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    Shell Programming Study Material1

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    Meenal Sinha
    A shell is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the Linux operating system, allowing users to enter commands. The standard shell in Linux is bash. Shell scripts can be created using any text editor and made executable to run commands. Scripts can use variables, conditions, loops, and other control structures. Variables can store and manipulate data, and conditions like if/else and elif allow different code blocks to run based on the results of expressions.

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    Shell Programming Study Material1

    Uploaded by

    Meenal Sinha
    99 views4 pages
    A shell is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the Linux operating system, allowing users to enter commands. The standard shell in Linux is bash. Shell scripts can be created using any text editor and made executable to run commands. Scripts can use variables, conditions, loops, and other control structures. Variables can store and manipulate data, and conditions like if/else and elif allow different code blocks to run based on the results of expressions.

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    A shell is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the Linux operating system, allowing users to enter commands. The standard shell in Linux is bash. Shell scripts can be created using any text editor and made executable to run commands. Scripts can use variables, conditions, loops, and other control structures. Variables can store and manipulate data, and conditions like if/else and elif allow different code blocks to run based on the results of expressions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    99 views4 pages

    Shell Programming Study Material1

    Uploaded by

    Meenal Sinha
    A shell is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the Linux operating system, allowing users to enter commands. The standard shell in Linux is bash. Shell scripts can be created using any text editor and made executable to run commands. Scripts can use variables, conditions, loops, and other control structures. Variables can store and manipulate data, and conditions like if/else and elif allow different code blocks to run based on the results of expressions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    What is a command shell?

    A shell is a program that acts as the interface between you and the Linux system, enabling you to
    enter commands for the operating system to execute. In that respect, it resembles the Windows
    command prompt, but as mentioned earlier, Linux shells are much more powerful.

    On Linux, the standard shell that is always installed as /bin/sh is called bash (the GNU Bourne-
    Again Shell), from the GNU suite of tools.
    You can check the version of bash you have with the following command:
    $ /bin/bash –version
    Many other shells are available, either free or commercially. The following table offers a brief
    summary of some of the more common shells available:

    Creating a shell script:


    Using any text editor, you need to create a file containing the commands; create a file called
    first.sh that looks like this:

    myvar=”Hi there”
    echo $myvar
    echo “$myvar”
    echo ‘$myvar’
    echo \$myvar
    echo Enter some text
    read myvar
    echo ‘$myvar’ now equals $myvar
    exit 0
    Making a Script Executable
    Now that you have your script file, you can run it in two ways. The simpler way is to invoke the
    shell with the name of the script file as a parameter:
    $ /bin/sh first
    Or
    $ chmod +x first
    Then $ first

    Environment Variables

    A sample programme to manipulate the environment variable: test2.sh


    salutation=”Hello”
    echo $salutation
    echo “The program $0 is now running”
    echo “The second parameter was $2”
    echo “The first parameter was $1”
    echo “The parameter list was $*“
    echo “The user’s home directory is $HOME”
    echo “Please enter a new greeting”
    read salutation
    echo $salutation
    echo “The script is now complete”
    exit 0

    If you run this script, you get the following output:


    $ ./test2_var foo bar baz
    Hello
    The program ./test is now running
    The second parameter was bar
    The first parameter was foo
    The parameter list was foo bar baz
    The user’s home directory is /home/userid
    Please enter a new greeting
    Sire
    Sire
    The script is now complete
    $
    Conditions
    You can also write it like this:
    if [ condition ]
    then
    ...
    Fi

    Control Structures
    if
    The if statement is very simple: It tests the result of a command and then conditionally executes
    a
    group of statements:
    if condition
    then
    statements
    else
    statements
    fi
    Sample programme: test3.sh
    echo “Is it morning? Please answer yes or no”
    read timeofday
    if [ $timeofday = “yes” ]; then
    echo “Good morning”
    else
    echo “Good afternoon”
    fi
    exit 0
    elif
    Unfortunately, there are several problems with this very simple script. For one thing, it will take
    any answer except yes as meaning no. You can prevent this by using the elif construct, which
    allows you to add a second condition to be checked when the else portion of the if is executed.
    You can modify the previous script so that it reports an error message if the user types in
    anything other than yes or no. Do this by replacing the else with elif and then adding another
    condition:
    #!/bin/sh
    echo “Is it morning? Please answer yes or no”
    read timeofday
    if [ $timeofday = “yes” ]
    then
    echo “Good morning”
    elif [ $timeofday = “no” ]; then
    echo “Good afternoon”
    else
    echo “Sorry, $timeofday not recognized. Enter yes or no”
    exit 1
    fi
    exit 0

    Assignment9:
    Write a shell script to print the following number pattern (using nested for loop).
    1
    2 2
    3 3 3
    4 4 4 4
    5 5 5 5 5
    Assignment10:
    Write a shell script to print the prime numbers between n & m. [n & m are user input] (using nested
    while loop).

    Reference:
    Beginning Linux Programming by NEIL MATTHEW published by SPD

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