at the aim where it's
desired that traffic stop. additional lights are additionally provided at the horizontal surface edge.
CHARACTERISTICS
Stop bars incorporates lights spaced at intervals across the horizontal surface, showing
red among the supposed direction of approach to the intersection or runway-holding position.
Stop bars place in at a runway-holding position are aiming to be unidirectional, showing red
among the direction of approach to the runway.
RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS
Runway guard lights, configuration A, unit of measurement settled at each taxiway/runway
intersection associated with a runway imagined to be used in:

 RVR conditions however 550m where a stop bar is not installed; and
 RVR conditions between 550m and 1200m where traffic density is medium or low.

Configuration A or B or every are aiming to be provided at each taxiway/runway

intersection where the configuration of the intersection should be exaggerated, like on an
outsized throat horizontal surface.
LOCATION:
Runway guard lights, configuration A, unit of measurement settled at either aspect of a
horizontal surface, whereas in configuration B they are settled across the horizontal surface.
CHARACTERISTICS
Runway guard lights unit of measurement unidirectional flashing yellow lights.
RUNWAY MARKINGS
Runway markings unit of measurement white.
Taxiway Lights
There unit of measurement four types of lights on the horizontal surface, a path for airplanes
heading to or strolling back from a runway.

 Taxiway edge lights: These lights unit of measurement blue in color and line the
horizontal surface. Airports often have inexperienced horizontal surface line lights
conjointly.
 Clearance bar lights: Set among the horizontal surface, these lights unit of measurement
steady and yellow and unit of measurement meant to increase the visibility of a hold
position line or a horizontal surface intersection at midnight.
 Stop bar lights: These in-pavement lights unit of measurement steady red and extend
across the horizontal surface at a hold transit, the globe where a horizontal surface meets
the runway, they are meant to prevent a pilot from going the horizontal surface once their
plane would be in peril of inflicting a collision on a runway. Once a pilot is cleared onto
the runway, the traffic controller will suspend the stop bar lights.

“SID and STAR charts”