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    Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

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    Georges Chouchani
    This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

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    Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Georges Chouchani
    398 views9 pages
    This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

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    This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    398 views9 pages

    Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Georges Chouchani
    This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    3.

    Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise

    PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

    Representation:
    h(t)
    1

    0 T t
    where bk represents the kth bit: bk= 0 or 1
    h(t) is a rectangular pulse of length T centered at t=T/2.
    Advantage of rectangular pulses:
    No interference between pulses in the adjacent intervals. 1
    Binary PAM in Noise
    The matched filter for each pulse h(t-kT) in the interval (k-1)T< t < kT is:

    gk(T-t)=h(t-kT)

    Consider the received signal: r(t)=s(t)+w(t)

    => The output of the matched filter receiver at the end of the kth symbol
    interval is:
    +∞

    Integrate and-dump detector.


    This device simply integrates the received signal over the symbol interval, samples the
    output, and then starts for the next interval.

    2
    BER PERFORMANCE

    The receiver role:


    must make a decision between two hypotheses:

    A simple and efficient decision rule for deciding between the two
    hypotheses is to choose H0 that is to choose 0 if y is less than some
    threshold γ and choose 1 if not.

    Ex: If 1 is transmitted, the Prob. of error is: : 3


    BER PERFORMANCE

    r(t) = s(t) + w(t) = +w(t)

    As symbols are separated in time, consider the detection of the first symbol
    (k=0).
    T
    Matched filter output: Y = ∫ r ( t )dt = S + N
    0

    T
     AT if H1 ( b 0 = 1)
    => Output signal: S = ∫ Ab0dt = Ab0T ; S=
    0  0 if H 0 ( b 0 = 0)
    T
    Output noise: N = ∫ w ( t )dt
    0

    N is Gaussian; mean E[N]=0;


    TT TT T
    N N N
    var: E[ N ] = ∫ ∫ E[ w ( t ) w ( τ)]dtdτ = ∫ ∫ 0 δ( t − τ)dtdτ = ∫ 0 dτ = 0 T
    2

    00 00
    2 0
    2 2

    => Y: N(AT, N0T/2) if H1 and Y: N(0, N0T/2) if H0 4


    BER PERFORMANCE

    p(y/H1)

    The probability of a Type I error ( 1 is transmitted) is the probability that


    the output Y falls in the shaded area of the Figure.

    Pe1=

    5
    BER PERFORMANCE

    p(y/H0)

    Similarly , The probability of a Type II error, is the probability that the


    output Y falls in the shaded area of the above Figure.

    Pe0 =
    6
    BER

    Over all BER?

    Typically: (the transmitted bits are equiprobable)

    =>

    The two types of error are equal if γ=µ/2 (optimal choice).


    In this case :
    7
    BER
    (1)
    In terms of Eb/N0?
    It was shown that σ2=N0T/2 => σ = N 0T / 2 (2) and µ=AT (3)

    As for the signal:

    The average energy per bit Eb at the receiver input can be computed from the
    first bit as:

    => (4)

    8
    NONRECTANGULAR PULSE SHAPES

    Rectangular pulses have spectral limitations


    (Sinc function in the frequency domain)

    ⇒ Practical pulse shapes :


    - Raised-cosine pulses
    - Root-raised-cosine pulses
    Advantages: - limited in bandwidth while offering zero intersymbol interference (ISI)

    - BER performance is the same as with rectangular pulse shaping

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