حل تمارين كرمر رابعة

A University Grammar of English
CHAPTER 7. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

A University Grammar of English 2
Chapter 7 The simple sentence

Clause types
Exercise 98
Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., to which of the following clause types the sentences below
belong :
1. George’s father greeted the headmaster. d
2. The headmaster put George into the second class. f
3. That made Stanley angry. e
4. His annoyance did not last. c
5. He was really a lawyer. a
6. But he proved himself a great soldier. e
7. The manager is not in. b
8. May I offer you a cup of coffee ? g
9. After the war, M. gave him back his saddle-bags. g
10. He threw himself from his horse. f
11. I remember the reasonableness of my father’s
argument. d a. S V intehs. Cs
12. The parson’s cat is an abominable animal. a b. s V in tens. A place
13. We are in a bit of a mess. b c. s V intrans.
14. I have always lived in the country. c d. s V monotrans. Od
15. Could you call me a porter, please? g e. s V complex trans. Od Co
16. Do you call yourself a porter? e f. s V complex trans. Od A place
17. Finding peace and quiet has become very difficult. a g. s V ditrans. Oi Od
18. Every increase in knowledge augments our capacity
for evil. d
19. The police laid the bodies by the side of the road. f
20. Travel nowadays is fraught with disillusion. a
21. You must keep calm. a
22. Keep out of sight. b
23. You can keep the change. d
24. Keep your hands off me! f
25. I can’t keep my hands warm. e
26. Keep-me a seat, will you? g
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‫رحم اهلل من قرأ سورة الفاحتة اىل روح‬
‫ الطالب جعفر ثامر سعدون و الطالبة تبارك غين جاسم‬, ‫الدكتور رحيم خلف الزبيدي‬
Telegram @Miseu Instagram : Krezmas Sorted By : Ammar Yousif

Exercise 99
Say whether the items underlined in the following sentences are grammatically
obligatory or optional :
1. George’s father greeted the headmaster warmly. obl
2. He greeted us warmly. opt
3. That made me very annoyed. opt
4. It made me thoroughly annoyed. opt
5. George’s work was always thorough. obl
6. Let me give you a drink. obl
7. Let me explain the difficulty. opt
8. The burglar stood the ladder against the wall. obl
9. I don’t enjoy loud music. obl
10. You are being rather stupid. obl
11. I get impatient with stupid people. opt
12. He convinced us of his innocence. obl
13. 1 always regarded him as innocent. obl
14. A difficult problem arises in this sentence. opt
15. Airmen fly airplanes. opt
16. The old lady grew bitter. obl
17. The luggage weighed twenty kilos. obl
18. May I suggest a different approach? obl
19. Please answer this letter by return of post. opt
20. It gets dark earlier in winter. obl
Clause types transformed
Exercise 100
Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., of which clause types listed in Exercise 98 the following
sentences are transformations:
1. People are killed on the roads every day. d
2. We were each handed a leaflet. g
3. The walls were painted bright pink. e
4. He has often been looked upon as slightly mad. e
5. All my cards have been laid on the table. f
6. Has all this food been paid for ? d
7. The prisoner was found guilty. e
8. His children were found a suitable school. g
9. This house has been lived in for two hundred years. c
10. Surely I cannot be refused a proper hearing ? g

SVOO → SVOA
Exercise 101
Supply a prepositional phrase which could replace the indirect object in each of the
following sentences :
1. May I ask you a great favour? of you
2 .Listen! I’m going to play you a new record. to or for you
3. Can I play you a game of chess? with you
4. I can change you a cheque if you like. for you
5. Will you choose me an interesting book? for me
6. We wish all our friends a very happy New Year. to all our friends
7. I have left you some soup on the stove. for you
8. An uncle of mine left me a thousand pounds. To or for me
9. Would you throw me that rubber, please ? to me
10. Would you mind bringing me a towel ? to or for me
Clause elements semantically considered

Exercise 102
Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., whether the element underlined is a S agentive
b S agent,/instrumental c S affected d S
1. It feels cold today. g
2. The cold affects me badly. a
3. The cold killed the trees. b
4. It is turning quite cold. h
5. The bell rang loudly. c
6. I heard it ring, too. d
7. You’ve got brains. d a. S agentive
8. Use your brains. e b. S agent /instrumental
9. She lay in his arms. a c. S affected
10. We found the house empty. g d. S recipient
11. They left the house empty. h e. O affected
12. I don’t like toast burnt. g f. O recipient
13. 1 had those books burnt. h g. C current
14. Who owns this hat? d h. C resulting
15. The table is shaking. c
16. Who is shaking it? b
17. We laid him on the sofa. e
18. We made him some tea. d
19. These shoes cut my feet. b
20. I’ll give you the answer. f

Exercise 103
Rephrase the sentences so. that O affected becomes S affected :
1. Terrorists blew up the dam. → The dam blew up.
2. I’ve broken my glasses. → My glasses have broken.
3. The frost has killed my roses. → My roses have died.
4. Someone has moved that picture. → That picture has moved.
5. A visitor rang the bell. → The bell rang.
6. We rolled the car down the hill. → The car rolled down the hill.
7.The doctor set my broken arm easily. → My broken arm set easily.
8. The guard shut the gate quickly. → The gate shut quickly.
9. The driver stopped the train. → The train stopped.
10. I can’t turn this screw. → This screw won't turn.
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Exercise 104
Indicate,- by a, b or c, whether the object underlined is
a. affected b. effected c. locative
1. Has anyone touched the television today ? a
2. Who is making all that noise ? b
3. We are just passing the Eiffel Tower. c
4. Take a deep breath. b
5. Somebody took my coat by mistake. a
6. I climbed the hill as light fell short. c
7. A gas leak can cause a serious explosion. b
8. We have fought a good fight - and lost. b
9. Have you dropped your handkerchief, my dear? a
10. After that I paid her a visit every evening. b
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‫ عمار يوسف‬: ‫ال تنسوني ووالدي بالدعاء الطباعة والنشر‬

Subject-verb concord
Exercise 105
Choose an acceptable verb, giving two answers if necessary :
1. Everyone of us {has/has} his own burden to shoulder.
2. It is on each individual effort that the safety and happiness of the whole
{depends/depend}.
3. What are often regarded as poisonous fungi {is/are} sometimes safely edible.
4. What are these things doing here {is/are} what I’d like to know.
5. War and peace {is/are} a constant theme in history.
6. War and peace {is/are} alternatives between which man must constantly
7. War and Peace {is/are} a fascinating novel.
8. The people outside {is/are} getting very impatient.
9. The public {is/are} demanding an official enquiry.
10. The Seven Sisters {is/are} a line of chalk cliffs on the coast of Sussex.
11.The seven wonders of the world {was/were} well-known in ancient times.
12. The Three Bears' {is/are} a well-known nursery story.
13. The Philippines {is/are} a large group of islands.
14. None but the brave {deserve/deserves} the fair.
15. Neither John nor Mary {has/have} replied to my letter.
16. I wrote both to John and to Mary. Neither {has/have} replied.
17. Physics, as well as chemistry, {is/are} taught at this school.
18. The employment of girls under sixteen {is/are} forbidden.
19. Everybody {know/knows} what they have to do.
20. How is it that your answer and your neighbour's {is/are} identical ?

Other types of concord
Exercise 106
Select an appropriate alternative, noting that more than one may be acceptable.
1. The Committee will insist on {its/their} rights.
2. The Committee wishes to reconsider {its/their} decision.
3. Every passenger has to carry {his/their} own luggage.
4. Wait till everyone has finished before you start taking away {his/their} plates.
5. You have always been such {a good friend/good friends}.
6. George asked Mary if {he/she } would mind choosing some flowers for {his/her} wife.
7. Mary told George that {he/she} had to wait for {his/her} cousin.
8. I consider them { the guilty party/scoundrels}. either alternative.
9. We have received your estimate for the alterations you propose but have decided that
{it/they} would be {too high/unnecessary}
Negation
Exercise 107
Negate the finite verb in each of the following sentences and make other changes that
then become necessary :
1. We have enough evidence already. → haven't ,,,, yet

2. There is someone doing research in this field. → isn't anyone
3. Smoking has something to do with cancer of the lung. → hasn't anything
4. Tar from cigarette tobacco, painted onto the skin of mice, produced skin cancer on
some of them. → did not produce ,,,, on any of them
5. This applies to some of the people here already. → does not apply ,,, to any ,,, yet
6. This experiment has revealed something of importance. → has not revealed ,,, anything
7. It helps us in our daily work, to a certain extent, too. → ,,,, does not help us ,,, at all
either
8. We must go a long way to find someone as good as this. → we need not go far to find
anyone ,,, or don't have to go far ,,,,,
9. Robertson is still living at this address. → Robertson is not yet living ,,,,,
10. He has been away from home a very long time. → He has not been away very long
11. Hundreds of students can find somewhere comfortable to live. → ,,,,, cannot find
anywhere
12. The doctor has sometimes given me some useful advice. → ,,, hasn't ever given me any
13. There are a lot of people in the auditorium already. → There are not many people ,,,
yet
14. I can understand both of these two sentences. → I cannot understand either ,,,,
15. I can understand all of these ten words. → I cannot understand any ,,,,
Exercise 108
Note the following model :
A. There are some people in the auditorium already.
B. Oh, I’d say there are very few.
C I agree. There are very few people in the auditorium.
Then, from each of the statements below made by A, produce a suitable comment by C,
on the lines of the model above, agreeing with B’s rejoinder :
1. A Smoking has something to do with cancer.
B Ferguson denies that. .
I don't think it has anything ...
2. A. We must always go a long way to find someone interested.
B. Oh, I would say seldom.
I don't think it has anything ...
3. A. The experiment has revealed something of importance.
B. Hm, scarcely.
It has scarcely revealed anything ...
4. A. We have all had some experience of real hunger.
B. Surely only two of us have.
Only two of us have had any ...
5. A. I am in favour of making some concessions to the other side.
B. Well, I am against it.

I am against making any concession(s) ...
6. A. I always see something good on television.
B. You’re fortunate. I rarely do.
I rarely see anything good ...
7. A. People have sometimes given an honest answer to that question.
B. I say that few people have.
Few people have ever given an honest answer ...
8. A. I remembered to bring some food with me.
B. Oh ,I forgot to.
I forgot to bring any ...
9. A. There is surely hope of finding some of the passengers alive.
B. I am afraid there is very little hope.
There is very little hope of finding any ...
10. A. There is certain opposition to our proposal.
B. I am unaware of it myself.
I am una ware of any opposition .. .
Exercise 109
Rephrase each of the following sentences, beginning it with the words underlined :
1. We have never heard a more distinguished performance.
Never have we heard ...
2. We seldom receive such generous praise.
Seldom do we receive ...
3. This nation scarcely ever in the past faced so great a danger.
Scarcely ever, in the past, did this nation face ...
4. We were never before asked to make a sacrifice of this magnitude.
Never before were we asked ...
5. There is rarely an opportunity for us to serve the community in this way.
Rarely is there an ...
6. We shall only then begin to realize the appalling danger before us.
Only then shall we begin ...

Exercise 110
Negate each of the following sentences in two ways, explaining what difference there is,
if any, between one way and the other :
1. Many people attended the meeting.

2. All the people were at work.
3. Everyone here agrees with you.
4. Much of the food was bad.
5. One of the runners heard the starting pistol.
6. Another reason for the delay was given.
7. A little of the money was spent on this project.
8. A few of you will have noticed the warning.
9. Half of the work has already been completed.
10. The least of our problems has been solved.
The answer is for you
Exercise 111
The sentences below can be interpreted in two ways, according to the scope or : focus of
negation. Reword them in two ways, so as to make the different r meanings clear :
1. I don't lend my books to any of the students.

2. Everything that glitters is not gold.
3. We haven’t completed half the work.
4. My instructions do not apply to a few of you.
5. All the people were not informed of the army’s plans.
6. We did not inform you because we doubted your loyalty.
7. The meeting was not held on account of your absence.
8. You have not been dismissed in accordance with Clause 6 of your contract.
9. We did not receive your letter because of delays in the post.
10. The patient did not die as a result of your assistance, doctor.
The answer is for you
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Exercise 112
Note that / may not go can have two different meanings illustrated as follows
Auxiliary Main Verb
1. I am not allowed to go
2. I probably will not go
In 1, the auxiliary is negated; in 2 the main verb is negated. Analyse each of the following
unambiguous sentences in one of those ways, and paraphrase each sentence so as to
make its meaning quite clear.
1. Susan can't type very fast. → can't/ type

S. is not able to type ...
2. She can't use my typewriter tomorrow. → can't/ use
She won't be allowed to ...
3. They can't be far away now. → can't/ be
I am sure they're not far away ...
4. I may not be very late. → may/ not be
It is possible that I shan't be ...
5. They can't have arrived yet. → can't/ have arrived
It isn't possible that they have ...
6. You oughtn't to behave like that. → ought/ not to behave
It's your duty not to behave like that.
7. You needn't be alarmed. → needn't/ be alarmed
There's no need for you to be ...
8. They won't be very pleased. → will/ not be
They aren't going to be ...
9. He won't listen to a word I say. → will/ not listen
He refuses to listen ...
10. You mustn't leave your coat there. → must/ not leave
You're obliged not to leave ...
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Questions
Exercise 113
Indicate whether the following questions have positive or negative orientation,and
paraphrase them so as to make the orientation clear.
1. Are there some letters for me ? pos

2. Is there any reason for staying here longer? neg
3. Do you have something to tell me? pos
4. Have you anything to say in your defence ? neg
5. Will you have some sugar in your coffee? pos
6. Is there somewhere where we can talk quietly ? pos
7. Will you have any more to eat ? neg
8. Haven't we dealt with this question already ? pos
9. Haven't you finished your essay yet ? neg
Tag questions
Exercise 114
Indicate, by a, b, c or d, whether the tag questions below can be classified as :
1. I signed the cheque, didn't I?
2. I put in the date, didn't I?
3. I didn't forget, did I?
4. It's all right now, isn't it?
5. It's terrible weather, 'isn't it?
6. It was worse yesterday, wasn't it?
7. You can all understand, can you?
a. positive assumption + neutral
8. You haven't eaten a thing, have you?
expectation
9. John's grown a lot lately, hasn't ,he?
b. negative ,, + ,, ,,
10. There's a meeting this evening, isn't there?
c. positive ,, + positive ,,
11. We must go to It, mustn't we?
d. negative ,, + negative ,,
12. We mustn't be late, must we?
13. You couldn't lend me any money, could you?
14. Woolley's sell watches, don't they?
15. And your father wouldn't buy you one, would he?
16. You slipped a watch into your p6cket, didn't you?
17. The shop 'assistant wouldn't believe you, would
he?
18. You don't expect me to believe that, do you?
19. You shouldn't have said that, should you?
20. That's all for now, is it?
The Answer : See 7.48 and 7.49.

Questions with modals

Exercise 115
Say whether reference is being made to a the speaker's authority or b the
listener's :
1. Shall I start? b
2. They shall not pass. a
3. May I borrow your typewriter? b
4. Might I have a look at your paper? b
5. You must let me have it back. a
6. Can we stay and watch the show? b
7. Yes, you can if you want to. a
8. Will you wait a minute please? a or b
9. Do I have to wait? b
10. I shan't keep you long. a
Wh-questions
Exercise 116
Form questions to which the word or words underlined would be exact ,answers :
1. To see Inca architecture at its most impressive, one must go to Macchu Picchu.
Where must one go to see ... ?
2. Europeans knew nothing about this ancient city before 1911.
How much did Europeans know ... before 1911 ?
3. It was rediscovered in 1911.
In what year was it rediscovered?
4. An American, Hiram Bingham, discovered it.
Who discovered it?
5. His name was Bingham.
What was the discoverer's surname?
6. He was an American.
What nationality was he?
7. The city had been buried for hundreds of years.
For how long had the city been buried?
8. It was protected by a canyon 2,000 feet deep.
How deep was the canyon?
9. Its temples had been built from huge granite stones.
10. The stones were fitted together without mortar.
11. The world Somerset Maugham entered when, at the age of eighteen, he
became a medical student, was a strange one.
12. Somerset Maugham became a medical student at the age of eighteen.
13. It was a world that knew nothing about planes.
14. It also knew nothing about radio.
15. He paid eighteen shillings a week for two rooms.
16. He paid eighteen shillings for two rooms.
17. He paid eighteen shillings for two rooms.
18. He was an unsatisfactory medical student for his heart was not in it.
19. His first novel was called Liza of Lambeth.
20. The producer thought Somerset Maugham's play might just run for the six
weeks till the play he had in mind to follow it with could be produced.
Various types of question

Exercise 117
Give two examples of each of the following :
a. a yes-no question with positive orientation

b. ,, ,, ,, ,, negative ,,
c. ,, declarative question
d. ,, Wh-question ending with a preposition
e. an alternative question
f. ,, exclamatory "
g. a rhetorical "
The Answer : See 7.44 -7.57.
Commands
Exercise 118
Name the subject, if any, in each of the following sentences :
1. Waiter, bring me the menu please.
2. You read me the next sentence, John. You
3. All the men over twenty-one please stand up. All the men over twenty-one
4. Somebody fetch a doctor quickly. Somebody
5. Don't move the patient yet.
6. Oh, do be careful of my broken leg.
7. John, you go and look out for the ambulance. You
8. George, take the other end of the stretcher.
9. Let each man decide for himself. Each man
10. Don't let anyone shirk his responsibility. Anyone
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Miscellaneous categories
Exercise 119
Paraphrase each of the following stretches of language so as to make its meaning quite
clear.
1. What beautiful weather we're having!
I feel the weather we're having is very beautiful. Don't you?
2. How I have waited for this moment!
I have waited so long (so anxiously, so eagerly) for this moment.
3. What about having some dinner with me?
I suggest you have some dinner with me. Would you like to?
4. Far be it from me to tempt you against your will.
The last thing I want to do is to tempt you ...
5. In for a penny, in for a pound.
Once you start paying out money, you find yourself paying a lot.
6. Waste not, want not.
If you don't waste things, you won't be poor.
7. Now for the crucial question!
Now we come to the ...
8. The sooner the better.
If something is to be done, I think it should be done as soon as possible.
9. What to see in Paris.
Here is information about what you should see in Paris.
10. Road works ahead.
Warning: you will soon come to a part of the road where men are working.
Newspaper headlines
Exercise 120
Identify the elements of clause structure (by S, V, Od, Oi, Cs, Co, A) in the headlines
below. Then expand each headline into a sentence such as would occur in the report
beneath the headline in a newspaper.
1. HOLIDAYS PRICE WAR STARTS → S+ V.
2. HUGHES TAKES SUNDERLAND INTO SIXTH ROUND → S+ V +Od+A.
3. DRIVER ENTERED FOG AT 100 m.p.h. → S+ V +Od+A.
4. FARMER IN V AN RAMS SUSPECT PLANE → S+ V +Od
5. IMMIGRATION RULES CRITICIZED → S+(V).
6. OIL POLLUT.ION MEASURES TO BE TESTED → S+(V).
7. EXTRA PARKS FOR VEHICLES → S+A.
8. MOON DUST VANISHES → S+ V.
9. AIRPORT NOISE DROVE HUSBAND MAD → S+ V +Od+Co.
10. SCOTLAND CHAMPIONS AGAIN → S+Cs+A
Good Luck …… Ammar Yousif

A University Grammar of English
CHAPTER 11. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

CHAPTER 11 THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

Dependent cIauses
Exercise 172
Isolate and label the dependent clause or clauses in each of the sentences
below, as in the following two models,
a. I think you can do it.
You can do it : finite clause acting as O in the super ordinate clause.
b. Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
Leaving the room: non-finite, -ing participle clause, acting as A in the super-
ordinate clause, using the symbols S (=subject), O (=object),
C (=complement), A (= adjunct).
1. That you could do it I always knew.

➢ finite clause acting as O.
2. That you can do it is still uncertain.
➢ finite clause acting as S.
3. You can do it if you try.
➢ finite clause acting as A.
4. If you can do it, I'll give you ten dollars.
➢……………………………………………
5. Standing here all day, I see many strange faces.
➢ non-finite, -ing participle clause acting as A.
6. Standing here all day is extremely tiring.
➢ non-finite, -ing participle clause acting as S.
7. My greatest pleasure is to listen to chamber music.
➢ non-finite infinitive clause, acting as C.
8. To listen to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.
➢……………………………………………
9. Exhausted after the long journey, I fell asleep at once.
➢ ……………………………………………
10. The long journey over, we relaxed in the warm sunshine.
➢ non-finite, verbless clause, acting as A.
11. Glancing up at my tired face, she asked, in a rather grating voice, how I
was feeling.
➢ ……………………………………………
12. Steinweg had a large room where we "always breakfasted together.
➢ ……………………………………………
13. He was a delightful companion, always cheerful and considerate.
➢ ……………………………………………
14. She had not asked life to be thus.
➢ ……………………………………………
15. She sang when allowed to do so.
➢……………………………………………
16. She sang completely out of tune, so that permission was seldom granted.
➢……………………………………………
17. What he saw both surprised and frightened him.
➢ ……………………………………………
18. Since I have been especially invited to speak, for you now to tell me I
cannot do so is quite unpardonable.
➢ finite clause, A , non-finite, infinitive clause, S , finite clause, O.
19. Having been invited to speak, and then being told to keep silent, I shall
never come here again as long as I live.
➢ ……………………………………………
20. What I wanted to say was, as I didn't know whether you were going to say
that you could come or you couldn't, could you make it the following
Saturday? ➢ finite clause, S , Infinite, A , finite, O , finite, O.
Exercise 173
Items 11, 18, 19 and 20 of Exercise 172 contain more than one dependent
clause. Label each of these dependent clauses, eg a, b, c, etc. Analyse each
clause, e.g. S, V, 0, C, A, and explain in what way each one is dependent on
the main clause or on one of the other dependent clauses in the sentence.
Example: 11.
V A V O
a. Glancing up/at my tired face, or Glancing up at/my tired face, acting as A
for main clause (she asked, in a rather grating voice) ;
S V
b. How I/was/feeling, acting as O of asked in the main clause.

Exercise 174
The non-finite clauses in the sentences below are open to more than one
inter-pretation. Illustrate this by expanding each dependent clause in two
different ways:
1. I ran over a dog crossing the square.
➢ As it was crossing or As I was crossing.
2. To see her alone would be very indiscreet.
➢ For you to see her or For me… , or Someone else, to see her.
3. Though shouting as loudly as possible, the rescuers could not hear us.
➢ Though we were ... or Though they were ...
4. Dressed in white robes, we thought the visitors looked like priests in some
strange ceremony.
➢ We, dressed in white robes .. . or The visitors, dressed ...
5. I regret speaking to you so bluntly.
➢ I regret that I am speaking now ... or I regret that I spoke ...
6. Walking fast after breakfast could be fatal.
➢ If I walked fast, it could be ... or If you, or Someone else, walked ...
7. He was so ill as to be obliged to give up work altogether.
➢ .... so ill that he was obliged ... or so ill that he is now obliged ...
8. It will take several hours to finish this.
➢ .... for me to finish this or ... for you, or someone else, to ...
9. Whether here or not, his application will have to be considered.
➢ Whether he is here ... or Whether it is here ...
10.Always afraid of snakes, we shut every door and window at night.
➢ We were always afraid ... or We are ...
Exercise 175
Pick out the indicators of subordination in the twenty sentences of Exercise
172.
See 11.6-11.9. Examples: 1. that. 2. that. 3. if. 5. non-finite verb standing.
‫رحم اهلل من قرأ سورة الفاحتة اىل روح‬
‫ الطالب جعفر ثامر سعدون و الطالبة تبارك غين جاسم‬, ‫الدكتور رحيم خلف الزبيدي‬

Exercise 176
Classify the words underlined in the following sentences as either
prepositions or subordinators:
1. I am speaking to you as your doctor.
➢ Prepositions
2. You talk exactly as a doctor does.
➢ Subordinators
3. Since leaving school, I have travelled round the world.
➢ Subordinators
4. I haven't been back to my oId school since I came up to university.
➢ Subordinators
5. Since the beginning of the year, I haven't written a single essay.
➢ Prepositions
6. Take two of the tablets before going to bed.
➢ Subordinators
7. Take two more before breakfast next morning.
➢ Prepositions
8. I will not go near her house until she sends me a written explanation.
➢ Subordinators
9. With so many people chatting, it was impossible to hear what the speaker
was trying to say.
➢ Subordinators
10. I can't work in a room with so many other people.
➢ Prepositions
11. He would -never put himself out for anybody.
➢ Prepositions
12. For anybody to pretend such a thing is nonsense.
➢ Subordinators
************************************

Exercise 177
Classify the function of the dependent clauses in the sentences below under"
the following headings:
A. subject B. direct object C. subject complement D. indirect object

E. object complement F. appositive G. adjunct H. disjunct I. conjunct
J. postmodifier in noun phrase K. prepositional complement L. adjectival
complement
1. As the sun went down behind the church, the trees suddenly became still.
(G)
2. I was terrified, to tell you the truth. (H)
3. One afternoon I was sitting on the wall dividing our house from the
churchyard. (J)
4. In daylight, I thought of the Roman remains that had been dug up under our
house. (J)
5. Walking along from St Mary's, you come to a high wall. (G)
6. You find the wall heightens suddenly. (B)
7. We found the wall overgrown with ivy. (E)
8. What I remember most of that evening is the reasonableness of my father's
arguments. (A)
9. The truth is that I really liked him. (C)
10.The truth, that I really wanted to learn, suddenly dawned on my poor father.
(F)
11.What is more important, I suddenly felt ashamed of my childishness. (I)
12.My father was sure that I would overcome my fears. (L)
13.He strongly disapproved of what I had been doing. (K)
14.Now I often meet men who were once at school with me. (J)
15.Whenever I encounter one of them, I feel an outsider. (G)
16.However, seeing George again has left me much more confident. (A)
************************************

Nominal clauses
Exercise 178
Which of the sentences below contain nominal that-clauses?
1. Everyone tends to think that he is not sufficiently appreciated.
2. Everyone that thinks, go is not necessarily conceited.
3. My opinion that you disagree with so strongly has not been properly
represented.
4. My opinion, that no action need be taken yet, is shared by most of us here.
5. The main difficulty lies in the fact that we have nobody properly qualified
for this- work.
6. We are at a serious disadvantage in that we have nobody properly qualified
for this work.
7. I understand you have ·had some trouble with your telephone.
8. You've had some trouble with your telephone, I understand.
9. That John actually took the money, I can't believe.
10.John never actually took the money, I believe.
Exercise 179
Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence
containing a nominal that-clause. Say in each case whether the subordinator
that is optional or obligatory; and say what function the that-clause is
fulfilling in the superordinate clause:
1. We have only enough water for two more days. I told you so.
➢ I told you we have only ... that optional; that-clause O of told.
2. We have only enough for two days. I am very sorry.
➢ I am very sorry we have ... ; that optional; that-clause C of sorry.
3. We have only enough for two days. That is our conclusion.
➢ Our conclusion is ... ; that optional; that-clause C of S.
4. In view of the drought, there is only enough water for two days. That is our
conclusion.
➢ Our conclusion is :that, in view of ... ; that obligatory.
5. We have only enough for two days. I estimate that having taken very
careful measurements.
➢ Having taken careful measurements, 'I estimate .. ;; that optional; or, I
estimate, having taken ... ; that ... ; that . obligatory.

6. We have only enough for two days. That is very alarming.
➢ That we have only enough ... is very alarming; that oblig ; that-clause S
of is; or It is very alarming that we have ... ; that oblig.; that- clause
anticipated by It.
7. We conclude that there is only enough for two days. Our conclusion has
been reached after very careful checking.
➢ Our conclusion, reached after careful checking, is that ... ; that oblig.;
that-clause C of S; or Our conclusion, that there is only
enough ... , has been reached ... that oblig.; that-clause in non-restrictive
apposition to S.
8. We cannot stay here. We must face that fact.
➢ We must face the fact that ... ; that usually oblig.; that-clause in restricted
apposition to O.
9. I am convinced we cannot stay here. The results will be disastrous if we do.
➢ I am convinced that we cannot ... and that the results ... ; that oblig. both
times; that-clauses C of convinced.
10.We have almost exhausted our supplies. How can I convince you of that?
➢ How can I convince you that we have almost ... ; that usually oblig.; that-
clause Od of convince.
Exercise 180
Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence
containing a Wh-clause. Say what function the Wh-clause is fulfilling in the
superordinate clause:
1. What caused the explosion? No one ever discovered.
➢ No one ever discovered what caused ... , O.
2. What damage did the explosion cause? It took three weeks to estimate.
➢ .... to estimate what. damage the explosion caused, O.
3. Where did the fire start? That was a complete mystery.
➢ Where the fire started was ... , S.
4. When did the fever begin? The seriousness of his condition depends on
that.
➢ .... depends on when the fever began, C of preposition, on.
5. When did the fever begin? I am not quite sure.
➢ I am not quite sure when the fever began, C of adj. sure.
6. Which drawer does he keep his money in? I can never remember.
➢ I can never remember which drawer he keeps ... , O.
7. How can we reduce this high temperature? My problem is that.
➢ My problem is how we can reduce ... , C of S.
8. Why didn't he say he was feeling ill? The question is irrelevant at this
stage.
➢ The question why he didn't say ... is irrelevant ... , in apposition to S.
9. How often do these fevers occur? I cannot tell you that precisely.
➢ I cannot tell you precisely how often these fevers occur, O.
10.How much will all this cost? I am concerned about that.
➢ I am concerned about how much all this will cost, C. of prep., about.
Exercise 181
Replace the finite Wh-clause by an infinitive Wh-clause whenever possible.
Then give a full and accurate statement of the restrictions on the formation
of an infinitive Wh-clause:
1. I never know where I ought to put my coat.
➢ .... where-to put ...
2. Where I ought to put my coat I never know.
➢ Where to put ...
3. I can't tell you where you can put your coat.
➢ .... where to put ...
4. Can you tell me where the guests can put their coats?
➢…………………………………………………..
5. I can't remember where I put my coat yesterday.
➢ …………………………………………………
6. Can anyone tell me what I must do now?
➢ .... what to do.
7. Does anyone know how one can open this safe?
➢ .... how to open.
8. Someone will tell us when we should start.
➢ .... when to start. .
9. Someone will tell us when the concert will end.
➢ ………………………………………………..…..
10.Will somebody tell me why I must fill up this form?
➢ ……………………………………………………
An infinitive wh-clause cannot be formed (a) with why, (b) unless the subject
of the infinitive clause has the same referent as the subject of a mono
transitive verb in the superordinate clause or as the indirect object of a

ditransitive verb, and (c) if the tense in the superordinate clause is present
and the tense in the infinitive clause is past, and vice versa.
Exercise 182
Combine each of the pairs of questions below so as to form one question
containing a dependent yes-no clause. When both ff and whether would be
acceptable, say so.
1. I Are you really enjoying yourself? I wonder.
➢ I wonder if/whether you are ...
2. Are you really enjoying yourself? He asked me.
➢ He asked me if/whether I was ...
3. Are you enjoying yourself or not? I don't care.
➢ I don't care whether you are ... or not.
4. Does it cost too much? That depends on how badly you want it.
➢ Whether it costs too much (or not) depends on how badly ...
5. Does it cost too much? My decision will depend on that.
➢ My decision will depend on whether it costs too much.
6. Is it too expensive or not? That is the crucial question.
➢ Whether it is ... or not is the crucial question.
7. Can it be easily resold? I'm not interested.
➢ I'm not interested in whether it can be ...
8. Is it properly insured? I am not sure.
➢ I am not sure if/whether it is ...
Nominal relative clauses
Exercise 183
Say which of the Wh-clauses below are Wh-interrogative clauses, and which
are nominal relative clauses:
1. What caused the fire remains a mystery.
➢ Wh-interrog.
2. What caused the fire was a cigarette end.
➢ nominal' relative.
3. We never discovered what caused the fire.
➢ could be either.
4. Who first reported the fire is still uncertain?
➢ Wh- interrog.
5. Whoever reported the fire was only doing his duty.
➢ nom. reI.
6. Can you tell me where your friends are?
➢ Wh-interrog.
7. Home is where your friends and family are.
➢ nom. reI.
8. Do you remember when Columbus discovered America?
➢ Wh-interrog.
9. Do you remember when we first came here, darling?
➢ could be either.
10.What we all need is a spell of warm sunshine.
➢ nom. reI.
Exercise 184
Illustrate, by paraphrase, the difference between a and b in each of the
following -Ing pairs of sentences:
1. a. I'll give you what you want.
b. I'll give you whatever you want.
2. a. Where I sit in the evening is very quiet.
b Wherever I sit in the evening is someone else's chair.
3. a. Come and see me when you can.
b Come and see me whenever you can.
4. a. Tell me how much you need.
b I'll give you however much you need.
5. a. 'Who told you that, I wonder.
b Whoever told you that was not telling the truth.
‫ال تنسوني ووالدي بالدعاء‬

Nominal to-infinitive clauses

Exercise 185
Say (a) what function the infinitive clause fulfils in the superordinate clause
below; and (b) what is the subject of each of the two clauses:
1. I expect to be there this evening.
➢ a. Od; b. I in both.
2. I expect everyone to be punctual this evening.
➢ a. Od; b. I, everyone.
3. I promise you not to be late.
➢ a. Od; b. I in both.
4. The plan is for us all to meet outside at eight.
➢ a. C o[S; b. the plan, we.
5. The plan for us all to meet outside' was absurd.
➢ a. in apposition to S; b. the plan, we.
6. To speak in public for the first time can be a terrifying experience.
➢ a. S; b. the whole dependent clause, anyone.
7. For Osbert to appear in public at such a time was rather courageous.
➢ a. S; b. the whole dependent clause, Osbert.
Nominal -ing clauses
Exercise 186
Say what function the -ing clauses fulfil in the superordinate clauses below:
1. I always enjoy listening to chamber music.
➢ Od.
2. Listening to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.
➢ S.
3. His greatest pleasure, climbing mountains, had to be abandoned.
➢ apposition to S.
4. Was he, then, so given to climbing mountains?
➢ C of preposition.
5. He was always happy scaling almost perpendicular cliffs.
➢ A.
************************************

Exercise 187
Rephrase these sentences, using an -ing participle preceded by a personal
pronoun or noun in the genitive case:
1. We all are surprised that he made that mistake.
➢ surprised at his making ..
2. He was an astronaut and that accounted for the size of the audience.
➢ His being an astronaut accounted for ...
3. No one will object if you finish the lecture a little early.
➢ .... object to your finishing ...
4. Would you approve if I had this article copied?
➢ .... approve of my having ...
5. We did not realize that Walker would cause so much trouble by speaking to
the press.
➢ .... realize that W's speaking to the press would ...
6. The fact that he has spoken to the press about this has caused us a good
deal of embarrassment.
➢ His speaking to the . press about this has ...
7. Do you mind if I don't come with you?
➢ Do you mind my not coming ... ?
8. We had not been told of the meeting till yesterday and that meant that we
did not have sufficient time to prepare our case properly.
➢ .... that meant our not having sufficient time ...
Adverbial clauses: time
Exercise 188
Reduce the finite time clauses to non-finite or verbless time clauses
whenever such reduction would be acceptable without change of voice.
1. When I last saw you, you lived in Washington.
➢ …………………………………………………………………..
2. When you lived in Washington, did you ever meet Robert H. Davidson?
➢ When living in W., ...
3. Since I met you, I have been reading your book.
➢ Since meeting you, ...
4. Once your book is published, it will sell very rapidly.
➢ Once published, your book ...
5. When you are in Rome, do as Rome does.
➢ When in Rome, ...
6. Until you are asked to speak, you would be well advised to remain silent. ➢
Until asked to speak, ...
7. Before he served in the army, he was much too fat.
➢ Before serving in the army, ...
8. While he was in the army, he learnt a great deal about electricity.
➢ While in the army, ...
9. When you enter the town, you will see the monument straight in front of
you.
➢ (On) entering the town, ...
10.After he had travelled round the world, Forbes settled down peacefully in
his native village.
➢ After travelling (or After having travelled) ...
Time clauses introduced by until

Exercise 189
Fill the gaps in the following sentences by either (a) until or (b) by the time
that:
1. Please wait ……… I return. ➢ (a)
2. Don't wait ……… I come back. ➢ (a)
3. …….. I come back. I want you to be on your way. ➢ (b)
4. They had left ……… we returned. ➢ (b)
5. It was dark ……… they arrived. ➢ (b)
6. They did not arrive it was dark. ➢ (a) or (b)
7. We rode hard ………. it was dark. ➢ (a)
8. Don't pour the water in ……… it is boiling. ➢ (a)
9. The water was boiling ……… the electricity failed. ➢ (b) or (a)
10.The electricity was not cut off ……… the water boiled. ➢ (a) or (b)
************************************

Adverbial clauses: conditional and concessive

Exercise 190
Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form a single sentence
containing a conditional or a concessive clause:
1. Stand up here. Then you can see the mountains clearly.
➢ If you stand up here, (then) ...
2. Stand up. Otherwise you won't be able to see anything.
➢ Unless you stand up, ... or You won't be able to see ... if you don't stand
up.
3. Stand 'up here. That is the only way you can see anything.
➢ You won't see anything unless you stand up here.
4. We strained our eyes. But we couldn't see anything.
➢ Although we strained our eyes, .. .
5. You can strain your eyes. But still you won't be able to see anything.
➢ Even if you strain your eyes, ...
6. You could have the best binoculars in the world. But still you wouldn't be
able to see anything more.
➢ Even if/though you had the best .. .
7. I will let you come with me on one condition. You must do exactly what I
tell you. ➢ I will let you come ... on condition that you do ...
8. I am sure this story is untrue. Otherwise, it would be an absolute scandal.
➢ If this story were true, it would be ...
9. I' am sure that never really happened. Otherwise, we would all be dead by
now. ➢ If that had really happened, we would all have been dead .. .
10.You might need some help at some time. Then you must let me know.
➢ If you should need any help, ...
11.All you had to do was telephone me. Then I would have come round at
once. ➢ If on 1 y you had telephoned me, .. .
12.It doesn't matter what I say. He always does something different.
➢ Whatever I say, ...
13.You can tell me or not. But in any case, I will find out the truth.
➢ Whether you tell me or not, ...
14.I have no idea what the solution is. But we shall certainly find it.
➢ Whatever the solution may be, ...
15.His difficulties were very great indeed. But he always overcame them in the
end. ➢ However great his difficulties were, he always ...

Adverbial clauses: reason, cause, circumstance

Exercise 191
Which of the dependent clauses in the sentences below are adjuncts, and
which are disjuncts? Which of the adjunct clauses express (a) reason or
cause, and which express (b) circumstance:
1. They've lit a fire, because they're so cold.
➢ adjunct, a.
2. They've lit a fire, because I can smell smoke.
➢ disjunct.
3. Since you ask me, I think you're being unwise.
➢ disjunct.
4. We'd better start the meeting, as we have a quorum.
➢ adjunct, b.
5. Because there was no quorum, the Chairman ruled that the meeting must be
reconvened.
➢ adjunct, a.
6. There being no quorum, the meeting was postponed.
➢ adjunct, a.
7. Since everyone appears to be present, the meeting can now begin.
➢ adjunct, b.
8. Seeing that you live next door to Mr. Roberts, you ought to be able to
recognize him.
➢ adjunct, b.
************************************

Adverbial clauses: purpose and result

Exercise 192
If the infinitive clause in 'the sentences below are clauses of purpose, answer
Yes; and in that case replace to by so as to or in order to:
1. The Minister continued to address his audience.
➢ …………………………………………………………………
2. The Minister stopped to address the bystanders.
➢ Yes, so as/in order/to.
3. I wanted to ask him a question.
➢ …………………………………………………………….……
4. I waited to ask him a question.
5. He invited me to come to his office.
➢ ………………………………………………………………...
6. He invited me to keep me happy.
7. He left us to catch his plane.
8. He left us to go our own way.
➢ ………………………………………………………………
9. He encouraged us to visit him again.
➢ ………………………………………………………………..
10.He encouraged us to win our support.
Exercise 193
Which of the dependent clauses below express (a) purpose, and which
express (b) result?
1. The police used a loud-hailer so that everyone in the building heard them.
➢ (b)
2. They used a loud-hailer so that everyone could hear them.
➢ (a) or (b)
3. So that everyone could hear, they used a loud-hailer.
➢ (a)

4. We planted hundreds of roses, so that the garden should look beautiful at
the time of the wedding.
➢ (a)
5. We watered the garden thoroughly, so that it smelt fresh when the guests
arrived.
➢ (b)
Adverbial clauses: manner
Exercise 194
Fill the gaps by
as as if as though in the way that in any way (that) that way
1. Do as I say and not as I do.
2. I can't play the guitar as, the way you do.
3. He writes as if, as though he is left-handed.
4. He played as if, as though he was inspired.
5. He talks to me as if, as though he were my grandfather.
6. Answer the question as, in the way that , in any way (that) you think
suitable.
7. Answer this question in the way that you think most suitable.
Adverbial clauses: Proportion and preference

Exercise 195
Supply a suitable subordinator:
1. As you sow, so you will reap.
2. The sooner we start, the sooner we'll get there.
3. As they drew nearer to the coast, they found the land less barren, the air
more humid. -
4. Rather than leave this paradise, they decided to settle there for ever.
5. They preferred to build houses of stone rather than or instead of using wood
from such trees -as- there were.
************************************

Unattached clauses
Exercise 196
Say which of the dependent clauses below are unacceptable, and rephrase
each sentence concerned:
1. Speaking frankly, the situation is worse than we feared.
➢ ……………………………………………………………….
2. Speaking clearly, everyone at the back of the hall could hear what I was
saying.
➢ Since I spoke clearly, everyone ... or Speaking clearly, I made myself
heard by everyone ...
3. When fully grown, these trees are a magnificent sight.
➢ ………………………………………………………………….
4. When fully grown, the men cut off all the lower branches.
➢ ………………………………………………………………….
5. Grazing by the river, we suddenly came across a fine herd of cattle.
➢ Put the -ing clause at the end.
6. Before retiring, take two of these pills with a little water.
➢ ……………………………………………………………….
7. Shouting slogans, the streets were thronged with indignant workmen.
➢ Put the -ing clause at the end.
8. Considering the weather is so uncertain, the reception will be held indoors.
➢ ………………………………………………………………….
Comparative sentences
Exercise 197
Indicate, by S, Cs, Od, Oi or A, the comparative element in the following
sentences:
1. Man has greater power. over his environment than he has ever had before.
➢ Od
2. More has been discovered about the universe in the last fifty years than in
all the previous centuries. ➢ S
3. Technology has given more people than ever the means of leading a
comfortable and easy life. ➢ Oi
4. Science has progressed more rapidly in the last few decades than in
hundreds of years before. ➢ A
5. Yet are we really happier than our ancestors were? ➢ Cs
Exercise 198
In what ways are the following sentences ambiguous, and how could the
ambiguity be removed?
1. We have greater power over our, environment than our fathers.
➢ We have greater power ... than our fathers had.
2. There were more intelligent astrologers than you young scientists.
➢ There were astrologers more intelligent than ...
3. We need more highly trained scientists.
➢ We need a greater number of highly trained scientists or scientists who
are more highly trained.
Enough and too + infinitive

Exercise 199
Say whether the element underlined in the following sentences is subject or
object of the infinitive clause, noting that in two cases it can be either.
1. John is too ill to get up. ➢ S
2. He is too b ill to move. ➢ O or S
3. He is not well enough to go out. ➢ S
4. That fence is too high to jump. ➢ O
5. That horse is not strong enough to jump yet. ➢ S
6. This tea is too hot to drink. ➢ O
7. I am feeling much too hot to eat. ➢ S
8. This writing is too faint to read. ➢ O
9. Mary is too faint to stand up. ➢ S
10.Thomas is too stupid to teach. ➢ O or S
************************************

Exercise 200
a. Using the information contained in the following two sentences, Burke was
a very eloquent speaker. He convinced even the most sceptical of his
opponents, form ten single sentences using the constructions below:
1. He was so eloquent that he convinced.
2. He was so eloquent a speaker that. . .
3. ... so eloquently that . . .
4. . .. such an eloquent.
5. ... so eloquent as to . . . .
6. . . . was such as to ...
7. So eloquent was he that.
8. So eloquently .. .
9. Such was .. .
10.With such .. .
b. Make up ten original sentences on the same models.
Comment clauses
Exercise 201
If the underlined part of each of the following sentences constitutes a
comment clause, answer Yes, and then explain in what way the clause
functions:
1. I told you Burke was an eloquent speaker.
➢ …………………………………………………………………….
2. Burke was an eloquent speaker, I told you.
➢ Yes, as main clause.
3. Burke, I told you, was an eloquent speaker.
➢ Yes, as main clause.
4. His audience listened spellbound as he spoke.
➢ ………………………………………………………………….
5. His audience listened spellbound, as I said.
➢ Yes, as adverbial.
6. What some of them were thinking, I can well imagine.
➢ ………………………………………………………………….
7. What were they really thinking, I wonder?
➢ Yes, as main.
8. Burke endeavored, in all his speeches, to be sincere.
➢ ……………………………………………………………….
9. Sometimes, to be sincere, I felt that his eloquence concealed the real truth.
➢ Yes, as to-infinitive clause, style disjunct.
10.What is important, he believed passionately in the cause he was upholding.
➢ Yes, as nominal relative disjunct.
11.What is important for him was this passionate belief.
➢ …………………………………………………………………….
12.Speaking as a patriot, he succeeded in arousing patriotic feelings in the
most self-seeking members of his audience.
➢ ………………………………………………………………….
13.Speaking as a patriot is always' a popular course when one's country is
threatened.
➢ …………………………………………………………….
14.Speaking as a patriot, ! feel that he is playing dangerous game.
➢ Yes, -ing clause, disjunct.
15.Summed up In words of one syllable, he is a fool.
➢ Yes, - ed clause, disjunct.
16.Summed up in simple language, his speech meant nothing at all.
➢ …………………………………………………………….
17.You may remember you told me about your trip to Vienna.
➢ Yes, main clause.
18.You told me about your trip to Vienna, you may remember.
➢ Yes main.
19.You told me, you may remember, that you saw Frances there.
➢ Yes, main.
20.I remember, you told me she was travelling with her cousin.
➢ Yes, main.
21.Was it really her cousin, I wonder?
➢ …………………………………………………………….

Tenses m dependent clauses

Exercise 203
From each of the pairs of sentences below, form one single sentence
containing a clause beginning with one of the following subordinators:
if unless when as soon as after before in case
1. Perhaps you will arrive at your hotel before five o'clock. In that case, please
telephone me at my office.
➢ If you arrive ... , please telephone ...
2. I will leave a message for you with my secretary. It is possible that I will be
out when you telephone.
➢ I will leave a message ... in case I am out ...
3. Perhaps I will have left my office when you arrive. In that case, please
telephone me at my house.
➢ If I have left my office when you arrive, please ...
4. I will discuss your programme with you. Do not make any appointments
before that.
➢ Do not make any appointments before I (have) discuss(ed) your
programme ...
5. We will first agree on your programme. Immediately after that, you can
start making appointments.
➢ You can start making appointments as soon as we agree .. .
6. I wish to approve of any appointments you make. You must not make any
otherwise.
➢ Do not make any appointments unless I approve.
7. You will be free to go sightseeing. However, you will have to finish all
your work first.
➢ You will be free .. . when, or after, you have finished ...
8. Perhaps you will not carry out all your programme. Then you will have to
come back next week.
➢ If you do not carry (or have not carried) out ... ,you will have to come
back ...
9. You will perhaps run into difficulties. If that should happen, do not
proceed, but consult me first.
➢ lf you (should) run into difficulties, consult me before you proceed.
10.You will perhaps run into difficulties. Otherwise, I will not interfere.
➢ I will not interfere unless ...
Exercise 204
In each of the following exchanges of conversation, expand B's reply so that it
contains a dependent clause with a verb in the modal past, but contains only
information. already supplied or implied by A:
1. A Do you think we should leave now?
B Yes, it's time.
➢ Yes, it's time we left now.
2. A John thinks he knows all the answers.
B Yes, he talks like it.
➢ Yes, he talks as if he knew all the answers.
3. A John is not in charge of this department.
B No, but he behaves like it.
➢ No, but he behaves as if he were.
4. A Shall we stop now?
B I'd rather not.
➢ I'd rather we didn't stop now.
5. A This isn't our own home, you know.
B No, but let's suppose otherwise.
➢ No, but let's suppose this were our own house.
6. A Wouldn't you like to have enough money to buy a yacht?
B Indeed, if only ...
➢ Indeed, if only I had enough money ...
7. A What a pity George isn't here!
B Yes, we could really have fun.
➢ Yes, we could really have fun if George were here.
8. A It was a good thing the police didn't stop you.
B Yes, I would have been in trouble.
➢ Yes, I would have been ... if the police had stopped me.
9. A But for that old lady's hat, we could see the stage perfectly.
B Yes, we could see very well.
➢ .... if it weren't for that old lady's hat.
10.A I'm sorry I stepped on the cat.
B Yes, my wife would never have heard us otherwise.
➢ ... if you hadn't stepped ...
************************************

Tenses with since

Exercise 205
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences so as to form one single
sentence, using since as a subordinator and not using the material in
brackets:
1. My parents came to live here (in 1965). (From that point of time), they
have been much better in health.
➢ Since my parents came ... , they have been ...
2. They have lived here (throughout a period of time). (During that period),
they have made many new friends.
➢ Since they have lived here, they have made ...
3. John left Anne (two weeks ago). (From that moment), she has hardly eaten
anything.
➢ Since I left A., she has hardly eaten ...
4. Anne has been in the house by herself (for two weeks). (During that time),
she has refused to open the door to anyone.
➢ Since A. has been ... , she has refused ...
5. I heard that song (the day before yesterday). (Subsequently), it has been
ringing in my ears (all the time).
➢ Ever since I heard that song it has been ringing in my ears.
6. Robert was living in Rome (three years ago). (Between then and now) I
have not had a word from him.
➢ Since R. was living in Rome, I have not had . ..
7. George began listening to English recordings regularly (last October). His
pronunciation is (now) greatly improved.
➢ Since G. began listening to English recordings, his pronunciation has
greatly improved.
8. He has been listening to English recordings (for several months). He is
(now) not spending so much time playing cards.
➢ Since he has been listening ... , he has not been spending ….
************************************

The subjunctive
Exercise 206
Change the verb phrase in the dependent finite clause so as to use the sub- -
junctive.
1. I propose, Mr. Chairman, that the Committee should adjourn and should
meet -again tomorrow.
➢ .... that the Committee adjourn and meet ...
2. We have already decided that this meeting should be adjourned until
tomorrow.
➢ .... that this meeting be adjourned ...
3. If this report is true, then the situation is indeed very serious.
➢ If this report be true, ...
4. If this report was more accurate, it would be an invaluable document.
➢ If this report were ... , ...
5. Though there may be some inaccuracies in this report, we must consider it
very seriously.
➢Though there be ... , .
6. The author of this report has written it as if he alone was in possession of
the facts.
➢ ... as if he alone were ...
7. Suppose every word of this was true, what action would the Committee
wish to take?
➢ Suppose every word of this were ... , ...
8. If the truth is known to any of you, it must be told to us all.
➢ If the truth be known ... , ...
9. If the truth was known, there would be a public outcry.
➢ If the truth were known, ...
10.Whatever may be the difficulties before us, we must face them with
courage and determination.
➢ Whatever be the difficulties ..., ….
************************************

Putative should
Exercise 207
Rephrase the sentences below, using putative should whenever possible:
1. I gather that you are worried about the expense.
➢ No change.
2. I am sorry that you have any doubts about our ability to keep expenditure
under control.
➢ .... that you should have ...
3. We deeply regret that we must take this action.
➢ .... that we should have to take ...
4. It is quite right for you to ~peak in your defence.
➢ .... quite right that you should speak, ..
5. It is quite right that J ones stole the key.
➢ stet.
6. I am surprised at your saying such a thing.
➢ ..... surprised that you should say ...
7. I can't imagine why you insist on his innocence.
➢ ... why you should insist ...
8. Isn't it possible that somebody else stole it?
➢ stet.
9. What I cannot understand is why he refused to answ.er my question.
➢ ... . why he should have refused ...
10.That stories of this kind are published in the press is a disgrace to our
society.
➢ ... should be published .. .
*******************************
‫عذرا ع األخطاء أن وجدت‬
‫ عمار يوسف‬: ‫الطباعة والنشر‬
******************************

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A University Grammar of English

CHAPTER 7. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

Chapter 7 The simple sentence

‫رحم اهلل من قرأ سورة الفاحتة اىل روح‬

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Clause types transformed

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Clause elements semantically considered

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2. I’ve broken my glasses. → My glasses have broken.

3. The frost has killed my roses. → My roses have died.

4. Someone has moved that picture. → That picture has moved.

5. A visitor rang the bell. → The bell rang.

9. The driver stopped the train. → The train stopped.

10. I can’t turn this screw. → This screw won't turn.

‫ عمار يوسف‬: ‫ال تنسوني ووالدي بالدعاء الطباعة والنشر‬

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5. War and peace {is/are} a constant theme in history.

7. War and Peace {is/are} a fascinating novel.

8. The people outside {is/are} getting very impatient.

9. The public {is/are} demanding an official enquiry.

11.The seven wonders of the world {was/were} well-known in ancient times.

12. The Three Bears' {is/are} a well-known nursery story.

13. The Philippines {is/are} a large group of islands.

14. None but the brave {deserve/deserves} the fair.

15. Neither John nor Mary {has/have} replied to my letter.

16. I wrote both to John and to Mary. Neither {has/have} replied.

17. Physics, as well as chemistry, {is/are} taught at this school.

18. The employment of girls under sixteen {is/are} forbidden.

19. Everybody {know/knows} what they have to do.

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Other types of concord

1. The Committee will insist on {its/their} rights.

2. The Committee wishes to reconsider {its/their} decision.

3. Every passenger has to carry {his/their} own luggage.

5. You have always been such {a good friend/good friends}.

8. I consider them { the guilty party/scoundrels}. either alternative.

1. We have enough evidence already. → haven't ,,,, yet

A. There are some people in the auditorium already.

B. Oh, I’d say there are very few.

C I agree. There are very few people in the auditorium.

1. A Smoking has something to do with cancer.

B Ferguson denies that. .

I don't think it has anything ...

2. A. We must always go a long way to find someone interested.

B. Oh, I would say seldom.

I don't think it has anything ...

3. A. The experiment has revealed something of importance.

It has scarcely revealed anything ...

4. A. We have all had some experience of real hunger.

B. Surely only two of us have.

Only two of us have had any ...

5. A. I am in favour of making some concessions to the other side.

B. Well, I am against it.

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6. A. I always see something good on television.

B. You’re fortunate. I rarely do.

I rarely see anything good ...

7. A. People have sometimes given an honest answer to that question.

B. I say that few people have.