VLADIMIR L.

TIMBREZA
GE 5 – Mathematics in the Modern World
BSEE - 1B

PRETEST
1. As a scientific enterprise, social research involves theory, verifiable data,
logical reasoning, and…
a. Precise predictions about the social world
b. Systematic observation and analysis
c. Collaborative research
d. Well established methods of data collection
2. In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning
a. involves conclusions that are more or less probable
b. is less descriptive of human thought processes
c. moves from general principles to particular conclusions
d. should be avoided in science whenever possible
3. Which of the following sequences best describes the deductive logic of
inquiry?
a. theory → data → hypothesis
b. data → theory → hypothesis
c. data → empirical pattern → theory
d. theory → hypothesis → data
e. empirical pattern → hypothesis → theory
4. A researcher observes that more acts of vandalism are committed by same-sex
gangs than by mixed-sex gangs. She theorizes that competition for recognition
among equal-status peers increases the tendency to commit publicly deviant
acts. What type(s) of reasoning is this?
a. inductive reasoning
b. deductive reasoning
c. neither inductive nor deductive reasoning
d. both inductive and deductive reasoning
5. Suppose you reason as follows: If I spend 15 hours per week studying research
methods, I will earn an A in the course. I will study research methods at least
15 hours per week. Therefore, I will earn an A in the course. What type(s) of
reasoning is this?
a. inductive reasoning
b. deductive reasoning
c. neither inductive nor deductive reasoning
d. both inductive and deductive reasoning
ACTIVITIES/EXERCISES

Problem 1:
a. When two odd numbers are added, will the result always be an even number? Use
inductive reasoning to determine your answer.
Suppose we pick some odd numbers and add them in pair. The procedure
would then produce the following results:
• 3+3=6
• 9 + 9 = 18
• 211 + 211 = 422
• 23,465 + 778,999 = 802,464
• 555,291 + 1 = 555,292
We began with two 3s; adding them together produced 6, which is an even
number. Likewise, adding two 9s produced a sum of 18, which is also an even
number. In the mathematical statement 211 + 211 = 422, 422 is an even number.
Also, combining 23,465 to 778,999 gave a sum of 802,464. Lastly, 555,291 more
than 1 is equal to 555,292, an equal number. In each of these cases, the resulting
sum is always an even number. Hence, I conjecture that adding two odd numbers
always results in an even number.

b. How many pairs of numbers would you need to try in order to be CERTAIN that
your conjecture is true?
I have to try all possible pairs of odd numbers to be certain that my
conjecture is absolutely true. Otherwise, it won’t be. Since my conclusion was
formed through inductive reasoning, my conjecture may or may not be correct.

Problem 2:
Consider the following problem: Think of any number. Multiply that number by 3, then
add 6, and divide the result by 3. Next subtract the original number. What is the result?
a. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture for the answer
Suppose we pick 7 and 4 as our original numbers. The procedure would then
produce the following results:
Original numbers: 7 4
Multiply by 3: 7 x 3 = 21 4 x 3 = 12
Add 6: 21 + 6 = 27 12 + 6 = 18
Divide by 3: 27 ÷ 3 = 9 18 ÷ 3 = 6
Subtract by their original numbers: 9–7=2 6–4=2
 In each of the two cases, the resulting number is always 2. I conjecture that
any number subjected in the given procedure above always produces a final
value of 2.
b. Use deductive reasoning to prove your conjecture
To prove my conjecture:
Let v represent the original number:
Multiply the number by 3: 3v
Add 6 to the product: 3v + 6
3𝑣+6
Divide the sum by 3: =𝑣+2
3

Subtract the original number: v+2–v=2

I started with v and ended with 2. The procedure given in this problem
always produces a number that has a final value of 2. Hence, the conjecture is
proved.

Problem 3:
Consider the following problem: Select a number. Add 25 to the number. Multiply the
sum by 2. Subtract the original number from the product.
What is the result?
a. Use inductive reasoning to arrive at general conclusion
Suppose we pick 16 and 21 as our original numbers. The procedure would
then produce the following results:
Original numbers: 16 21
Add 25: 16 + 25 = 41 21 + 25 = 46
Multiply by 2: 41 x 2 = 82 46 x 2 = 92
Subtract by their original numbers: 82 – 16 = 66 92 – 21 = 71
In both cases, the result is the “original number” more than 50. Hence, I
conjecture that any number subjected in this procedure will yield a result that
when subtracted by the original number, the difference is 50.
b. Prove your conclusion is true by using deductive reasoning.
To prove my conjecture:
Let t represent the original number:
Add the number to 25: t + 25
Multiply 2 to the sum: 2(t + 25) = 2t + 50
Subtract the original number: 2t + 50 – t = t + 50
I started with t and ended with t + 50. The procedure given in this problem
always produces a number that is 50 more than the original number. Hence, the
conjecture is proved.
Problem 4:
In consecutive turns of a monopoly game, Juan first paid ₽5000 for a hotel. He then lost
one-third of his money when he landed on Boardwalk. Next, he collected ₽6000 for
passing GO. He then lost half his remaining money when he landed on Illinois Avenue.
Juan now has ₽7500. How much did he have just before he purchased the hotel?
Let Juan’s money – s
Juan paid 5,000Php: 𝑠 – 5000
1 𝑠−5000
Juan lost one third of his money: (𝑠 − 5000) 3 = 3
𝑠−5000 𝑠−5000+18000
Juan collected 6,000Php: + 6000 =
3 3
𝑠+13000 1 𝑠+13000
Juan lost half of his remaining money: ( )2 =
3 6
𝑠+13000
Juan now has 7,500Php: = 7500
6
6 𝑠+13000 6
 ( = 7500) 1
1 6

 𝑠 + 13000 = 45000
 𝑠 = 45000 − 13000
 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
Check: Substituting the result of the solution to s and performing the given problem will
give us a value of 7,500, which is Juan’s remaining money. Therefore, the answer is
correct.
Juan has 32,000Php just before he purchased the hotel.

Problem 5:
The product of the ages, in years, of three teenagers is 3648. None of the teens are the
same age. What are the ages of the teenagers?
STEP 1: Understand the Problem
We're asked to find the three teenagers' ages which when multiplied, the product
is 3,648. Another condition is that none of them are of the same age.
STEP 2: Devise a plan to solve the problem
The strategy used: Trial & Error
STEP 3: Carry out your plan to solve the problem
1. Since the problem stated that the people involved are in their teenage years, I will
limit the possible answers from eleven years old to nineteen years old.
2. The procedure I used was identifying the numbers that are divisible by 3648.
Performing trial & error, I divided 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, one by one, from
3648. I arrived with the numbers 12, 16, and 19.

3648 ÷ 11 = 331.64
𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟖 ÷ 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒
 3648 ÷ 13 = 280.62
3648 ÷ 14 = 260.57
3648 ÷ 15 = 243.2
𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟖 ÷ 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖
3648 ÷ 17 = 214.59
3648 ÷ 18 = 202.67
𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟖 ÷ 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐
3. Hence, the ages of the three teenagers are 12, 16, and 19.
STEP 4: Check your answer
12 x 16 x 19 = 3648

EVALUATION/POST-TEST

1) John, Peter, James, and Mark were recently elected as the new class officers
(president, vice president, secretary, treasurer) of the freshmen class at College of
Engineering.
From the following clues, determine which position each holds:
a. Mark is younger than the president but older than the treasurer.
b. John and the secretary are both the same age, and they are the youngest
members of the group.
c. James and the secretary are next-door neighbors.

P VP S T
(President) (Vice President) (Secretary) (Treasurer)
Mark - + - -

John - - - +

James + - - -

Peter - - + -

Arguments:
1. Mark is neither the president nor the treasurer; He is younger than P
but older than T. Also, from clue B, I can deduce that Mark is not the
secretary. Hence, he is the vice president.
2. John is one of the youngest; he is neither the secretary nor the vice
president according to clue A, clue B, and argument 1. Also, he is too
young to be a president. Hence, he is the treasurer.
3. James and the secretary are neighbors, so James isn’t the secretary.
Also, from arguments 1 and 2, he cannot be the vice president or the
treasurer. Hence, he is the president.
 4. The only position left for Peter is S. Hence, he is the secretary.

2) Find a counterexample that proves the conjecture below is false.

Conjecture: a number is divisible by 3 if the last two digits are divisible by 3.

To disprove this conjecture, I have to find at least one collection of numbers

where the last two digits are divisible by three but have a remainder.
327
= 109
3
7749
= 2583
3
𝟒𝟗𝟑
= 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟑
𝟑
The last counterexample shows that the conjecture is false.

3) Using Polya’s four-step problem-solving procedure, solve the problem:

Joshua is 7 years older than Jericho. In three years, Joshua will be twice as old as
Jericho. Find their present ages.

STEP 1: Understand the problem

1. The first sentence tells us that Joshua (J1) is 7 years older than Jericho (J2).
2. The second sentence tells us two things:
• The age change for both Joshua and Jericho is plus three years.
• In three years, Joshua will be twice the age of Jericho.
STEP 2: Devise a plan to solve the problem
The strategy used: Constructing a table for easier argumentation and
analysis; creating a formula and substitution.
STEP 3: Carry out your plan to solve the problem
Present +3
J1 x+7 x+7+3 = x + 10
J2 x x+3 =x+3

𝐽1 = 2𝐽2
𝑥 + 10 = 2(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 + 10 = 2𝑥 + 6
10 − 6 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥
4=𝑥

Joshua: J1 = 4 + 7
J1 = 11
Jericho: J2 = 4
 Joshua is 11 years old while Jericho is 4 years old.

STEP 4: Check your answer

` 4+3=𝟕
11 + 3 = 𝟏𝟒
In three years, Joshua will be fourteen years old while Jericho will be
seven years old. In three years, Joshua will be “twice” as old as Jericho.

4) Juan and Pedro left at 8A.M. from the same point, Juan traveling east at an
average speed of 50 mph and the Pedro travelling south at an average speed at
60 mph. At what time to the nearest minute will they be 300 miles apart?
r (rate) t (time) d (distance)

Juan 50 t 50t

Pedro 60 t 60t

50t + 60t = 300

110t = 300

300
𝑡 = 110 = 2.73 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ≈ 2°43′48′′

t = 8 A.M. + 2:43:48 hours

= 10:44 AM

5) A hat and a jacket together cost $100. The jacket costs $90 more than the hat.
What is the cost of the hat and the cost of the jacket?

STEP 1: Understand the problem

1. The first sentence tells us that the hat and jacket together cost 100 USD.
2. The second sentence tells us that the jacket costs 90 USD more than the hat.
STEP 2: Devise a plan to solve the problem
The strategy used: System of Equations
STEP 3: Carry out your plan to solve the problem
Let h = hat
j = jacket
Condition No. 1: h + j = 100
Condition No.2: j = h + 90
 1) ℎ + (ℎ + 90) = 100
ℎ + ℎ + 90 = 100
2ℎ = 100 − 90
2ℎ 10
=
2 2
𝒉=𝟓
2) 𝑗 = ℎ + 90
𝑗 = 5 + 90
𝒋 = 𝟗𝟓

The cost of the jacket is $95.00 while the cost of the hat is $5.00.

STEP 4: Check your answer

1) Hat + Jacket = Total cost
h + j = 100
95 + 5 = 100
100 = 100
2) Jacket = Hat + 90
j = h + 90
95 = 5 + 90
95 = 95

===== NOTHING FOLLOWS =====