LITERATURE 2.

Profile
- in-depth article/essay about a person,
CREATIVE NONFICTION object or place
- nonfiction prose but utilizes the techniques 3. Literary Journalism
& strategies of fiction - writing in a personal way about facts in
- creative doesn’t mean fabricating or a news event
manipulating; used only to make more 4. Personal Narratives
interesting accounts a) Autobiographical
- expected to write compelling stories about - about your entire life
life b) Biographical
Poles of Creative Nonfiction - someone else’s entire life
• Literary Journalism
- new journalism ELEMENTS OF CREATIVE NONFICTION
- writing in a personal way about 1. APPROACH
the facts in a news events - how the story is written
- still close to traditional reportage - techniques, intention
• Literary Memoir - theoretical background
- works of nonfiction that can be 2. POINT OF VIEW
coherent & crafted works of - most prominent/omnipresent = “I”
literature 3. TONE
- deals with a slice of life - attitude of the writer towards a subject
- told in a factual but creative 4. VOICE
way - personal style/signature style of the
In between the two poles: author
1. Magazine Feature Article - consistency & use of language
- tenses are in present 5. STRUCTURE
- adjectives = encouraged - how the story is presented to the reader
2. Newspaper Column a) Linear/Conventional
- straight to the point - beginning, middle, end
- commentary on a particular b) Nonlinear/Nonconventional
subject - flashbacks, flashforwards, etc.
- things that are going on in a 6. STRONG BEGINNING & CONVINCING
particular place END
3. Interview Story - beginning = motivate
- about personalities/famous - end = teach/promote
people - everything must be joined/earned
4. Character Sketch/Profile 7. RHETORICAL TECHNIQUES
- personalities in a story - makes you ponder in life
5. Personal Essay - answers = do not come on normal
- opinion & experiences discourse
6. Autobiographical Sketch 8. CHARACTER
- entire life of a person - flat, round, dynamic, etc.
- people, animal, objects within the story
GENRES OF CREATIVE NONFICTION 9. CONCRETE & EVCATIVE DETAILS
1. Essay/Article - details = significant, vivid, & imagistic
- essay = literary - synesthesia = incorporate all senses
- article = feature magazine/journalistic - bring the reader where you want them
aspect to be
- image > adjective

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10. SCENE CLASSIFICATION OF WRITERS
- filming imagination 1. PIONEERS
= create the scene by using all - sketched a new territoriality that
elements recovers a colonized land
- add/delete scene 2. POLITICAL EXPRATRIOTES
- from the Martial Law period
SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE
- where good writings depend on AMBIVALENCE & POST-COLONIALISM
Homi Bhabha
UNDER MY INVISIBLE UMBRELLA - father of post-colonialism
- by Laurel Fantauzzo - “the dash” = puts us in a state of
- about the special privileges because of ambivalence (neither here nor there)
races Marxism
- power struggle
LAUREL FANTAUZZO - white privilege, class struggle, identity,
- fil-am nonfiction writer acculturation (sense of belonging)
- completed her Master of Fine Arts degree
in Creative Writing at the University of Iowa ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
- earned a 2010 Astraea Lesbian Emerging - basis for analysis and evaluation of
Writers Fellowship dramatic works
- won the 2011 Fullbright research fellowship - categorized into three:
& 2013 Don Carlos Palanca Award • Literary Elements
• Technical Elements
“invisible umbrella” • Performance Elements
- special privileges/treatment ARISTOTLE
- race, class, power, ambivalence - first proponent of drama
“ambivalence” - mimesis = mimicry of life
- duality that presents a split in the identity of - proponent of catharsis = intense
the colonized other expression of feelings
- good & bad - came up with the elements of drama
(classical theatre)
THEMES:
• Racial politics SIX ELEMENTS OF DRAMA (Classical)
• White privileges • PLOT
• Stigma - what happens in the play
• Disadvantages & advantages - refers to the action
• Stereotypical reactions - basic storyline of the play
• Alienation Plot Structure
• Diasporic writing 1. Initial Incident
- writer writes about their country in - event that gets the story going
another country - beginning
2. Preliminary Event
Race - whatever takes place before the
- classification of humans into groups based action of the play that is directly
on ancestry, physical traits, etc. related to the play
Diaspora - comes after the initial incident
- movement, migration, or scattering of 3. Rising Action
people away from their ancestral homeland - series of events following the
initial incident & leading up to the
dramatic climax

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 4. Climax • Audience
- turning point/high point - group of people who watch the play
- events can go either way - many consider this as the most
5. Falling Action important element of drama
- series of events following the - all of the effort put into writing &
climax producing a play is for the enjoyment
6. Denouement of the audience
- French word for unravelling
- conclusion LITERARY ELEMENTS
“deus ex machina” – when a godlike • Exposition
something solves all the problem - who, what, when, where
• Story Organization
• THEME - beginning, middle, end
- meaning of the play • Conflict
- main idea or lesson to be learned from - internal or external struggle
the play between opposing forces, ideas, or
- may be obvious or quite subtle interests
• CHARACTERS - creates dramatic tension
- people, animals, ideas portrayed by the • Suspense
actors in the play - feeling of uncertainty as to the
- characters who move the action or plot outcome
• DIALOGUE - used to build interest & excitement
- words written by the playwright • Language
- spoken by the characters - particular manner of verbal
- helps move the action of the play expression
• MUSIC/RHYTHM - diction or style of writing
- rhythm of the actors’ voices as they - speech or phrasing that suggests a
speak class, profession, or type of character
• SPECTACLE • Style
- visual elements of a play - shaping of dramatic material,
- everything that the audience sees as settings, or costumes in a deliberately
they watch the play non-realistic manner
• Soliloquy
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA (Modern Theatre) - delivered by an actor when alone on
- three new elements the stage
- complete list: • Monologue
• Characters - long speech made by one actor
• Plot - aside = delivering of thoughts of the
• Theme character
• Dialogue
• Convention TECHNICAL ELEMENTS
- techniques and methods used by - main point of drama
the playwright & director to create the • Scenery/Set
desired stylistic effect - theatrical equipment such as
• Genre curtain, flats, backdrops, etc.
- type of the play - used in a dramatic production to
- may be comedy, tragedy, mystery, communicate environment
etc. • Costumes
- clothing & accessories worn by
actors to portray a character & period

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 • Props • Diction
- short form properties - selection & pronunciation of words
- any article, except costume or - clarity of speech
scenery, used as part of a dramatic • Nonverbal Expression
production - gestures = movement of the actor’s
- any moveable object that appears head, shoulder, arm, hand, leg, or
on stage during a performance foot
• Lights - facial expression = physical &
- placement, intensity, & color of vocal aspects used by an actor to
lights to help communicate the convey mood, feeling, or personality
environment, mood, or feeling
• Sound FRANZ KAFKA
- effects an audience hear - born in Modern Prague (1883)
- communicates character, context, - oldest of the 9 children
or environment - Jewish parents
• Makeup - father = successful merchant but
- costumes, wigs, & body paint overbearing
- used to transform an actor into - sensitive & suffering from feelings of
character isolation
- unconnected to his religion & didn’t readily
PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS accept the teachings of Judaism
• Acting - minority in his country because he was a
- use of face, body, and voice to German speaking Jew
portray a character - unsuccessful in personal relationships
• Character Motivation - physically weak
- reason/s for a character’s behavior
- incentive/inducement for further Kafkaesque
action for a character - anything having to do with alienation,
• Character Analysis absurdity, anxiety, or isolation
- responding to dramatic art - themes that came to characterize Kafka’s
- examining how the elements of life works
drama are used
• Empathy Absurdism
- capacity to relate to the feelings of - philosophy based on the belief that the
another universe is irrational & meaningless
• Speaking Style - world = hopeless, meaningless, sickly, loss,
- mode of expression/delivery of lines lonely, work (mundane)
Prague (1880-1920)
• Breath Control
- The City of Three Peoples:
- proper use of lungs & diaphragm
muscle • Ethnic Czechs
- for maximum capacity & efficiency • 6% German speakers
of breathing for speaking • 5% Jews (speaks German or both)
• Vocal Expression
- how an actor uses his voice to ANTI-SEMITISM
convey character - hostile actions or discrimination against
• Inflection Jews
- change of pitch/loudness of voice - surrounded Prague
- Christian girl found murder when Kafka was
• Projection
16 = created riots = harassed Jews &
- how well the voice carries to the
destroyed shops
audience

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Kafka’s Father EXISTENTIALISM
- was hard on Kafka = Kafka had: - emphasis: uniqueness of each individual’s
• Lifelong guilt, anxiety, and lack of experience & his/her isolation in a different
self-confidence universe
• feelings that he could never live up - focus: individual
his father’s standards - events in the human existence cannot be
• lived wit his parents after college explained = freedom of choice & complete
• turned anger & anxiety inward by responsibility
isolating himself from his family - reaction to many dehumanized aspects of
society/sense of loss & confusion
Reasons for Kafka’s Difficulty in Writing - shifted ideas of right & wrong
• Family tensions - world = hostile/chaotic
• Parent’s getting older & ill SURREALISM
• Self-doubts - aims to interpret the subconscious mind
• Write, then destroy, then write again
KAFKA AFTER DEATH
- died in a sanatorium in extreme pain from
Kafka’s Writing
Tuberculosis
- features bizarre situations
- given many of his manuscripts to friends
- characters = embody the alienation, search
with directions to destroy them, but his
for meaning, & despair of modern life
friends save them
LAST YEAR’S OF KAFKA
KAFKA – THE HOLOCAUST
- marked by periods of intense writing
- continuously tormented by the cruelness of
activity, family tensions, unsuccessful love
the world
relationships, & worsening health
- died before Hitler came into power, but his
- hypochondriac, but developed tuberculosis
family & friends did not escape the holocaust
when he was 35
- much of his work was burned by the
- died in a rest home at the age of 41
Gestapo
- three of his sisters died in concentration
METAMORPHOSIS
camps
- novella written in 1912 by Franz Kafka
- transformation, as if by magic
KAFKA TODAY
- marked change in appearance
- works are read throughout the world
- usually used in Biology describing the
- best known for describing obscure
transformation of insects
situations with simple, cold words
- never explained what he meant with ideas
Novella
& concepts
- longer & more complex than short stories
- focuses on a limited number of characters
& events

WHY METAMORPHOSIS?
- draws readers into a nightmarish world of
Gregor Samsa who undergoes a
transformation of a bug
- many readers connect to his feelings of
alienation

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