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    Research: Navigation Search

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    1) Research can be defined as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It involves collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic. 2) There are different types of research including scientific research, which relies on the scientific method, artistic research which considers creative works as both the research and the object of study, and historical research which uses the historical method. 3) The goal of research is to create new knowledge through exploratory, constructive, or empirical methods. Research can be primary, involving collection of new data, or secondary, involving summary or synthesis of existing research.

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    Research: Navigation Search

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    Irfan Mughal
    53 views5 pages
    1) Research can be defined as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It involves collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic. 2) There are different types of research including scientific research, which relies on the scientific method, artistic research which considers creative works as both the research and the object of study, and historical research which uses the historical method. 3) The goal of research is to create new knowledge through exploratory, constructive, or empirical methods. Research can be primary, involving collection of new data, or secondary, involving summary or synthesis of existing research.

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    Research

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    1) Research can be defined as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It involves collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic. 2) There are different types of research including scientific research, which relies on the scientific method, artistic research which considers creative works as both the research and the object of study, and historical research which uses the historical method. 3) The goal of research is to create new knowledge through exploratory, constructive, or empirical methods. Research can be primary, involving collection of new data, or secondary, involving summary or synthesis of existing research.

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    53 views5 pages

    Research: Navigation Search

    Uploaded by

    Irfan Mughal
    1) Research can be defined as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It involves collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic. 2) There are different types of research including scientific research, which relies on the scientific method, artistic research which considers creative works as both the research and the object of study, and historical research which uses the historical method. 3) The goal of research is to create new knowledge through exploratory, constructive, or empirical methods. Research can be primary, involving collection of new data, or secondary, involving summary or synthesis of existing research.

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    Research

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    Jump to: navigation, search
    This article is about the search for knowledge. For the suburb of Melbourne, Australia,
    see Research, Victoria.
    For the Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:Original research. For information on using
    Wikipedia for research, see Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia.
    This article needs additional citations for verification.
    Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged
    and removed. (June 2009)

    Olin Levi Warner, Research holding the torch of knowledge (1896). Library of Congress
    Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.

    Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation,
    with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new
    ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method. The primary purpose
    for basic research (as opposed to applied research) is discovering, interpreting, and the
    development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a
    wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe.

    Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of


    curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of
    the nature and the properties of the world around us. It makes practical applications
    possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations
    and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided
    into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines.

    Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative
    works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable
    body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its
    search for knowledge and truth.

    Historical research is embodied in the historical method.

    The phrase my research is also used loosely to describe a person's entire collection of
    information about a particular subject.

    Contents
    [hide]

    • 1 Etymology
    • 2 Research processes
    o 2.1 Scientific research
    • 3 Artistic research
    • 4 Historical method
    • 5 Research methods
    • 6 Publishing
    • 7 Research funding
    • 8 See also
    • 9 References

    • 10 Further reading

    [edit] Etymology
    The word research is derived from the French recherche, from rechercher, to search
    closely where "chercher" means "to look for" or "to search".

    [edit] Research processes


    [edit] Scientific research

    Main article: Scientific method

    Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step


    order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are
    usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:

    1. Observations and Formation of the topic


    2. Hypothesis
    3. Conceptual definitions
    4. Operational definition
    5. Gathering of data
    6. Analysis of data
    7. Test, revising of hypothesis
    8. Conclusion, iteration if necessary

    A common misunderstanding is that by this method a hypothesis could be proven or


    tested. Generally a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing
    the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the
    hypothesis is rejected. However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the
    experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because
    researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the
    observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported
    by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as
    true. A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the
    time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time,
    the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case a new
    hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes
    more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it.

    [edit] Artistic research


    One of the characteristics of artistic research is that it must accept subjectivity as opposed
    to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the social sciences in using
    qualitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical
    analysis.[citation needed]

    [edit] Historical method


    Main article: Historical method

    The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use
    historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are
    various history guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings
    of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This includes higher criticism and
    textual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher,
    the following concepts are usually part of most formal historical research:

    • Identification of origin date


    • Evidence of localization
    • Recognition of authorship
    • Analysis of data
    • Identification of integrity
    • Attribution of credibility

    [edit] Research methods


    The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge. This process takes three
    main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be
    obscure.):

    • Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems


    • Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem
    • Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical
    evidence

    The research room at the New York Public Library, an example of secondary research in
    progress.

    Research can also fall into two distinct types:

    • Primary research (collection of data that does not yet exist)


    • Secondary research (summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research)

    In social sciences and later in other disciplines, the following two research methods can
    be applied, depending on the properties of the subject matter and on the objective of the
    research:

    • Qualitative research (understanding of human behavior and the reasons that


    govern such behavior)
    • Quantitative research (systematic empirical investigation of quantitative
    properties and phenomena and their relationships)
    Research is often conducted using the hourglass model Structure of Research.[1] The
    hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required
    information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then
    expands the research in the form of discussion and results.

    [edit] Publishing
    Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academic scholars
    to peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience. The 'system', which
    is probably disorganized enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also
    always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or
    book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in
    science, technology, and medicine.

    Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for
    publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish
    work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted
    as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields; from the print to
    the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since
    about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been
    very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is
    open access. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which
    the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-
    archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.

    [edit] Research funding


    Main article: Research funding
    Wikiversity has learning materials about Research
    Look up research in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

    Most funding for scientific research comes from two major sources: Corporate research
    and development departments; and government research councils such as the National
    Institutes of Health in the USA[2] and the Medical Research Council in the UK. These are
    managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors.
    Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time
    applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers
    to carry out their research, but also as a source of merit.

    [edit] See also

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