Designation: G152 − 13

Standard Practice for

Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for
Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.6 This practice is technically similar to ISO 4892-4.

1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating
procedures for using open flame carbon-arc light and water 2. Referenced Documents
apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)3
use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of
measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number Plastics
of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited Determine the Precision of a Test Method
for the material to be tested. G23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
NOTE 1—Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure
devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)3
G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-
exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
practice. G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel-
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to filtered open flame erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions. 2.2 CIE Standard:
Different filters are described. CIE-Publ. No. 85: Recommendations for the Integrated
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are Irradiance and the Spectral Distribution of Simulated
covered in methods or specifications for specific materials. Solar Radiation for Testing Purposes4
General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. 2.3 ISO Standards:
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More specific information about methods for determining the ISO 4892-1 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
change in properties after exposure and reporting these results Light Sources, Part 1, General Guidance4
is described in Practice D5870. ISO 4892-4 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Light Sources, Part 4, Open-Flame Carbon Arc Lamp4
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology G113
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- are applicable to this practice.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.1 As used in this practice, the term sunlight is identical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. to the terms daylight and solar irradiance, global as they are
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of defined in Terminology G113.
the light source, it shall be carried away from the test
specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on Weathering Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.03 onSimulated the ASTM website.
3
and Controlled Exposure Tests. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approved www.astm.org.
4
in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as G152 – 06. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
G0152-13. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 G152 − 13
4. Summary of Practice TABLE 1 Typical Relative Ultraviolet Spectral Power Distribution
of Open-Flame Carbon-Arc with Daylight FiltersA,B
4.1 Specimens are exposed to repetitive cycles of light and Spectral Bandpass Typical Benchmark Solar
moisture under controlled environmental conditions. Wavelength λ in nm PercentC Radiation PercentD,E,F
4.1.1 Moisture usually is produced by spraying the test λ < 290
specimen with demineralized/deionized water or by condensa- 290 # λ # 320 2.9 5.8
320 < λ # 360 20.4 40.0
tion of water vapor onto the specimen. 360 < λ # 400 76.7 54.2
4.2 The exposure condition may be varied by selection of: A
Data in Table 1 are the irradiance in the given bandpass expressed as a
percentage of the total irradiance from 290 to 400 nm. Annex A1 states how to
4.2.1 Light source filter, determine relative spectral irradiance.
4.2.2 The type of moisture exposure, B
The data in Table 1 is representative and is based on the rectangular integration
4.2.3 The timing of the light and moisture exposure, of the spectral power distributions of open flame carbon arcs with daylight filters.
There is not enough data available to establish a meaningful specification.
4.2.4 The temperature of light exposure, and C
For any individual spectral power distribution, the calculated percentage for the
4.2.5 The timing of a light/dark cycle. bandpasses in Table 1 will sum to 100 %. Test results can be expected to differ
between exposures using open flame carbon arc devices in which the spectral
4.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed power distributions differ by as much as that allowed by the tolerances typical for
in same model of apparatus should not be made unless daylight filters. Contact the manufacturer of the carbon-arc devices for specific
spectral power distribution data for the open flame carbon-arc and filters used.
reproducibility has been established among devices for the D
The benchmark solar radiation data is defined in ASTM G177 and is for
material to be tested. atmospheric conditions and altitude chosen to maximize the fraction of short
wavelength solar UV. While this data is provided for comparison purposes only, a
4.4 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed laboratory accelerated light source with daylight filters to provide a spectrum that
in different models of apparatus should not be made unless is a close match to this the benchmark solar spectrum.
E
Previous versions of this standard used solar radiation data from Table 4 of CIE
correlation has been established among devices for the material Publication number 85. See Appendix X2 for more information comparing the solar
to be tested. radiation data used in this standard with that for CIE 85, Table 4.
F
For the benchmark solar spectrum, the UV irradiance (290-400 nm) is 9.8 % and
the visible irradiance (400-800 nm) is 90.2 % expressed as a percentage of the
5. Significance and Use total irradiance from 290 to 800 nm. The percentages of UV and visible irradiances
on samples exposed in open flame carbon-arc devices may vary due to the
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property number and reflectance properties of specimens being exposed. This is based on
changes associated with the end use conditions, including the measurements in xenon-arc devices but similar measurements have not been
effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may made in open flame carbon-arc devices.

include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen.

Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused
by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric
pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. 6.1.1 Filter Types—Radiation emitted by the open flame
Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight carbon arc contains significant levels of very short wavelength
through window glass. Typically, these exposures would in- UV (less than 260 nm) and must be filtered. Two types of glass
clude moisture in the form of humidity. filters are commonly used. Other filters may be used by mutual
NOTE 2—Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance
agreement by the interested parties as long as the filter type is
applicable to all laboratory weathering devices. reported in conformance with the report section in Practice
G151.
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating
6.1.2 None of these filters changes the spectral power
conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice.
distribution of the open flame carbon arc to make it match
No reference, therefore, shall be made to results from the use
daylight in the long wavelength UV or the visible light regions
of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the
of the spectrum.
specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.
6.1.3 The following factors can affect the spectral power
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known
distribution of open flame carbon arc light sources:
performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the
6.1.3.1 Differences in the composition and thickness of
test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes.
filters can have large effects on the amount of short wavelength
It is best practice to use control materials known to have
UV radiation transmitted.
relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at
6.1.3.2 Aging of filters can result in changes in filter
least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in
transmission. The aging properties of filters can be influenced
each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
by the composition. Aging of filters can result in a significant
reduction in the short wavelength UV emission of a burner.
6. Apparatus 6.1.3.3 Accumulation of dirt or other residue on filters can
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6.1 Laboratory Light Source—Open flame carbon arc light affect filter transmission.
sources typically use three or four pairs of carbon rods, which 6.1.3.4 Differences in the composition of the metallic salts
contain a mixture of rare-earth metal salts and have a metal used in he carbon rods can affect the spectral power distribu-
coating such as copper on the surface. An electric current is tion.
passed between the carbon rods which burn and give off 6.1.4 Spectral Irradiance:
ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation. The carbon rod pairs 6.1.4.1 Spectral Irradiance of Open Flame Carbon Arc with
are burned in sequence, with one pair burning at any one time. Daylight Filters—Daylight filters are used to reduce the short
Use carbon rods recommended by the device manufacturer. wavelength UV irradiance of the open flame carbon arc in an

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 G152 − 13
TABLE 2 Typical Relative Spectral Power Distribution for Open TABLE 3 Relative Spectral Power Distribution for Open Flame
Flame Carbon Arc With Window Glass Filters (Representative Carbon-Arc with Extended UV FiltersA,B
Data) Spectral Bandpass Minimum Benchmark Solar Maximum
Ultraviolet Wavelength Region Wavelength λ in nm PercentC Radiation – PercentD,E,F PercentC
Irradiance as a Percentage of Total Irradiance from 300 to 400 nm λ < 290 4.9
Open Flame Carbon Arc Estimated Window Glass 290 # λ # 320 2.3 5.8 6.7
Bandpass (nm) with Window Glass FiltersA Filtered SunlightB 320 < λ # 360 16.4 40.0 24.3
250–270 0% 0% 360 < λ # 400 68.1 54.2 80.1
271–290 0% 0% A
Data in Table 3 are the irradiance in the given bandpass expressed as a

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291–300 0% 0%
percentage of the total irradiance from 250 to 400 nm. The manufacturer is
301–320 2.1 % 0.1–1.5 %
responsible for determining conformance to Table 3. Annex A1 states how to
321–340 8.1 % 9.4–14.8 %
determine relative spectral irradiance.
341–360 13.2 % 23.2–23.5 % B
The data in Table 3 are based on the rectangular integration of 24 spectral power
361–380 27.3 % 29.6–32.5 %
distributions for open flame carbon-arcs with various lots of carbon rods and
381–400 49.3 % 30.9–34.5 %
extended UV filters of various lots and ages. The spectral power distribution data
is for filters within the aging recommendations of the device manufacturer. The
Ultraviolet and Visible Wavelength Region Irradiance as a Percentage of Total
minimum and maximum data are at least the three sigma limits from the mean for
Irradiance from 300 to 800 nmC
all measurements.
Irradiance as a Percentage of Total Irradiance from 300 to 800 nmC C
For any individual spectral power distribution, the calculated percentage for the
bandpasses in Table 1 will sum to 100 %. Test results can be expected to differ
Open Flame Carbon Arc Estimated Window Glass
between exposures using open flame carbon arc devices in which the spectral
Bandpass (nm) with Window Glass FiltersE Filtered SunlightD
power distributions differ by as much as that allowed by the tolerances typical for
300–400 22.7–34.1 % 9.0–11.1 %
daylight filters. Contact the manufacturer of the carbon-arc devices for specific
401–700 51.1–67.3 % 71.3–73.1 %
spectral power distribution data for the open flame carbon-arc and filters used.
*Data from 701 to 800 nm is not shown D
The ASTM benchmark solar radiation data is defined in ASTM G177 and is for
atmospheric conditions and altitude chosen to maximize the short wavelength UV
A fraction of solar UV. This data is provided for comparison purposes only.
Carbon Arc Data—This data are for a typical spectral power distribution for an
E
open flame carbons arc with window glass filters. Not enough spectral data is Previous versions of this standard used solar radiation data from Table 4 of CIE
available for meaningful analysis to develop a specification. Subcommittee G03.03 Publication Number 85. See Appendix X2 for more information comparing the solar
is working to collect sufficient data in order to develop a specification. radiation data used in the standard with that for CIE 85 Table 4.
B F
Sunlight Data—The sunlight data is for global irradiance on a horizontal surface For the benchmark solar spectrum, the UV irradiance (290-400 nm) is 9.8% and
with an air mass of 1.2, column ozone 0.294 atm cm, 30 % relative humidity, the visible irradiance (400-800 nm) is 90.2% expressed as a percentage of the
altitude 2100 m (atmospheric pressure of 787.8 mb), and an aerosol represented total irradiance from 290 to 800 nm. The percentages of UV and visible irradiances
by an optical thickness of 0.081 at 300 nm and 0.62 at 400 nm. The range is on samples exposed in filtered open flame carbon arc devices may vary due to the
determined by multiplying solar irradiance by the upper and lower limits for number and reflectance properties of specimens being exposed. This is based on
transmission of single strength window glass samples used for studies conducted measurements in xenon-arc devices but similar measurements have not been
by Subcommittee G03.02.6 made in open flame carbon-arc devices.
C
Sunlight Data—The sunlight data is from Table 4 of CIE Publication No. 85,
global solar irradiance on a horizontal surface with an air mass of 1.0, column
ozone of 0.34 atm cm, 1.42 cm precipitable water vapor, and an aerosol
represented by an optical thickness of 0.1 at 500 nm.

because of historical precedent, they transmit significant radi-

ant energy below 300 nm (the typical cut-on wavelength for
attempt to provide simulation of the short wavelength UV terrestrial sunlight) and may result in aging processes not
region of daylight.5 The data in Table 1 is representative of the occurring outdoors.5 The spectral irradiance for an open flame
spectral irradiance received by a test specimen mounted in the carbon arc with extended UV filters shall comply with the
specimen plane of an open flame carbon arc equipped with requirements of Table 3.
daylight filters.
NOTE 4—The most commonly used type of extended UV filters are
NOTE 3—The typical spectral irradiance for open-flame carbon arc with made from Potash-Lithia glass and are commonly known as Corex D
daylight filters was obtained using a borosilicate glass filter. filters.
6.1.4.2 Spectral Irradiance of Open Flame Carbon Arc With 6.2 Test Chamber—The design of the test chamber may
Window Glass Filters—Window glass filters use a heat resis- vary, but it should be constructed from corrosion resistant
tant glass to filter the open flame carbon arc in a simulation of material, and in addition to the radiation source, may provide
sunlight filtered through single strength window glass.6 The for means of controlling temperature and relative humidity.
data in Table 2 is representative of the spectral irradiance When required, provision shall be made for the spraying of
received by a test specimen mounted in the specimen plane of water on the test specimen or for the formation of condensate
an open flame carbon arc equipped with window glass filters. on the exposed face of the specimen.
6.1.4.3 Spectral Irradiance of Open Flame Carbon arc With 6.2.1 The radiant source(s) shall be located with respect to
Extended UV filters—Filters that transmit more short wave- the specimens such that the irradiance at the specimen face
length UV are sometimes used to accelerate test results. complies with the requirements in Practice G151.
Although this type of filter has been specified in many tests
6.3 Instrument Calibration—To ensure standardization and
accuracy, the instruments associated with the exposure
5
Fischer, R., Ketola, W., Murray, W., “Inherent Variability in Accelerated apparatus, for example, timers, thermometers, wet bulb
Weathering Devices,” Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol 19 (1991), pp. 165–179.
6
sensors, dry bulb sensors, humidity sensors, UV sensors,
Ketola, W., Robbins, J. S., “UV Transmission of Single Strength Window
radiometers, require periodic calibration to ensure repeatability
Glass,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic Materials, ASTM
STP 1202, Warren D. Ketola and Douglas Grossman, Eds., American Society for of test results. Whenever possible, calibration should be
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993. traceable to national or international standards. Calibration

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 G152 − 13
schedule and procedure should be in accordance with manu- may affect test results and shall be agreed upon in advance
facturer’s instructions. between the interested parties.
6.4 Thermometer—Either insulated or uninsulated black or 6.7 Apparatus to Assess Changes in Properties—Use the
white panel thermometers may be used. Thermometers shall apparatus required by the ASTM or other standard that
conform to the descriptions found in Practice G151. The type describes determination of the property or properties being
of thermometer used, the method of mounting on specimen monitored.
holder, and the exposure temperature shall be stated in the test
7. Test Specimen
report.
6.4.1 The thermometer shall be mounted on the specimen 7.1 Refer to Practice G151.
rack so that its surface is in the same relative position and 8. Test Conditions
subjected to the same influences as the test specimens.
6.4.2 Some specifications may require chamber air tempera- 8.1 Any exposure conditions may be used, as long as the
ture control. Positioning and calibration of chamber air tem- exact conditions are detailed in the report. Appendix X1 lists
perature sensors shall be in accordance with the descriptions some representative exposure conditions. These are not neces-
found in Practice G151. sarily preferred and no recommendation is implied. These
conditions are provided for reference only.
NOTE 5—Typically, these devices control by black panel temperature
only. 9. Procedure
6.5 Moisture—The test specimens may be exposed to mois- 9.1 Identify each test specimen by suitable indelible
ture in the form of water spray, condensation, or high humidity. marking, but not on areas to be used in testing.
6.5.1 Water Spray—The test chamber may be equipped with 9.2 Determine which property of the test specimens will be
a means to introduce intermittent water spray onto the front or evaluated. Prior to exposing the specimens, quantify the
the back of the test specimens, under specified conditions. The appropriate properties in accordance with recognized ASTM or
spray shall be applied so that the specimens are uniformly international standards. If required, for example, destructive
wetted. The spray system shall be made from corrosion testing, use unexposed file specimens to quantify the property.
resistant materials that do not contaminate the water used. See Practice D5870. for detailed guidance.
6.5.1.1 Spray Water Quality—Spray water must have a 9.3 Mounting of Test Specimens—Attach the specimens to
conductivity below 5 µS/cm, contain less than 1-ppm solids, the specimen holders in the equipment in such a manner that
and leave no observable stains or deposits on the specimens. this specimens are not subject to any applied stress. To assure
Very low levels of silica in spray water can cause significant uniform exposure conditions, fill all of the spaces, using blank
deposits on the surface of test specimens. Care should be taken panels of corrosion resistant material if necessary.
to keep silica levels below 0.1 ppm. In addition to distillation,
a combination of deionization and reverse osmosis can effec- NOTE 6—Evaluation of color and appearance changes of exposed
materials must be made based on comparisons to unexposed specimens of
tively produce water of the required quality. The pH of the the same material, which have been stored in the dark. Masking or
water used should be reported. See Practice G151 for detailed shielding the face of test specimens with an opaque cover for the purpose
water quality instructions. of showing the effects of exposure on one panel is not recommended.
6.5.2 Condensation—A spray system designed to cool the Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the masked
portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperature and humidity that
specimen by spraying the back surface of the specimen or in many cases will affect results.
specimen substrate may be required when the exposure pro-
9.4 Exposure to Test Conditions—Program the selected test
gram specifies periods of condensation.
conditions to operate continuously throughout the required
6.5.3 Relative Humidity—The test chamber may be number of repetitive cycles. Maintain these conditions
equipped with a means to measure and control the relative throughout the exposure. Interruptions to service the apparatus
humidity. Such instruments shall be shielded from the light and to inspect specimens shall be minimized.
source radiation.
9.5 Specimen Repositioning—Periodic repositioning of the
6.6 Specimen Holders—Holders for test specimens shall be specimens during exposure is not necessary if the irradiance at
made from corrosion resistant materials that will not affect the the positions farthest from the center of the specimen area is at
test results. Corrosion resistant alloys of aluminum or stainless least 90 % of that measured at the center of the exposure area.
steel have been found acceptable. Brass, steel, or copper shall Irradiance uniformity shall be determined in accordance with
not be used in the vicinity of the test specimens. Practice G151.
6.6.1 The specimen holders typically, but not necessarily, 9.5.1 If irradiance at positions farthest from the center of the
are mounted on a revolving cylindrical rack which is rotated exposure area is between 70 and 90 % of that measured at the
around the light source at a speed dependent on the type of center, one of the following three techniques shall be used for
equipment and which is centered both horizontally and verti- specimen placement.
cally with respect to the exposure area in the specimen holders. 9.5.1.1 Periodically reposition specimens during the expo-
6.6.2 Specimen holders may be in the form of an open sure period to ensure that each receives an equal amount of
frame, leaving the back of the specimen exposed, or they may radiant exposure. The repositioning schedule shall be agreed
provide the specimen with a solid backing. Any backing used upon by all interested parties.
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9.5.1.2 Place specimens only in the exposure area where the absolute specifications, such as requiring a specific property
irradiance is at least 90 % of the maximum irradiance. level after a specific exposure period.
9.5.1.3 To compensate for test variability, randomly position 11.1.2 If a standard or specification for general use requires
replicate specimens within the exposure area which meets the a definite property level after a specific time or radiant
irradiance uniformity requirements as defined in 9.5.1. exposure in an exposure test conducted according to this
9.6 Inspection—If it is necessary to remove a test specimen practice, the specified property level shall be based on results
for periodic inspection, take care not to handle or disturb the obtained in a round-robin that takes into consideration the
test surface. After inspection, the test specimen shall be variability due to the exposure and the test method used to
returned to the test chamber with its test surface in the same measure the property of interest. The round-robin shall be
orientation as previously tested. conducted according to Practices D3980 or E691 and shall
include a statistically representative sample of all laboratories
9.7 Apparatus Maintenance—The test apparatus requires or organizations who normally would conduct the exposure
periodic maintenance to maintain uniform exposure conditions. and property measurement.
Perform required maintenance and calibration in accordance 11.1.3 If a standard or specification for use between two or
with manufacturer’s instructions. three parties requires a definite property level after a specific
9.8 Expose the test specimens for the specified period of time or radiant exposure in an exposure test conducted accord-
exposure. See Practice G151 for further guidance. ing to this practice, the specified property level shall be based
9.9 At the end of the exposure, quantify the appropriate on statistical analysis of results from at least two separate,
properties in accordance with recognized ASTM or interna- independent exposures in each laboratory. The design of the
tional standards and report the results in conformance with experiment used to determine the specification shall take into
Practice G151. consideration the variability due to the exposure and the test
method used to measure the property of interest.
NOTE 7—Periods of exposure and evaluation of test results are 11.1.4 The round-robin studies cited in 11.1.1 demonstrate
addressed in Practice G151. that the gloss values for a series of materials could be ranked
10. Test Report with a high level of reproducibility between laboratories. When
reproducibility in results from an exposure test conducted
10.1 The test report shall conform to Practice G151. according to this practice have not been established through
11. Precision and Bias round-robin testing, performance requirements for materials
shall be specified in terms of comparison (ranked) to a control
11.1 Precision: material. The control specimens shall be exposed simultane-
11.1.1 The repeatability and reproducibility of results ob- ously with the test specimen(s) in the same device. The specific
tained in exposures conducted according to this practice will control material used shall be agreed upon by the concerned
vary with the materials being tested, the material property parties. Expose replicates of the test specimen and the control
being measured, and the specific test conditions and cycles that specimen so that statistically significant performance differ-
are used. In round-robin studies conducted by Subcommittee ences can be determined.
G03.03, the 60° gloss values of replicate PVC tape specimens
exposed in different laboratories using identical test devices 11.2 Bias—Bias cannot be determined because no accept-
and exposure cycles showed significant variability.7 The vari- able standard weathering reference materials are available.
ability shown in these round-robin studies restricts the use of 12. Keywords

7
12.1 accelerated; accelerated weathering; carbon arc; dura-
Fischer, R. M., “Results of Round-Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Exposure
Standard Practices,” Symposium on Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of
bility; exposure; laboratory weathering; light; lightfastness;
Organic Materials, ASTM STP 1202, Warren K. Ketola and Douglas Grossman, nonmetallic materials; open flame carbon arc; sunshine carbon
Editors, ASTM, 1993. arc; temperature; ultraviolet; weathering
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 G152 − 13
ANNEX

A1. DETERMINING CONFORMANCE TO SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION TABLES

(Mandatory Information for Equipment Manufacturers)

A1.1 Conformance to the spectral power distribution tables determining conformance to the relative spectral irradiance
is a design parameter for an open flame carbon-arc with the requirements for an open flame carbon-arc with extended UV
different filters provided. Manufacturers of equipment claiming filters, measurement from 250 nm to 400 nm is required. The
conformance to this standard shall determine conformance to total irradiance in each wavelength bandpass is then summed
the spectral power distribution tables for all carbon-arc/filter and divided by the specified total UV irradiance according to
combinations provided, and provide information on mainte- Eq A1.1. Use of this equation requires that each spectral
nance procedures to minimize any spectral changes that may interval must be the same (for example, 2 nm) throughout the
occur during normal use. spectral region used.
A1.2 The spectral power distribution data for this standard λ i 5B

were developed using the rectangular integration technique. Eq (E

λ i 5A
λi

A1.1 is used to determine the relative spectral irradiance using IR 5 λ i 5400 3 100 (A1.1)
rectangular integration. Other integration techniques can be (
λ i 5C
E λi
used to evaluate spectral power distribution data, but may give
different results. When comparing spectral power distribution where:
data to the spectral power distribution requirements of this IR = relative irradiance in percent,
standard, use the rectangular integration technique. E = irradiance at wavelength λi (irradiance steps must be
equal for all bandpasses),
A1.3 To determine whether a specific filter for an open A = lower wavelength of wavelength bandpass,
flame carbon-arc device meets the requirements of Table 1, B = upper wavelength of wavelength bandpass,
Table 2, or Table 3, measure the spectral power distribution C = lower wavelength of total UV bandpass used for calcu-
from 250 nm to 400 nm. Typically, this is done at 2 nm lating relative spectral irradiance (290 nm for daylight
increments. If the manufacturer’s spectral measurement equip- filters, 300 nm for window glass filters, or 250 nm for
ment cannot measure wavelengths as low as 250 nm, the extended UV filters), and
lowest measurement wavelength must be reported. The lowest λi = wavelength at which irradiance was measured.
wavelength measured shall be no greater than 270 nm. For

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS

X1.1 Any exposure conditions may be used, as long as the for the parameters in Table X1.1. If the actual operating
exact conditions are detailed in the report. Following are some conditions do not agree with the machine settings after the
representative exposure conditions. These are not preferred equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the
necessarily and no recommendation is implied. These condi- cause of the disagreement before continuing.
tions are provided for reference only (see Table X1.1).
X1.3 For conversion of test cycles, see Table X1.3.
X1.2 Unless otherwise specified, operate the apparatus to
maintain the operational fluctuations specified in Table X1.2

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TABLE X1.1 Common Exposure Conditions
Cycle Filter Exposure Cycle
1 Daylight 102 min light at 63°C black panel temperature
18 min light and water spray air temperature not controlled)

1a Extended UV 102 min light at 63°C black panel temperature

18 min light and water spray air temperature not controlled)

2 Daylight 90 min light, 70 % RH, at 77°C black panel temperature

30 min light and water spray (air temperature not controlled)

3 Daylight 102 min light at 63°C uninsulated black panel temperature

18 min light & water spray, air temperature not controlled
repeated nine times for a total of 18h,
followed by 6 h dark at 95 % (±4.0) RH, at 24 (±2.5)°C black panel
temperature

3a Extended UV 102 min light at 63 (±3)°C uninsulated black panel temperature

18 min light & water spray, air temperature not controlled
repeated nine times for a total of 18h,
followed by 6 h dark at 95 (±4.0) % RH, at 24°C black panel temperature

4 Daylight 4 h light at 63°C black panel temperature

4 h light & water spray (air temperature not controlled)

5 Daylight 12 h light as 63°C black panel temperature

12 h light and water spray (air temperature not controlled)

6 Window 100 % light at 63°C black panel temperature

Glass

NOTE 1—Historical convention has established Cycle 1a as a very commonly used exposure cycle. Other cycles may give a better simulation of the
effects of outdoor exposure. Cycle 2 has been used for exterior textiles. Cycle 3, 4, and 5 have been used for exterior coatings and stains. Cycle 6 has
been used for lightfastness of indoor materials. The operational fluctuation values given for the set point temperatures are those that have been historically
used for these exposures and may be above the maximum operational fluctuation given in Practice G151.
NOTE 2—More complex cycles may be programmed in conjunction with dark periods that allow high relative humidities and the formation of
condensate at elevated chamber temperatures. Condensation may be produced on the face of the specimens by spraying the rear side of them to cool them
below the dewpoint.
NOTE 3—For special tests, high operating temperatures may be desirable, but this will increase the tendency for thermal degradation to adversely
influence the test results.
NOTE 4—Surface temperature of specimens is an essential test quantity. Generally, degradation processes accelerate with increasing temperature. The
specimen temperature recommended for the accelerated test depends on the material to be tested and on the aging criterion under consideration.
NOTE 5—The relative humidity of the air as measured in the test chamber is not necessarily equivalent to the relative humidity of the air very close
to the specimen surface. This is because test specimens having varying colors and thicknesses may be expected to vary in temperature.

TABLE X1.2 Operational Fluctuations on Exposure Conditions

Parameter Maximum Allowable Deviations from
the Set Point at the Control Point
Indicated by the Readout of the
Calibrated Control Sensor During
Equilibrium Operation
Black Panel Temperature ±2.5°C
Chamber Air Temperature ±2°C
Relative Humidity ±10 %

NOTE 1—Set points and operational fluctuations could either be listed

independently of each other, or they could be listed in the format: Set point
6 operational fluctuations. The set point is the target condition for the
sensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user.
Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at the
control point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensor
during equilibrium operation and do not include measurement uncertainty.
At the operational control point, the operational fluctuation can exceed no
more than the listed value at equilibrium. When a standard calls for a
particular set point, the user programs that exact number. The operational
fluctuations specified with the set point do not imply that the user is
allowed to program a set point higher or lower than the exact set point
specified.

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TABLE X1.3 Conversion of Test Cycles from G23 to G152
G23 Test Cycle Description for E or EH Corresponding Test Cycle In G152
Devices
G23, Method 1 — Continuous light with G152, Table X1.1 Cycle 1a is the same
intermittent water spray as the one specific condition described
in G23, Method 1

Many conditions could be used, but the

following is the only specific condition
described

102 min light only (uninsulated black

panel temperature at 63 ± 2.5°C)
18 min light + water spray
humidity set point not defined

G23– Method 2 — alternate exposure Cycles 2, 3, 4, and 5 in G152, Table

to light and dark and intermittent expo- X1.1 provide alternate exposure to light
sure to water spray and dark intermittent exposure to water
spray. Cycle 3a has an 18h period with
the same light and water spray condi-
tions as G23

Requires use of a humidity controlled

device with a specimen neck diameter
at 959 nm (Type EH). No specific light/
dark/water cycle described

Light period conditions same as for Method 1 followed by a 6h dark period

Method 1 at very high relative humidity

Humidity set point not defined

Length of dark period not defined

G23– Method 3 — continuous expo- G152, Table X1.1, cycle 6 uses the
sure to light with no water spray same conditions but requires use of
window glass filters

Uninsulated black panel at 63 ± 2.5°C,

RH at 30 ± 5 % for devices with humid-
ity control

X2. COMPARISON OF BENCHMARK SOLAR UV SPECTRUM WITH THE CIE 85 TABLE 4 SOLAR UV SPECTRUM

X2.1 This standard uses a benchmark solar spectrum based Radiation provides the program and documentation for calcu-
on atmospheric conditions that provide for a very high level of lating solar spectral irradiance.
solar ultraviolet radiation. This benchmark solar spectrum is
published in ASTM G177, Standard Tables for Reference Solar X2.2 Previous versions of this standard used CIE 85 Table 4
11
Ultraviolet Spectral Distributions: Hemispherical on 37 degree as the benchmark solar spectra. Table X2.1 compares the
Tilted Surface. The solar spectrum is calculated using the basic atmospheric conditions used for the benchmark solar
SMARTS2 solar radiation model.8,9,10 ASTM Adjunct spectrum and the CIE 85 Table 4 solar spectrum.
ADJG0173, SMARTS2 Solar Radiation Model for Spectral X2.3 Table X2.2 compares irradiance (calculated using
rectangular integration) and relative irradiance for the bench-
8
Gueymard, C., “Parameterized Transmittance Model for Direct Beam and mark solar spectra and the CIE 85 Table 4 solar spectrum, in
Circumsolar Spectral Irradiance,” Solar Energy, Vol 71, No. 5, 2001, pp. 325-346. the bandpasses used in this standard.
9
Gueymard, C. A., Myers, D., and Emery, K., “Proposed Reference Irradiance
Spectra for Solar Energy Systems Testing,” Solar Energy, Vol 73, No 6, 2002, pp.
443-467.
10 11
Myers, D. R., Emery, K., and Gueymard, C., “Revising and Validating Spectral CIE-Publication Number 85: Recommendations for the Integrated Irradiance
Irradiance Reference Standards for Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation,” Proceed- and the Spectral Distribution of Simulated Solar Radiation for Testing Purposes, 1st
ings of Solar 2002 – Sunrise on the Reliable Energy Economy, Reno, NV, June Edition, 1989 (Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd
15-20, 2002. St., 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036).

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 G152 − 13
TABLE X2.1 Comparison of Basic Atmospheric Conditions Used
for the Benchmark Solar Spectrum and CIE 85 Table 4 Solar
Spectrum
Atmospheric Benchmark CIE 85 Table 4
Condition Solar Spectrum Solar Spectrum
Ozone (atm-cm) 0.30 0.34
Precipitable water vapor (cm) 0.57 1.42
Altitude (m) 2000 0
Tilt angle 37° facing Equator 0° (horizontal)
Air mass 1.05 1.00
Albedo (ground reflectance) Light Soil wavelength Constant at 0.2
dependent
Aerosol extinction Shettle & Fenn Rural Equivalent to Linke
(humidity dependent) Turbidity factor of
about 2.8
Aerosol optical thickness at 0.05 0.10
500 nm

TABLE X2.2 Irradiance and Relative Irradiance Comparison for

Benchmark Solar Spectrum and CIE 85 Table 4 Solar Spectrum
Benchmark CIE 85 Table 4
Bandpass
Solar Spectrum Solar Spectrum
Irradiance (W/m2) in stated bandpass
λ < 290 0.000 0.000
290 # λ # 320 3.748 4.060
320 < λ # 360 25.661 28.450
360 < λ # 400 34.762 42.050
290 # λ # 400 64.171 74.560
290 # λ # 800 652.300 678.780
Percent of 290 to 400 nm irradiance
λ < 290 0.0 % 0.0 %
290 < λ # 320 5.8 % 5.4 %
320 < λ # 360 40.0 % 38.2 %
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360 < λ # 400 54.2 % 56.4 %

Percent of 290 to 800 nm irradiance
290 # λ # 400 9.8 % 11.0 %

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee G03.03 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(G152 – 06) that may impact the use of this standard. This section may also include descriptions of the changes
or reasons for the changes, or both.

(1) Harmonized text and format in paragraphs 5.2, 5.2.1, and (4) Introduced text and table clarifying the use of operational
Appendix Appendix X1, as well as format in Table X1.1. fluctuations.
(2) Deleted operational fluctuations listed in Table X1.1 that
were the same as those listed in Table X1.2.
(3) Changed allowable operational fluctuation for humidity
control from 6 5% to 6 10%, harmonized with other industry
standards

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 G152 − 13
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