College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

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Electromagnetism

Rapid Learning Core Tutorial Series

Wayne Huang, Ph.D.

Keith Duda, M.Ed.
Peddi Prasad, Ph.D. Rapid Learning Center
Gary Zhou, Ph.D. www.RapidLearningCenter.com/
Kelly Deters, M.A. © Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
Michelle Wedemeyer, Ph.D.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Objectives
By completing this tutorial, you will:

„ Describe the idea of

magnetic flux.
„ Understand concepts and
problems involving
Faraday’s law of magnetic
induction.
„ Use Lenz’s law to
describe the direction of
current and magnetic flux.

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ElectroMagnetism
Previous
Previouscontent
content Physics
Physics

New
Newcontent
content
Studies

Electrical
Electrical and
Magnetic
Magnetic
Forces
Forces Forces
Forces

produce produce

Electric Magnetic Magnetic

Magnetic
Electric Magnetic
Fields Fields Flux
Flux
Fields Fields Described
by

When changed produces

Faraday’s
Faraday’s EMF
EMFand
and Lenz’s
Lenz’s
Law
Law Current
Current Law
Law
Described Described
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by by

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Magnetic Flux

We can describe the amount or density of

a magnetic field with the concept of
magnetic flux.

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Magnetic Flux
The idea of flux can be described as the total
number of lines passing through an area or coil.
It can also be calculated.
Angle
Magnetic between field
Flux and a normal
line on the
surface area
ΦB = BAcosθ

Area of
Magnetic
surface,
Field, T
m2
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Flux Observations

If the B field is
greater, the flux If the B field is
is greater. perpendicular to
the area, the flux
is a maximum.

If the area is
larger, the flux
is larger.

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Angle Description
The angle θ refers to the angle between the B field,
and a line drawn perpendicular to the surface/area.

Here the
angle is 0o,
cos 0 = 1

Normal or
perpendicular
line

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Flux Units

Since Flux has the

units of B x A
ΦB = B A cosθ

This is 1 Tesla
Also called 1
meter2
Weber, Wb

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Hula Hoop Analogy

To simulate the idea of magnetic flux through a

surface, consider a hula hoop in the rain.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Angle Variation
It should seem obvious that a change in the
angle of the surface compared to the field lines
will change the flux through the surface.

Greatest flux Less flux Least flux

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Field and Area Variation

You can increase the flux through the hoop other ways
too.

A larger A stronger
surface area B field
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Magnetic Flux Example

Imagine that you have a hula hoop of radius .7m
immersed in the magnetic field of the Earth, 5x10-5 T.
A normal line from the hoop is facing 30 degrees
away from North pole of the Earth. What is the flux
through the hoop?

ΦB = BAcosθ
ΦB = (5x10 −5 T)(1.5m2 )cos30 o
Find the area of the
ΦB = 6.5x10 −5 Tm2 circular hoop.
A = πr2
ΦB = 6.5x10 −5 Wb A=3.14(.7m)2
A=1.5m2
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Faraday’s Law

Faraday’s law describes the relationship

between magnetism and electric current.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Magnetic Induction

If current in a wire can

produce a magnetic Yes!
field, could a magnetic
field produce a
current?

Joseph Henry (US) and

Michael Faraday (England)
both discovered such a
phenomenon.
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Induced Current
Just as electricity 0
- + Current
needs to be moving to
create a B field, the B
field must be moving,
or changing, to create
a current.

Loop of
Notice how the wire
current is connected
created, and how N to ammeter
it varies.
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Induced Current Observations

When the When the

magnetic field magnetic field is
changes, a constant, zero
current flows. current flows.

Induced emf, electromotive force,

is produced by a changing B field.

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Faraday’s Law of Induction

The greater the change in flux in a wire loop, the

greater the induced current.
Less time equates to a greater current too.
Adding more loops will also increase the current.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Faraday’s Law Equation

Change in
Induced Magnetic
emf, V Flux, Wb

ΔΦ
ε = −N
Δt
Number Change in
of coils time,s

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Example Faraday’s Law Problem

A coil of wire consists of 20 turns, each of which
has an area of 1.5 x 10 –3 m2. A B field is
perpendicular to the surface. At t = 0 seconds, the
B field is .05 T. At t = .1 seconds, the B field is .06
T. Find the average induced emf in the coil.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Solution
First, we must combine our definition of magnetic
flux and Faraday’s law:

ΔΦ ΦB = BAcosθ
ε = −N
Δt
ΔBAcosθ
ε = −N
Δt
Since the field is perpendicular to the loop,
cos 0o = 1
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Solution Continued
Change in
ΔBA Magnetic
ε = −N field
Δt .06T-.05T

(.01T)1.5x 10 -3 m2
ε = −20
.1s
ε = −.003V
If the units for Teslas are substituted in, you see
that you do end up with a unit of Volts...
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Lenz’s Law

Lenz’s law describes the direction of the

current produced by a changing
magnetic field.

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Right Hand Rule Review Question

The wire shown below carries conventional current
into the plane of the page/screen. How will the B
field point in the vicinity of the wire?

By the RHR, the thumb Thus, the fingers curl

points in the direction in the direction of the
of current. This is into B field.
the page here.
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Applying RHR
In cases where a current is
created, the RHR can be used to
B
find the direction of that current. f
i
e
l
Point the fingers of the right d
hand in the direction to
maintain the magnetic field flux
(opposing any change).
current

The thumb now shows the

direction of the induced
current!
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Lenz’s Law
0
- + Current

An influenced emf
always gives rise to a
current whose
magnetic field
opposes the original
change in flux.
Loop of
wire
The right hand rule
connected
is used in these
N to ammeter
situations.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Change in Flux
Notice how the area is lessened when the hoop is
stretched.

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

Since the flux is reduced, the current flows in the

direction that produces a B field that helps maintain
the original flux.
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The induced current attempts to keep the status quo.

Hoop Entering a B Field

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

The gray area represents a magnetic field. When the

loop enters into the field, will a current be produced?
Which way?

Counter clockwise so that the currents seems to

oppose the increase in flux from the field.
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Continued Motion
X X X X

X X X X

X X X X
While the loop is totally immersed in the field,
describe the current flowing.

Because there is no change in flux, NO current

flows.

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Hoop Leaving the B Field

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

The gray area represents a magnetic field. When the

loop leaves the field, will a current be produced?
Which way?

Clockwise so that the currents seems to oppose

the decrease in flux from the field.
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Moving Magnet
If the magnet is inserted all the way through the
loop, how will current flow in the loop?

S N

A. Clockwise
B. Counter clockwise
C. Clockwise then counterclockwise correct
D. Counterclockwise then clockwise
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E. No current flows at all

Additional Question
If you were looking at a loop of wire, and the
magnetic field coming through there IS
increased, would any current flow? Which way?

The current
. . would flow to
. . counter the
. . . . increase in B
. .
. . field coming at
you, clockwise.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Emf Induced in Moving Conductor

. . . . . .

. . . . . .
Length,
L
. . . . . .

. . . . . .
Imagine the conduction bar moving along the U
shaped wire immersed in the B field. This
increases the flux through the opening. Notice the
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Combing Flux and Faraday’s Formulas

Since:
ε = ΔΦ / Δt

and
ΔΦ = BA

then:
ε = B Δ A / Δt

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Deriving EMF in Moving Conductor

The changing area is equal to:
Equivalent to
L v Δt
the area of
the rectangle
substituting that as ΔA,

The Δt
ε = B L v Δt / Δt variables
cancel out.

ε = BLv
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EMF in a Moving Conductor Formula

Induced
emf Velocity,
m/s

ε = BLv

Length of
Magnetic conductor, m
Field, T

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Induction Example Problem

As pictured, a 1.6 m long rod is moving at 5 m/s
perpendicular to the .8 T B field. The rod and rails
have negligible resistance, but the light bulb has a
resistance of 96 Ω.
a) Find the induced emf
b) Find the induced current

X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X

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Induction Solution
a) ε = B l v = ( .8 T) 1.6m( 5m/s) = 6.4 V

b) V = IR V 6.4V
I= = = .067A
R 96Ω
The current will move counter clockwise as
pictured.

X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Application Example
You may have noticed a popular gadget that uses
Faraday’s law. Some flashlights use no batteries
at all yet still produce light apparently by the
magic of shaking them.
Instead you shake the light, moving a magnet
through a coil of wire.

This supplies a current which charges a

capacitor. This stores the charge for use in the
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bulb or LED to produced light when needed.

Generators
An electric motor takes current and translates it
into mechanical motion. A generator takes motion
and turns it into current.

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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

Sources of Mechanical Motion

Generators can get their mechanical motion from many sources:

„ Steam
„ Wind
„ Water
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Summary

Lenz’s
Lenz’s law:
law: the
the Magnetic
Magnetic fluxflux EMF
EMF induced
induced
induced current
induced current can be
can be by a moving
by a moving
flows
flows in
in the
the described
described as as conductor:
conductor:
direction that
direction that the number
the number ε=BLv
ε=BLv
produces
produces aa B B of
of field
field lines
lines
field
field that
that helps
helps through
through an an
maintain
maintain thethe area.
area.
original
original flux.
flux.

Faraday’s
Faraday’s law
law of
of
Magnetic
Magnetic flux:
flux: induction:
induction:
Φ
ΦBB=BAcosθ
=BAcosθ ΔΦ
ε = −N
Δt
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 College Physics Tutorial Series - 18

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the tutorial

Electromagnetism
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