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    2050 Atset 2018

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    Samuel Alfonzo Gil Barco
    The document contains 4 multi-part math questions about analysis concepts such as limits, Cauchy sequences, convergence of sequences, compact sets, and properties of real numbers. Proofs are provided for each part using definitions and theorems about limits, sequences, and compact sets.

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    2050 Atset 2018

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Alfonzo Gil Barco
    14 views2 pages
    The document contains 4 multi-part math questions about analysis concepts such as limits, Cauchy sequences, convergence of sequences, compact sets, and properties of real numbers. Proofs are provided for each part using definitions and theorems about limits, sequences, and compact sets.

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    2050Atset2018

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    The document contains 4 multi-part math questions about analysis concepts such as limits, Cauchy sequences, convergence of sequences, compact sets, and properties of real numbers. Proofs are provided for each part using definitions and theorems about limits, sequences, and compact sets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views2 pages

    2050 Atset 2018

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Alfonzo Gil Barco
    The document contains 4 multi-part math questions about analysis concepts such as limits, Cauchy sequences, convergence of sequences, compact sets, and properties of real numbers. Proofs are provided for each part using definitions and theorems about limits, sequences, and compact sets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Math 2050A: Analysis I: Test 06 Nov 2018.

    8:30-10:00
    Answer ALL Questions

    n2 1
    1. (5 points) Using the ε-N argument show lim 2
    = .
    n→∞ 2n + n + 1 2

    Proof: We first note that for each positive integer n, we have

    1 n2 n+1 n+1 1
    | − 2 |= 2
    ≤ 2
    ≤ .
    2 2n + n + 1 2(2n + n + 1) 4n n
    1
    So, for any ε > 0 we take a positive integer N so that ε < N . Then we have

    1 n2
    | − 2 |<ε
    2 2n + n + 1
    for any n ≥ N . ✷

    X
    n
    1
    2. (5 points) Let xn = for n = 1, 2, .... Using the definition of a Cauchy sequence
    3k + 1
    k=1
    show that (xn ) is not a Cauchy sequence.

    Proof: Notice that for m > n, we have


    X
    m
    1 1 X
    m
    1 m−n
    |xm − xn | = > >
    3k + 1 3 k+1 3m
    k=n+1 k=n+1

    Thus, if we put ε = 16 , then for any positive integer N , we have |x2N − xN | > 1
    6 = ε. Hence,
    (xn ) is not a Cauchy sequence. ✷

    3. (10 points) Let (xn ) and (yn ) be convergent sequences.

    (i) If there are constants a and b such that xn < a < b < yn for all n, show that

    lim xn < lim yn .

    (by using the definition of limit).


    (ii) If we only assume that there is a constant c so that xn < c < yn for all n, does the
    assertion in (i) still hold?

    Proof: (i): Put L := lim xn and M := lim yn . We are going to prove by contradiction.
    We first notice that it is impossible for L = M because we have yn − xn > b − a > 0 for all n.
    Now we suppose M < L. Thus, we can choose ε > 0 so that M + ε < L − ε. Then by the
    definition of limit, there are positive integers N1 and N2 such that yn < M + ε for all n ≥ N1
    and xn > L − ε for all n ≥ N2 . Now if we consider N = max(N1 , N2 ), then we have

    b < yN < M + ε < L − ε < xN < a.

    1
    It contradicts to the assumption of a < b. The proof is finished.
    1
    (ii): The answer is negative. For example, consider xn = −1 n and yn = n. Then we have
    xn < 0 < yn for all n but lim xn = lim yn = 0. ✷

    4. (i) (5points) State the definition of a compact subset of R.


    (ii) (10 points) Show that if A is a non-empty compact subset of R, then there exists an
    element z ∈ A such that |z| = max{|x| : x ∈ A}.
    (iii) (5 points) In part (ii) if A is only assumed to be bounded, does the assertion still hold?

    Proof: (i): A set A is said to be compact if every sequence in A has a subsequence that
    converges to some element in A.
    (ii): Let S := {|x| : x ∈ A}. Recall a fact that A is a compact subset of R if and only if it is
    a closed and bounded set. So, the set S is a non-empty bounded subset of R. The axiom of
    completeness tells us that the supremum of S exists. Put L := sup S. From this, we see that
    for each n = 1, 2, .., there exists an element xn ∈ A satisfying L − n1 < |xn | < L + n1 . This
    implies that lim |xn | = L.
    On the other hand, then by using the compactness of A, we can find a subsequence (xnk )
    of (xn ) such that the limit z := limk xnk exists in A and thus, |z| = limk |xnk | . Note that
    limk |xnk | = L because limn |xn | = L. Therefore, we have |z| = L as required.
    (iii) Consider A = (0, 1). Then A is a bounded set. Notice that for each element z ∈ (0, 1),
    we must have z < 12 (z + 1) < 1. So, the maximum of A does not exist. ✷

    End

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