Solar Refrigeration

Indroduction
flux concentration ratio
I is the direct normal irradiance (DNI
Refrigerant nomenculature
The freons used for refrigeration applications are identified by an index “R” followed by a four-digit number that is
used to identify the exact refrigerant.
The first digit, which is omitted if it is equal to 0, refers to the number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds.
The second digit is equal to the number of carbon (C atoms minus one and is also omitted if it is equal to 0.
The third digit indicates the number of hydrogen (H atoms in the compound plus one.
The last digit refers to the number of fluorine (F atoms.
In order to specify the number of chlorine (Cl) atoms, the sum of the fluorine and hydrogen atoms should be
subtracted by the total number of atoms that can be connected to the carbon atoms.
several isomers for a given compound exist. Each isomer has different properties and thus a lowercase letter has
been added to identify the different isomers.
Regulation og refrigerants
The Montreal Protocol, in 1987 (ozone-depleting substances)
The Kyoto Protocol, in 1997 (reduction of global warming)
Thermodynamic cycles for solar cooling

Carnot Cycle for refrigeration
The Main Components of Mechanical Refrigeration

Compressor
Condenser
Evaporator
Throttling Device
Vapor Compressor Cycle

Multi stage and Cascade vapor compression systems
Absorption cooling Cycle

absorption machines are thermally driven, using heat to increase the pressure of the fluid exiting the evaporator and
to deliver it to the condenser. Absorption chillers are commonly powered by waste heat, solar energy, geothermal
sources, or the combustion of biomass or natural gas
The main advantages of absorption chillers are their long lifespans and their efficient part-load operation
single stage
double stage
Adsorption cooling Cycle

The adsorption cycle consists of two main phases: desorption and adsorption. Initially,The system is at a low
pressure and temperature; the adsorbent contained in the adsorber is saturated with refrigerant.
In order to regenerate it, the desorption phase is initiated. The adsorbent is heated by an external heat source,
driving the refrigerant out of the adsorbent and increasing system’s pressure.
The desorbed refrigerant condenses in the condenser,producing heat. The next phase is adsorption. The
adsorber is cooled back to an ambient temperature and is connected to the evaporator, which causes the
refrigerant’s adsorption
Desiccant cooling system

Desiccant systems base their operation on the use of a rotary dehumidifier, where the dehumidification of air
takes place. The dry air is then cooled down in consecutive heat exchangers before entering the cooled room.
Organic Rankine Cycle
The organic Rankine cycle is a modification of a conventional Rankine cycle. the main difference is that an organic fluid
is used instead of water steam.
Super critical CO2 Cycle
a standard brayton cycle suffers form the drawback of needing a large amout of work to compress the working
fluid
a conventional water steam rankine cycle requires significant superheating to avoid high moisture condensation
on the evaporator turbine
co2 operates at all points, the working fluid is in a supercritical state, working fluids with relatively low critical
temperatures are only applicable in this cycle
Solar Thermal Collectors

Geometric concentration ratio
Non- Concentrating Solar Collectors

 Flat plate collectors
 Evacuated Tube collectors
 Hybrid PV thermal collectors
Flat plate collectors
HTF Heat transfer fluid

To achieve the best possible annual performance, collectors should be directed toward the equator—pointing south in
the northern hemisphere and north in the southern hemisphere—while their tilt angle β should be equal to the latitude
of the installation site.
Evacuated tube collectors
Hybrid PV thermal collectors
Concentrating Solar collectors

 Non-imaging concentrators
 Imaging concentrators
Imaging concentrators are reflective optical devices that use incident solar Irradiation to form an image of the light
source at the focal plane of the concentrator. On the other hand the main function is to optimize the optical radiative
transfer from a light source—the sun or the sun’s image—to the solar absorber. Non-imaging concentrators are
integrated to either non-concentrating or concentrating collectors.
Non Imaging Concentrating Collectors

commonly used - Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC
two parabolic reflectors with different focal points facing each other
The fundamental advantage of non-imaging optics is that concentration of sunlight is possible without the need to
actively track the sun’s position in the sky
Imaging concentrating collectors

Imaging concentrators are reflective optical devices that collect dilute low-flux solar radiation and focus the rays of
light toward a solar absorber receiver positioned at the reflector’s focal plane, where an image of the light source is
formed.
imaging concentrators that are commercially available for large-scale collection of solar energy for thermal
applications include:
 Parabolic Trough collectors

 Linear Fresnel reflectors
 Central Tower receivers
 Paraboloidal dish reflectors
Parabolic Trough collectors
made of silver coated glass

Linear Fresnel Reflectors
The linear Fresnel reflector (LFR system consists of several rows of mirror segments, each capable of rotating along a
single axis to track the sun’s position in the sky and focus solar radiation onto a solar receiver that is fixed at an
elevated linear tower aligned parallel with the rotational axis of the mirrors
Central Tower Receivers

Paraboloidal Dish Reflectors
Photovoltaic driven Heat pumps

Photovoltaic conversion consists of the direct conversion of photons from the sun into electricity in a solid-state
semiconductor device called a PV cell, which is the core of a PV system.
PV cell Materials
PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as mono- or poly-crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs),
copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS, and cadmium telluride (CdTe).
Solar Electric Chillers
A typical solar electric chiller—or PV-driven compression chiller—consists mainly of PV arrays, a battery, an inverter,
and an electrically driven refrigeration device. A solar electric system can operate in three power configurations:
A standalone system
A hybrid system, in combination with another power plant
A system powered solely by the grid or a grid-intertie system
Photovotaic - Thermal systems
Absorption Cooling Heat Pumps

Solar Refrigeration

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Indroduction

flux concentration ratio

I is the direct normal irradiance (DNI

Thermodynamic cycles for solar cooling

The Main Components of Mechanical Refrigeration

Vapor Compressor Cycle

Absorption cooling Cycle

Adsorption cooling Cycle

Desiccant cooling system

Solar Thermal Collectors

Non- Concentrating Solar Collectors

Flat plate collectors

HTF Heat transfer fluid

Evacuated tube collectors

Hybrid PV thermal collectors

Concentrating Solar collectors

Non Imaging Concentrating Collectors

Imaging concentrating collectors

 Parabolic Trough collectors

Parabolic Trough collectors

made of silver coated glass

Central Tower Receivers

Photovoltaic driven Heat pumps

Photovotaic - Thermal systems

Absorption Cooling Heat Pumps

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