Freud's Structural and Topographical Models of Personality

 
Sigmund Freud's Theory is quite complex and although his writings on psychosexual development set the
groundwork for how our personalities developed, it was only one of five parts to his overall theory of
personality.  He also believed that different driving forces develop during these stages which play an
important role in how we interact with the world.
 
Structural Model (id, ego, superego)
 
According to Freud, we are born with our Id.  The id is an important part of our personality because as
newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met.  Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure
principle.  In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the
reality of the situation.  When a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child cries.  When the
child needs to be changed, the id cries.  When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, too hot, too cold, or just
wants attention, the id speaks up until his or her needs are met.
 
The id doesn't care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction.  If you think
about it, babies are not real considerate of their parents' wishes.  They have no care for time, whether
their parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner, or bathing.  When the id wants something, nothing else
is important.
 
Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the
personality begins to develop.  Freud called this part the Ego.  The ego is based on the reality principle. 
The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or
selfish can hurt us in the long run.  Its the ego's job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into
consideration the reality of the situation.  
 
By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops.  The Superego
is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our
caregivers.  Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of right and wrong.
 
In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id,
not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation.  Not an easy job by
any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person's life.  If the
superego becomes to strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and
unbending in his or her interactions with the world.  You'll learn how the ego maintains control as you
continue to read.
 
 
Topographical Model
 
Freud believed that the majority of what we experience in our lives, the underlying emotions, beliefs,
feelings, and impulses are not available to us at a conscious level.  He believed that most of what drives
us is buried in our unconscious.  If you remember the Oedipus and Electra Complex, they were both
pushed down into the unconscious, out of our awareness due to the extreme anxiety they caused.  While
buried there, however, they continue to impact us dramatically according to Freud.
 
The role of the unconscious is only one part
of the model.  Freud also believed that
everything we are aware of is stored in our
conscious.  Our conscious makes up a
very small part of who we are.  In other
words, at any given time, we are only
aware of a very small part of what makes
up our personality; most of what we are is
buried and inaccessible.
 
The final part is the preconscious or
subconscious.  This is the part of us that we
can access if prompted, but is not in our
active conscious.  Its right below the
surface, but still buried somewhat unless
we search for it.  Information such as our
telephone number, some childhood
memories, or the name of your best
childhood friend is stored in the preconscious.
 
Because the unconscious is so large, and because we are only aware of the very small conscious at any
given time, this theory has been likened to an iceberg, where the vast majority is buried beneath the
water's surface.  The water, by the way, would represent everything that we are not aware of, have not
experienced, and that has not been integrated into our personalities, referred to as the nonconscious.
 

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is probably the most well known theorist when it comes to the development
of personality. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development are, like other stage theories, completed in
a predetermined sequence and can result in either successful completion or a healthy personality or can
result in failure, leading to an unhealthy personality. This theory is probably the most well known as well
as the most controversial, as Freud believed that we develop through stages based upon a particular
erogenous zone. During each stage, an unsuccessful completion means that a child becomes fixated on
that particular erogenous zone and either over– or under-indulges once he or she becomes an adult.

Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months). During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral pleasures (sucking).
Too much or too little gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is evidenced by
a preoccupation with oral activities. This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke,
drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. Personality wise, these individuals may become overly
dependent upon others, gullible, and perpetual followers. On the other hand, they may also fight these
urges and develop pessimism and aggression toward others.
Anal Stage (18 months to three years). The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and
retaining feces. Through society’s pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal
stimulation. In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an
obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive). On the opposite end of the spectrum,
they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive).

Phallic Stage (ages three to six). The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud believed that during
this stage boy develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. Because of this, he becomes rivals
with his father and sees him as competition for the mother’s affection. During this time, boys also develop
a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of
feelings is known as Oedipus Complex ( after the Greek Mythology figure who accidentally killed his
father and married his mother).

Later it was added that girls go through a similar situation, developing unconscious sexual attraction to
their father. Although Freud Strongly disagreed with this, it has been termed the Electra Complex by more
recent psychoanalysts.

According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the strong competition of his father, boys
eventually decide to identify with him rather than fight him. By identifying with his father, the boy develops
masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male, and represses his sexual feelings toward his
mother. A fixation at this stage could result in sexual deviancies (both overindulging and avoidance) and
weak or confused sexual identity according to psychoanalysts.
 
Latency Stage (age six to puberty). It’s during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and children
interact and play mostly with same sex peers.
 
Genital Stage (puberty on). The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty
when sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the previous stages,
adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure is the
genitals.