This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D1557 − 12 (Reapproved 2021)

Standard Test Methods for

Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using
Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3))1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope 1.3.1.4 Blows per layer—25.

1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction meth- 1.3.1.5 Usage—May be used if 25 % or less by mass of the
ods used to determine the relationship between molding water material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. However, if
content and dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve) 5 to 25 % by mass of the material is retained on the No. 4
compacted in a 4- or 6-in. (101.6- or 152.4-mm) diameter mold (4.75-mm) sieve, Method A can be used but oversize correc-
with a 10.00-lbf. (44.48-N) rammer dropped from a height of tions will be required (See 1.4) and there are no advantages to
18.00 in. (457.2 mm) producing a compactive effort of 56 000 using Method A in this case.
ft-lbf/ft3 (2700 kN-m/m3). 1.3.1.6 Other Use—If this gradation requirement cannot be
met, then Methods B or C may be used.
NOTE 1—The equipment and procedures are the same as proposed by 1.3.2 Method B:
the U.S. Corps of Engineers in 1945. The modified effort test (see 3.1.3)
is sometimes referred to as the Modified Proctor Compaction Test.
1.3.2.1 Mold—4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.
1.3.2.2 Material—Passing 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.
1.1.1 Soils and soil-aggregate mixtures are to be regarded as 1.3.2.3 Layers—Five.
natural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils, or composites or 1.3.2.4 Blows per layer—25.
mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed 1.3.2.5 Usage—May be used if 25 % or less by mass of the
soils or aggregates such as gravel or crushed rock. Hereafter material is retained on the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve. However, if
referred to as either soil or material. 5 to 25 % of the material is retained on the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm)
1.2 These test methods apply only to soils (materials) that sieve, Method B can be used but oversize corrections will be
have 30 % or less by mass of their particles retained on the required (See 1.4). In this case, the only advantages to using
3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve and have not been previously com- Method B rather than Method C are that a smaller amount of
pacted in the laboratory; that is, do not reuse compacted soil. sample is needed and the smaller mold is easier to use.
1.2.1 For relationships between unit weights and molding 1.3.2.6 Other Usage—If this gradation requirement cannot
water contents of soils with 30 % or less by weight of material be met, then Method C may be used.
retained on the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights and 1.3.3 Method C:
molding water contents of the fraction passing the 3⁄4-in. 1.3.3.1 Mold—6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter.
(19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D4718/D4718M. 1.3.3.2 Material—Passing 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The method 1.3.3.3 Layers—Five.
used shall be as indicated in the specification for the material 1.3.3.4 Blows per layer—56.
being tested. If no method is specified, the choice should be 1.3.3.5 Usage—May be used if 30 % or less (see 1.4) by
based on the material gradation. mass of the material is retained on the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
1.3.1 Method A: 1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be used
1.3.1.1 Mold—4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter. with Method A or B.
1.3.1.2 Material—Passing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. NOTE 2—Results have been found to vary slightly when a material is
1.3.1.3 Layers—Five. tested at the same compactive effort in different size molds, with the
smaller mold size typically yielding larger values of unit weight and
density (1).2

1
1.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass of
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,
oversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not be
Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved
2
in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1557 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/ The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
D1557-12R21. this standard.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D1557 − 12 (2021)
included in the test, corrections must be made to the unit tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury
weight and molding water content of the test specimen or to the containing products or both into your state may be prohibited
appropriate field in-place unit weight (or density) test specimen by state law.
using Practice D4718/D4718M. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.5 This test method will generally produce a well-defined dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
maximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If this ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
test method is used for free-draining soils the maximum unit Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtained mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
using Test Methods D4253. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the 2. Referenced Documents
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
Practice D6026, unless superseded by these test methods. C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated C136/C136M Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant Coarse Aggregates
digits in the specified limits. C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ for Test Methods for Construction Materials
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the Fluids
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce- D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider- kN-m/m3))
ations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be Water Pycnometer
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope D2168 Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in Rammer Soil Compactors
analytical methods for engineering design. D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.7 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
information only, except for units of mass. The units for mass
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
are given in SI units only, g or kg.
(Visual-Manual Procedures)
1.7.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession to D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
and a force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate Used in Engineering Design and Construction
systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita- D4220/D4220M Practices for Preserving and Transporting
tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use Soil Samples
of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
standard. These test methods have been written using the Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound D4718/D4718M Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and
system. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles
(weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with this standard. Construction Materials Testing
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the D4914/D4914M Test Methods for Density of Soil and Rock
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in a Test Pit
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D5030/D5030M Test Methods for Density of In-Place Soil
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- and Rock Materials by the Water Replacement Method in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. a Test Pit
1.9 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-
many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause cords in Geotechnical Data
central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or D6913/D6913M Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa- the ASTM website.

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 D1557 − 12 (2021)
(Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis are often compacted to improve their engineering properties.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining
Sieves the percent compaction and molding water content needed to
E319 Practice for the Evaluation of Single-Pan Mechanical achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling
Balances construction to assure that the required compaction and water
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International contents are achieved.
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
NOTE 3—The degree of soil compaction required to achieve the desired
engineering properties is often specified as a percentage of the modified
3. Terminology maximum dry unit weight as determined using this test method. If the
3.1 Definitions: required degree of compaction is substantially less than the modified
3.1.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions. maximum dry unit weight using this test method, it may be practicable for
testing to be performed using Test Method and to specify the degree of
3.1.2 molding water content, n—the water content of the compaction as a percentage of the standard maximum dry unit weight.
soil (material) specimen in the mold after it has been reconsti- Since more energy is applied for compaction using this test method, the
tuted and compacted. soil particles are more closely packed than when D698 is used. The
general overall result is a higher maximum dry unit weight, lower
3.1.3 modified effort—in compaction testing, the term for optimum moisture content, greater shear strength, greater stiffness, lower
the 56 000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2700 kN-m/m3) compactive effort applied compressibility, lower air voids, and decreased permeability. However, for
by the equipment and methods of this test. highly compacted fine-grained soils, absorption of water may result in
swelling, with reduced shear strength and increased compressibility,
3.1.4 modified maximum dry unit weight, γd,max (lbf/ft3 reducing the benefits of the increased effort used for compaction (2). Use
(kN/m3))—in compaction testing, the maximum value defined of D698, on the other hand, allows compaction using less effort and
by the compaction curve for a compaction test using modified generally at a higher optimum moisture content. The compacted soil may
effort. be less brittle, more flexible, more permeable, and less subject to effects
of swelling and shrinking. In many applications, building or construction
3.1.5 modified optimum water content, wopt (%)—in com- codes may direct which test method, D698 or this one, should be used
paction testing, the water content at which the soil can be when specifying the comparison of laboratory test results to the degree of
compacted to the maximum dry unit weight using modified compaction of the in-place soil in the field.
compactive effort. 5.2 During design of an engineered fill, testing performed to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: determine shear, consolidation, permeability, or other proper-
3.2.1 oversize fraction (coarse fraction), PC (%)—the por- ties requires test specimens to be prepared by compacting the
tion of total specimen not used in performing the compaction soil at a prescribed molding water content to obtain a prede-
test; it may be the portion of total specimen retained on the No. termined unit weight. It is common practice to first determine
4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A, 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in the optimum water content (wopt) and maximum dry unit
Method B, or 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C. weight (γdmax) by means of a compaction test. Test specimens
3.2.2 test fraction (finer fraction), PF (%)—the portion of are compacted at a selected molding water content (w), either
the total specimen used in performing the compaction test; it wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt), and at a
may be fraction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method selected dry unit weight related to a percentage of maximum
A, passing the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or passing dry unit weight (γdmax). The selection of molding water content
the 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C. (w), either wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt)
and the dry unit weight (γdmax) may be based on past
4. Summary of Test Method experience, or a range of values may be investigated to
determine the necessary percent of compaction.
4.1 A soil at a selected molding water content is placed in
five layers into a mold of given dimensions, with each layer 5.3 Experience indicates that the methods outlined in 5.2 or
compacted by 25 or 56 blows of a 10.00-lbf (44.48-N) rammer the construction control aspects discussed in 5.1 are extremely
dropped from a distance of 18.00 in. (457.2 mm), subjecting difficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealing
the soil to a total compactive effort of about 56 000 ft-lbf/ft3 with some soils. The following subsections describe typical
(2700 kN-m/m3). The resulting dry unit weight is determined. problem soils, the problems encountered when dealing with
The procedure is repeated for a sufficient number of molding such soils and possible solutions for these problems.
water contents to establish a relationship between the dry unit 5.3.1 Oversize Fraction—Soils containing more than 30 %
weight and the molding water content for the soil. This data, oversize fraction (material retained on the 3⁄4-in. (19-mm)
when plotted, represent a curvilinear relationship known as the sieve) are a problem. For such soils, there is no ASTM test
compaction curve. The values of optimum water content and method to control their compaction and very few laboratories
modified maximum dry unit weight are determined from the are equipped to determine the laboratory maximum unit weight
compaction curve. (density) of such soils (USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,
CO and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS).
5. Significance and Use Although Test Methods D4914/D4914M and D5030/D5030M
5.1 Soil placed as engineering fill (embankments, founda- determine the “field” dry unit weight of such soils, they are
tion pads, road bases) is compacted to a dense state to obtain difficult and expensive to perform.
satisfactory engineering properties such as shear strength, 5.3.1.1 One method to design and control the compaction of
compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree

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 D1557 − 12 (2021)
of compaction and the method to obtain that compaction. Then suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
use a method specification to control the compaction. Compo- criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
nents of a method specification typically contain the type and cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
size of compaction equipment to be used, the lift thickness, reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
acceptable range of molding water content, and number of provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
passes.
6. Apparatus
NOTE 4—Success in executing the compaction control of an earthwork
project, especially when a method specification is used, is highly 6.1 Mold Assembly—The molds shall be cylindrical in
dependent upon the quality and experience of the contractor and inspector. shape, made of rigid metal and be within the capacity and
5.3.1.2 Another method is to apply the use of density dimensions indicated in 6.1.1 or 6.1.2 and Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
correction factors developed by the USDI Bureau of Reclama- See also Table 1. The walls of the mold may be solid, split, or
tion (3,4) and U.S. Corps of Engineers (5). These correction tapered. The “split” type may consist of two half-round
factors may be applied for soils containing up to about 50 to sections, or a section of pipe split along one element, which can
70 % oversize fraction. Both agencies use a different term for be securely locked together to form a cylinder meeting the
these density correction factors. The USDI Bureau of Recla- requirements of this section. The “tapered” type shall have an
mation uses D ratio (or D – VALUE), while the U.S. Corps of internal diameter taper that is uniform and not more than 0.200
Engineers uses Density Interference Coefficient (Ic). in./ft (16.7 mm/m) of mold height. Each mold shall have a base
5.3.1.3 The use of the replacement technique (Test Method plate and an extension collar assembly, both made of rigid
D1557–78, Method D), in which the oversize fraction is metal and constructed so they can be securely attached and
replaced with a finer fraction, is inappropriate to determine the easily detached from the mold. The extension collar assembly
maximum dry unit weight, γdmax, of soils containing oversize shall have a height extending above the top of the mold of at
fractions (5). least 2.0 in. (51 mm) which may include an upper section that
5.3.2 Degradation—Soils containing particles that degrade flares out to form a funnel, provided there is at least a 0.75-in.
during compaction are a problem, especially when more (19-mm) straight cylindrical section beneath it. The extension
degradation occurs during laboratory compaction than field collar shall align with the inside of the mold. The bottom of the
compaction, the typical case. Degradation typically occurs base plate and bottom of the centrally recessed area that
during the compaction of a granular-residual soil or aggregate. accepts the cylindrical mold shall be planar within 60.005 in.
When degradation occurs, the maximum dry-unit weight in- (60.1 mm).
creases (1) so that the resulting laboratory maximum value is 6.1.1 Mold, 4 in.—A mold having a 4.000 6 0.016-in.
not representative of field conditions. Often, in these cases, the (101.6 6 0.4-mm) average inside diameter, a height of 4.584 6
maximum dry unit weight is impossible to achieve in the field. 0.018 in. (116.4 6 0.5 mm) and a volume of 0.0333 6 0.0005
5.3.2.1 Again for soils subject to degradation, the use of test ft3 (943.0 6 14.0 cm3). A mold assembly having the minimum
fills and method specifications may help. Use of replacement required features is shown in Fig. 1.
techniques is not correct. 6.1.2 Mold, 6 in.—A mold having a 6.000 6 0.026-in.
5.3.3 Gap Graded—Gap-graded soils (soils containing (152.4 6 0.7-mm) average inside diameter, a height of 4.584 6
many large particles with limited small particles) are a problem 0.018 in. (116.4 6 0.5 mm), and a volume of 0.0750 6 0.0009
because the compacted soil will have larger voids than usual. ft3 (2124 6 25 cm3). A mold assembly having the minimum
To handle these large voids, standard test methods (laboratory required features is shown in Fig. 2.
or field) typically have to be modified using engineering 6.2 Rammer—A rammer, either manually operated as de-
judgement. scribed further in 6.2.1 or mechanically operated as described
NOTE 5—The quality of the result produced by this standard is in 6.2.2. The rammer shall fall freely through a distance of
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the 18.00 6 0.05 in. (457.2 6 1.3 mm) from the surface of the

NOTE 1—See Table 1 for SI equivalents.

FIG. 1 Cylindrical Mold, 4.0-in.

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NOTE 1—See Table 1 for SI equivalents.

FIG. 2 Cylindrical Mold, 6.0-in.

TABLE 1 SI Equivalents for Figs. 1 and 2 shall be 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm). Additional holes or slots may be
in. mm incorporated in the guide sleeve.
0.016 0.41 6.2.2 Mechanical Rammer-Circular Face—The rammer
0.026 0.66 shall operate mechanically in such a manner as to provide
0.032 0.81
0.028 0.71 uniform and complete coverage of the specimen surface. There
1 ⁄2 12.70 shall be 0.10 6 0.03-in. (2.5 6 0.8-mm) clearance between the
2 3⁄ 8 60.33 rammer and the inside surface of the mold at its smallest
2 1⁄ 2 63.50
2 5⁄ 8 66.70 diameter. The mechanical rammer shall meet the
4 101.60 standardization/calibration requirements of Practices D2168.
4 1⁄ 2 114.30 The mechanical rammer shall be equipped with a positive
4.584 116.43
4 3⁄ 4 120.60 mechanical means to support the rammer when not in opera-
6 152.40 tion.
6 1⁄ 2 165.10 6.2.2.1 Mechanical Rammer-Sector Face—The sector face
6 5⁄ 8 168.30
6 3⁄ 4 171.40 can be used with the 6.0-in. (152.4-mm) mold, as an alternative
8 1⁄ 4 208.60 to the circular face mechanical rammer described in 6.2.2. The
ft3 cm3
1⁄30 (0.0333)
striking face shall have the shape of a sector of a circle of
943
0.0005 14 radius equal to 2.90 6 0.02 in. (73.7 6 0.5 mm) and an area
1⁄13.333 (0.0750) 2,124 about the same as the circular face (see 6.2). The rammer shall
0.0011 31
operate in such a manner that the vertex of the sector is
positioned at the center of the specimen and follow the
compaction pattern given in Fig. 3(b).
specimen. The weight of the rammer shall be 10.00 6 0.02 lbf 6.3 Sample Extruder (optional)—A jack, with frame or
(44.48 6 0.09 N, or mass of 4.5364 6 0.009 kg), except that other device adapted for the purpose of extruding compacted
the weight of the mechanical rammers may be adjusted as specimens from the mold.
described in Practices D2168 (see Note 6). The striking face of 6.4 Balance—A Class GP5 balance meeting the require-
the rammer shall be planar and circular, except as noted in ments of Specification D4753 for a balance of 1-g readability.
6.2.2.1, with a diameter when new of 2.000 6 0.005 in. (50.80 If the water content of the compacted specimens is determined
6 0.13 mm). The rammer shall be replaced if the striking face using a representative portion of the specimen, rather than the
becomes worn or bellied to the extent that the diameter exceeds whole specimen, and if the representative portion is less than
2.000 6 0.01 in. (50.80 6 0.25 mm). 1000 g, a Class GP2 balance having a 0.1-g readability is
NOTE 6—It is a common and acceptable practice to determine the
needed in order to comply with Test Methods D2216 require-
weight of the rammer using either a kilogram or pound balance and ments for determining water content to 0.1 %.
assume 1 lbf is equivalent to 0.4536 kg, 1 lbf is equivalent to 1 lbm, or 1 NOTE 7—Use of a balance having an equivalent capacity and a
N is equivalent to 0.2248 lbf or 0.1020 kg. readability of 0.002 lbm as an alternative to a class GP5 balance should
6.2.1 Manual Rammer—The rammer shall be equipped with not be regarded as nonconformance to this standard.
a guide sleeve that has sufficient clearance that the free fall of 6.5 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, ca-
the rammer shaft and head is not restricted. The guide sleeve pable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 6 9°F (110
shall have at least four vent holes at each end (eight holes total) 6 5°C) throughout the drying chamber. These requirements
located with centers 3⁄4 6 1⁄16 in. (19 6 2 mm) from each end typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably
and spaced 90° apart. The minimum diameter of the vent holes the oven should be vented outside the building.

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 D1557 − 12 (2021)

FIG. 3 Rammer Pattern for Compaction in 4-in. (101.6-mm) Mold

6.6 Straightedge—A stiff metal straightedge of any conve- kg, respectively. Greater masses would be required if the
nient length but not less than 10 in. (250 mm). The total length oversize fraction is large (see 10.2 or 10.3) or an additional
of the straightedge shall be machined straight to a tolerance of molding water content is taken during compaction of each
60.005 in. (60.1 mm). The scraping edge shall be beveled if point (see 10.4.1).
it is thicker than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm).
8.2 If gradation data is not available, estimate the percent-
6.7 Sieves—3⁄4 in. (19.0 mm), 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm), and No. 4 age of material (by mass) retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm),
(4.75 mm), conforming to the requirements of Specification 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), or 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve as appropriate for
E11. selecting Method A, B, or C, respectively. If it appears the
6.8 Mixing Tools—Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, percentage retained of interest is close to the allowable value
spoon, trowel, spatula, spray device (to add water evenly), and for a given Method (A, B, or C), then either:
(preferably, but optional) a suitable mechanical device for 8.2.1 Select a Method that allows a higher percentage
thoroughly mixing the subspecimen of soil with increments of retained (B or C).
water.
8.2.2 Using the sieve size designated for the Method of
7. Standardization/Calibration interest, process the specimen in accordance with 10.2 or 10.3
herein. This determines the percentage of material retained for
7.1 Perform standardizations before initial use, after repairs that method. If the percentage retained is acceptable, proceed.
or other occurrences that might affect the test results, at
If the percentage retained is not acceptable, go to Method B or
intervals not exceeding 1000 test specimens, or annually,
C using the next larger sieve size.
whichever occurs first, for the following apparatus:
7.1.1 Balance—Evaluate in accordance with Specification 8.2.3 Determine percentage retained values using a repre-
D4753 or Practice E319. sentative portion from the total sample, and performing a
7.1.2 Molds—Determine the volume as described in Annex simplified or complete gradation analysis using the sieve(s) of
A1. interest and Test Method D6913/D6913M or C136/C136M. It
7.1.3 Manual Rammer—Verify the free fall distance, ram- is only necessary to calculate the retained percentage(s) for the
mer weight, and rammer face are in accordance with 6.2. Verify sieve or sieves for which information is desired.
the guide sleeve requirements in accordance with 6.2.1.
7.1.4 Mechanical Rammer—Verify and adjust if necessary 9. Preparation of Apparatus
that the mechanical rammer in accordance with Practices 9.1 Select the proper compaction mold(s), collar, and base
D2168. In addition, the clearance between the rammer and the plate in accordance with the Method (A, B, or C) being used.
inside surface of the mold shall be verified in accordance with
Check that the volume of the mold is known and whether the
6.2.2.
volume was determined with or without the base plate. Also,
8. Test Specimen check that the mold is free of nicks or dents, and that the mold
will fit together properly with the collar and base plate.
8.1 The minimum test specimen (test fraction) mass for
Methods A and B is about 16 kg, and for Method C is about 29 9.2 Check that the manual or mechanical rammer assembly
kg of dry soil. Therefore, the field sample (see Practices is in good working condition and that parts are not loose or
D4220/D4220M for practices of preserving and transporting worn. Make any necessary adjustments or repairs. If adjust-
soil samples) should have a moist mass of at least 23 kg and 45 ments or repairs are made, the rammer must be restandardized.

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10. Procedure point). Select about 2.3 kg when using Method A or B, or about
10.1 Soils: 5.9 kg for Method C. Test Method D6913/D6913M section on
10.1.1 Do not reuse soil that has been previously compacted Specimen and Annex A2 give additional details on obtaining
in the laboratory. The reuse of previously compacted soil yields representative soil using this procedure and the reason it is the
a significantly greater maximum dry unit weight (1). preferred method. To obtain the subspecimen’s molding water
10.1.2 When using this test method for soils containing contents selected in 10.2.1, add or remove the required
hydrated halloysite, or in which past experience indicates that amounts of water as follows: To add water, spray it into the soil
results will be altered by air-drying, use the moist preparation during mixing; to remove water, allow the soil to dry in air at
method (see Section 10.2). In referee testing, each laboratory ambient temperature or in a drying apparatus such that the
has to use the same method of preparation, either moist temperature of the sample does not exceed 140°F (60°C). Mix
(preferred) or air-dried. the soil frequently during drying to facilitate an even water
10.1.3 Prepare the soil specimens for testing in accordance content distribution. Thoroughly mix each subspecimen to
with 10.2 (preferred) or with 10.3. facilitate even distribution of water throughout and then place
in a separate covered container to stand (cure) in accordance
10.2 Moist Preparation Method (preferred)—Without pre- with Table 2 prior to compaction. For selecting a standing time,
viously drying the sample/specimen, process it over a No. 4 the soil may be classified using Practice D2487, Practice
(4.75-mm), 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), or 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, de- D2488 or data on other samples from the same material source.
pending on the Method (A, B, or C) being used or required as For referee testing, classification shall be by Practice D2487.
covered in 8.2. For additional processing details, see Test
Method D6913/D6913M. Determine and record the mass of 10.3 Dry Preparation Method—If the sample/specimen is
both the retained and passing portions (oversize fraction and too damp to be friable, reduce the water content by air drying
test fraction, respectively) to the nearest g. Oven dry the until the material is friable. Drying may be in air or by the use
oversize fraction and determine and record its dry mass to the of drying apparatus such that the temperature of the sample
nearest g. If it appears more than 0.5 % of the total dry mass of does not exceed 140°F (60°C). Thoroughly break up the
the specimen is adhering to the oversize fraction, wash that aggregations in such a manner as to avoid breaking individual
fraction. Then determine and record its oven dry mass to the particles. Process the material over the appropriate sieve: No.
nearest g. Determine and record the water content of the 4 (4.75 mm), 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm), or 3⁄4 in. (19.0 mm). When
processed soil (test fraction). Using that water content, deter- preparing the material by passing over the 3⁄4-in. sieve for
mine and record the oven dry mass of the test fraction to the compaction in the 6-in. mold, break up aggregations suffi-
nearest g. Based on these oven dry masses, the percent oversize ciently to at least pass the 3 ⁄8 in. sieve in order to facilitate the
fraction, PC, and test fraction, PF, shall be determined and distribution of water throughout the soil in later mixing.
recorded, unless a gradation analysis has already been per- Determine and record the water content of the test fraction and
formed. See Section 11 on Calculations. all masses covered in 10.2, as applicable to determine the
10.2.1 From the test fraction, select and prepare at least four percent oversize fraction, PC, and test fraction, PF.
(preferably five) subspecimens having molding water contents 10.3.1 From the test fraction, select and prepare at least four
such that they bracket the estimated optimum water content. A (preferably five) subspecimens in accordance with 10.2.1 and
subspecimen having a molding water content close to optimum 10.2.2, except for the following: Use either a mechanical
should be prepared first by trial additions or removals of water splitting or quartering process to obtain the subspecimens. As
and mixing (see Note 8). Select molding water contents for the stated in Test Method D6913/D6913M, both of these processes
rest of the subspecimens to provide at least two subspecimens will yield non-uniform subspecimens compared to the moist
wet and two subspecimens dry of optimum, and molding water procedure. Typically, only the addition of water to each
contents varying by about 2 %. At least two molding water subspecimen will be required.
contents are necessary on the wet and dry side of optimum to 10.4 Compaction—After standing (curing), if required, each
define the dry-unit-weight compaction curve (see 10.5). Some subspecimen (compaction point) shall be compacted as fol-
soils with very high optimum water content or a relatively flat lows:
compaction curve may require larger molding water content 10.4.1 Determine and record the mass of the mold or mold
increments to obtain a well-defined maximum dry unit weight. and base plate, see 10.4.7.
Molding water content increments should not exceed about 10.4.2 Assemble and secure the mold and collar to the base
4 %. plate. Check the alignment of the inner wall of the mold and
NOTE 8—With practice it is usually possible to visually judge a point mold extension collar. Adjust if necessary. The mold shall rest
near optimum water content. Typically, cohesive soils at the optimum without wobbling/rocking on a uniform rigid foundation, such
water content can be squeezed into a lump that barely sticks together when as provided by a cylinder or cube of concrete with a weight or
hand pressure is released, but will break cleanly into two sections when
“bent.” They tend to crumble at molding water contents dry of optimum;
they tend to stick together in a sticky cohesive mass wet of optimum. For TABLE 2 Required Standing Times of Moisturized Specimens
cohesive soils, the optimum water content is typically slightly less than the
plastic limit. For cohesionless soils, the optimum water content is typically Classification Minimum Standing Time, h
close to zero or at the point where bleeding occurs. GW, GP, SW, SP no requirement
GM, SM 3
10.2.2 Thoroughly mix the test fraction, then using a scoop All other soils 16
select representative soil for each subspecimen (compaction

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mass of not less than 200 lb or 91 kg, respectively. Secure the 10.4.5 In operating the manual rammer, take care to avoid
base plate to the rigid foundation. The method of attachment to lifting the guide sleeve during the rammer upstroke. Hold the
the rigid foundation shall allow easy removal of the assembled guide sleeve steady and within 5° of vertical. Apply the blows
mold, collar and base plate after compaction is completed. at a uniform rate of about 25 blows/min and in such a manner
10.4.2.1 During the compaction procedure, it is advanta- as to provide complete, uniform coverage of the specimen
geous but not required to determine the water content of each surface. When using a 4-in. (101.6-mm) mold and manual
subspecimen immediately prior to compaction. This provides a rammer, follow the blow pattern given in Fig. 3(a) and Fig.
check on the molding water content determined for each 3(b) while for a mechanical rammer, follow the pattern in Fig.
compaction point and the magnitude of bleeding. See 10.4.9. 3(b). When using a 6-in. (152.4-mm) mold and manual
However, more soil will have to be selected for each subspe- rammer, follow the blow pattern given in Fig. 4 up to the 9th
cimen than stated in 10.2.2. blow, then systematically around the mold (Fig. 3(b)) and in
10.4.3 Compact the soil in five layers. After compaction, the middle. When using a 6-in. (152.4-mm) mold and a
each layer should be approximately equal in thickness and the mechanical rammer equipped with a sector face, the mechani-
final layer shall extend slightly into the collar. Prior to cal rammer shall be designed to follow the compaction pattern
compaction, place the loose soil into the mold and spread into given in Fig. 3(b). When using a 6-in. (152.4-mm) mold and a
a layer of uniform thickness. Lightly tamp the soil prior to mechanical rammer equipped with a circular face, the me-
compaction until it is not in a fluffy or loose state, using either chanical rammer shall be designed to distribute the blows
the manual rammer or a cylinder approximately 2 in. (50 mm) uniformly over the surface of the specimen. If the surface of
in diameter. Following compaction of each of the first four the compacted soil becomes highly uneven (see Note 9) then
layers, any soil that has not been compacted, such as adjacent adjust the pattern to follow the logic given in Fig. 3(a) or Fig.
to the mold walls, or extends above the compacted surface (up 4. This will most likely void the use of a mechanical rammer
the mold walls) shall be trimmed. The trimmed soil shall be for such compaction points.
discarded. A knife or other suitable device may be used. The NOTE 9—When compacting specimens wetter than optimum water
total amount of soil used shall be such that the fifth compacted content, uneven compacted surfaces can occur and operator judgment is
layer slightly extends into the collar, but does not extend more required as to the average height of the specimen and rammer pattern
than approximately 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) above the top of the mold. If during compaction.
the fifth layer does extend above this limit, then the compaction 10.4.6 Following compaction of the last layer, remove the
point shall be discarded. In addition, the compaction point shall collar and base plate (except as noted in 10.4.7) from the mold.
be discarded when the last blow on the rammer for the fifth A knife may be used to trim the soil adjacent to the collar to
layer results in the bottom of the rammer extending below the loosen the soil from the collar before removal to avoid
top of the compaction mold, unless the soil is pliable enough disrupting the soil below the top of the mold. In addition, to
that this surface can easily be forced above the top of the prevent/reduce soil sticking to the collar or base plate, rotate
compaction mold during trimming. See Note 9. them before removal.
10.4.4 Compact each layer with 25 blows for the 4-in. 10.4.7 Carefully trim the compacted specimen even with the
(101.6-mm) mold or with 56 blows for the 6-in. (152.4-mm) top of the mold by means of the straightedge scraped across the
mold. The manual rammer shall be used for referee testing. top of the mold to form a plane surface even with the top of the

FIG. 4 Rammer Pattern for Compaction in 6-in. (152.4-mm) Mold

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mold. Initial trimming of the specimen above the top of the Mm,tf = moist mass of test fraction, nearest g or 0.001 kg,
mold with a knife may prevent tearing out soil below the top of and
the mold. Fill any holes in either surface with unused or wtf = water content of test fraction, nearest 0.1 %.
trimmed soil from the specimen, press in with the fingers, and
11.1.2 Oversize Fraction Percentage—Determine the over-
again scrape the straightedge across the top of the mold. If
size (coarse) fraction percentage as follows:
gravel size particles are encountered, trim around them or
remove them, whichever is the easiest and reduces the distur- M d,of
PC 5 (2)
bance of the compacted soil. The estimated volume of particles M d,of1M d,tf
above the surface of the compacted soil and holes in that where:
surface shall be equal. Fill in remaining holes as mentioned
PC = percentage of oversize (coarse) fraction, nearest %,
above. Repeat the appropriate preceding operations on the Md,of = dry mass of oversize fraction, nearest g or 0.001 kg.
bottom of the specimen when the mold volume was determined
without the base plate. For very wet or dry soils, soil or water 11.1.3 Test Fraction Percentage—Determine the test (finer)
may be lost if the base plate is removed. For these situations, fraction percentage as follows:
leave the base plate attached to the mold. When the base plate P F 5 100 2 P C (3)
is left attached, the volume of the mold must be calibrated with
the base plate attached to the mold rather than a plastic or glass where:
plate as noted in Annex A1 (A1.4.1). PF = percentage of test (finer) fraction, nearest %
10.4.8 Determine and record the mass of the specimen and 11.2 Density and Unit Weight—Calculate the molding water
mold to the nearest g. When the base plate is left attached, content, moist density, dry density, and dry unit weight of each
determine and record the mass of the specimen, mold and base compacted specimen as explained below.
plate to the nearest g. 11.2.1 Molding Water Content, w—Calculate in accordance
10.4.9 Remove the material from the mold. Obtain a speci- with Test Method D2216 to nearest 0.1 %.
men for molding water content by using either the whole 11.2.2 Density and Unit Weights—Calculate the moist (to-
specimen (preferred method) or a representative portion. When tal) density (Eq 4), the dry density (Eq 5), and then the dry unit
the entire specimen is used, break it up to facilitate drying. weight (Eq 6) as follows:
Otherwise, obtain a representative portion of the five layers, 11.2.2.1 Moist Density:
removing enough material from the specimen to report the
water content to 0.1 %. The mass of the representative portion ~ M t 2 M md!
ρm 5 K 3 (4)
V
of soil shall conform to the requirements of Table 1, Method B,
of Test Methods D2216. Determine the molding water content where:
in accordance with Test Method D2216. ρm = moist density of compacted subspecimen (compac-
10.5 Following compaction of the last specimen, compare tion point), four significant digits, g/cm3 or kg/m3,
the wet unit weights to ensure that a desired pattern of Mt = mass of moist soil in mold and mold, nearest g,
obtaining data on each side of the optimum water content will Mmd = mass of compaction mold, nearest g,
be attained for the dry-unit-weight compaction curve. Plotting V = volume of compaction mold, cm3 or m3 (see Annex
the wet unit weight and molding water content of each A1), and
compacted specimen can be an aid in making the above K = conversion constant, depending on density units and
evaluation. If the desired pattern is not obtained, additional volume units. Use 1 for g/cm3 and volume in cm3.
compacted specimens will be required. Generally, for experi- Use 1000 for g/cm3 and volume in m3. Use 0.001 for
enced plotters of compaction curves, one compaction point wet kg/cm3 and volume in m3. Use 1000 for kg/m3 and
of the optimum water content is adequate to define the volume in cm3.
maximum wet unit weight. See 11.2. 11.2.2.2 Dry Density:
11. Calculation and Plotting (Compaction Curve) ρm
ρd 5 (5)
w
11.1 Fraction Percentages—If gradation data from Test 11
100
Method D6913/D6913M is not available, calculate the dry
mass of the test fraction, percentage of oversize fraction, and where:
test fraction as covered below and using the data from 10.2 or ρd = dry density of compaction point, four significant digits,
10.3: g/cm3 or kg/m3, and
11.1.1 Test Fraction—Determine the dry mass of the test w = molding water content of compaction point, nearest
fraction as follows: 0.1 %.
M m,tf 11.2.2.3 Dry Unit Weight:
M d,tf 5 (1)
w tf γd 5 K1 3 ρd (6)
11
100 in lbf/ft3, or,
where: γd 5 K2 3 ρd (7)
Md,tf = dry mass of test fraction, nearest g or 0.001 kg, in kN/m3,

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where: molding water content’s (2 lbf/ft3 to 1 % w per major division).
γd = dry unit weight of compacted specimen, four signifi- Therefore, any change in the shape of the compaction curve is
cant digits, in lbf/ft3 or kN/m3, a result of testing different material, not the plotting scale.
K1 = conversion constant, depending on density units. Use However, a one to one ratio should be used for soils have a
62.428 for density in g/cm3, or use 0.062428 for relatively flat compaction curve (see 10.2.1), such as highly
density in kg/m3, plastic soils or relatively free draining ones up to the point of
K2 = conversion constant, depending on density units. Use bleeding.
9.8066 for density in g/cm3, or use 0.0098066 for 11.3.1.1 The shape of the compaction curve on the wet side
density in kg/m3. on optimum should typically follow that of the saturation
11.3 Compaction Curve—Plot the dry unit weight and curve. The shape of the compaction curve on the dry side of
molding water content values, the saturation curve (see 11.3.2), optimum may be relatively flat or up and down when testing
and draw the compaction curve as a smooth curve through the some soils, such as relatively free draining ones or plastic soils
points (see example, Fig. 5). For each point on the compaction prepared using the moist procedure and having molding water
curve, calculate, record, and plot dry unit weight to the nearest contents close to or less than the shrinkage limit.
0.1 lbf/ft3 (0.02 kN/m3) and molding water content to the 11.3.2 Plot the 100 % saturation curve, based on either an
nearest 0.1 %. From the compaction curve, determine the estimated or a measured specific gravity. Values of water
compaction results: optimum water content, to nearest 0.1 % content for the condition of 100 % saturation can be calculated
and maximum dry unit weight, to the nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3 (0.02 as explained in 11.4 (see example, Fig. 5).
kN/m3). If more than 5 % by mass of oversize material was NOTE 10—The 100 % saturation curve is an aid in drawing the
removed from the sample/specimen, calculate the corrected compaction curve. For soils containing more than about 10 % fines and
optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight of the molding water contents well above optimum, the two curves generally
become roughly parallel with the wet side of the compaction curve
total material using Practice D4718/D4718M. This correction between 92 % to 95 % saturation. Theoretically, the compaction curve
may be made to the appropriate field in-place density test cannot plot to the right of the 100 % saturation curve. If it does, there is
specimen rather than to the laboratory compaction results. an error in specific gravity, in measurements, in calculations, in testing, or
11.3.1 In these plots, the scale sensitivities should remain in plotting. The 100 % saturation curve is sometimes referred to as the
the same, that is, the change in molding water content or dry zero air voids curve or the complete saturation curve.
unit weight per division is constant between plots. Typically, 11.4 Saturation Points—To calculate points for plotting the
the change in dry unit weight per division is twice that of 100 % saturation curve or zero air voids curve, select values of

NOTE 1—Wet Unit Weights are usually not plotted. They are plotted
here for informational purposes only. Also notice that the compaction
points may not all lie exactly on the compaction curve.
FIG. 5 Example Compaction Curve Plotting

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dry unit weight, calculate corresponding values of water compaction curve. It has been attempted in this test method to determine
content corresponding to the condition of 100 % saturation as all measurements and calculations to four significant figures. The purpose
is to ensure that precision is not lost due to rounding prior to plotting the
follows: compaction curve and that data sheets and forms retained by the
~ γ w !~ G s ! 2 γ d laboratory contain that same degree of precision.
w sat 5 3 100 (8)
~ γ d !~ G s ! 13. Precision and Bias4
where: 13.1 Precision—Criteria for judging the acceptability of
wsat = water content for complete saturation, nearest 0.1 %, maximum unit weight and optimum water content results
γw = unit weight of water, 62.32 lbf/ft3 (9.789 kN/m3) at obtained by this method are given in Table 3.
20°C, 13.1.1 Single-Operator Precision (Repeatability)—The fig-
γd = dry unit weight of soil, lbf/ft3 (kN/m3), three signifi- ures in Column 2 of Table 3 are the standard deviations that
cant digits, and have been found to be appropriate for the conditions of test
Gs = specific gravity of soil (estimated or measured), to described in Column 1. Two results obtained in the same
nearest 0.01 value, see 11.4.1. laboratory, by the same operator using the same equipment, in
11.4.1 Specific gravity may be estimated for the test fraction the shortest practical period of time, should not be considered
based on test data from other soils having the same soil suspect unless the difference in the two results exceeds the
classification and source or experience. Otherwise, a specific values given in Table 3, Column 3.
gravity test (Test Method C127, Test Method D854, or both) is 13.1.2 Multilaboratory Precision (Reproducibility)—The
necessary. figures in Column 2 of Table 3 are the standard deviations that
have been found to be appropriate for the conditions of test
12. Report: Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) described in Column 1. Two results submitted by two different
12.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re- operators testing the same material in different laboratories
corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as described below, is shall not be considered suspect unless the difference in the two
covered in Section 1.6. results exceeds the values given in Table 3, Column 3.
12.2 The data sheet(s)/form(s) shall contain as a minimum 13.2 Bias—It is not possible to present information on bias
the following information: because there is no other method of determining the values of
12.2.1 Method used (A, B, or C). modified maximum unit weight and modified optimum water
12.2.2 Preparation method used (moist or dry). content.
12.2.3 As-received water content, if determined, nearest 14. Keywords
1 %.
12.2.4 Modified optimum water content, Mod-wopt to near- 14.1 compaction characteristics; density; impact compac-
est 0.1 %. tion using modified effort; laboratory tests; modified proctor
12.2.5 Modified maximum (optimum) dry unit weight, test; moisture-density curves; soil compaction
Mod-γd,max nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3 or 0.02 kN/m3. 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
12.2.6 Type of rammer (manual or mechanical). be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D18-1017.
12.2.7 Soil sieve data when applicable for selection of
Method (A, B, or C) used. TABLE 3 Precision Estimates
12.2.8 Description of sample used in test (as a minimum,
Conditions of Test Standard Acceptable Range
color and group name and symbol), by Practice D2488, or and Test Property Deviation (1s)A of
classification by Test Method D2487. Two Test Results
12.2.9 Specific gravity and method of determination, near- (d2s)A

est 0.01 value. Single Operator Precision:

12.2.10 Identification of sample used in test, for example, Maximum Unit Weight (lbf/ft 3) 0.6 1.8
project number/name, location, depth, and the like. Optimum Water Content (percent) 0.4 1.0

12.2.11 Compaction curve plot showing compaction points Multilaboratory Precision:

used to establish compaction curve, and 100 % saturation Maximum Unit Weight (lbf/ft 3) 1.6 4.4
Optimum Water Content (percent) 0.7 2.1
curve, value or point of maximum dry unit weight and
A
optimum water content. These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits as described in
Practice C670 for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for
12.2.12 Percentages for the fractions retained (PC) and Construction Materials.
passing (PF) the sieve used in Method A, B, or C, nearest 1 %.
In addition, if compaction data (Mod-wopt and Mod-γd,max) are NOTE 1—The precision estimates given in Table 3 are based on the
corrected for the oversize fraction, include that data. analysis of test results from three pairs of AMRL proficiency samples. The
data analyzed consisted of results from 144 to 253 laboratories for each of
NOTE 11—The Data Sheet(s)/Form requirements in Section 12 are not the three pairs of samples. The analysis included two classifications of fine
intended as requirements for reporting final test results to the requesting grained soil (group symbol CL): lean clay with sand and sandy lean clay.
agency. The requirements apply to testing records for measurements, for Average maximum unit weights ranged from 125.8 lbf/ft3 to 132.6 lbf/ft3.
intermediate calculations and for compaction points used to plot the Average optimum water contents ranged from 8.0 percent to 10.4 percent.

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ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. VOLUME OF COMPACTION MOLD

A1.1 Scope of the mold. If it is necessary to use the base plate, as noted in
A1.1.1 This annex describes the method for determining the 10.4.7, place the greased mold onto the base plate and secure
volume of a compaction mold. with the locking studs.
A1.4.1.2 Determine the mass of the greased mold and both
A1.1.2 The volume is determined by two methods, a water- plastic or glass plates to the nearest 1 g and record, Mmp. When
filled method and a linear-measurement method. the base plate is being used in lieu of the bottom plastic or glass
A1.1.3 The water filling method for the 4-in. (106.5-mm) plate determine the mass of the mold, base plate and a single
mold, when using a balance readable to nearest g, does not plastic or glass plate to be used on top of the mold to the
yield four significant figures for its volume, just three. Based nearest 1 g and record.
on Practice D6026, this limits the density/unit weight determi- A1.4.1.3 Place the mold and the bottom plate on a firm,
nations previously presented from four to three significant level surface and fill the mold with water to slightly above its
figures. To prevent this limitation, the water filling method has rim.
been adjusted from that presented in early versions of this test A1.4.1.4 Slide the second plate over the top surface of the
method. mold so that the mold remains completely filled with water and
air bubbles are not entrapped. Add or remove water as
A1.2 Apparatus necessary with a bulb syringe.
A1.2.1 In addition to the apparatus listed in Section 6, the A1.4.1.5 Completely dry any excess water from the outside
following items are required: of the mold and plates.
A1.2.1.1 Vernier or Dial Caliper, having a measuring range A1.4.1.6 Determine the mass of the mold, plates and water
of at least 0 to 6 in. (0 to 150 mm) and readable to at least 0.001 and record to the nearest 1 g, Mmp,w.
in. (0.02 mm). A1.4.1.7 Determine the temperature of the water in the
A1.2.1.2 Inside Micrometer (optional), having a measuring mold to the nearest 0.1°C and record. Determine and record the
range of at least 2 to 12 in. (50 to 300 mm) and readable to at density of water from the table given in D854 or as follows:
least 0.001 in. (0.02 mm).
ρ w,c 5 1.00034038 2 ~ 7.77 3 1026 ! 3 T 2 ~ 4.95 3 1026 ! 3 T 2
A1.2.1.3 Depth Micrometer (optional), having a measuring
range of at least 0 to 6 in. (0 to 150 mm) and readable to at least (A1.1)
0.001 in. (0.02 mm). where:
A1.2.1.4 Plastic or Glass Plates—Two plastic or glass ρw,c = density of water, nearest 0.00001 g/cm3, and
plates about 8 in. by 8 in. by 1⁄4 in. thick (200 mm by 200 mm T = calibration test temperature, nearest 0.1°C.
by 6 mm).
A1.2.1.5 Thermometer or other Thermometric Device, hav- A1.4.1.8 Calculate the mass of water in the mold by
ing a readability of 0.1°C and a maximum permissible error of subtracting the mass determined in A1.4.1.2 from the mass
0.5°C. determined in A1.4.1.6.
A1.2.1.6 Stopcock Grease or similar sealant. A1.4.1.9 Calculate the volume of water by dividing the
A1.2.1.7 Distilled Water or De-ionized Water—Either type mass of water by the density of water. Record this volume to
of water may be used to fill the mold when determining the the nearest 0.1 cm3 for the 4-in.(101.6-mm) mold or nearest 1
mold volume using the water-filling method. Distilled water or cm3 for the 6-in. (152.4-mm) mold. To determine the volume
de-ionized water may be purchased and is available in most of the mold in m3, multiply the volume in cm3 by 1 × 10–6.
grocery stores. In the procedure for the water-filling method, Record this volume, as prescribed.
distilled water, or de-ionized water, is referred to as water. A1.4.1.10 If the water-filling method is being used to
A1.2.1.8 Miscellaneous equipment—Bulb syringe, towels, determine the mold’s volume and checked by linear measure-
etc. ment method, repeat this volume determination (A1.4.1.3 –
A1.4.1.9) and determine and record the average value, Vw, as
A1.3 Precautions prescribed.
A1.3.1 Perform this method in an area isolated from drafts A1.4.2 Linear Measurement Method:
or extreme temperature fluctuations. A1.4.2.1 Using either the vernier caliper or the inside
micrometer (preferable), measure the inside diameter (ID) of
A1.4 Procedure
the mold six times at the top of the mold and six times at the
A1.4.1 Water-Filling Method: bottom of the mold spacing each of the six top and bottom
A1.4.1.1 Lightly grease the bottom of the compaction mold measurements equally around the inside circumference of the
and place it on one of the plastic or glass plates. Lightly grease mold. Record the values to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02 mm).
the top of the mold. Be careful not to get grease on the inside Determine and record the average ID to the nearest 0.001 in.

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 D1557 − 12 (2021)
(0.02 mm), davg. Verify that this ID is within specified havg = average height, in. (mm), and
tolerances, 4.000 6 0.016 in. (101.6 6 0.4 mm); if not, discard davg = average of the top and bottom diameters, in. (mm).
the mold.
If the volume in m3 is required, then multiply the above
A1.4.2.2 Using the vernier caliper or depth micrometer
value by 10–6.
(preferably), measure the inside height of the mold to the base
plate. In these measurements, make three or more measure- A1.5 Comparison of Results and Standardized Volume of
ments equally spaced around the inside circumference of the Mold
mold, and preferably one in the center of the mold, but not
required (use the straightedge to facilitate the latter measure- A1.5.1 The volume obtained by either method should be
ment and correct the measurement for the thickness of the within the volume tolerance requirements of 6.1.1 and 6.1.2,
straightedge). Record these values to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02 using either or cm3 or ft3. To convert cm3 to ft3, divide cm3 by
mm). Determine and record the average of these height 28 317, record to the nearest 0.0001 ft3.
measurements to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02 mm), havg. Verify A1.5.2 The difference between the two methods should not
that this height is within specified tolerances, 4.584 6 0.018 in. exceed 0.5 % of the nominal volume of the mold, cm3 or ft3.
(116.4 6 0.5 mm); if not, discard the mold.
A1.5.3 Repeat the determination of volume which is most
A1.4.2.3 Calculate the volume of the mold to four signifi-
suspect, or both, if these criteria are not met.
cant digits in cm3 as follows:
A1.5.4 Failure to obtain satisfactory agreement between the
π 3 h avg 3 ~ d avg! 2
V lm 5 K 3 (A1.2) two methods, even after several trials, is an indication that the
4
mold is badly deformed and should be replaced.
where:
A1.5.5 Use the volume of the mold determined using the
Vlm = volume of mold by linear measurements, to four water-filling method or linear method, or average of both
significant digits, cm3, methods as the standardized volume for calculating the moist
K3 = constant to convert measurements made in inch (in.) density (see 11.2.2.1). This value (V) in cm3 or m3 shall have
or mm. Use 16.387 for measurements in inches. Use four significant digits. The use of a volume in ft3, along with
10–3 for measurements in mm. masses in lbm shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with
π = 3.14159, this standard.

REFERENCES

(1) Johnson, A.W., and Sallberg, J.R., Factors Influencing Compaction (3) Earth Manual, United States Bureau of Reclamation, Part 1, Third
Test Results, Highway Research Board, Bulletin 318, Publication 967, Edition, 1998, pp. 255-260.
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, (4) Earth Manual, United States Bureau of Reclamation, Part 2, Third
Washington, DC, 1962, p. 73. Edition, 1990.
(2) Head, K. H., Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing: Volume 1 Soil (5) Torrey, V.H., and Donaghe, R.T., “Compaction Control of Earth-Rock
Classification and Compaction Tests, Pentech Press, London, Second Mixtures: A New Approach,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ,
Edition, 1992, p. 313. Vol 17, No 3, September 1994, pp. 371-386.

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