Basic Data Structures Keywords: Types Evaluate To False

The Ultimate Python Cheat Sheet
Keywords Basic Data Structures

Keyword Description Code Examples Type Description Code Examples
Boolean The Boolean data type is ## Evaluates to True:

False, Boolean data type False == (1 > 2)
either True or False. 1<2 and 0<=1 and 3>2 and 2>=2 and 1==1
True True == (2 > 1)
Boolean operators are and 1!=0
ordered by priority:
Logical operators ## Evaluates to False:
not → and → or
and, → Both are true True and True # True bool(None or 0 or 0.0 or '' or [] or
or, → Either is true True or False # True {} or set())
not → Flips Boolean not False # True
Rule: None, 0, 0.0, empty strings, or empty container
1, 2, 3 types evaluate to False
break Ends loop prematurely while True:
break # finite loop Integer, An integer is a positive or ## Arithmetic Operations
Float negative number without x, y = 3, 2
continue Finishes current loop iteration while True: decimal point such as 3. print(x + y) # = 5
continue print(x - y) # = 1
print("42") # dead code A float is a positive or print(x * y) # = 6
negative number with print(x / y) # = 1.5
class Defines new class class Coffee: floating point precision print(x // y) # = 1
# Define your class such as 3.1415926. print(x % y) # = 1
print(-x) # = -3
def Defines a new function or class def say_hi(): Integer division rounds print(abs(-x)) # = 3
method. print('hi') toward the smaller integer print(int(3.9)) # = 3
(example: 3//2==1). print(float(3)) # = 3.0
if, Conditional execution: x = int(input("ur val:")) print(x ** y) # = 9
elif, - “if” condition == True? if x > 3: print("Big")
else - "elif" condition == True? elif x == 3: print("3") String Python Strings are ## Indexing and Slicing
- Fallback: else branch else: print("Small") sequences of characters. s = "The youngest pope was 11 years"
s[0] # 'T'
String Creation Methods: s[1:3] # 'he' Slice [::2]
for, # For loop # While loop does same
while for i in [0,1,2]: j = 0 1. Single quotes s[-3:-1] # 'ar'
print(i) while j < 3: >>> 'Yes' s[-3:] # 'ars' 1 2 3 4
print(j); j = j + 1 2. Double quotes
>>> "Yes" x = s.split() 0 1 2 3
in Sequence membership 42 in [2, 39, 42] # True 3. Triple quotes (multi-line) x[-2] + " " + x[2] + "s" # '11 popes'
>>> """Yes
is Same object memory location y = x = 3 We Can""" ## String Methods
x is y # True 4. String method y = " Hello world\t\n "
[3] is [3] # False >>> str(5) == '5' y.strip() # Remove Whitespace
True "HI".lower() # Lowercase: 'hi'
None Empty value constant print() is None # True 5. Concatenation "hi".upper() # Uppercase: 'HI'
>>> "Ma" + "hatma" "hello".startswith("he") # True
lambda Anonymous function (lambda x: x+3)(3) # 6 'Mahatma' "hello".endswith("lo") # True
"hello".find("ll") # Match at 2
return Terminates function. Optional def increment(x): Whitespace chars: "cheat".replace("ch", "m") # 'meat'
return value defines function return x + 1 Newline \n, ''.join(["F", "B", "I"]) # 'FBI'
result. increment(4) # returns 5 Space \s, len("hello world") # Length: 15
Tab \t "ear" in "earth" # True
Complex Data Structures

Type Description Example Type Description Example
List Stores a sequence of l = [1, 2, 2] Dictionary Useful data structure for cal = {'apple' : 52, 'banana' : 89,
elements. Unlike strings, you print(len(l)) # 3 storing (key, value) pairs 'choco' : 546} # calories
can modify list objects (they're
Reading Read and write elements by print(cal['apple'] < cal['choco'])
mutable).
and specifying the key within the # True
Adding Add elements to a list with (i) [1, 2].append(4) # [1, 2, 4] writing brackets. Use the keys() cal['cappu'] = 74
elements append, (ii) insert, or (iii) list [1, 4].insert(1,9) # [1, 9, 4] elements and values() functions to print(cal['banana'] < cal['cappu'])
concatenation. [1, 2] + [4] # [1, 2, 4] access all keys and values of # False
the dictionary
print('apple' in cal.keys()) # True
Removal Slow for lists [1, 2, 2, 4].remove(1) # [2, 2, 4]
print(52 in cal.values()) # True
Reversing Reverses list order [1, 2, 3].reverse() # [3, 2, 1]
Dictionary You can access the (key, for k, v in cal.items():
Sorting Sorts list using fast Timsort [2, 4, 2].sort() # [2, 2, 4] Iteration value) pairs of a dictionary print(k) if v > 500 else ''
with the items() method. # 'choco'
Indexing Finds the first occurrence of [2, 2, 4].index(2)
an element & returns index. # index of item 2 is 0 Member- Check with the in keyword if basket = {'apple', 'eggs',
Slow worst case for whole list [2, 2, 4].index(2,1) ship set, list, or dictionary contains 'banana', 'orange'}
traversal. # index of item 2 after pos 1 is 1 operator an element. Set membership print('eggs' in basket) # True
is faster than list membership. print('mushroom' in basket) # False
Stack Use Python lists via the list stack = [3]
operations append() and pop() stack.append(42) # [3, 42] List & set List comprehension is the l = ['hi ' + x for x in ['Alice',
stack.pop() # 42 (stack: [3]) comprehe concise Python way to create 'Bob', 'Pete']]
stack.pop() # 3 (stack: []) nsion lists. Use brackets plus an # ['Hi Alice', 'Hi Bob', 'Hi Pete']
expression, followed by a for
Set An unordered collection of basket = {'apple', 'eggs', clause. Close with zero or l2 = [x * y for x in range(3) for y
unique elements (at-most- 'banana', 'orange'} more for or if clauses. in range(3) if x>y] # [0, 0, 2]
once) → fast membership O(1) same = set(['apple', 'eggs', Set comprehension works
squares = { x**2 for x in [0,2,4]
'banana', 'orange']) similar to list comprehension.
if x < 4 } # {0, 4}
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Python Cheat Sheet: Basic Data Types
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Description Example
Boolean The Boolean data type is a truth value, either ## 1. Boolean Operations
True or F alse. x, y = True, False
print(x and not y) # True
The Boolean operators ordered by priority: print(not x and y or x) # True
not x → “if x is False, then x, else y”
x and y → “if x is False, then x, else y” ## 2. If condition evaluates to False
x or y → “if x is False, then y, else x” if None or 0 or 0.0 or '' or [] or {} or set():
# None, 0, 0.0, empty strings, or empty
These comparison operators evaluate to True: # container types are evaluated to False
1 < 2 and 0 <= 1 and 3 > 2 and 2 >=2 and
print("Dead code") # Not reached
1 == 1 and 1 != 0 # True
Integer, An integer is a positive or negative number ## 3. Arithmetic Operations

Float without floating point (e.g. 3). A float is a x, y = 3, 2
positive or negative number with floating point print(x + y) # = 5
precision (e.g. 3.14159265359). print(x - y) # = 1
print(x * y) # = 6
The ‘//’ operator performs integer division. print(x / y) # = 1.5
The result is an integer value that is rounded print(x // y) # = 1
toward the smaller integer number print(x % y) # = 1s
(e.g. 3 // 2 == 1). print(-x) # = -3
print(abs(-x)) # = 3
print(int(3.9)) # = 3
print(float(3)) # = 3.0
print(x ** y) # = 9
String Python Strings are sequences of characters. ## 4. Indexing and Slicing

s = "The youngest pope was 11 years old"
The four main ways to create strings are the print(s[0]) # 'T'
following. print(s[1:3]) # 'he'
print(s[-3:-1]) # 'ol'
1. Single quotes print(s[-3:]) # 'old'
'Yes' x = s.split() # creates string array of words
2. Double quotes print(x[-3] + " " + x[-1] + " " + x[2] + "s")
"Yes"
# '11 old popes'
3. Triple quotes (multi-line)
"""Yes
## 5. Most Important String Methods
We Can"""
y = " This is lazy\t\n "
4. String method
print(y.strip()) # Remove Whitespace: 'This is lazy'
str(5) == '5' # True
print("DrDre".lower()) # Lowercase: 'drdre'
5. Concatenation
print("attention".upper()) # Uppercase: 'ATTENTION'
"Ma" + "hatma" # 'Mahatma'
print("smartphone".startswith("smart")) # True
print("smartphone".endswith("phone")) # True
print("another".find("other")) # Match index: 2
These are whitespace characters in strings.
print("cheat".replace("ch", "m")) # 'meat'
● Newline \ n
print(','.join(["F", "B", "I"])) # 'F,B,I'
● Space s
\
print(len("Rumpelstiltskin")) # String length: 15
● Tab t
\ print("ear" in "earth") # Contains: True
Python Cheat Sheet: Complex Data Types
Description Example
List A container data type that stores a l = [1, 2, 2]

sequence of elements. Unlike strings, lists print(len(l)) # 3
are mutable: modification possible.
Adding Add elements to a list with (i) append, (ii) [1, 2

, 2 ].append(4) # [1, 2, 2, 4]
elements insert, or (iii) list concatenation. [1, 2 , 4 ].insert(2,2) # [1, 2, 2, 4]
The append operation is very fast. [1, 2 , 2 ] + [4] # [1, 2, 2, 4]
Removal Removing an element can be slower. [1, 2, 2, 4].remove(1) # [2, 2, 4]
Reversing This reverses the order of list elements. [1, 2, 3].reverse() # [3, 2, 1]
Sorting Sorts a list. The computational complexity [2, 4, 2].sort() # [2, 2, 4]
of sorting is linear in the no. list elements.
Indexing Finds the first occurence of an element in [2, 2

, 4 ].index(2) # index of element 4 is "0"
the list & returns its index. Can be slow as [2, 2 , 4 ].index(2,1) # index of element 2 after pos 1 is "1"
the whole list is traversed.
Stack Python lists can be used intuitively as stack = [3]

stacks via the two list operations append() stack.append(42) # [3, 42]
and pop(). stack.pop() # 42 (stack: [3])
stack.pop() # 3 (stack: [])
Set A set is an unordered collection of unique basket = {'apple', 'eggs', 'banana', 'orange'}
elements (“at-most-once”). same = set(['apple', 'eggs', 'banana', 'orange'])
Dictionary The dictionary is a useful data structure for calories = {'apple' : 52, 'banana' : 89, 'choco' : 546}
storing (key, value) pairs.
Reading and Read and write elements by specifying the print(calories['apple'] < calories['choco']) # True
writing key within the brackets. Use the keys() and calories['cappu'] = 74
elements values() functions to access all keys and print(calories['banana'] < calories['cappu']) # False
values of the dictionary. print('apple' in calories.keys()) # True
print(52 in calories.values()) # True
Dictionary You can access the (key, value) pairs of a for k, v in calories.items():
Looping dictionary with the items() method. print(k) if v > 500 else None # 'chocolate'
Membership Check with the ‘in’ keyword whether the basket = {'apple', 'eggs', 'banana', 'orange'}
operator set, list, or dictionary contains an element. print('eggs' in basket) # True
Set containment is faster than list print('mushroom' in basket) # False
containment.
List and Set List comprehension is the concise Python # List comprehension
Comprehens way to create lists. Use brackets plus an l = [('Hi ' + x) for x in ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Pete']]
ion expression, followed by a for clause. Close print(l) # ['Hi Alice', 'Hi Bob', 'Hi Pete']
with zero or more for or if clauses. l2 = [x * y for x in range(3) for y in range(3) if x>y]
print(l2) # [0, 0, 2]
Set comprehension is similar to list # Set comprehension
comprehension. squares = { x**2 for x in [0,2,4] if x < 4 } # {0, 4}
Python Cheat Sheet: Classes
Description Example
Classes A class encapsulates data and functionality: data as class Dog:
attributes, and functionality as methods. It is a blueprint """ Blueprint of a dog """
for creating concrete instances in memory.
# class variable shared by all instances
species = ["canis lupus"]
def __init__(self, name, color):

self.name = name
self.state = "sleeping"
self.color = color
def command(self, x):

if x == self.name:
self.bark(2)
elif x == "sit":
Instance You are an instance of the class human. An instance is a self.state = " sit"
concrete implementation of a class: all attributes of an else:
instance have a fixed value. Your hair is blond, brown, or self.state = " wag tail"
black--but never unspecified.
def bark(self, freq):
Each instance has its own attributes independent of for i in range(freq):
other instances. Yet, class variables are different. These print("[" + self.name
are data values associated with the class, not the + "]: Woof!")
instances. Hence, all instance share the same class
variable species in the example.
black")
bello = Dog("bello", "
Self The first argument when defining any method is always alice = Dog("alice", " white")
the self argument. This argument specifies the
black
print(bello.color) #
instance on which you call the method.
print(alice.color) # white
self gives the Python interpreter the information about
the concrete instance. To define a method, you use s elf bello.bark(1) # [bello]: Woof!
n instance
to modify the instance attributes. But to call a
method, you do not need to specify self. alice.command("sit")
print("[alice]: " + alice.state)
Creation You can create classes “on the fly” and use them as # [alice]: sit
logical units to store complex data types.
bello.command("no")
class Employee(): print("[bello]: " + bello.state)
pass # [bello]: wag tail
employee = Employee()
employee.salary = 122000 alice.command("alice")
employee.firstname = "alice" # [alice]: Woof!
employee.lastname = "wonderland" # [alice]: Woof!
print(employee.firstname + " " bello.species += ["wulf"]

+ employee.lastname + " " print(len(bello.species)
+ str(employee.salary) + "$") == len(alice.species)) # True (!)
# alice wonderland 122000$
Python Cheat Sheet: Functions and Tricks
Description Example Result
A map(func, iter) Executes the function on all elements of list(map(lambda x: x[0], ['red', ['r', 'g', 'b']
D the iterable 'green', 'blue']))
V
A map(func, i1, ..., Executes the function on all k elements of list(map(lambda x, y: str(x) + ' ' + ['0 apples', '2
ik) the k iterables y + 's' , [0, 2, 2], ['apple', oranges', '2
N
C 'orange', 'banana'])) bananas']
E
string.join(iter) Concatenates iterable elements ' marries '.join(list(['Alice', 'Alice marries Bob'
D separated by string 'Bob']))
F filter(func, Filters out elements in iterable for which list(filter(lambda x: True if x>17 [18]
U iterable) function returns False (or 0) else False, [1, 15, 17, 18]))
N
C string.strip() Removes leading and trailing print(" \n \t 42 \t ".strip()) 42
T whitespaces of string
I
O sorted(iter) Sorts iterable in ascending order sorted([8, 3, 2, 42, 5]) [2, 3, 5, 8, 42]
N
sorted(iter, Sorts according to the key function in sorted([8, 3, 2 , 42, 5], key=lambda [42, 2, 3, 5, 8]
S
key=key) ascending order x: 0 if x==42 e lse x)
help(func) Returns documentation of func help(str.upper()) '... to uppercase.'
zip(i1, i2, ...) Groups the i-th elements of iterators i1, list(zip(['Alice', 'Anna'], ['Bob', [('Alice', 'Bob'),
i2, ... together 'Jon', 'Frank'])) ('Anna', 'Jon')]
Unzip Equal to: 1) unpack the zipped list, 2) zip list(zip(*[('Alice', 'Bob'), [('Alice', 'Anna'),
the result ('Anna', 'Jon')])) ('Bob', 'Jon')]
enumerate(iter) Assigns a counter value to each element list(enumerate(['Alice', 'Bob', [(0, 'Alice'), (1,
of the iterable 'Jon'])) 'Bob'), (2, 'Jon')]
T python -m http.server Want to share files between PC and phone? Run this command in PC’s shell. <P> is any port number 0–65535. Type <
R <P> IP address of PC>:<P> in the phone’s browser. You can now browse the files in the PC directory.
I
C Read comic import antigravity Open the comic series xkcd in your web browser
K
S
Zen of Python import this '...Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is ...'
Swapping numbers Swapping variables is a breeze in Python. a, b = 'Jane', 'Alice' a = 'Alice'

No offense, Java! a, b = b, a b = ' Jane'
Unpacking arguments Use a sequence as function arguments def f(x, y, z): return x + y * z
via asterisk operator *. Use a dictionary f(*[1, 3, 4]) 13
(key, value) via double asterisk operator ** f(**{'z' : 4, 'x' : 1, 'y' : 3
}) 13
Extended Unpacking Use unpacking for multiple assignment a, *b = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] a = 1
feature in Python b = [2, 3, 4, 5]
Merge two dictionaries Use unpacking to merge two dictionaries x={'Alice' : 18} z = {'Alice': 18,
into a single one y={'Bob' : 27, 'Ann' : 22} 'Bob': 27, 'Ann': 22}
z = {**x,**y}
Python Cheat Sheet: 14 Interview Questions
Question Code Question Code
Check if list l = [3, 3, 4, 5, 2, 111, 5] Get missing def g et_missing_number(lst):
contains print(111 in l) # True number in return set(range(lst[len(lst)-1])[1:
]) - set(l)
integer x [1...100] l = list(range(1,100))
l.remove(50)
print(get_missing_number(l)) # 50
Find duplicate def find_duplicates(elements): Compute def i ntersect(lst1, lst2):

number in duplicates, seen = set(), set() the res, lst2_copy = [], lst2[:]
integer list for element in elements: intersection for el in lst1:
if element in seen: of two lists if el in lst2_copy:
duplicates.add(element) res.append(el)
seen.add(element) lst2_copy.remove(el)
return list(duplicates) return res
Check if two def i s_anagram(s1, s2): Find max l = [4, 3, 6, 3
, 4,
888, 1,
-11, 22, 3]

strings are return set(s1) == set(s2) and min in print(max(l)) # 888
anagrams print(is_anagram("elvis", "lives")) # True unsorted list print(min(l)) # -11
Remove all lst = list(range(10)) + list(range(10)) Reverse def reverse(string):

duplicates from lst = list(set(lst)) string using if len(string)<=1: r
eturn string
list print(lst) recursion return reverse(string[1:])+string[0]
# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] print(reverse("hello")) # olleh
Find pairs of def find_pairs(l, x): Compute a, b = 0, 1

integers in list pairs = [] the first n n = 10
so that their for (i, el_1) in enumerate(l): Fibonacci for i in range(n):
sum is equal to for (j, el_2) in enumerate(l[i+1:]): numbers print(b)
integer x if el_1 + el_2 == x: a, b = b, a+b
pairs.append((el_1, el_2)) # 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...
return pairs
Check if a def is_palindrome(phrase): Sort list with def qsort(L):

string is a return phrase == phrase[::-1] Quicksort if L == []: return []
palindrome print(is_palindrome("anna")) # True algorithm return qsort([x for x in L[1:] if x< L[0]]) + L[0:1
] +
qsort([x for x in L[1:] if x>=L[0]])
lst = [44, 33, 2 2, 5
, 77, 55, 999]
print(qsort(lst))
# [5, 22, 33, 44, 55, 77, 999]
Use list as # as a list ... Find all def get_permutations(w):

stack, array, l = [3, 4] permutation if len(w)<=1:
and queue l += [5, 6] # l = [3, 4, 5, 6] s of string return set(w)
smaller = get_permutations(w[1: ])
# ... as a stack ... perms = set()
l.append(10) # l = [4, 5, 6, 10] for x in smaller:
l.pop() # l = [4, 5, 6] for pos in range(0,
len(x)+1):
perm = x[:pos] + w[0] + x[pos:]
# ... and as a queue perms.add(perm)
l.insert(0, 5) # l = [5, 4, 5, 6] return perms
l.pop() # l = [5, 4, 5] print(get_permutations("nan"))
# {'nna', 'ann', 'nan'}
Python Cheat Sheet: Keywords
Keyword Description Code example
False, True Data values from the data type Boolean False == (1 > 2), True == (2 > 1)
and, or, not Logical operators: x, y = True, False

(x and y) → both x and y must be True (x or y) == True # True
(x or y) → either x or y must be True (x and y) == False True
#
(not x) → x must be false (not y) == True True
#
break Ends loop prematurely while(True):

break # no infinite loop
print("hello world")
continue Finishes current loop iteration while(True):

continue
print("43") # dead code
class Defines a new class → a real-world concept class Beer:

(object oriented programming) def __init__(self):
self.content = 1.0
def Defines a new function or class method. For latter, def drink(self):
first parameter (“self”) points to the class object. self.content = 0.0
When calling class method, first parameter is implicit.
becks = Beer() # constructor - create class
becks.drink() # beer empty: b.content == 0
if, elif, else Conditional program execution: program starts with x = int(input("your value: "))
“if” branch, tries the “elif” branches, and finishes with if x > 3: print("Big")
“else” branch (until one branch evaluates to True). elif x == 3: print("Medium")
else: print("Small")
for, while # For loop declaration # While loop - same semantics

for i in [0,1,2]: j = 0
print(i) while j < 3:
print(j)
j = j + 1
in Checks whether element is in sequence 42 in [2, 39, 42] # True
is Checks whether both elements point to the same y = x = 3

object x is y # True
[3] is [3] # False
None Empty value constant ():

def f
x = 2
f() is None # True
lambda Function with no name (anonymous function) (lambda x: x + 3)(3) # returns 6
return Terminates execution of the function and passes the def incrementor(x):
flow of execution to the caller. An optional value after return x + 1
the return keyword specifies the function result. incrementor(4) # returns 5
Python Cheat Sheet: NumPy
Name Description Example
a.shape The shape attribute of NumPy array a keeps a tuple of a = np.array([[1,2],[1,1],[0,0]])
integers. Each integer describes the number of elements of print(np.shape(a)) # (3, 2)
the axis.
a.ndim The ndim attribute is equal to the length of the shape tuple. print(np.ndim(a)) # 2
* The asterisk (star) operator performs the Hadamard product, a = np.array([[2, 0

], [0, 2]])
i.e., multiplies two matrices with equal shape element-wise. b = np.array([[1, 1 ], [1, 1]])
print(a*b) # [[2 0] [0 2]]
np.matmul(a,b), a@b The standard matrix multiplication operator. Equivalent to the print(np.matmul(a,b))
@ operator. # [[2 2] [2 2]]
np.arange([start, ]stop, Creates a new 1D numpy array with evenly spaced values print(np.arange(0,10,2))
[step, ]) # [0 2 4 6 8]
np.linspace(start, stop, Creates a new 1D numpy array with evenly spread elements print(np.linspace(0,10,3))
num=50) within the given interval # [ 0. 5. 10.]
np.average(a) Averages over all the values in the numpy array a = np.array([[2, 0], [0, 2]])
print(np.average(a)) # 1.0
<slice> = <val> Replace the <slice> as selected by the slicing operator with a = np.array([0, 1, 0, 0
, 0])
the value <val>. a[::2] = 2
print(a) [2 1 2 0 2]
#
np.var(a) Calculates the variance of a numpy array. a = np.array([2, 6])

print(np.var(a)) # 4.0
np.std(a) Calculates the standard deviation of a numpy array print(np.std(a)) # 2.0
np.diff(a) Calculates the difference between subsequent values in fibs = np.array([0, 1
, 1, 2, 3, 5])
NumPy array a print(np.diff(fibs, n=1))
# [1 0 1 1 2]
np.cumsum(a) Calculates the cumulative sum of the elements in NumPy print(np.cumsum(np.arange(5)))

array a. # [ 0 1 3 6 10]
np.sort(a) Creates a new NumPy array with the values from a a = np.array([10,3,7,1,0])
(ascending). print(np.sort(a))
# [ 0 1 3 7 10]
np.argsort(a) Returns the indices of a NumPy array so that the indexed a = np.array([10,3,7,1,0])
values would be sorted. print(np.argsort(a))
# [4 3 1 2 0]
np.max(a) Returns the maximal value of NumPy array a. a = np.array([10,3,7,1,0])

print(np.max(a)) # 10
np.argmax(a) Returns the index of the element with maximal value in the a = np.array([10,3,7,1,0])
NumPy array a. print(np.argmax(a)) # 0
np.nonzero(a) Returns the indices of the nonzero elements in NumPy array a = np.array([10,3,7,1,0])
a. print(np.nonzero(a)) # [0 1 2 3]

Basic Data Structures Keywords: Types Evaluate To False

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The Ultimate Python Cheat Sheet

Keywords Basic Data Structures

Boolean The Boolean data type is ## Evaluates to True:

Complex Data Structures

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Integer, An integer is a positive or negative number ## 3. Arithmetic Operations

String Python Strings are sequences of characters. ## 4. Indexing and Slicing

List A container data type that stores a l = [​1​, ​2​, ​2​]

Adding Add elements to a list with (i) append, (ii) [​1​, 2

Indexing Finds the first occurence of an element in [​2​, 2

Stack Python lists can be used intuitively as stack = [3]

def​ ​__init__​(self, name, color)​:

def​ ​command​(self, x)​:

print(employee.firstname + ​" " bello.species += [​"wulf"​]

help(func) Returns documentation of ​func help(str.upper()) '... to uppercase.'

Swapping numbers Swapping variables is a breeze in Python. a, b = ​'Jane'​, ​'Alice' a = ​'Alice'

Question Code Question Code

Find duplicate def​ ​find_duplicates​(elements): Compute def​ i ​ ntersect​(lst1, lst2):

Remove all lst = list(range(​10​)) + list(range(​10​)) Reverse def​ ​reverse​(string):

Find pairs of def​ ​find_pairs​(l, x): Compute a, b = ​0​, ​1

Check if a def​ ​is_palindrome​(phrase): Sort list with def​ ​qsort​(L):

Use list as # as a list ... Find all def​ ​get_permutations​(w):

Keyword Description Code example

and​, ​or​, ​not Logical operators: x, y = ​True​, ​False

break Ends loop prematurely while​(​True​):

continue Finishes current loop iteration while​(​True​):

class Defines a new class → a real-world concept class​ ​Beer​:

for​, ​while # For loop declaration # While loop - same semantics

is Checks whether both elements point to the same y = x = 3

None Empty value constant ​ ​()​:

lambda Function with no name (anonymous function) (lambda​ x: x + ​3)(3)​ ​# returns 6

* The asterisk (star) operator performs the Hadamard product, a = np.array([[​2​, 0

np.var(a) Calculates the variance of a numpy array. a = np.array([​2​, ​6​])

np.std(a) Calculates the standard deviation of a numpy array print(np.std(a)) ​# 2.0

np.cumsum(a) Calculates the cumulative sum of the elements in NumPy print(np.cumsum(np.arange(​5​)))

np.max(a) Returns the maximal value of NumPy array a. a = np.array([​10​,​3​,​7​,​1​,​0​])

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List A container data type that stores a l = [1, 2, 2]

Adding Add elements to a list with (i) append, (ii) [1, 2

Indexing Finds the first occurence of an element in [2, 2

def init(self, name, color):

def command(self, x):

print(employee.firstname + " " bello.species += ["wulf"]

help(func) Returns documentation of func help(str.upper()) '... to uppercase.'

Swapping numbers Swapping variables is a breeze in Python. a, b = 'Jane', 'Alice' a = 'Alice'

Find duplicate def find_duplicates(elements): Compute def i ntersect(lst1, lst2):

Remove all lst = list(range(10)) + list(range(10)) Reverse def reverse(string):

Find pairs of def find_pairs(l, x): Compute a, b = 0, 1

Check if a def is_palindrome(phrase): Sort list with def qsort(L):

Use list as # as a list ... Find all def get_permutations(w):

and, or, not Logical operators: x, y = True, False

break Ends loop prematurely while(True):

continue Finishes current loop iteration while(True):

class Defines a new class → a real-world concept class Beer:

for, while # For loop declaration # While loop - same semantics

None Empty value constant ():

lambda Function with no name (anonymous function) (lambda x: x + 3)(3) # returns 6

* The asterisk (star) operator performs the Hadamard product, a = np.array([[2, 0

np.var(a) Calculates the variance of a numpy array. a = np.array([2, 6])

np.std(a) Calculates the standard deviation of a numpy array print(np.std(a)) # 2.0

np.cumsum(a) Calculates the cumulative sum of the elements in NumPy print(np.cumsum(np.arange(5)))

np.max(a) Returns the maximal value of NumPy array a. a = np.array([10,3,7,1,0])