Jammu Kashmir

FINAL REPORT
OF
20 YEAR PERSPECTIVE PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
TOURISM
IN
JAMMU & KASHMIR
GULMARG DAL LAKE
SONAMARG PAHALGAM
PREPARED
FOR
MINISTRY OF TOURISM
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, NEW DELHI
BY
SANTEK CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED

DELHI-110091
( E-mail : [email protected] )
SANTEK CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
NEW DELHI
PREFACE
In the contemporary period, tourism has become a big business and has been considered as a fastest
growing industry. This is primarily a service industry because it does not produce goods but extends
services to various classes of people. Tourism can play an effective role in integrating the entire
universe. Tourism opens up a new window for resources, both investments and generation, leading to
employment generation as well as socio-economic development of the local populace at large.
The tourism industry is identified as an important `tiger’ industry for the first decade of the current
century. India’s share in international tourist travel is abysmally low. Reasons are many but the main
factor is that the geography and history of India are little known outside South Asia and, therefore,
remain insignificant for international tourists. From time to time, India has evoked interest of
international tourists for factor never contemplated in any planning. For example, the worldwide
screening of film `Gandhi’ in the period 1983-85 provided a major impetus for international travelers
to visit India.
The Ministry of Tourism recently desired all the State governments to provide schemes for the
promotion of regional tourism and in the same manner the State Government of J & K was asked to do
likewise. The Ministry of Tourism also appointed various expert groups to undertake surveys and
studies and recommend perspective plans for the development of tourism extended over a period of 20
years. A set of guidelines were also issued, which the expert groups had to keep in mind while
undertaking their work to formulate the perspective plan.
M/s Santek Consultants Private Limited, Delhi, were assigned the task to prepare a 20 years
perspective plan for the sustainable development of tourism in the State of J & K. The assignment has
come at a time when the State of J & K is going through a very delicate and violence prone period.
(i)
PREFACE
20 Year Perspective Plan for Sustainable Development of Tourism in the State of Jammu And Kashmir
NEW DELHI
The State of J & K has three distinct regions, viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh and all three have
immense potential for tourism from both domestic as well as international tourists. There are number
of locations which are untapped and can be developed as major tourist destinations, having all the
natural as well as the cultural resources for attracting tourists. Some of the important natural resources
are excellent climate, beautiful lakes, locations for adventure sports, wild life, trout fish, natural and
manmade parks like Shalimar and Nishat of the Mughal period, flora and fauna, alpine forests, natural
waterfalls and streams etc. As for the cultural resources, the state has some of the most important
religious shrines of Hindus, historical monuments, plethora of local festivals, distinct cuisine,
craftsmanship skills for intricate and fine woodwork, woolens, carpets, textiles, paper mache, inlay
work etc.
But the other grave reality is that tourism has been directly hit at least in the region of Kashmir Valley.
There is a state of despondency in all support services to the State tourism industry. Within Kashmir
Valley the level of unemployment amongst youth is high and assuming dangerous proportion. Because
of the violence prone environment, no well-known financial institutions are willing to invest in the
State. Even the routine work of survey sampling as a part of this assignment has been found to be a
highly dangerous activity for the individual.
M/s Santek Consultants Private Limited, have attempted under these very trying conditions to
develop programmes of developmental activities which are related to the tourist industry and these
have been incorporated between the covers of this proposal. The index provides an idea of the content,
which are laid chapter-wise. The executive summary encompassing recommendation is given in the
beginning of the Report. The 20 years perspective plan follows the objective to provide employment
opportunities, improve the per capita income in families, raise general level of living standards without
allowing for a superficial emergence of wealth and opulence in the local society.
During the fieldwork the consultants have come across a vast amount of intelligent activity, most
practical in nature, having been submitted to the State Government which had their early death (as
(ii)
PREFACE
NEW DELHI
none were ever implemented). At the same time, our very unfortunate experience has been that outside
the State, there has been no in-depth studies which would specialise in various activities of an
economic growth including tourism.
The apprehension however is that keeping in view the development of the economy and the political
characteristics in this region, the 20 years perspective plan may also end up in the similar manner
finally as many of the very well intentional similar schemes which have been contemplated in the past.
A simple aid otherwise, like a detailed map of the State of J&K is hard to come by today because the
Central Government has put restrictions on the printing of such maps of the State. Within the State of
J&K, it is not possible for a student to acquire a map of the State showing its physical features and
road-links. The maps for tourists available are of German origin, which have been pirated and are
readily available with the operators of mountain trekking. This simply indicates the kind of
monumental problems, which planners, visualizing a 20 years perspective in developmental activities,
will face when they have to put their programmes into print and visualize a future reality.
The Consultants were also advised to recommend the financial outlay of suggested proposals, the time
table of commissioning the projects over the 20 years period and attempted to predict the potential of
creating new jobs. The reader will find that in some of the chapters such financial proposals are
missing. The reason is that no necessity was felt for adding financial burden on existing sponsored
schemes and the present expenditure levels were sufficient to sustain the pattern of growth; what was
lacking was a direction, proper leadership and proper planning. The Consultants, therefore, have
attempted to fill the vacuum to the maximum extent possible in areas, which they were privileged to
survey during the course of their tours.
Elsewhere, specific recommendations with financial outlays for Government’s consideration have been
given. The Government of India may underwrite specific schemes to create job opportunities for the
(iii)
PREFACE
NEW DELHI
people in the State of J & K. Many of the schemes envisage creation of job opportunities outside the
State bureaucracy. This is deliberate as the State Bureaucracy is already over-burdened by a vast
number of persons on their rolls, and the numbers need to be decreased.
The Consultants are grateful to all the senior officers of the State Government, representatives of the
various trade bodies and individuals with whom they interacted in the assigned period of this work to
help arrive at the conclusions. Many of the recommendations made may not be received
enthusiastically. Some surgeries on the `patient’ have been recommended. The Consultants plead
forgiveness for any unintentional hurt caused to the sentiments of any individual or group.
Sanjay Jain
Director
(iv)
PREFACE
NEW DELHI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are also grateful to the Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Government of India, for assigning this
prestigious task of Preparing the “20 Year Perspective Plan for Sustainable Development of Tourism in
the State of Jammu & Kashmir”. We are in particular grateful to the officials of the Ministry of
Tourism & Culture, Government of India & the Department of Tourism, for extending all cooperation
and help during the conduct of this study. We are also grateful to all the senior officers of the State
Government, representatives of the various associations (Hotels, Houseboats, etc.), trade bodies and
individuals with whom we had interacted in the assigned period of this work, to help arrive at the
conclusions, for developing the Perspective Plan.
Sanjay Jain
Director
(i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
NEW DELHI
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
PREFACE i-iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-22
I OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY & SCOPE OF WORK 1
II METHODOLOGY AND SURVEY DESIGN 4

Approach For Formulation of Perspective Plan 4
Background for Formulating the Plan 4
Assumptions for the Perspective Planning 5
Phasial Approach for the Perspective Planning 5
Survey Design 7
Universe of the Study 7
Sampling Plan 8
Data Collection 8
Primary Data Collection 8
Secondary Data Collection 12
Focus Areas of Study 14
III BACKGROUND OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR 16

Geographical Location 16
Population 21
Human Resources Development 22
State’s Geography 23
IV TOURISM AT A GLANCE GLOBAL & INDIAN SCENARIO 27

Global Tourism Scenario 27
Major Tourist Destinations 27
Tourism : INDIA 33
V-A TOURISM IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR 36

Historical Perspective 37
Trends of Tourism in State 39
Problems for Development of Tourism in J&K 44
Poor Resource Management 45
Ad-Holism in Official Work Led to Loss of Proper Initiative 45
Natural Resources 45
Heritage and Socio Cultural assets 47
Present Status of Tourism in J&K 50
V-B ANALYSIS-TOURISM IN J&K, THEN-NOW-AFTER 48

SWOT Analysis for Tourism in J&K 56
Stages/Factors in Selecting A Tourist Place By a Prospective Tourist 57
List of Contents i
20 Year Perspective Plan for Sustainable Development of Tourism in Jammu & Kashmir
NEW DELHI
Contd .......... List of Contents
VI TOURISM POLICY 58
Present Structure of Directorate of Tourism 59
Proposed Tourism Policy 59
The Vision 61
The Goal 62
Objectives of the Tourism Policy 63
Implementation of State Policy on Tourism 72
VII SURVEY FINDINGS 73

Survey Findings (Tourists) 73
Kashmir 73
Jammu 82
Ladakh 89
Travel Agent Survey Findings 96
Kashmir 96
Jammu 100
Survey Findings of Hoteliers/Restaurants Owner/Houseboats in J &K 105
Survey Findings Local Community of J&K 107
Survey Findings Experts Visits 109
Expectation of Tourists 109
Civil Aviation 109
Air Traffic in J&K 110
Very Few Tourist From South India 110
Entertainment 110
Consumer Goods 112
Agro & Related Industry 114
State of Finance 115
Disbursement of Loans 116
VIII PROJECTED TOURISM POTENTIAL 118

Tourist Projections 118
Infrastructure Projections 128
IX ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, IMPACT AND STRATEGY 135

Strategies of Environment Protection 141
X TOURISM: IMPACT & ECONOMIC BENEFITS 145

Introduction 145
Tourism : Impact 148
Environmental Impact 149
Positive Environmental Impact 152
Negative Environmental Impact 152
Recommendations 153
Tourism : Economic Benefits 158
Employment Generation Through Tourism 158
Indirect Benefit 162
Cost Benefit Ratio 163
List of Contents ii
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XI ROLE OF WOMEN IN TOURISM 164
XII MARKETING & PROMOTION OF TOURISM 167

Product Marketing 168
Adventure & Holiday Tourism 169
Pilgrimage Tourism 170
Eco-Tourism 170
Agri-Tourism 171
Eco-Tourism 172
Rural-Tourism 173
Potential Marketable Products in J&K 175
Segmentation 178
Positioning 181
Marketing Abroad 182
Targeting 188
Marketing Strategy and Promotion Programmes 190
Tourism Information Services 192
Case Study 193
XIII RECOMMENDATIONS & PERSPECTIVE PLANNING 196

Need to Welcome the Tourists Properly 197
Implementation of State Tourism Policy 198
Financing & Banking 203
Civil Aviation 203
Upgrade Srinagar Airport 203
Short-Haul Passenger Traffic 204
Can There be a State Airline Service? 204
Map Route of Air Taxi Services 204-A
Srinagar as Hub for International Tourism 206
Map Route Connecting Internationals Capitals with Srinagar 206A
Tourists from Central Asian Countries 207
Tourists from the Middle East 207
Haj Charter Flights already in Progress 208
Special Triangular Destination Routes 208
Very Few Tourist form South India 208
Incentive Air Fares 208
Destination Specific LTC Scheme Offered 209
Railways 210
Sky Rail for Srinagar Airport 212
Accommodation 213
House Boats 214
Dry Dock Facilities 215
Roads and Bridges 216
Traffic 217
Public Transport 218
State Transport Board 218
State Transport Council 219
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NEW DELHI
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

NO.
Public Transport 219
Inland Waterways 221
Excise Policy 222
Park and Gardens 222
International Bureaus 225
Entertainment 226
Civic Amenities 233
Heritage Sites 234
Religious Tourism 236
New Destinations 241
Ladakh 241
Kashmir Valley 247
New Townships 250
New Master Plan For Srinagar 251
Rajouri & Poonch 257
Floriculture 259
Forest Industry 260
Agro based Industry 262
Zoological Gardens 265
Handicrafts 267
Development of Museums 267
Fresh Water Aquariums 269
Privatization 270
Urban Haat 270
Schemes & Incentives to be provided by the State Government to the 271
Private Sector
XIV-A FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS 272
XIV-B FUNDING TOURISM PROJECTS 288

New Economic Package 2002 288
Development Cooperation Agencies and Tourism 289
Overview and Selected Agencies 290
Tourism Finance Cooperation of India 303
Schedule of Rate of Interest 307
XV PROJECT PROFILES 309

Project Profile on One Star Category Hotel 310
Project Profile on Hotel Cum Golf Course 312
Project Profile on Three Star Hotel 316
Project Profile on Four Star Hotel 318
Project Profile on Five Star Hotel 320
Project Profile on Tourist Complex 321
Development/Upgradation/Redeployment of Gardens 322
Project Profile Of Museum 323
Laying of Golf Course at SONMARG 324
Project-Development of Tourist Circuit KOKERNAG 325
List of Contents iv
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Contd ..........List of Contents

NO.
Project-Upgradation of CHARAR-I-SHARIEF/YUSMARG ROAD 327

Project-General Abstract of Ahrabal-Kungwattan-Kounsarnag Circuit 328
Project-Development of PatniTop/ Sansar Circuit 330
Suru Valley (KARGIL)Adventure Centre 331
Projects for Strengthening of Tourist Infrastructure 333
XVI TOURIST PLACES 334

Leh(Ladakh) 334
Pahalgam 337
Gulmarg 339
Sonmarg 340
Srinagar 342
Jammu Region 347
Kargil 351
XVII EXISTING POTENTIAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS AND 352

CENTRE
Achabal 353
Daksum 358
Kokernag 361
Verinag 362
Sansar 364
Mansar Lake 364
Surinsar Lake 364
Shiv Khori 364
Jajjar Kotli 364
Baba Dhansar 365
Aru 365
Poonch 365
XVIII POTENTIAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS & CENTRES 368

Basic for Identification of Potential Tourist Locations 368
Region wise/District wise Less/Under Development Areas 369
XIX SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ALREADY AVAILABLE 375

List of Department Concerned Directly or Indirectly for Dev. of Tourism 375
Available Prominent Tourist Resorts 376
Accommodation Facility in Kashmir Region 382
Tourist Infrastructure Existing in J&K 383
Road Infrastructure 389
Power Infrastructure 390
XX EXISTING ATTRIBUTES OF JAMMU & KASHMIR 391

Natural Resources: National Parks/Sanctuaries/Biosphere Reserve 391
Lakes, Glaciers, Trout Fishes 394
Adventure Sports: Jammu & Kashmir 395
Heritage and Other Socio-Cultural Assets 397
List of Contents v
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Contd ..........LIST OF CONTENTS

NO.
XXI INVESTMENT PLANS OF STATE GOVERNMENT 402

Project/Schemes Sanctioned to the State of J&K-1999-2000 403
ANNEXURES
I GRAPHS 404
II Power Generated Purchased and Availability in the Following Years 417
Detailed Statement of Project Under Construction 418
Project Transferred to NHPC For Construction 419
Statement of Scope for Addition Capacity in the Existing/Under 420
Construction/Proposed Station After Creation of Storages in the Upper
Reaches of the River Basin
Percentage of Inhabited Census Villages Electrified Ending-1999-2000 421
Special –Wise Provisional Forest Area by Composition 423
Trend in Urbanization, 1901-2001 424
Estimated Craft Wise Production And Employment of Handicraft Industry 425
Progress of Revenue and Expenditure 426
General Information Jammu & Kashmir in Indian Economy 427
List of Tourist Office in the State 428
List of Contents vi
NEW DELHI
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

PARTICULARS
3.1 State at a Glance- Statistics 18

4.1 International Tourist Arrivals 28
4.2 Top 10 Tourist Destinations 29
4.3 Tourists by Originating Region, % of all Tourists 29
4.4 Tourism Expenditure by Country: Top six Tourism markets,1998 30
5.1 Yearwise Tourist Arrival by Air.Road to Ladakh 41
8.1 Year wise Number of Tourist Who Visited the Valley from 1975 118
8.2 Tourists Growth in Jammu & Kashmir 119
8.3 Projections for Tourist in Valley 121
8.4 Tourist Arrivals Figures for Ladakh 122
8.5 Projections for Tourist in Ladakh 124
8.6 Projections for Tourist in Jammu 125
8.7 Projections of Tourists in J & K 126
8.8 Existing Infrastructure 128
8.9 Existing infrastructure in Jammu & Kashmir 129
8.10 Projection of Infrastructure Requirement for Following Years in J& K 131
8.11 Projection of Infrastructure for Following Years(Region Wise) 133
10.1 New Hotel Development for Tourism 148
10.2 Potential Negative Impact and their Mitigation Measures 157
10.2.1 Generation of Employment on the Implementation of Tourism Dev. 160
Plan
10.3 Direct Benefits from Additional Tourist Arrivals after Implementation 161
of the Tourism Development Plan
10.4 Indirect Benefit from Additional Tourist Arrivals on the 162
implementation of Tourism Development Plan
10.5 Total Benefit From Additional Tourist Arrivals on the Implementation 163
of Tourism Development Plan
10.6 Phase wise Cost Benefit Analysis of J&K Perspective Plan 163
12.1 Products of Tourism Marketing 1695
12.2 Five strategies to increase J&K’s Visibility on the World Tourism Map 183
14.1 Phase Wise Investments 273
14.2 Summary Chart 286
14.3 Total Investments 287
14.4 Total Investments Break Up 287
List of Contents vii

NEW DELHI
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
3.1 Map – Geographical Location of J & K 16

3.2 District Map –J & K 17
3.3 Photograph of Duck 19
3.4 Photograph of Rich Flora of Kashmir 20
4.1 Percentage change in International Tourist Arrivals 28
4.2 Total Number of International Tourist Arrivals 29
5.1 Tourists in Ladakh 40
5.2 Tourists in Valley 42
5.3 Tourists Visting Amarnath Ji 42
5.4 Tourists in Vaishno Devi Ji 34
8.1 Tourists Growth in Jammu & Kashmir 120
8.2 Projection of Tourists in Valley 122
8.3 Projection of Tourists in Ladakh 124
8.4 Projection of Tourists in Jammu 126
8.5 Projection of Tourists in J & K 127
10.1 Considerations for Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism 156
10.2 Micro Economic Benefits of Tourism in J & K 159
12.1 Seven Priority of the Tourism Sector 184
12.2 Targeting Tourists 192
List of Contents viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NEW DELHI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BACK GROUND OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Geographical Location
Strategically located Jammu and Kashmir State constitutes the northern most extremity of India.
The State of Jammu & Kashmir is situated in extreme north of India between 320 – 15’ to 370 –
05’ latitude north and 720 -35’ to 800 –20’ longitude east. It is bounded by China in the north and east,
by Afghanistan in the north-west and by Pakistan in the west. Punjab in the west. Punjab and Himachal
Pradesh States border it in the south. Jammu & Kashmir State has a geographical area of 222,236 sq.
kms. comprising 6.93 per cent of the total Indian territory
The 101,387 sq. km. area of State is demarcated into 14 districts, 59 tehsils and 121 C.D.
blocks which is further delimited into 2,661 panchayats, 75 urban areas and 6,652 villages. The 75
towns include 7 urban agglomerations also.
The State is well connected with rest of the country by air, rail and road . The Indian Airlines and
private airlines operate regular flights to Srinagar, Jammu and Leh.
It has four geographical zones of
x Sub-mountain and semi-mountain plain known as kandi or dry belt,

x The Shivalak ranges,
x The high mountain zone constituting the Kashmir Valley, Pir Panchal range and its off-shoots
including Doda, Poonch and Rajouri districts and part of Kathua and Udhampur districts
x The middle run of the Indus river comprising Leh and Kargil.
Executive Summary 1
NEW DELHI
The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the northern most state of India comprising three distinct
Climatic regions viz. Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh, temperate Kashmir valley and sub-tropical
region of Jammu.
The State of J&K in spite of our effort to read the whole area as one actually comprises of three very
distinct special regions, that of Kashmir herein referred to as Valley, Jammu which also includes areas
of Rajouri and Poonch and lastly the region of Ladakh including areas of Kargil, Drass and Zanskar.
By the very nomenclature of the State, Jammu & Kashmir, the region comprising of Ladakh was
overlooked for a considerable time by the State Government as a place for developing tourism.
The State of J & K has three distinct regions, viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh and all three
have immense potential for tourism from both domestic as well as international tourists. There
are number of locations which are untapped and can be developed as major tourist destinations, having
all the natural as well as the cultural resources for attracting tourists. Some of the important natural
resources are excellent climate, beautiful lakes, locations for adventure sports, wild life, trout fish,
natural and manmade parks like Shalimar and Nishat of the Mughal period, flora and fauna, alpine
forests, natural waterfalls and streams, etc. As for the cultural resources, the state has some of the most
important religious shrines of Hindus, historical monuments, plethora of local festivals, distinct
cuisine, craftsmanship skills for intricate and fine woodwork, woollens, carpets, textiles, paper mache,
inlay work, etc.
The state abounds in large lakes, the biggest of the fresh water lake being Wular, Dal and Manasbal
lakes. The biggest brackish water lakes are Tso Moriri and Pangong Tso in Ladakh region. A large
number of smaller lakes in the higher reaches of the mountain ranges provide surprises for those who
can reach them trekking.
APPROACH FOR FORMULATION OF PERSPECTIVE PLAN
Phasial Approach for the Perspective Planning
In order to have a practical approach so as to facilitate decision making the consultants have split up
various issues to be addressed into time frame of 5, 10 and 20 years as regards implementation. The
plan envisages the revival of administration and its existing infrastructure within a time frame of initial
5 year period. It further envisages launching of certain practical and acceptable proposals in the first 10
years, which will go towards promoting sustainable development of the tourism industry in the state.
And finally it envisages initiation and implementation of innovative projects having a long gestation
Executive Summary 2
NEW DELHI
period, which are capital intensive, in a time frame of 20 years. However, these would require further
fine-tuning by the state government after getting inputs from the related agencies / departments /
organisations. Needless to say, Tourism is the lifeline of Jammu & Kashmir and all possible efforts
need to be undertaken for retaining, maintaining and sustaining it.
METHODOLOGY
The basic methodology of this study was to collect secondary as well as primary data from different
sources coupled with sample surveysand expert visits and use them as inputs for formulating this
Perspective Plan.
Universe of the Study
Universe of the Study would be the whole state of Jammu & Kashmir.
Sampling Plan
Selection of Regions
The State of Jammu & Kashmir consists of three regions, all three being distinct geographically and
culturally and attracting tourists because of their unique special features. Hence all the three regions,
viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh, were selected for undertaking the survey.
Sampling Frame
Sampling frame constituted all the districts of J&K and the various stakeholders, directly or indirectly
associated with the Tourism industry in Jammu & Kashmr.
Data Collection
Both Primary and Secondary data been collected from various stakeholders for the state of J & K.
Primary Data collection
Tools used for primary data collection :

* Questionnaire / Schedules
* Postal Survey
* Interviews / Discussions
* Focus Group Discussions
Executive Summary 3
NEW DELHI
Sources of Primary Data Collection
The Primary data has been collected from the following stakeholders in the tourism set-up :-
i) Officials / Staff of hotels and other boarding and lodging facilities like houseboats, huts, etc.
ii) Visiting tourists in the vicinity both domestic and foreign
iii) Prospective tourists
iv) Local inhabitants/ Shopkeepers / Tourist Guides
v) Artisans, Craftsmen
vi) Travel Agents / Tour Operators
vii) Other related agencies and persons
Secondary Data Collection
The secondary data has been collected through personal visits and from various sources / departments
such as :-
x Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of J & K
x JKTDC, Govt. of J & K
x J&K Pollution Control Board, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Youth Services and Sports, Govt. of J & K
x J & K State Sports Council, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Planning & Monitoring, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Handicraft, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Fisheries, Govt. of J & K
x J & K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Forests, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Finance, Govt. of J & K
x Wild Life Department, Govt. of J & K
x R & B (PWD) Secretariat, Govt. of J & K
x (P&S) Power Development Department, Govt. of J & K
Executive Summary 4
NEW DELHI
x Department of Area Planning, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Ladakh Affairs, Govt. of J & K
x Archaeological Survey of India, Govt. of India
x Lakes and Waterways Development Authority, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Gardens and Parks, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Archaeology J&K, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Information, Govt. of J & K
x State Commission of Women, Govt. of J & K
x Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India
x Tourism Corporation of India
Sample Units
Successful contacts were established with the following number of stake holders for primary data
collection from the three regions of the state:-
o 255 Tourists
o 81 Local Inhabitants
o 26 Travel Agents
o 83 Hoteliers
Global Tourism Scenario
Tourism is the fastest growing industry globally accounting for 7% of total capital investment in the
world and annual revenues approaching USD 500 Billion (USD 476 Billion in the year 2000 as per
WTO estimates). There were 698 million international tourist arrivals in 2000, which are expected to
reach 1.6 billion by 2020 as per the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) estimates. The airline arrivals
are expected to double by 2010. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimated global
tourism turnover to account for 10.8% of the global GDP in 2001. It accounts for roughly 35 per cent
of global exports of services and over 8% of global exports of goods(WTO). In 1995, 11 per cent of
the global workforce - over 200 million people - were directly or indirectly employed in tourism which
Executive Summary 5
NEW DELHI
is predicted to rise to 340 million by 2005 (International Labour Organisation - ILO). These figures
make tourism the world's largest employer and arguably it's largest business in terms of income.
Growth of tourism
International tourist arrivals increased from 25 million in 1950 to 698 million in 2000, and are
predicted to grow to 1.6 billion by 2020 (WTO). Globally, the tourism industry is growing at 4.6 per
cent (WTTC). The number of air passengers rose from 9 million in 1945 to 88 million in 1972, 344
million in 1994 and 1.6 billion in 1999, and is expected to double again by 2010. (International Civil
Aviation Organisation; In Focus, Autumn 2000).
Factors in tourism's growth include:
x Increasing leisure time: In 1936, the International Labour Organisation convention provided
for one week's leave per year for workers in developed countries. In 1970, this was expanded to
three weeks, and in 1999 to four weeks.
x Increased disposable income: Spending on leisure in the UK has risen from 9 per cent of
household income in 1978 to17 per cent in 1998 (Tearfund: Tourism: An Ethical Issue, 2000).
In 1998-99, the UK Family Expenditure Survey found UK households spent £936 a year on
holidays: 4.5 times more in real terms than 30 years previously.
x Falling real cost of air travel: Between 1978 and 1998, the real cost of air travel fell by 35 per
cent (Air Travel Association). A thousand miles of air travel now requires 61 hours less work
than it did a generation ago.
Tourism : INDIA
The tourism industry in India has come a long way from just 15,000 tourists in 1950 to 2.64 million in
2000. The foreign tourist arrivals into India too have increased significantly. However, it is a different
story that India’s share in world tourism continues to be at a dismal low.
In the last one decade, domestic tourism in the country has grown by over 100 million from 63.8
million in 1990 to 176 million in 1999. However, much of this traffic is concentrated in states like
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, etc. But unfortunately
the flow of domestic tourists into the eastern and north-eastern parts of the country are much lower
compared to these states, although, there is a very large outflow of tourists from the eastern states,
particularly from West Bengal to other parts of the country. But, the eastern states have all the
potentials to become ultimate tourist destinations. Except for a desert, the region has everything.
Executive Summary 6
NEW DELHI
Today India offers an estimated 3606 key protected monuments, 483 wild life sanctuaries, vast
bounties of majestic mountains, beautiful beaches, proverbial hospitability which no other civilization
can question. And yet we have failed to attract foreign tourists in bulk. Today we are also unable to
convince the domestic tourists to consider the State of J & K with all its natural resources and heritage,
as a destination for rest, recreation and or informal education.
TOURISM IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Tourism is one of the State’s major industries. It has played an important role for developing
the economy, particularly in the region of the Valley and Ladakh. The industry has given jobs to a
very large number of people, particularly of the younger generation and generated economic activities
in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in the State, which owes dependence to a large extent to
this industry.
Three Distinct Regions
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
JAMMU KASHMIR LADAKH
ATTRIBUTES
Some of the key attributes of the tourism industry in J&K are as follows :
x Virgin Areas x Pilgrimage,

x Different Geographical Locations, x Culture,
x Climate, x Handicrafts,
x Landscape, x Hospitality,
x Architecture, x Historical Heritage, etc.
Executive Summary 7
NEW DELHI
Jammu & Kashmir is full of colourful rocky mountains, valleys, trekking trail, several high
rising chortens, snowy mountains, medows of flowers, lakes, garden and orchards, monuments and
mandirs and forts and palaces, Ladakh is famous for its spectacular caves, monasteries, etc. while
Jammu is famous for its temples/ religious tourism.
The region of Ladakh is the choice of foreign tourists; Jammu attracts pilgrim tourists, while
the Valley attracts a larger number of domestic tourists and a fair sprinkling of foreign tourists. At the
time of writing this report Ladakh had quiet a few tourists from Israel, Germany and France while in
the Valley, a thin presence of tourists mostly from Italy and England were noticed. The foreign
tourists season in Jammu regions has only transit passengers and not destined to any tourist spots in the
area; therefore they do require current mention herein.
Trends in Tourist Arrivals

Over the years the tourist arrivals in various regions has been shown in the following figures:
FIGURE NO. 1
TOURISTS IN LADAKH
30
IN THOUSANDS
25
ARRIVALS
TOURIST
20
15
10
5 YEAR
0 FORIGNERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 HOME
YEARS 1980-2001 TOTAL
From Figure No. 1 we can see that there is a constant increase in the total (including foreign &
domestic) tourist arrivals in Ladakh expect in few years when uncertain law and order was at its peak.
FIGURE NO. 2
TOURISTS IN VALLEY
0.8
TOURIST ARRIVALS
0.7
0.6 YEAR
IN MILLION
0.5 HOME
0.4
FOREIGN
0.3
0.2 TOTAL
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1998
YEARS 1974-1989, 1998-2001 1989
Executive Summary 8
NEW DELHI
From Figure No. 2 we can see that there are two major dips in 1989 (when uncertain law and order was
in the beginning phase) & in 1998 (when uncertain law and order was at peak phase) But the
encouraging point is that there is growth after 1998 and would go further up if law and order situation
improves.
FIGURE NO. 3
TOURISTS VISITING AMARNATH JI

200
TOURIST ARRIVALS
180
160
140
IN THOUSANDS
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 YEAR
1990
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
NO.OF
YEARS 1980-2001 YATRIS.
From Figure No. 3 we can see that there is continuous increase in tourists arrival after a major dip in
1990 and now the position is so that their are almost more than 1.2 lakh ( ceiling on tourist arrivals has
been imposed by the Government) people visiting Amarnath Ji.
FIGURE NO. 4
TOURISTS IN VAISHNO DEVI JI

6
IN 2001
TOURIST ARRIVALS
5 TOURISTS =
50,60,000
Millions
4
YEAR
3
2 WITHIN THE
STATE
1
OUTSIDE THE
0 STATE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
TOTAL
YEARS 1978-2000
From Figure No. 4 we can see that there is continuous increase in tourists arrival (there in no major
dip in 1990 as in Ladakh & Valley ) and now the position is so that their are almost more than 50 lakh
Executive Summary 9
NEW DELHI
tourists visiting Vaishno Devi Ji. But a significant point to note is that the total comprises of only
domestic tourists/ pilgrimage tourists and insignificant foreign tourists.
Rise of Domestic Tourism in J&K
In spite of the fact that during the period of 1948 and 1950, Kashmir was in newspapers, this
area did not interest the people of other part of the Sub-continent to visit. That is not until Shakti
Samant released his film ‘Kashmir Ki Kali’ in 1956, which overnight brought the knowledge of the
beautiful landscape and territory to the knowledge of the urban population of India, and the rush was
on. In 1988 the Valley had been visited by a record number of over 722,000 lakhs tourists and if the
percentage of annual rate had continued uninterrupted, the year of 2002 should have seen the Valley is
being visited by 1.87 million people from other parts of the country. But because of uncertain law and
order situation affecting the state, this ever increasing tourist traffic dramatically fell to an
unbelievingly low of 6600 tourists visiting the valley in the year 1993.
It is between these two statistical extremes, an effort has been made to work out a way through
to develop a new plan of revival of tourism for the State & contemplate a scenario for the next 20
years.
TOURISM POLICY
First of all an appropriate Tourism Policy needs to be developed for the state to be able to
attract more tourists both domestic as well as foreign. Tourism in the last five decades had provided
good sustenance to the local population and revenue to the State exchequer. The consultants feel that
besides the development of tourism activities in the Valley, it is necessary for the State to have those
cottage and small scale industries which act as support services to the tourist industry such as agro
industries and for which special efforts need to be made. That road is still to be charted out and has to
be charted out fast otherwise the Tourism boom in India would be lost to the other states. The
consultants now are attempting to provide a statement of a vision, statement of tourism goals, and a
policy for the State Government, in the hope that using this as a base, the State Government may like
to make a declaration of its tourism policy as it desires to follow for future. Please Refer the main
report for the details of the Tourism Policy of the State of Jammu & Kashmir.
Executive Summary 10
NEW DELHI
The SWOT analysis of the Tourism Industry in the state is as follows:
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TOURISM IN J&K
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
xRich Culture, Heritage xNo tourism Policy

xThree distinct Regions with diversity xUndeveloped Destinations
xLadakh, Jammu, Kashmir xNo proper/ Poor connectivity
xFlora, fauna, lakes, mountains, pilgrimage xLow awareness level
places, xLow/ Poor promotional activities
xsprings, palaces, monuments, horticulture, xLess Government Spending
xhandicrafts, shawls, xEconomy dependent on Tourism
xKashmir The Heaven, Switzerland of xPoor Coordination between departments
India/ Asia xStress only on few developed sites
xKashmiris are hospitable, hospitality in xLow time spending
their nerves xNo diversion of tourists from specific tourism to other
xVarious kinds of tourism available to be type of tourism.
exploited xLess tourists diversion to new places
xLocal People experienced due to past xNo Tourism research
tourism booms xNo capacity building of stakeholders for better
xHigh Awareness of J&K as Tourist services
Paradise xLackadaisical Approach of Government
xComplacency and non customer friendly.
x No culture of Perspective Planning in State
Department
x No Accountability in Financial Matters & Services
xLack of Training Infrastructure & Hospitality Industry
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
xCan cater to almost all Tourist Tastes xSecurity

xHigh Returns from Tourism Industry xCompetition
xDevelopment of Circuits xDiversion of tourists to other safer places
xUn exploited Ladakh xBetter facilities from competitors
xPilgrimage Circuits xLow information dissemination, access and training
xPackage Tours xNon awakening of Government, complacency
xHigher spending of people on recreation, xNon treatment of tourism as service industry
entertainment
xLinkage with specific circuits in other
states
xProfessional approach
xGovernments role as Care taker and
facilitator
xCustomer oriented and friendly
It is evident that the Strengths and Opportunities can out way the Weaknesses if properly
exploited.
NEW DELHI
Tourist Growth Potential
Almost a regular growth pattern can be seen in the tourists arrival in Jammu & Kashmir ( Refer Table
No. 1 & Figure No. 5). But this regular growth pattern is mostly because of the tourists coming to
Vaishno devi ji. The tourists coming to Vaishnodevi ji are domestic tourists and the duration of their
stay is limited from 2-3 days upto maximum of 5 days. There is limited diversion to other tourist
places.
TOURISTS GROWTH IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
TABLE NO. 1
FIGURE NO. 5
TOURIST GROWTH IN J&K
TOURISTS GROWTH JAMMU 6
& KASHMIR 5.412863
5.011572
YEAR Tourist in J&K 5 4.5462 5.268246
1989 2987964 4.90393
NO OF TOURISTS
4.118632
1990 2191486 4 4.482072
3.608269
IN MILLIONS
3.770208
1991 3182251 2.987964
3.182251 3.447162
1992 3608269 3
1993 3447162 2.191486

2
1994 3770208
1995 4118632 1
1996 4482072
1997 4546200 0
1989
1 2
1990
3
1991
4
1992
5
1993
6
1994
7
1995
8
1996
9 10
1997 1998 1999
11 12
2000 2001
13
1998 4903930
YEARS 1989 TO 2001 YEAR Tourist in J&K
1999 5013571
2000 5412863
2001 5268246
Analysis of the breakup of the tourists in the last decade, shows that almost 90% to 95% of the tourist
arrivals in Jammu & Kashmir is because of Vaishno devi shrine.
It is being projected that by the end of 2010 the tourists arrival in Jammu & Kashmir would be around
1,10,73,650, considering the fact that normalcy will occur in the next 2-3 years which will rise to
2,27,08,506 by the end of 2020.
NEW DELHI
PROJECTIONS FOR TOURIST IN J & K

TABLE NO. 2 FIGURE NO. 6
YEARS NO. OF TOURISTS
PROJECTION OF TOURIS TS IN J&K
2002 6284029
2003 6743282
25
2004 7236634
2005 7766684
20
2006 8336228
2007 8948294
15
2008 9606150
2009 10313328
10
2010 11073650
2011 11891251
5
2012 12770613
2013 13716589
0
2014 14734445
2015 15829895
2016 17009148 YEARS
2017 18278954 If every thing goes normal and the militancy in the state is
2018 19646661 controlled in 2-3 years time, we foresee a growth of Tourism and
2019 21120269 the number of tourists soaring to above 20 million, enough to give
2020 22708506 a kick start to the economy of J&K and bringing it back on track.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
To handle such a traffic flow, the development of infrastructure has to match these projections. The
infrastructure requirement in terms of accommodation, transport, etc. is as given below: ( For Details
please refer Chapter- VIII.)
TABLE NO. 3
PROJECTIONS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT/ REQUIREMENT
HOTELS
2005 2010 2015 2020
Hotels Bed Hotels Bed Hotels Bed Hotels Bed
TOTAL 670 30333 1028 43039 1715 63653 3018 97600
GUEST HOUSES
2005 2010 2015 2020
TOTAL 530 16438 896 58052 1607 40108 3023 65663
TRANSPORT
Type of transport Infrastructure 2005 2010 2015 2020
Buses 20179 27659 38178 60462
Taxis 8576 11755 16226 25697
NEW DELHI
To cater to the tourist inflow apart from infrastructure, the development of the sites and tourist places
in the state is also essential. The development of towns and enhancing the available facilities is also an
essential part of the Perspective Plan. The tourists are attracted to the destinations not only because of
the natural resources or natural beauty of the place, but also because of the returns they get on the
expenditure they do in the tourist place. These could be satisfaction of psychological needs like proper,
safe, hassle free and affordable accommodation, good transport facilities, in and around the tourist
place, good water, hygiene and sanitation facilities. The others could be related to the attributes of the
destination or the tourist place in terms of various sites to visit in and around the tourist place. Some
other could be satisfying his personal tastes like museums, temples, gardens, heritage sites, etc. Or
further these could which brings in excitement and learning like adventure sports, music, cultural
shows, etc. The tourists also come to tourist’s places to buy the traditional things like handicrafts,
jewelry, etc. In a nutshell the tourist destination should have all the things where the tourist can
spend their time and money in a satisfying and justifiable manner.
There are thousands of tourist places from which the potential tourist has to choose his destination. So
the destination has to be world class if the foreign tourist are being targeted and also from this point of
view the facilities should be better and comparable to other best of the places in India.
VIABLE TOURISM PROJECTS
In addition to the various projects recommended an integrated approach has to be made in terms of
back end support and forward end support to the Tourism activities. The activities, which are directly
or indirectly related to tourism, have to be given utmost importance to make J&K the most attractive
state in the country and in the world for domestic as well as foreign tourists. Many new initiatives or
projects which should be undertaken in the in the next 20 years are being recommended, of course with
the recommendation that, the ongoing projects should be completed as soon as possible. The brief
details of the projects have been provided in the Chapter XIV- A- Financial Implications. Chapter
XIII- Recommendations, gives the details of investments and action plan for the development of
Tourism in the next 20 years. Some of the projects are: Expansion of Srinagar airport, State airline
service (19 routes), Helicopter taxi service, Developing the Srinagar Airport as an international
hub of air traffic (connecting and attracting tourists from gulf countries), Short rail track in
Kargill (Zanskar Valley) – between Mulbakh, Kargil and Sanku, Modules for short stay in remote
areas, Traffic training schools/ Parks (Leh, Srinagar, Barammulah, Anantnag, Jammu, Udhampur,
Rajouri and Katra), Designated centres to be called JK World Tourism Bureaus in Israel, Iran, Italy
Austria, England Germany & South Korea, Upgrade the existing tourist facilities at Lama Yaru
monastery (petrol pump and parking facility for 20 cars and 20 HTVs/buses), De-congestion of the old
NEW DELHI
Anantnag, Development of Ethnological Museums in Udhampur, Poonch, Kathua, Riasi, Anantnag,

Barammullah, Ladakh, Aquariums in Srinagar, Pahalgam, Leh, Barammulah, Gandarbal, Sophian,
Hemis, etc., Developing Power Potential in Hydel Schemes, Opening of Traffic Training Parks,
Formation of State Transport Board, Tourist Complex, Redevelopment of Mughal Gardens at Achabal,
Rajouri & Parimahal, etc.
INVESTMENTS
For all these projects investments are required both from the Central Government and the State
Government and also the Private Parties. The phase wise investments have been shown in the
following Table No. 4.
TABLE NO. 4
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Period Total Phase wise Expenditure State Central Employment
Proposed (Rs. In crores) Share Share Generation
Outlay (Rs. In (Rs. In (to individuals)
crores) crores)
2003-2023 (Rs. In 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
crores)
20 Years 130039.1 20801.85 46691.25 37239 25307 27661.9 102377.2 108870
The investments would generate direct employment of 108870 due to execution of these projects. The
breakup of the investments with respect to Basic Tourist Infrastructure, Development of Tourism
Products, H.R.D., Promotion and Marketing are as given below in the following Table No. 5.
TABLE NO. 5
BREAK UP OF TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Year Total Total Investment- Total Investment- Total Investment- Total

Wise Investment Basic Tourist Tourism Products Human Resource Investment-
Infrastructure Services Development Promotion &
Marketing
2003-2008 20801.85 12481.11 3120.28 2080.19 3120.28
2008-2013 46691.25 28014.75 7003.69 4669.13 7003.69
2013-2018 37239.00 22343.40 5585.85 3723.90 5585.85
2018-2023 25307.00 15184.20 3796.05 2530.70 3796.05
130039.10 78023.46 19505.87 13003.91 19505.87
NEW DELHI
Economic Benefits
Tourism industry has played an important role in the development of the economy of the state as a
whole. The economic activities are generated in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector of the
valley. Hence tourism generated employment may be classified in to three major heads one is direct
employment that sell goods and services directly e.g. hotels, restaurants, shops etc. Second one is
indirect employment, which generally supplies goods, services to the tourism business and thirdly
investment related employment in construction and other capital goods industries. Total Employment
Generation would be 34.062 lakhs till 2020 for a tourist inflow of 227.08 lakhs.
TABLE NO. 6
Generation of Employment
on
Implementation of Tourism Development Plan
Year Additional Direct In-Direct Total
Tourist Inflow Employment Employment employment
(In lakhs) (in lakhs ) (In lakhs) col. (2)+(3)
1 2 3 4 5
2002 62.83 1.57075 7.85375 9.4245
2003 67.43 1.68575 8.42875 10.1145
2004 72.36 1.809 9.045 10.854
2005 77.66 1.9415 9.7075 11.649
2006 83.36 2.084 10.42 12.504
2007 89.48 2.237 11.185 13.422
2008 96.06 2.4015 12.0075 14.409
2009 103.13 2.57825 12.89125 15.4695
2010 110.73 2.76825 13.84125 16.6095
2011 118.91 2.97275 14.86375 17.8365
2012 127.7 3.1925 15.9625 19.155
2013 137.16 3.429 17.145 20.574
2014 147.34 3.6835 18.4175 22.101
2015 158.29 3.95725 19.78625 23.7435
2016 170.09 4.25225 21.26125 25.5135
2017 182.78 4.5695 22.8475 27.417
2018 196.46 4.9115 24.5575 29.469
2019 211.2 5.28 26.4 31.68
2020 227.08 5.677 28.385 34.062
COST BENEFIT RATIO
The cost benefit ration is based on the assumption of total benefit (both direct and indirect) from
additional arrival in next 20 years and dividing it with total expenditure proposed to be occurring in
NEW DELHI
next 20 years in various activities i.e. infrastructure creation and maintenance, providing social
services etc. (Refer Table No. 7). The expenditure is divided in to different phases i.e. 2003-08, 2008-
2013, 2013-2018 and 2018-2020 likewise the direct benefit is also divided in to similar phases, the
benefit cost ratio reflects the high return on the proposed Tourism Investment Plan (Refer Table no. 8).
TABLE NO. 7
Total Benefit From Additional Tourist Arrivals on the Implementation of
Tourism Development Plan
Year Total direct Total in direct Total Benefit
benefit benefit [Col. (2)+(3)]
(Rs. In crore) (Rs. In crore) (Rs. In crore)
1 2 3 4
2002 1752.21 1996.96 3749.17
2003 1886.16 2149.62 4035.78
2004 2031.51 2315.29 4346.80
2005 2189.42 2495.26 4684.68
2006 2361.15 2690.98 5052.13
2007 2548.15 2904.10 5452.25
2008 2752.04 3136.46 5888.50
2009 2974.62 3390.15 6364.77
2010 3217.95 3667.47 6885.42
2011 3484.37 3971.09 7455.46
2012 3776.49 4304.02 8080.51
2013 4097.32 4669.68 8767.00
2014 4450.26 5071.91 9522.17
2015 4839.18 5515.16 10354.34
2016 5268.50 6004.45 11272.96
2017 5743.28 6545.56 12288.84
2018 6269.31 7145.08 13414.39
2019 6853.23 7810.56 14663.79
2020 7502.64 8550.70 16053.34
TABLE NO. 8
Phase wise Cost Benefit Analysis of Jammu Kashmir Perspective Plan
Total Benefit Phase wise Net Benefit
Year (Direct and Expenditure (Rs. In crore)
Indirect)
2003-08 29460.18 20801.85 8658.33
2008-2013 37553.18 46691.25 -9138.51
2013-2018 56852.70 37239.00 19613.70
2018-2020 30717.13 10122.8 20594.33
2020-2023 - 15184.2 -
Total 154583.19 130039.1 39727.85
The above Table shows that for an expenditure of Rs. 114854.9 crores till 2020 the net benefit that will
accrue over the years till 2020 would be Rs. 39727.85 crores.
NEW DELHI
MARKETING & PROMOTION OF TOURISM
Successful marketing strategies require a detailed appreciation of the product or products on offer;
accurate identification of markets; an appraisal of the most efficient and effective means of
communication with those markets; and knowledge of the media (including the E sector), mechanisms
and dynamic relationships which provide the vehicles for communication. Product, market and
communication are the three defining points of what we term the marketing triangle, and only when
these elements are in complete balance can the best results be realised. The ability to manage complex
interrelationships requires more than a passing acquaintance with marketing theory.
The basic aim of the marketing strategy for tourism is to ensure maximum effectiveness of
promotional activity in order to strengthen and enhance J&K’s position as an international tourist
destination.
Product Marketing
Product marketing can be considered as an integral part of tourism marketing, it is the classification of
customers according to the degree that specific types of services could appeal to them.
TABLE NO. 9
Products of Tourism Marketing
• Urban stays (summers) • Resort stays • Fishing

• Urban stays (winter) • Health tourism • Outdoor adventure
• City experiences • Golf • International cruises
• Sights and scenery tours • Downhill skiing • Corporate meetings
• Theme tours • Snowmobiling • Conventions
• Pilgrimage tourism • Cross-country skiing • Incentive travel
• Buddhist circuits tourism • Adventure Tourism
• Lakes Circuit fro Tourism • Mountaineering
• Wild Life / Sanctuaries
Circuit Tourism
• Muslim Pilgrimage Circuits
Some of the Major attraction for the tourists in J&K, which needs to be exploited to full potential, are:
Adventure & Holiday Tourism
Mountaineering
Trekking
Ballooning
Rock Climbing
White Water Rafting
Motor Rallies
NEW DELHI
Pilgrimage Tourism
Pilgrimage Tourism is expected to generate a high growth rate of tourism in Jammu and Kashmir.
Domestic Tourism is largely a part of Pilgrimage Tourism, but it has to be converted / extended/
turned into other forms of Tourism like Wildlife Tourism, Adventure Tourism, Leisure Tourism, by
providing exiting offers to the tourists, etc.
Buddhist Circuit- Ladakh

Vaishnodevi Ji, Amarnath Yatra, etc.
Eco-Tourism
Eco-Tourism is Responsible travel to natural areas and provides sustenance to the well being of the
local people. It is an amalgamation of interests arising out of environmental, economic and social
Concerns. The stakeholders/ involved are consumers, managers, native people & suppliers, etc. Eco-
Tourism could be initiated in :
Sanctuaries
Mountaineering
Biking, etc.
Potential Places to be harnessed are:
Pilgrimage Tourism : Gaurikund , Sudhmahadev, Mantalai

Pilgrimage: Katra, Shiv Khori, Charaina Devta, Dera Baba Banda.
Recreation Tourism: Agar Jito, Reasi Fort, Salal Dam, Symbal
Choya, Dhayan Garh, Agni Nalla, Kanthan. Sanasar , Patnitop
Leisure Tourism : Sanasar , Patnitop, Kud
Adventure Tourism : Sanasar , Patnitop
Rural Tourism
Rural Tourism is one component of a broader initiative to improve the economic & social life
of the local people & to enhance the environment. Following a description of both the
process involved in developing the programme and the tourist product itself, significant
features of rural tourisms approach are crucial to long-term success and sustainability.
NEW DELHI
Strategies for Marketing J&K
A multi pronged strategies have to be undertaken to market the brand J&K in the global as well as
national arena. Sustained efforts have to be made to increase J&Ks visibility and awareness. Marketing
has to be done in such a way so as to attract the best of the various segments of tourists having
different tastes of recreation, entertainment, adventure, etc.
FIVE STRATEGIES TO INCREASE J&K’s VISIBILITY ON THE WORLD TOURISM MAP
1 Development and organization of a tourism product in keeping with customer expectations

Faced with escalating competition and the need to satisfy customers with an increasingly broad range of interests,
J&K has no option but to offer a tourism product that is competitive and innovative. Both the development and the
organization of the tourism product are instrumental in the success of promotional strategies.
2 Adjusting promotional strategies to new information and communications technologies

There is a great upheaval in the world of communications, prompting major changes in consumer behaviour,
especially noticeable in travel planning and reservations. J&K will have to adopt a promotional approach consistent
with these new tendencies.
3 Emphasis on markets offering the best return on investment

Although deemed satisfactory, J&Ks performance could improve on some international markets offering
development prospects. Such is the case of the American market (except for New England) and several European
markets. J&K should focus investments on markets generating the most revenue.
Establishing a strong business relationship between Tourism department of J&K and the tourism
4
industry in J&K.
In light of the growing number of players showing heightened interest in tourism, current promotional
investment is now spread too thinly. Partners must be grouped together to increase the impact of J&K’s
tourism industry on foreign markets.
5 La connaissance des clientèles et l’évaluation des résultats

Setting up a customized tourism product for constantly evolving and increasingly discriminating
clienteles and the success of promotional strategies depend on two things:
9Improving our knowledge of client needs and interests;
9Rigorously assessing the results obtained.
Promotion
Re-thinking the advertising strategy to reach a global market. In the face of changing times and new
realities, the tourism operators should reassess their marketing strategies.
NEW DELHI
A New Media Action Plan is needed that will increase the marketing reach and lower the costs.
9Printed Materials
9Magazine Advertising
9Trade Shows
9TV & Video
Targeting
Targeting is one of most important marketing mix of the marketing Strategy. The right kind of tourist
has to be targeted who can generate revenues for the tourism industry.
Strategy for tourism Promotion
i) Development of facilities, activities, physical environment and infrastructure

ii) Marketing the region and selling an image
iii) Expansion of culture, sport, natural and other tourist attraction
iv) Physical regeneration of the area
v) Expansion of tourism resources comprising primary and secondary elements
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The development of Tourist destination is though beneficial in many ways but it has a flip side also
and that is its impact on the environment. In many developing countries, the costs of environmental
degradation have been estimated at 4 to 8 percent of GDP annually. Natural resources degradation –
depleted soils, insufficient water, rapidly disappearing forests, collapsed fisheries – threaten the quality
of life of millions; an estimated 6 million people die annually, and many more get sick, in developing
countries from water-related diseases, indoor air pollution, urban air pollution, and exposure to toxic
chemicals. Environmental degradation also increases the vulnerability of people to natural disasters.
The impact of environmental degradation threatens the basis for growth and livelihoods today and in
the future. Environmental degradation also reaches across borders, affecting the quality of the regional
and global commons. The Environment Strategy has to respond to these challenges.
Strategic Objectives of Environment Strategy could be:
x Improving the quality of Life

Enhancing Livelihoods. Protect the long-term productivity and resilience of natural resources
and ecosystems on which people’s livelihoods depend.
x Improving the quality of growth

NEW DELHI
Promote better policy, regulatory, and institutional framework for sustainable environmental
management; help improve safeguard systems and practices; and promote environmentally and
socially sustainable private sector development. The private sector is becoming a major player
in many areas previously controlled by the public sector. It should be ensured that the private
sector becomes a driving force in sustainable development.
x Improving the Regional and Global Commons

Environmental initiatives could be build on these principles:
9 Focus on the positive linkages between poverty reduction and environmental protection.
9 Focus first on local environmental benefits, and build on overlaps with global benefits.
9 Address the vulnerability and adaptation needs of regions/ developing countries.
9 Facilitate transfer of funds to meet the costs of generating global environmental benefits.
x Reducing health risks.
x Reducing vulnerability to natural hazards.
x A ‘tourist code of conduct’ for this region should be evolved, which could be applicable to both
the tourist industry and consumers alike. All should strictly adhere to the provisions of code.
Schemes and incentives to be provided by State Government to the Private Sector
The land areas may be earmarked in the state on the basis of their current status of development.
Developed land areas should not be offered to the private sector. In the under developed areas
incentives should be offered on the basis of their remoteness from main land / centres. For very remote
areas the private sector may be leased land on token charge. The lease should be for 15 years and
would be subject to review depending on the developmental activity undertaken. In less remote areas
and still underdeveloped areas a lease rate may be determined and offered to the private sector. No
lease shall be more than 15 years duration. Water may be offered in bulk at a predetermined rate,
which will not be changed for a period of 5 years from the year of commencement of notified
activities of the individual members in private sector. Spring water will not be used for commercial or
industrial activity. Power – Private entrepreneurs will be allowed to maintain a captive generating plant
not exceeding 125 KVA. The SEB should create guidelines for the installation and maintenance of the
private captive generating plants. Sales Tax holiday for goods being sold within the state for 5 years
should be provided. Luxury and entertainment tax : In the hospitality industry it should be maximum
of 5% of total tariff above 800/- per day and for entertainment trade the tax tariff, 15% for live
entertainment, 35% for cinema shows. Tax holiday should be provided for 3 yrs for Cineplex and new
cinema halls constructed.
MAIN REPORT
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CHAPTER- I
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY & SCOPE OF WORK

As per the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, the key objectives of this study & scope of work
is as follows :
i) A perspective plan with a time frame of 20 years needs to be developed for developing
sustainable tourism giving year-wise phasing of investment having regard to the resources
available.
ii) The Plan should indicate short-term and long-term plans, targets and ground realities.
iii) The Plan should indicate all activities to be undertaken by different agencies clearly indicating
the time frame for each activity.
iv) The Plan should be able to assess the existing tourism scenario in the State/Union Territory
with respect to existing traffic levels and inventory of :
- natural resources
- heritage and other socio-cultural assets.
- quantitative/demographic factors like population, employment, occupation, income levels
etc.
- services and infrastructure already available.
v) The Plan should review the status of existing development/investment plans of
schemes for the development of tourism in the region.
vi) The Plan should list and evaluate existing potential tourist destinations and centers and
categories them on the basis of inventory of attractions, infrastructure availability, degree of
popularity, volume of traffic flow etc.
vii) The Plan should analyse and categorise existing/ potential destinations and centres, as a stand
alone destination, part of a circuit and/or as major attractions for special interests groups , etc.
viii) The Plan should assess the existing infrastructure levels at identified destinations/centre in terms
of quantity of roads/transportation facilities, civic amenities, enroute transit facilities, boarding
and lodging facilities etc.
ix) The Plan should be able to broadly assess traffic flow to identified destinations & centres for
assessment of infrastructure requirements taking into account past growth trends, suggested
linkages and integration, future expected developments including likely investments by the
State and investment climate/incentive for the private sector, etc.
x) The Plan should attempt and arrive at an indicative cost configuration of likely investment on
infrastructure development under different heads and to prioritize investment needs by
drawing up a phased investment plan covering the next 20 years.
xi) The Plan should identify the existing as well as new tourism projects including
projects for expansion/augmentation, upgradation of facilities and services destinations &
centres which have potential for development.
Chapter- I Objectives of Study And Scope of Work 1

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xii) The Plan should undertake product conceptualization cum feasibility exercise inter-alia for
identified projects covering aspects like locational evaluation, schematic product planning
& conceptualization including quantification of individual project parameters, assessment of
overall investment levels and of project viability cum feasibility study exercises etc.
xiii) The Plan should prepare an action plan for implementation of identified potential development
schemes / projects/ products and for development of infrastructure in conformity with the
policy objectives & guidelines provided by the concerned state/central agencies/departments
and the requirements of national development and funding agencies. The overall
development plan to also take into account WTO's Bali declaration on tourism
development.
xiv) The Plan should include Project-wise potential for employment generation; a reasonable
percentage of potential employment is to be reserved for women
xv) The Plan should indicate the actual and the projected number of domestic and foreign tourist
arrivals for each proposed tourist place.
xvi) Priorities the scheme of the basis of employment potential of the project and the tourist arrivals
at the proposed place.
xvii) An inventory of existing infrastructural facilities (including paying guest facility) is to be

made; after which, the proposed infrastructure needs to be split up into various segments
concerning different State Government Departments, such as PWD, Forest, Culture,
Handicrafts etc., and dovetailed with the Tourism Plans.
xviii) Since the perspective plan would be used for external assistance, it would be desirable to
suggest State tourism projects to foreign funding agencies for financial assistance; each
project has to be properly scrutinized and finalized accordingly.
xix) Other sources of funding such as loans form the Financial Institutions, the Tourism Finance
Corporation of India (TFCI) etc., need to be explored. Besides, proper incentives need to
be suggested for private sector participation.
xx) Further the available institutional machinery in the State to oversee/Coordinate the
development or tourism infrastructure has to be specifically suggested.
xxi) Facilities for performance by local artists; cultural troupes should be built into the perspective
plan.
xxii) Cultural complexes can be suggested with the financial help from the State Department of
Culture and later made economically viable on pattern of Dilli Haat.
xxiii) Handicraft shops should be suggested at various tourist places; these could be run by women.
xxiv) Perspective plan should include potential developing health resorts at/near the tourist places.
Yoga classes, nature cure facilities, ayurvedic system of medicines should be available at
these places to attract tourists.
xxv) Consultant preparing the perspective plan should be asked to give an executive summary of the
plan along with the report.
xxvi)The perspective plans should incorporate attractive packages/schemes to attract private sector
investment.
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xxvii)It is necessary that the environmental issues are dealt with in sufficient details and
environmental impact assessment studies made in respect of all new projects.
xxviii) The perspective plans should include carrying capacity studies, instruments of spatial and
land use planning, instruments of architectural controls for restoration of old properties and
construction of new ones in old towns and cities, strategy for local community participation
and protection of cultural identity, awareness programs for local participation and
commitment to the project.
xxi) Measures necessary for mitigating the adverse environmental impacts and rehabilitating
the tourist places already environmentally damaged should be incorporated in the
perspective plans.
xxx) The perspective plan, should include strategy for privatization of the tourism related
properties owned by the State and the State Tourism Corporations.

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CHAPTER- II
METHODOLOGY AND SURVEY DESIGN
The State of Jammu and Kashmir has already been declared a ‘disturbed area’ since long and has been
living amidst various crises. The security environment is tense and difficult due to militancy and there
is an absolute sense of uncertainty about its future. The present Chief Minister however has unbounded
optimism for the future of Jammu & Kashmir, as do the people who were met amongst the public, even
though this is not shared by the officials at various levels in his own administration. So the Consultants
have to formulate the Plan in such divergent scenario and divergent views of the administration,
political will and the public at large.
APPROACH FOR FORMULATION OF PERSPECTIVE PLAN
Background for formulating the Plan
Our approach in making the perspective plan for development of tourism industry in Jammu and
Kashmir incorporates the core concept, which may not be original but is nonetheless extremely
relevant, that tourism can be properly and effectively developed only through an integrated approach
wherein the required supplementary, complementary and other support services are provided in
coordination but they also function efficiently with scope for growth and expansion.
During the field visits, when project proposals to various concerned departments were suggested, the
consultants found that each of them were working in very narrow compartments with no apparent
systems in place to coordinate and integrate their activities for their own as well as the overall
development of tourism in the state. Momentum and enthusiasm varied from department to
department. The consultants encountered this lack of enthusiasm at every avenue picked for
examination, analysis and suggestion of project proposals.
Chapter- II Methodology And Survey Design 4

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Some of the problems observed / encountered are generic to the entire country and some are specific to
the state of J & K. Tourism potential of the country as a whole is immense, from both domestic as
well as the international travelers. However, this potential has not been fully tapped because of
inadequate infrastructure of airports, roads, communication and transportation, inadequate / ineffective
promotion and advertising, lack of easily accessible and inadequate tourist information, unfriendly /
dishonest nature of the people who interface directly with the tourists like taxi drivers, shopkeepers,
touts etc. as compared to other competing international tourist destinations worldwide, especially in the
S.E. Asian Region. The Central Government and few of the States / UTs have started taking some
initiatives in addressing these problems but still a lot needs to be done and also speedily so as to make
a dent in the International Tourist Market as a much favoured destination and for increasing the
numbers of domestic tourists. The problem specific to the state of Jammu and Kashmir is that of
militancy and its consequential impact on all the tourism related activities.
The Consultants have formulated the 20 Year Perspective Tourism Plan for the State of Jammu
& Kashmir with this backdrop.
Assumptions for the Perspective Planning
A close reading of our report will show that while we have discussed the data collected in our ground
surveys during the period of our visit in the state, we have relied upon the data collected before 1989
available in government records. We have made mention of the fact that we anticipate an immediate
surge of tourist traffic within 3 years from now to see the same volume of tourism recorded in the state
as achieved in 1989. We find most of the departments in the state government not bothered to go back
into planning their future strategies using the data available in the period 1987-89. The situation is
quite unique for the state because governance of the people was extremely difficult and all information
collected in government records as well as collected by field surveys by consultants was unrealistic for
the interim period and the only base which could be held as reliable statistics were those on record for
the pre-1989 period.

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Our inferences in the report are therefore depending wholly on the data which is pre-1989 and we are
not accepting for our studies information which has been offered to include the period of the last
decade of the 20th century.
Phasial Approach for the Perspective Planning
In order to have a practical approach so as to facilitate decision making the consultants have split up
various issues to be addressed into time frame of 5, 10 and 20 years as regards implementation. The
plan envisages the revival of administration and its existing infrastructure within a time frame of initial
5 year period. It further envisages launching of certain practical and acceptable proposals in the first
10 years which will go towards promoting sustainable development of the tourism industry in the state.
And finally it envisages initiation and implementation of innovative projects having a long gestation
period and which are capital intensive, in a time frame of 20 years. However, these would require
further fine tuning by the state government after getting inputs from the related agencies / departments
/ organisations. Needless to say, Tourism is the lifeline of Jammu & Kashmir and all possible efforts
need to be undertaken for retaining, maintaining and sustaining it. The approach in the 20 year
perspective, plans on sustainable tourism, not a fly by night tourism, therefore necessarily the approach
has been regional and not narrowly focused.
The basic methodology of this study was to collect secondary as well as primary data from
various stakeholders & sources. This was amalgamated and superimposed with the first hand
information of our experts, (which they accumulated during their field visits to all the three
distinct regions), to formulate the Perspective Tourism Plan.
In the assigned scope of work, exclusive detailed information was sought in a myriad of proposal upon
evaluation by the Consultants. A very large number of considered proposals envisaged have to be
dropped for the simple reason that there was no official information available for access on the current
state of tourism locally. Creating a new data base on proposals under consideration entailed a long time
duration and the deadlines in this project kept for the consultants, forced these promising proposals to
out of their consideration. The reader must realise that the local administration has been in a state of
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crises for nearly two decades and denied itself the luxury of compiling primary and secondary data on
various parameters of public administration in the manner they are fashionable or currency in the better
administered parts of the country. The proposals of the perspective plan thus suffer from detailed
examination of existing infrastructure which in most cases is in disuse or misused for requirements of
security forces, lack of feasibility studies due to absence of primary data, and potential parameters
because some location have not been opened to civilisation access at all in the past. The situation in
J&K should not be read with any other state of the Union, as the region has unique problems of public
administration and require a more compassionate and compromising approach. This may remain as a
policy until a more enlightened society evolves on ground, which would value good work and honour
the practices of accountability.
The State of J & K has three distinct regions, viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh and all three have
immense potential for tourism from both domestic as well as international tourists. There are number
of locations which are untapped and can be developed as major tourist destinations, having all the
natural as well as the cultural resources for attracting tourists. Some of the important natural resources
are excellent climate, beautiful lakes, locations for adventure sports, wild life, trout fish, natural and
manmade parks like Shalimar and Nishat of the Mughal period, flora and fauna, alpine forests, natural
waterfalls and streams etc. As for the cultural resources, the state has some of the most important
religious shrines of Hindus, historical monuments, plethora of local festivals, distinct cuisine,
craftsmanship skills for intricate and fine woodwork, woolens, carpets, textiles, paper mache, inlay
work etc.
These locations can also be developed as a tourist circuit in the pattern of the golden triangle of Delhi-
Agra-Jaipur.
Keeping this scenario in mind our team adopted multipronged approach for conducting the
study and has covered all the three distinct regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
SURVEY DESIGN
Survey design for conducting the survey has been made keeping in view the 3 distinct regions of J&K
and the various stakeholders in the tourism industry in J&K.
Universe of the Study
Universe of the Study would be the whole state of Jammu & Kashmir.

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Sampling Plan
Selection of Regions
Jammu & Kashmir consists of three regions, all three being distinct geographically and culturally and
all three regions attracting tourists because of their unique special features. Hence all the three regions,
viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh, were selected for undertaking the survey.
Sampling Frame
Sampling frame constituted all the districts of J&K and the various stakeholders, directly or indirectly
associated with the Tourism industry in Jammu & Kashmr.
Data Collection
Both Primary as well as secondary data has been collected from various stakeholders.
Desk Research
Our team studied available published material and held internal discussions to familiarise themselves
with the present tourism scenario in Jammu & Kashmir, within the country and in the world. Then
they proceeded for Primary Data Collection.
Primary Data Collection
Various Tools used for primary data collection are:
* Questionnaire / Schedules
* Postal Survey
* Interviews / Discussions
* Focus Group Discussions
Sources of Primary Data Collection
The Primary data has been collected from the following stakeholders in the tourism set-up :-
i) Officials / Staff of hotels and other boarding and lodging facilities

ii) Visiting tourists in the vicinity
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iii) Prospective tourists

iv) Local inhabitants
v) Artisans, Craftsmen
vi) Other related agencies and persons
To identify and understand the Problems and Constraints being faced by the people involved directly
or indirectly with the tourism industry and obtaining their Suggestions for solving / overcoming them,
discussions were held with following :-
x Minister of Tourism, Govt. of J&K

x Secretary, Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of J&K
x Officials at various levels of the Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of J&K.
x Officials of all other Departments related to Tourism, Govt. of J&K.
x Officials of all other departments providing supporting infrastructure for Tourism, Govt. of
J&K.
x Kashmir Hotel and Restaurant Association.
x Travel Agents Society of Kashmir.
x House Boat Owners Association.
x Kashmir Taxi Operators Association.
x Shikara Workers Union.
Focus Group Discussions were held to identify and understand the problems hampering the
development of tourism and obtaining an insight into the existing state of affairs of the tourism
industry in J & K and to collect suggestions with the following stake holders :-
x Travel agents
x Hoteliers
x Taxi operators
x Shikara workers
x Houseboat owners
x Officials of Directorate of Tourism, J&K
x Officials of JKTDC
x Officials of Department of Archaeology
x Officials of Department of Gardens and Parks
x Officials of Lakes and Waterways Development Authority
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Interviews were held on a sample basis with the following stakeholders using structured questionnaire /
schedule :-
x Tourists both domestic and foreign

x Hoteliers / Restaurant Owners / Houseboat Owners / Hut Owners
x Local Inhabitants / Shopkeepers / Tourist Guides
x Travel Agents / Tour Operators, etc.
Places visited for Data Collection
Kashmir Valley
x Srinagar x Sopore
x Suburbs of Srinagar x Shankaracharaya Temple
x Airport x Hari Parvat
x Verinag x Pandrethan
x Anant Nag x Shalimar Garden
x Gulmarg x Nishat Garden
x Dal Lake x Sonmarg
x Convetion Centre x Kistwar
x AwantiPur x Daksum
x Hazrathbal x Bhadarwah
x Nagin Lake x Pahalgam, etc.
x Wular Lake
Ladakh
x Leh x Lama Yuru
x Panggong Lake x Henely Observatory
x Chusul Lake x Loma
x Stokes Palace x Attended Ladakh Festival
x Hemis Monastery x Kargil
x Amchi Monastery x Mulbek
x Khaltse Monastery x Baltic
x Thoise x Nyoma
x Shey Monastery x Drass, etc.

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Jammu
x Jammu Town x Aknoor
x Jammu Suburbs x Rajouri
x Kishtwar x Poonch
x Doda x Kupwara
x Katra/ Vaishnodevi x Dul, etc.
Indicators of Data Collection
As mentioned earlier, both Primary and Secondary data for the state of J & K has been collected
mainly pertaining to the following :-
* Background of tourism in J&K

* Demographic Data
* SWOT analysis from tourism perspective
* Tourist arrivals / data for last 10-20 yrs
* Type of tourists visiting
* Requirements and expectations of tourists
* Problems and suggestions of tourists, both prospective and visiting
* Problems and suggestions of local inhabitants
* Nature, type, number and quality of boarding and lodging facilities
* Infrastructural facilities
* Recreational and Entertainment facilities
* Sporting facilities
* Existing development plans / schemes for tourism
* Incentives for private sector participation in tourism
* Potential of employment generation and economic development
* List of Travel Trade Organizations
* Government plans for tourism related infrastructure development
* Plans of Department of Handicrafts
* List of existing tourist spots / locations
* List of potential tourist spots / locations
* Tourist accommodation facilities with different govt. departments
* List of tour/travel agent of J&K
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* Tourism department plans

* Plans of departments directly connected with tourism development such as Wild Life, Fisheries,
Forestry, Culture, etc.
* Funding agencies for development of tourism, both in the state as well as outside the state
* Scope of cultural complexes, information centres, etc.
* Scope of health resorts, etc.
* Facilities/ Properties identified by tourism department for disinvestments, etc.
Secondary Data Collection
The secondary data has been collected from various sources / departments. The data has been collected
after due consultations, discussions and visits to these departments, which are: -
x Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of J & K
x JKTDC, Govt. of J & K
x J&K Pollution Control Board, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Youth Services and Sports, Govt. of J & K
x J & K State Sports Council, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Planning & Monitoring, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Handicraft, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Fisheries, Govt. of J & K
x J & K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Forests, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Finance, Govt. of J & K
x Wild Life Department, Govt. of J & K
x R & B (PWD) Secretariat, Govt. of J & K
x (P&S) Power Development Department, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Area Planning, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Ladakh Affairs, Govt. of J & K
x Archaeological Survey of India, Govt. of India
x Lakes and Waterways Development Authority, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Gardens and Parks, Govt. of J & K
x Directorate of Archaeology J&K, Govt. of J & K
x Department of Information, Govt. of J & K
x State Commission of Women, Govt. of J & K
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x Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India

x Tourism Corporation of India
Sample Size
Successful contacts were established with the following number of stake holders for primary data
collection from the three regions of the state:-
x 255 Tourists
x 81 Local Inhabitants
x 26 Travel Agents
x 83 Hoteliers
The figure on the next page gives a clear picture of the sample size from various distinct regions of
J&K and the cross section of the stakeholders contacted.

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SAMPLE SIZE
Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu Kashmir Ladakh
108 tourist 50 tourist

97 tourist
30 Local 25 Local
community community
15 Travel 11 travel 26 Local

Agents Agent Community
27 Hotelier 56 Hotelier
Focus Areas of Study
The key thrust areas kept in formulating the perspective plan were :-
i) Enhancing the number of tourists visiting the state, both domestic and international
ii) Enhancing the tourism potential of the State
iii) Identifying new projects / activities which could be set-up for attracting tourists
a) Adventure Sports such as Rafting, Para-Gliding, etc.
b) Recreation and Entertainment
c) Conducted Tours

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d) Photography, etc.
iv) Locational planning to develop new tourist spots, both as stand alone destination as well as part
of a circuit.
v) Infrastructure Development required both existing as well as new, to attract tourists
a) Basic infrastructure such as Roads, Power, Sanitation, Drinking Water
b) Other related infrastructure such as Parking Areas, Passenger Traffic Terminals, Access /
Entry Points to Tourist Centres, Transit Facilities, International Class Signages, Night
Lighting, Wayside Amenities, Shelters for rain / snow / sun etc.
c) Transport connections within / from and to various tourist spots / other destinations
used by tourists (air, sea, road, etc.)
d) Boarding & Lodging Facilities such as Family Huts, Resorts, Bathing Huts, Honeymoon
Huts, Executive Huts, Prefabricated Huts, Cafeterias, Tented Accommodation, Hotels,
Restaurants, etc.
e) Communication facilities such as telephones, fax, e-mail, internet, etc.
f) Medical facilities, etc.
g) Other facilities such as markets, shopping malls, recreation, entertainment, etc.
h) Money Changing facilities
i) Security systems
vi) Encourage private sector participation in tourism related activities
vii) Promote Eco-friendly tourism
viii) Employment generation
ix) Disinvestment of Properties of Directorate of Tourism

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CHAPTER- III
BACKGROUND OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Strategically located, Jammu and Kashmir State constitutes the northern most extremity of India.
Please refer the map at Figure No. 3.1
Figure No. 3.1
The State of Jammu & Kashmir is situated in extreme north of India between 320 – 15’ to 370 –
05’ latitude north and 720-35’ to 800 –20’ longitude east. It is bounded by China in the north and east,
by Afghanistan in the north-west and by Pakistan in the west. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh States
border it in the south.
Jammu & Kashmir State has a geographical area of 222,236 sq. kms. (Refer Figure No. 3.2)
comprising 6.93 per cent of the total Indian territory which includes 78,114 sq.kms. under illegal
occupation of Pakistan and 5,180 sq. kms. illegally handed over by Pakistan to China and 37,555 sq.
kms. under illegal occupation of China where Census could not be taken. Thus in an area of 101,387
sq. kms., 10,069,917 people inhabit, resulting in a density of 99 persons per sq. km. The division of
rural-urban area is 100,436.9 sq. kms. rural and 950 sq. kms. urban with density of population 75 and
2,637 respectively. Leh (Ladakh) district has the distinction of being the largest district area-wise not
only in J&K but also in India (45,110 sq. kms.) with second lowest density at 3 persons per sq. km,
after Lahaul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh which has the lowest density of 2 persons per sq. km.
Chapter- III Background of Jammu & Kashmir 16
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Figure No. 3.2
The 101,387 sq. km. area of State is demarcated into 14 districts, 59 tehsils and 121 C.D. blocks which
is further delimited into 2,661 panchayats, 75 urban areas and 6,652 villages and 281 uninhabited
villages. The 75 towns include 7 urban agglomerations also.
As per Census 2001, the State ranks 11th in area and 19th in population among all the States and Union
Territories of India.
The State is well connected with rest of the country by air, rail and road. The Indian Airlines and
private airlines operate regular flights to Srinagar, Jammu and Leh.
The National Highway 1-A connects the capital cities of Srinagar and Jammu with the rest of the
country. There are daily passenger trains connecting Jammu with most of the major cities of the
country.

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Table No. 3.1
State at a Glance
State Came into Existence 26th October 1947

State Capital Srinagar
Area (in square km)* 101,387
Total Number of Households* 1,568,519
Household Size* 6.5
Population* 10,143,700 (Persons), 5,360,926 (Males), 4,782,774 (Females)
Status* Ranks 11th in area and 19th in population in India
Total Number of District * 14
Total Number of Towns* 75
Total Number of Villages* 6652
Major Rivers Indus, Chenab, Sutlej
Forest Cover 15% of the total area
Percentage of Urban/Rural Population*24.8 (Urban), 75.2 (Rural)
Administrative Language Urdu
Principal Languages Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Dogri, Balti, Ladakhi, Gujri and
Dadri
Per Capita Income (NSDP) (1999-2000) Rs. 7435/- (At 1993-94 Prices).
Population Density* 100/sq.km.
Sex Ratio* 892 Females/1000 Males
Birth Rate (2002) 19.2/thousand
Death Rate (2002) 5.7/thousand
Literacy Rate* 54.46% (Persons), 65.75%(Males), 41.82%(Females)
Literates* 4,807,286 (Persons), 3,060,628 (Males), 1,746,658 (Females)
Major Religions (1991 Census) Hindu (32.24%); Muslim (64.19%); Christian (0.14%); Sikh
(2.23%); Buddhist (1.17%); Jain (0.03%)
Schedule Caste Population* 770,155 (Persons), 403,256 (Males), 366,899 (Females), Percentage
of SC (7.6)
Schedule Tribe Population* 1,105,979 (Persons), 578,949 (Males), 527,030 (Females),
Percentage of ST (10.9)
Number of Workers* 3,753,815 (Persons), 2,679,941 (Males), 1,073,874 (Females)
Work Participation Rate* 37.0 (In %)
Major Source of Income Agriculture (80% people's occupation)
Major Industries Handicrafts & Handlooms
Major Tourist Places Shalimar Bagh, Dal Lake, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Vaishno
Devi etc.
Major Festivals Janmastami, Hemis Gumpa festival, Id-ul-Fitr, id-ul-Juha,
Muharram, Shivratri, Lohri
Note : * : As per 2001 Census.
It has four geographical zones namely:-
x Sub-mountain and semi-mountain plain known as kandi or dry belt,
x The Shivalik ranges,

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x The high mountain zone constituting the Kashmir Valley, Pir Panchal range and its off-shoots
including Doda, Poonch and Rajouri districts and part of Kathua and Udhampur districts
x The middle run of the Indus river comprising Leh and Kargil.
The State of Jammu and Kashmir is characterized by three distinct Climatic regions viz. Arctic cold
desert areas of Ladakh, temperate Kashmir valley and sub-tropical region of Jammu.
There is a sharp rise of altitude from 350 mtrs to 8700 mtrs above the sea level within State’s four
degree of latitude.
The annual rainfall also varies from region to region with 92.6 mm in Leh, 650.5 mm in Srinagar and
1115.9 mm in Jammu. A large part of the State forms part of the Himalayan mountains. The State is
geologically constituted of rocks varying from the oldest period of the earth’s history to the youngest
present day river and lake deposits.
Flora & Fauna
The State is rich in flora and fauna. In Jammu, the flora ranges from the thorn bush type of the arid
plain to the temperate and alpine flora of the higher altitudes. Of the broad leaf trees there are maple,
horse, chestnuts, silver fir, etc. At the higher altitudes there are birch, rhododendron, Berbers and a
large number of herbal plants. The picture of a Duck as shown in Figure No. 3.3
Figure No. 3.3

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In the hilly regions of Doda, Udhampur, Poonch and Rajouri there is a large and varied fauna including
leopard, cheetah, deer, wild sheep, bear, brown musk shrew, musk rat. Varieties of snakes, bats, lizards
and frogs are also found in the region. The game birds in Jammu include chakor, snow partridge,
pheasants, peacock, etc.
Kashmir abounds in rich flora Refer Figure No. 3.4. The Valley which has been described as the
‘Paradise’ on Earth, is full of many hues of wood and game. The most magnificent of the Kashmir
trees is the Chinar found throughout the valley. It grows to giant size and girth. The trees presents
itself in various enchanting colours through the cycle of the seasons among which its autumnal look is
breath-taking. Mountain ranges in the Valley have dense deodar, pine and fir. Walnut, willow, almond
and cider also add to the rich flora of Kashmir.
The dense forests of Kashmir are a delight to the sport-lovers and adventures for whom there are Ibex,
Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Wolf, Markhor, Red Bear, Black Bear and Leopard. The winged game
include ducks, goose, partridge, chakor, pheasant, wagtails, herons, water pigeons, warblers, and
doves.In otherwise arid desert of Ladakh some 240 species of local and migratory birds have been
identified including black-necked crane.
Figure No. 3.4
Rich Flora of Kashmir

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The Ladakh fauna includes Yak, Himalayan Ibex, Tibetan Antelope, Snow Leopard, Wild Ass, Red
Bear and Gazelle.
A major portion of J&K State consists of the western Himalayas, which besides many lofty mountain
ranges with varying heights of 3000 to 6000 metres and above, also abound in rivers, lakes, passes,
glaciers, plateaus and plains. The number of streams, brooks, hill torrents and rivers is also fairly large.
The most important rivers are the Indus, Chenab, Jehlum and Ravi. Zanskar and Shyok
POPULATION
The population (2001) of the State, excluding the illegally occupied areas by Pakistan and China, is
10,143,700.
In population, the State is one of the smallest in the country and accounts for less than one percent of
the people enumerated in 1981. Population showed sluggish growth in the first six decades of the
present century and the decadal growth rate ranged from 5.75% to 10.42% during 1901 to 1961. The
last two decades have, however, shown growth of 30.34%and 29.04%, which reflects considerable fall
in death rate without any substantial fall in birth rate in the post independence years.
Growth of Population
The State has registered a net addition of 22.66 lakh persons raising the population from 78.04 lakhs in
1991 to 10,143,700 lakhs in 2001. The state population contributes less than one percent of the
country’s population. Nevertheless, the rate of growth observed during the last two decades at 30.34 %
and 29.04% has been substantially higher than the national growth rates of 23.86 % and 21.34%
respectively. The annual growth rate of 2.97% during 1971 –81 is the highest the state has ever
experienced.

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Rural and Urban Population
As against one third in Maharashtra and West Bengal and one fourth in Karantaka, only one fifth of the
population in J&K resides in urban areas. 23.83 % population has been recorded as urban in the state
against the National Average of 25.72%. Jammu city has recorded very rapid growth and presently
ranks as the 48th biggest city in the country. Besides the cities of Jammu and Srinagar, other important
towns are the district headquarters of Anantnag, Pulwama, Budgam, Baramulla, Kupwara, Udhampur,
Kathua, Rajouri ,Poonch ,Doda, Leh and Kargil.. The remaining towns continue to have many rural
features and pursuits reflecting the state’s predominant Agro-pastoral economy.
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
Against the All India Level of 65.38% as per 2001 census, the rate of literacy for the State is indicated
as 54.46% with 72.17% for urban areas and 48.22% in the rural areas, 65.75% among males and
41.82% among females. District Jammu with 77.30% tops the literacy level with male literacy at
84.92% and female literacy at 68.75%. A special emphasis is being laid on development of human
resources in the State.
As per the census 1981, there were more than 15000 schools with an enrolment of about 1.5 million.
Similarly, there are 32 colleges with an enrolment of about 0.40 lakhs. For higher studies, there are
now three universities, one in Jammu and others in Kashmir. The total number of students in general
education at the university stage is about 0.4 lakhs which includes 14,083 females. The number has
gone up six fold since 1950-51 when it was 2669 only.
The professional Institutions include the following with an enrolment of about 4000.
x two Engineering Colleges one each in Srinagar and Jammu,
x four Polytechnics
x 37 Industrial Training Institutes

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There is one Medical Institute, four Medical Colleges, 100 Hospitals, 343 Primary Health Centers and
3326 Medical Sub Centers with total bed strength of more than 10,000 in the State. The availability of
human resources includes about
x 23000 graduates and post graduates
x 4500 Degree/Diploma Engineers
x about 12000 ITI trained personnel, and other skilled personnel.
STATE’S GEOGRAPHY
The State of J&K in spite of our effort to read the whole area as one, is three very distinct
special regions that of Kashmir herein referred to only as Valley, Jammu which also includes areas of
Rajouri and Poonch and lastly the region of Ladakh including areas of Kargil Drass and Zanskar. By
the very nomenclature of the State, that of Jammu & Kashmir, the region comprising of Ladakh was
overlooked for a considerable time by the State Government as a place for developing tourism.
Past studies undertaken by individuals, State and Central organisations examining the potential
of developing tourism or analyse the trends, have remained focused to the Valley. Even here the
scarcity in the number of such studies embarrassingly made our task extremely difficult to analyse the
past and provide projections for future development.
The State should be considered as a hills State like Uttranchal, Mizoram, Nagaland Arunchal
Pradesh Sikkim or Meghalaya. The common feature in all these mentioned areas is the lack of plain
areas. Such areas are only fraction of the whole area consisting of hills and mountains with their
characteristics. Within the State J&K as of today the lowest point is to be found near Pathankot at a
height of 370 mtrs. (1200 feet above see level while the highest point is 86209 mtrs. (266000 feet
above see level in the north of State). While the State is having a large number of valleys the widest
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and the biggest of them is the Jehlum Valley which constitute of the area of Kashmir, The other
valley is the Indus/Leh Valley in Ladakh. The drainage system of the State includes rivers Indus,
Cheneb, Jehlum and Ravi which after entering the territory of Punjab fall into the mighty Indus in
Pakistan. Indus (Sindhu) within the State is approximately 380 Kms in length and is often overlooked
as an Indian river.
The state can be likened to a house with many storeys. The door is at Jammu and this house faces
south looking out on the plains of Punjab. This area is consisting of low hills and vast river beds.
The first storey is the region falling in the slab of 350 mts and 2500 mts. This is the belt of hills in the
areas of Udhampur, Bhadarwah and Kishtwar.
The second storey includes the mountain range of Pir Panjaal and the Jhelum Valley. The third storey
leads the traveller into Kargil and Zanskar area. The fourth storey are the mountains surrounding the
Indus Valley and the fifth storey are the high mountains in the belt of 7000 mts. to 8700 mts. of the
Karakoram range which merge into the Kuenlen range. The Karakoram range pass at 5995 mts.
(18,315 feet) is the north most accessible point in the country.
The celebrated Kashmir valley is 135 kms (84 miles) in length and 32 kms to 45 kms wide. The natural
entry to this valley could be made through the Uri Gorge on river Jhelum in the west of the valley but
now the Banihal and Simthin are used to enter the valley from the south end, while Zozila pass in the
east part provides an entry into the valley from the Ladakh region.
The state abounds in large lakes, the biggest of the fresh water lake being Wular, Dal and Manasbal
lakes. The biggest brackish water lakes are Tso Moriri and Pangong Tso in Ladakh region. A large
number of smaller lakes in the higher reaches of the mountain ranges provide surprises for those who
can reach them trekking.

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The best known artisian springs in the valley are also sacred. They are Verinag, Kokarnag, Anantnag,
Achabal, Maliknag and Chashmeshahi.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir has extremes of temperatures with summer temperature at
Lakhampur near Pathankot in south Kashmir recorded over 46 Celsius (118 Fahrenheit) and winter at
Daulat Beg Oldi or Drass in the north recording minus 46 Deg. Celsius (minus 70 deg. Fahrenheit).
The diversity in climate is also seen in the many district races who occupy pockets in the State and
create the fractured local politics which is the bane of administrators. The principle tribes in the state
are the Dogras of Jammu and Gujjar in Doda, the Bakarwals in Kargil, the Chibs in Rajouri areas and
the Rajput in Doda, the Brahmins in Bhadarwahm the Tibetans in South Ladakh and Shuks in Kargil.
The Kashmiri Brahmin (Pandit) is now an extinct tribe (!) in the valley more or less.
The state has adequate irrigation facilities from the perennial streams. Its main rainy season in the
valley is Feburary and March but cloud bursts are common in July and August. Ladakh area receives
its waters by snowfall in February and March. Jammu receives rains in July, August and September.
The state is rich in flora which find use in medicines, agriculture and in handicrafts activities.
Numerous plants yield dyes and tans which are used in the embroidery work. The state has large
meadows where cattle grazing is permitted.
The fauna consists of endangered species of deer family, Ibex, mountain cats and chiru goats. A large
number of birds are found but all have migratory patterns and leave the cooler areas to move into
Punjab in winter season.
There are thirteen type of local fish but the trout fish introduces from Scotland in mid- 19th century is
most popular and farmed in the streams in Kashmir.

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The state of J & K is historically known to be an area which has had a very violent past. It has also
suffered massive epidemics. It is only after 1947 that the population of the state began to show a sharp
increase.
The employment levels in the state are low. There is reasonable employment and in winters the poorest
of the poor move to the Punjab, Haryana and Delhi to work as porters or casual labour at work sites.
The state of J & K is not found amongst the prosperous states of the Union. Its industrial base is small
and is presently the adverse economic effects of militancy have scarred the landscape.
The state is identified strongly in its heritage and socio-cultural assets.

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CHAPTER- IV
TOURISM AT A GLANCE GLOBAL & INDIAN SCENARIO
GLOBAL TOURISM SCENARIO
Tourism is the fastest growing industry globally accounting for 7% of total capital investment in the
world and annual revenues approaching USD 500 Billion (USD 476 Billion in the year 2000 as per
WTO estimates). There were 698 million international tourist arrivals in 2000 which are expected to
reach 1.6 billion by 2020 as per the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) estimates. The airline arrivals
are expected to double by 2010. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimated global
tourism turnover to account for 10.8% of the global GDP in 2001. It accounts for roughly 35 per cent
of global exports of services and over 8% of global exports of goods(WTO). In 1995, 11 per cent of
the global workforce - over 200 million people - were directly or indirectly employed in tourism which
is predicted to rise to 340 million by 2005 (International Labour Organisation - ILO). These figures
make tourism the world's largest employer and arguably it's largest business in terms of income.
Leisure is estimated to account for 75 per cent of all international travel. Domestic tourism (people
going on holiday in their own country) is generally thought to be 4-5 times greater than international
arrivals.
x For 83 per cent of countries in the world, tourism is one of the top five sources of foreign
exchange.
x Caribbean countries derive half their GDP from tourism. (World Resources Institute)
Major Tourist Destinations
Three quarters of all international travelers visit a country in either Europe or North America. Among
all the regions, Asia - Pacific region is emerging as the No.1 tourist destination with an annual growth
rate of 7 - 8 %. The share of international tourists travelling to Asia and the Pacific rose from just 1 per
cent in 1950 to 16 per cent in 2000 (Refer Table No.- 4.1). By 2020, Asia will be the most popular
Chapter- IV Tourism Industry Global & Indian Scenario 27

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destination after Europe, attracting a quarter of world tourist traffic. China is expected to unseat France
as the most visited country and to become the fourth largest source of tourists. However, India’s Share
of the global tourist traffic is JUST 0.34 %.
Table No.- 4.1

International tourist arrivals, millions (WTO)
Country Year Year % of tourism
1999 2000 market, year 2000
Africa 26.5 26.9 3.9
Americas 130.2 122.3 17.5
South East Asia and the Pacific 103.4 118.0 16.9
Europe 379.8 403.3 57.8
Middle East 18.1 20.0 2.9
World 649.9 698.7
x International tourist arrivals. According to the data released in June 2002 by the WTO
Secretariat, international tourist arrivals amounted to 639 million in 2001 (Refer Figure No.-
4.1) (-0.6% compared to 2000) (Refer Figure No.- 4.2), 4 million down from the 697 million
of 2000 due to the weakening economies of major tourism generating markets and the impact
of the terrorist attacks of September 11. Most affected regions were South Asia (-6.3%), the
Americas (-5.9%) and Middle East (-3.1%). Europe registered the same decrease as the world
(-0.6%), and Africa and East Asia and the Pacific recorded positive percentages of 3.8 and 5.5
respectively.
Figure No.- 4.1
% Change in International tourist arrivals

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Figure No.- 4.2

Total number of International tourist arrivals
Table No.- 4.2

Top 10 tourist destinations (International tourist arrivals, millions, WTO)
Rank Country Year 1999 Year 2000
1. France 73.0 74.5
2. United States 48.5 52.7
3. Spain 46.8 48.5
4. Italy 36.5 41.2
5. China 27.0 31.2
6. United Kingdom 25.4 24.9
7. Russian Federation 18.5 22.8
8. Canada 19.5 20.4
9. Mexico 19.0 20.0
10. Germany 17.1 18.9
Major Tourists Originating Countries

Over 80 per cent of international tourists come from just 20 countries in the North - 17 in Europe plus
the USA, Canada and Japan. Five nations (the US, Japan, Germany, France and the UK) account for
almost half of all tourist spending. Around 15 per cent of tourists originate in East Asia and the Pacific
and 5 per cent in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia combined (Refer Table No.- 4.3).
Table No.- 4.3

Tourists by originating region, % of all tourists (WTO, 1998)
%
Africa 2.5
Americas 19.6
East Asia/Pacific 14.6
Europe 58
Middle East 1.6
South Asia 0.9
Others/unrecorded 2.9
Over half of all spending on tourism is spent by travellers from just six countries.

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Table No.- 4.4

Tourism expenditure by country : top six tourism markets, 1998
S.No. Country US$ billion % of all tourism spending
1. United States 56.1 14.8
2. Germany 46.9 12.4
3. Japan 28.8 7.6
4. United Kingdom 32.3 8.5
5. France 17.8 4.7
6. Italy 17.7 4.7
Combined share of tourism spending 199.6 52.7
x International tourism receipts. 463 billion US$ international tourism receipts were recorded
worldwide in 2001 (-2.6% over 2000). Tourists shifted their travel habits during this period of
time, they chose closer and less expensive destinations. Half of the receipts were collected by
Europe, and almost a third by the Americas (17.7%), followed by East Asia and the Pacific
(17.7%), Africa (2.5%), Middle East (2.4%9) and the last in the list, South Asia with 1 per
cent. (Refer Figure No.- 4.2).
Figure No.- 4.2
The top 15 tourism markets (the above six plus the Netherlands, Canada, China, Austria, Belgium,
Sweden, Russia, Switzerland and Australia) combined accounted for 72.7 per cent of all tourist
spending.

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Growth of tourism
International tourist arrivals increased from 25 million in 1950 to 698 million in 2000, and are
predicted to grow to 1.56 billion by 2020 (WTO). Globally, the tourism industry is growing at 4.6 per
cent (WTTC). The number of air passengers rose from 9 million in 1945 to 88 million in 1972, 344
million in 1994 and 1.6 billion in 1999, and is expected to double again by 2010. (International Civil
Aviation Organisation; In Focus, Autumn 2000).
Future Outlook : Tourism recovery is underway: fear is progressively fading away and business is
gradually returning to normal although some destinations might be negatively influenced by the fact
that operators have reduced capacity. Recovery is most visible in intraregional travel, and in the
regions of the Pacific, Europe and Africa.
Factors in tourism's growth include:
x Increasing leisure time: In 1936, the International Labour Organisation convention provided
for one week's leave per year for workers in developed countries. In 1970, this was expanded to
three weeks, and in 1999 to four weeks.
x Increased disposable income: Spending on leisure in the UK has risen from 9 per cent of
household income in 1978 to 17 per cent in 1998 (Tearfund: Tourism: An Ethical Issue, 2000).
In 1998-99, the UK Family Expenditure Survey found UK households spent £936 a year on
holidays: 4.5 times more in real terms than 30 years previously.
x Falling real cost of air travel: Between 1978 and 1998, the real cost of air travel fell by 35 per
cent (Air Travel Association). A thousand miles of air travel now requires 61 hours less work
than it did a generation ago.

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Growth of tourism to the South
In 1950, 97 per cent of international tourists went to Europe or North America (in fact, to just 15
countries). By 1999 this had fallen to around 75 per cent. In the mid-1970s, 8 per cent of all
international tourists were from the North visiting the South. By the mid-1990s, this had risen to 20 per
cent (Honey). In 1999, more than 70 countries received over a million international tourist arrivals.
Growth of tourism in/ from the South
In recent years, domestic and intra-regional tourism in the South has grown rapidly, especially in
emerging economies such as Thailand, India, Korea, China and Mexico.
x Tourists originating in East Asia and the Pacific increased from 32.4 million in 1985 (9.9 per
cent of world total) to 92.9 million in 1998 (14.6 per cent of world total).
x In 1995, 108 million people worked in tourism in China and South Asia, compared to only 42
million in the North (North America, Australasia, Japan and the European Community).
x Intra-regional tourism (people travelling within the same continent/region) accounted for 73 per
cent of total tourist arrivals in East Asia and the Pacific in 1998. In Africa, intra-regional
tourism increased from 38 per cent of all arrivals in 1980 to 60 per cent in 1990. (WTO)
x 90 per cent of visitors to national parks in Thailand, India and South Africa are domestic
tourists. (Ceballos-Lascurain 1996). Of 200,000 annual visitors to Kinabalu National Park in
Sabah, Malaysia, 90 per cent are Malaysian. At Mt Bromo in Java, Indonesia, 70 per cent of
visitors are Indonesian.
(WTO figures for India South Brazil

1994, millions) Africa
Domestic tourist
135 12 96
nights
International arrivals 1.88 3.66 1.7

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Global Industry Organisations
x World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC): A trade association based in Brussels and
London and made up of around 70 chief executives of major airlines, hotel chains, cruise lines
and catering companies.
x World Tourism Organisation (WTO): based in Madrid and created by the United Nations,
the WTO consists of a mix of 130-plus governments and 350 affiliated private enterprises.
Compiles industry statistics and market trends.
x American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA): The largest travel trade association in the world,
representing 26,500 travel agents in 170 countries (Honey).
x Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA): The trade association of the major British tour
operators.
Tourism : INDIA
The tourism industry in India has come a long way from just 15,000 tourists in 1950 to 2.64 million in
2000. The foreign tourist arrivals into India too have increased significantly. However, it is a different
story that India’s share in world tourism continues to be at a dismal low.
But, in the last couple of years, global tourism has witnessed an impressive growth. Globally,
International tourist arrivals reached 699 million in 2000, almost 50 million more than in 1999. But the
‘Mayhem at Manhattan’ on 9/ 11 created havoc in the industry. The global tourism industry was hardly
hit by these unfortunate incidents, which also had an adverse effect on India. Both inbound and
outbound tourism were badly affected. Though nearly ten months have passed since then, things have
not brightened yet. But the industry is slowly and steadily coming to terms with the situation and
showing some signs of recovery.

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Experts feel that over-emphasis on foreign tourists had made matters worse for us. They feel that this is
an opportune time to promote domestic tourism in the country, which has tremendous potential for
growth and we could have withstood the onslaught had we concentrated on it earlier.
In the last one decade, domestic tourism in the country has grown by over 100 million from 63.8
million in 1990 to 176 million in 1999. However, much of this traffic is concentrated in states like
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal, etc. But
unfortunately the flow of domestic tourists into the eastern and north-eastern parts of the country are
much lower compared to other parts of the region, although, there is a very large outflow of tourists
from the eastern states, particularly from West Bengal to other parts of the country. Tough, the eastern
states have all the potentials to become ultimate tourist destinations. Except for a desert, the region has
everything.
If we analyse the situation, we would find that not only lack of proper marketing initiatives but
improper & inadequate ‘tourism’ infrastructure, are a serious impediment to the growth of tourism in
this region. However, the silver lining is now, respective state governments have realised the
importance of tourism as a revenue earner and have started investing huge sums on putting in place a
proper ‘tourism’ infrastructure. The state tourism departments and boards are openly seeking the
participation of the private players in promoting tourism in the region. The private entrepreneurs too
have reciprocated favourably to the call. Initiatives like these are sure to bring a ‘turnaround’ in the
industry.
India's peak holiday season is between the cooler months of October and March. Tourism drops in the
summer months when temperatures soar as high as 47 degrees Celsius, in some places.
Despite being home to the Himalayas and jungles and boasting a rich history and sun-soaked beaches,
India attracts just 0.34 percent of the global tourist market. About 2.6 million foreign tourists -- mostly
budget travelers and backpackers -- visited India in 2000. Tourists numbered 2.4 million in 2001.

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Tourism Hubs in India
There are currently three well known plans of visits to tourist spot in the country, namely, the
Buddhist religious tourism focused in the State of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh; the Mughal
tourism centred in the so called Golden Triangle of Delhi, Agra and Jaipur, and the Sangam civilisation
experience in the States of Goa Kerela, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Normally the international tourist
coming to India keeps Kashmir out of their travel itinerary because of the uncertain law and order
situation, moreso as projected by the media.
India offers 3606 protected monuments, 483 wild life sanctuaries, vast bounties of majestic
mountains, beautiful beaches, proverbial hospitability, which is unquestionable. And yet we have
failed to attract foreigners. Today we are also unable to convince the domestic tourists to consider the
State of J & K and all its natural resources and its heritage, as a destination for rest, recreation and
informal education.

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CHAPTER V
TOURISM IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Tourism in the state has led to the development of the whole service industry including
transport, hospitality, camping, retail shops, horticulture, and in the small-scale sectors, but it has
remained quite susceptible to even minor changes in the law and order situation in the state. This is
evident since the year 2000-01 when international tensions of the border affected the tourists traffic in
both foreign and domestic sectors in the regions of Ladakh and the Valley, it resulted in a severe
recession in the whole service industry.
Growth of this Industry for developing incomes and employment has remained an
unpredictable feature. Growth in tourist traffic also continues to vary year to year in direct relations to
the threat perception. To develop the infrastructure for the visitors, advance planning in each sector of
the industry for the opening of new facilities is a must. If this is not kept in our perspective, there can
be no planning for future. However, most of the departments in the Government of J&K are not
practicing advance planning.
Since the state is having three distinct regions, these regions have to be looked distinctively. Each
region has its own perspective, culture, language, people, attraction, etc. It is very essential to
keep this in mind while formulating the policy, plan, etc.
Three Distinct Regions
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
JAMMU KASHMIR LADAKH
Chapter-V Tourism in Jammu & Kashmir 36

Perspective Plan for Tourism for the State of Jammu And Kashmir
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The region of Ladakh is the choice of foreign tourists; Jammu attracts pilgrimage tourists,
while the Valley attracts a larger number of domestic tourists and a fair sprinkling of foreign tourists.
At the time of writing this report, Ladakh had quite a number of tourists from Israel, Germany and
France while in the Valley, a few tourists mostly from Italy and England were present. The Jammu
region has foreign tourist only as transit passengers (on their way to the Valley or Ladakh) who are not
destined to any tourist spots in the Jammu area; therefore they do require current mention herein.
The Consultants had undertaken a survey in which appreciable number of contacts were made
with various stakeholders, tourists, who were related directly or indirectly to the various sub sectors of
tourism.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Original Reasons for Human Movement
In historical time people, moved from one place to another for three good reasons, namely, the
local places became difficult to live in, for undertaking commerce, or to conquer new territories to add
assets to their own Society.
Mughals as Tourists
The mughals under Emperor Jahangir were the first tourists into Kashmir but in this case it
was only a royal visit, which did not lead to the subjects to follow suit and create an infrastructure for
the hospitality industry.
Summer Holidays for the British in India
Colonialism led European nations to move over large tracks of land to settle with their families
and govern locally acquired assets. When family members returned home they gave description of the
new lands they had visited. On the sub-continent of India when British nationals of imperial
administration had to live here on a long-term basis, they got to know that the Indian Summer was
unlivable for them and they sought cooler climates. Professional knowledge of having to fight the

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Afghans, Sikhs Dogras and the Gorkhas, led these British army officials into the Himalayas and they
discovered their little Scotland. The Northern most area of the sub-continent was thus discovered and
inhabited by British nationals in the period of 1825 to 1840. It was under these circumstances that
tourism 1st came to this part of country & a convenient way to enter the Valley was through Uri Gorge.
Opening of Kashmir
Once having stepped into this area, missionary zeal led pioneers to undertake treks of discovery
into other parts who made observations and reports prompting others to follow their route. Ladakh
was first visited by the Monrovian priests sometime in 1847.
The consolidation of the various minor ruling states of the region with disparate cultures and
religions was held together by the presence of the British army, which supported the Maharaja of
Kashmir. The events of 1947 brought a severe strain on the existing strategic arrangement.
Rise of Domestic Tourism in J&K
In spite of the fact that during the period of 1948 and 1950, Kashmir was in newspapers, this
area did not interest the people of other part of the Sub-continent to visit. That is not until Shakti
Samant released his film ‘Kashmir Ki Kali’ in 1956, which overnight brought the knowledge of the
beautiful landscape and territory to the knowledge of the urban population of India, and the rush was
on. In 1988 the Valley had been visited by a record number of over 722,000 lakhs tourists and if the
percentage of annual rate had continued uninterrupted, the year of 2002 should have seen the Valley is
being visited by 1.87 million people from other parts of the country. But because of uncertain law and
order situation affecting the state, this ever increasing tourist traffic dramatically fell to an
unbelievingly low of 6600 tourists visiting the valley in the year 1993.
It is between these two statistical extremes, an effort has been made to work out a way through
to develop a new plan of revival of tourism for the State & contemplate a scenario for the next 20
years.

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International Tourism Vs. Visitors to India
In undertaking such a project we have to also consider other related factors and among the most
important factor to consider is the international tourist, and on why he should shift his preference from
well known European tourists centers to make his way into India.
During 1990-2000 India’s share of global tourist traffic remained static at 0.34 percentage of
the global share. Today in fact it has declined. In 1950 this share stood at 0.54 percent.
The revolution in tourism sweeping since 1960 eventually passed by India. It is estimated that
in the year 1964 one hundred million tourists moved out of their homes to visit areas located far away.
This increased in 1974 to two million persons, and in 1992 a world population of seven hundred
million was trekking, flying or sailing around. It was doing so beyond the intend of commerce, acquire
new assets or beyond the reasons of inhospitable condition at home. Tourism was the new name given
to migration for ‘rest and leisure’. India did not interest this vast population, as our share remained
somewhere around 26,00,000 visitors by the end of the 20th century.
Trends of Tourism in State
Tourism is one of the State’s major industries. It has played an important role for developing
the economy, particularly in the Valley and Ladakh. The industry has given jobs to a very large
number of people, particularly younger generation & has generated economic activities in the primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors in the State, which owes dependence to a large extent to this industry.
An attempt in brief is being made here to give an idea of the trends noticeable in tourist’s traffic
in the State. A mention has to be made on the lack of availability of data on records for various
reasons. Because of this no data has been mentioned before 1976 for the regions of Jammu & Ladakh.
The first known data available on tourists traffic into the State goes back to the pre-independent
days when in 1945 the State received 37,297 “non-residents”. Its distribution re garding the destination
of the visitors, is unknown. The figure is based on the recording of the entry permit of the Non
Kashmiri at the entry point of the State border posts both on the Pathankot and Sialkot side. The

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Partition of the Sub-continent in 1947 and the events of the 1948 disturbed the borders of the State, and
all its existing data on population and demography. The first data is only now a matter of academic
interest. In the availability of new data in 1951, 10,579 visitors entered the State of J&K. This figure
increases to 24,455 in 1961 and to 184,790 in 1975 which shows nearly an eight time increase in the
arrival of tourists in the State between firstly 1951, 1961 & a double presence in the subsequent decade
Interestingly in 1951 there were only 1,246 foreign visitors and we may presume that within
this small number, there would have been sizable number of representatives from the European forces
of the United Nations and not true foreign tourists.
There were 2,22,214 foreign visitors in the year 1975, in the post Indo-Pak war and declaration
of the internal emergency in the summer season. This has increased from 1,246 in 1951. But in the
context of world interest in tourism however, this figure is very negligible to any standards.
Over the years the tourist arrivals in various regions has been provided in the corresponding
paragraphs/ figures/ Tables.
Trend of Tourism in Ladakh
The Figure No. 5.1 shows that there is a constant increase in the total (including foreign & domestic)
tourist arrivals in Ladakh expect in few years when uncertain law and order was at its peak.
FIGURE NO. 5.1
TOURISTS IN LADAKH
30
TOURIST ARRIVALS
25
IN THOUSANDS
20
15
10
5
YEAR
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 FORIGNERS
HOME
YEARS 1980-2001
TOTAL

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The data of visitors in Ladakh (Refer Table No. 5.1) for the past two decades is given below.
The figures miss on the entry of the domestic tourists in the region for four years. We can assume an
adhoc number of domestic tourists to the extent of 1000 visitors per year, to fill up the blanks in the
places with N/A, the data is enough to show the strong typical presence of a particular type of tourists
who is a visitor to the region.
Table No. 5.1
YEARWISE TOURIST ARRIVAL BY AIR/ROAD TO LADAKH
Year No. of Foreign Tourists No. of Home Tourists Total
1975 650 128 778

1976 1798 253 2051
1977 7127 266 7392
1978 8748 873 9621
1979 9213 621 9834
1980 13101 1013 14117
1981 14000 NA 14000
1982 12786 NA 12786
1983 12833 NA 12833
1984 11785 NA 11785
1985 12245 6666 18911
1986 12828 3683 16511
1987 13668 4114 17802
1988 16256 8608 24864
1989 16079 6669 22748
1990 6342 396 6738
1991 8014 1041 9055
1992 13580 2438 16018
1993 12401 2000 14401
1994 15369 2080 17449
1995 12391 5594 17985
1996 13036 3537 16573
1997 12810 3991 16801
1998 15229 6767 21996
1999 10234 2110 12344
2000 11828 6227 18055
2001 15439 4260 19699
Courtesy : Directorate of Tourism, Ladakh

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Trend of Tourism in Valley
FIGURE NO. 5.2
TOURISTS IN VALLEY
0.8
TOURIST ARRIVALS
0.7
0.6
IN MILLION YEAR
0.5
HOME
0.4 FOREIGN
0.3 TOTAL
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1998
YEARS 1974-1989, 1998-2001 1989
From Figure No. 5.2 we can see that there are two major dips in 1989 (when uncertain law and order
was in the beginning phase) & in 1998 (when uncertain law and order was at peak phase) But the
encouraging point is that there is growth after 1998 and would go further up if law and order situation
improves.
FIGURE NO. 5.3
TOURISTS VISITING AMARNATH JI

200
180
TOURIST ARRIVALS
160
IN THOUSANDS
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
YEAR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1990
NO.OF
YEARS 1980-2001 YATRIS.

NEW DELHI
From Figure No. 5.3 we can see that there is continuous increase in tourists arrival after a major dip in
1990 and now the position is so that their are almost more than 1.2 lakh (ceiling on tourist arrivals has
been imposed by the Government) people visiting Amarnath Ji.
Trend of Tourism in Jammu
Tourism in Jammu region has been mainly limited to pilgrimage by domestic tourists. The total
figures on entry of domestic tourists into the State has a significant input of such tourists and it should
be the effort of the State administration to make the movement of such pilgrims safe. This is an
important feature in the perspective planning for domestic tourists.
Jammu city itself is the best known for its local domestic tourism. What strikes a person is the narrow
focus of this domestic tourism which is working in the Jammu- Katra- Vaishno devi Temple corridor at
the cost of other regions. The pilgrimage tourists visit a single destination and do not move into Doda,
Poonch or Rajouri area. While Doda has some centers of religious interests where local villagers from
the Chamba districts in Himachal Pradesh come to visit, the Rajouri-Poonch area is marked by a total
absence of both domestic and foreign visitors due to the extremely insecure conditions prevailing
because of its proximity to the Line of Control (LoC). Indeed, the Rajouri and Poonch areas are
important areas for tourist interest having a huge potential for visitor traffic, once the border dispute
between Indian and Pakistan is permanently resolved.
FIGURE NO. 5.4
TOURISTS IN VAISHNO DEVI JI

6 IN 2001
TOURISTS =
TOURIST ARRIVALS
5 50,60,000
Millions
3 YEAR
2 WITHIN THE
STATE
1
OUTSIDE THE
0 STATE
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TOTAL
YEARS 1978-2000

NEW DELHI
From Figure No. 5.4 we can see that there is continuous increase in tourists arrival (there in no major
dip in 1990 as in Ladakh & Valley ) and now the position is so that their are almost more than 50 lakh
tourists visiting Vaishno Devi Ji. But a significant point to note is that the total comprises of only
domestic tourists/ pilgrimage tourists and insignificant foreign tourists.
Problems for Development of Tourism in J&K
In developing this Perspective Plan, some insight has also come into the possible reasons why
we are saddled with the problem of lack of visitors. If any judgment needs to be passed on the total
experience of the numerous visits, interaction with both official, institutional and individuals and the
extended time spent immediately in the last decade with probing into the last 50 years, then one can
only say that the fundamental reason why this area has remained lacking in its share of goodwill and
attract tourism, is due to the poor culture of governance.
In every aspect of the studies carried out one realizes that the administration in this area has
remained emotionally isolated, resulting in the lack of knowledge on the available replacement tools of
administration. It has led to other problems better known within the country with its predictable
predicament.
One of the limitation of this Report and its recommendations is, that the surveyors and their
team members who moved in the length and breadth of the State territories and discussed the various
issues and options, ended up with two general facts, namely, that an overwhelming number of
Departments of State administration had no perception of long term perspective planning. Most of the
Departments were not contemplating action beyond a five years time and where there was an
exceptional case of a vision extended to 2020, this vision was factoring delays and there was no
priority to develop a document, which could be termed as an authentic perspective plan. Mention on
this will be made again in the Recommendations Chapter of this Report.

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Poor Resource Management
The State has a chromic problem of lack of funds available to it, for the past 50 years the State
of J&K did not have a culture to pay dues that belonged to ‘Ceasar’!. Tax collection has been dismal;
there is institutional cynicism in the ability of the State to gather its claimed resources, and the
administration has only the ability to pay salaries to its over bloated bureaucracy with no resources left
in funds to undertake developmental activities, except that which is prompted by Central assistance
through grants in aid, or soft loans.
A similar situation exists in some areas of the North-Eastern States but even when there are
similarities, the State of J&K remains a unique singular model of current economic bankruptcy.
Ad holism in Official Work Led to Loss of Proper Initiative
It is because of the ad holism practiced in State administration and in tourism, that the State has
lost valuable time and initiative in the past. The development of road infrastructure, to facilitate
communication and travel ought to have been very high priority, particularly so when for the past 50
years this region has always been favoured in public opinions and on matters of National Security.
Yet, the road infrastructure in the State has remained poor and strategic areas have remained unopened.
Lack of resources has been stated as a cause of delay and this may be true.
It is a remarkable contradiction, to see that private building construction activity in the Valley
was far more vigorous in the worst period the State suffered between 1991-97. These private houses
have sprung up in an ad hoc manner on rural plots creating suburbs round Srinagar which has not been
a part of urban planning. This is an example of the absence of proper planning.
Natural Resources
The region of Jammu & Kashmir is having vast natural resources, which promise prosperity to the
people when such resources are properly conserved and exploited. Following are amongst the most
bountiful natural resources:

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a) Generation of hydel power.
b) Exploitation of natural scenic beauty.
c) Tapping of mineral resources.
d) Developing industries from forest resources.
e) Development of agro based economy.
f) Export of high value handicrafts.
The landmass of the State is 85 percent mountainous. It has a revering system which produces a high
volume of water around the year, and which has high energy heads providing for very favourable
conditions to use the water stream to generate electricity. This availability of power could lead to the
development of non-boiler based industries . The main river system in the region are of Indus, Shyok
and Zanskar in Ladakh region, Kishan Ganga and Jhelum in the Kashmir region, and Chenab in the
Jammu region. The potential of tapping power using the hydroelectric system has not even crossed 5%
of the identified levels in the State. Planned projects indicates that in the next 10 years, the State is
likely to exploit its hydel energy potential only upon 15 percent The State has therefore very high
levels of opportunities available to generate electric energy for not only its own use, but also become a
major exporter of power to neighbouring deficit states of Punjab and Haryana There is a distinct future
prospects of even exporting power generated in this region, to be transmitted as an export commodity
to Afghanistan and the remote by accessed areas of the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir now
under the local administration of the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir government.
Traces of gold are still available and are actively collected from river Suru in Kargil and river Zanskar
using the PAN method. It was the monopoly of the Maharaja of Kashmir, and the King of Ladakh in
their respective territories.
Precious stones in vast quantities are available is mines in Doda area in Jammu region. The State is
plentiful in forest resources but great damage have been done in the last 10 years of militancy which

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has led to the cutting down of the most valued forest properties of the State by smugglers and foreign
terrorists. It is possible to regenerate this wealth in the next 3 decades. Specialized forest products
support a flourishing trade in handloom and woodcrafts, which generate revenue in the State and are
linked with tourism. The carpet industry drawn from agro based activities, has a vast potential for
growth. The State is aware of these factors.
Heritage and Socio Cultural assets
This region is more ancient historically than the rest of the country because it is nearest to the original
seat of the human civilization.
In the distant past the region has seen the transit of many civilisation and has been the repository of all
the major religious philosophy in the world. Therefore the region is very rich in its heritage, the local
population makes it a point to let it be known to all sundry visitors how ancient is their local heritage.
The area also has in the past seen the rise of systems in public administration, resource management,
and in fine arts at a time when the rest of the country was ignorant of such skills. Geographically, the
Ladakh region of the State has been connected with the culture of Central Asia, the valley has been
linked with the civilization of the Middle East and the Jammu region has been close to Punjab and the
Mohan Jo Daro culture. This was made very clearly when studies were made in anthropology and
geology.
We are aware of this region from the time of Ramayana and Mahabharat. Kekai of the Ramayana came
from South Ladakh. Mahabharat has references on Gandharv desh, which is a part of north Kashmir
extending upto south Afghanistan. The earliest waves of human migration indicate a very vital
connection with the Semitic culture of Babylonia, going back to 3500 BC. Early man was living and
hunting collectively in Kashmir valley 40,000 years ago as has been found out in the latest excavations
undertaken by the Department of Anthropology, University of Kashmir in the period 1999-20.

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Today Kashmir valley enjoys a climate of the temperate zone, but 40,000 years ago this area was a
warmer place, heavily forested with tropical trees and vegetation, and filled with animal life which was
distinctly originating from the tropical zone of the Indian sub continent. The recovery of fossils forms
speak of the ancient Kashmir, which is very well known to its local population.
Kashmir valley in particular has remained the seat of ancient learning. Out of the 14 known ancient
reference places of cultural heritage, 12 places of such reference belonged to this region. Rulers of
North India as far as from Patliputra sent the members of their families and officers of their kingdom to
the monasteries and gurukuls, which were world famous in their ancient time.
The capital city of Srinagar was founded by Emperor Ashoka in around 320 BC. The Emperor made
Srinagar the centre of Buddhist learning. The new town was academically connected with Taxshila and
scholars made their homes in the valley.
Socio cultural interaction between Kashmir and other parts of India remained at-significant level with
Adi Shankaracharya visiting the Valley all the way from the Karnataka area. The local king of
Kashmir region had specially invited the Brahmins of Kannauj to migrate and settle in the valley in
AD 800. These gentlemen from Kannauj laid the foundation of civil and political administration in
the region, influencing generation of rulers as far as Nippon (Japan), Rus (South Russia), Caliphat
(Mesopotanian delta) and in Saurashtra in the present West India. This ancient civilization has created
its own local socio cultural milieu which is generally termed as kashmiriyat. It is a mixture of
Buddhist, Hindu and Islamic religious philosophies. Significant icons of the cult of Kashmiriyat have
been found wide spread in this region indicating that even when the area has 3 clearly distinct political
and religious regions, there is still a certain cultural commonality called Kashmiriyat, which keeps the
area intact as one. From the point of view of promoting tourism this philosophy is most significant, as
it is unique. There are parts in this area, which are truly isolated in the purest sense. For example, there
are 3 villages located in the Pir Panjal range on the Rajouri side, which have been inhabited by the

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progenies of the camp follower of Alexanders army. The men and women are all of Greek origin and
speak a language which has no affinity with the local dialects. Again, there are 3 villages in south
Ladakh deeply isolated which are inhabited by people who are the purest strain of the original Aryan
civilization of Central Asia. The state government has banned entry of outsiders into these local areas
to preserve their unique racial contents and ancient culture. Visitors entering this region as tourist are
made aware of these unique social cultural assets of the State. If they find this experience enlightening,
they return, to the state again and again, a fact, which has been confirmed by the consultants survey as
well as those undertaken by others in the past.
The population census of the region was held under extremely difficult conditions during the year
2000-01. The results of this census are still in the stage of advance proposals and part results are only
available. The State government is still relying on old data on population profile, of 1981 and 1991.
Therefore no up to date information is available which could be incorporated in permanent records.
The consultants have a word of caution for the readers to keep in mind, The last decade of militancy in
this region has prevented the local administration from undertaking normal activities of collecting data
and other statistical index in the manner which would normally be found being regularly undertaken in
other parts of the country. Data which is offered as upto date, should be read as provisional or as
projections based on some original confirmed base, which may be as old as 1981. Therefore, the
consultants don’t advise any dependence of statistical information flashing around, as official
documents related to the region, to make projections and prophesies, because a seemingly public
activity tabulated in a particular time phase, may show a totally changed position within days and
remain so, consistently for a very long period. The most consistent fact realized in the course of the
study undertaken in this project was the State of uncertainty in all matters of public and governmental
activity.

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Present Status of Tourism in J&K
The state of Jammu & Kashmir remained a model state for the development of tourism in the country
until 1987. The tourist department of other state governments sought advise of the Jammu & Kashmir
government in most matters concerning the up gradation of tourist facilities in their respective regions.
Indeed, the paramount position of Jammu & Kashmir in the sector of tourism promotion and
generation was not an empty boast. The state had a level of bed availability to meet the demand of
accommodation for visiting tourists which at one time was the sum of the total bed availability level of
the remaining states in the country. The manner in which the growth of tourism was measured during
the year 1981-1988, including all types of tourists was un-matched in any part of the country. Only in
the State of Rajasthan more foreign tourists visit annually, but this is off set by a bigger bulk of visitors
who visited the state of Jammu & Kashmir drawn from various parts of India. Futuristic targets
indicate that Srinagar airport itself would soon be enough to handle about 2 million travelers. The
index of passengers using surface transport showed, that by 2018 the State could be swamped, with
holidaymakers and others types of tourists accounting to over 10 million people.
Suddenly within one year in the period 1989-90 the colour of prosperity changed all indexes of
economy in the State with a sharp southward path as militancy coupled with the migration movement
of non-Muslim population in the state bought an unsettled environment. By 1991 there was a virtual
shut down in the local economy, which led to distressed effect on the whole State & reached every
household. Tourism, which was the main stay in the economy of J & K, was deeply affected by various
circumstances created out of the violence associated with militancy in certain parts of the region.
In the period between 1990-97 the State administration was totally pre-occupied with dealing with the
various social and economic problems arising out of wide spread militancy. The State administration
finally showed the first success in taking control over existing militancy in 1997 and a period of
relative calm was noticed. This had an immediate impact on the revival of tourism in the region and

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particularly in the valley of Kashmir. The figures on tourists visiting the State are incorporated in this
report for information. The revival of the tourism particularly in the valley of Kashmir in the years of
1998-99 received a severe setback, at the peak of revival activities, due to the Kargil conflict . The
scare created by the Kargil conflict saw the tourists flee out the valley and brought a halt to the
ongoing process of recovery.
The situation regarding the influx of tourists into this region, however, received less setback in the
regions of Jammu and Ladakh. An increase of influx of tourists year after year is noticeable in Ladakh
region in the decade of 1990-2000. In the Jammu region the total volume of tourists entering the State
again shows impressive figures which also indicate that inspite of an environment, of militancy
existing in the valley of Kashmir there was little or no impact on those visitors who had their
destinations in Jammu region. (Please refer figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3)
The overall reading suggests that if the state government is able to control militancy and bring out the
general state of law & order to the levels of the period 1987-89, it would be possible to bring about a
dramatic recovery in the economy of the region within the next 5 years. Such a recovery as the
Consultants anticipate is this perspective plan in its first time phase of 5 years, speaks repeatedly of the
hope and aspirations of all to see the region bounce back economically, and see the return of peaceful
days ahead.
The Consultants would also like to mention herein that in the history of this region, the first 35 years
after 1950 have been the most prosperous period going back to at least last 800 years. Some of the
considered factors for such progressive conditions can be identified as under :
a. Lack of threat to the region from neighboring countries.
b. Existing continuity in leadership.
c. Development of agricultural and irrigation facilities.
d. Massive state campaign to eradicate illiteracy.
e. Development of tourism in the state, as an Industry.

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CHAPTER- V
ANALYSING TOURISM IN J&K, THEN- NOW - AFTER

In this section of the Chapter we are providing an analysis of the environment/ situation/ scenario
prevailing in J&K viz-a-viz tourism. Here we analyse the environment in a tripartite way T̀hen-
Now- After’, in such a manner that we get an in-depth view of the situations regarding tourism earlier,
situations regarding tourism presently and the required situations regarding tourism in the future.
Please refer Figure No. 1 for the detailed tourism environment prevailing earlier and the environment
that is prevailing now. We can see a major shift in terms of security threat, tourist inflow, Competition
from other states, use of IT, changes in customers needs, availability of time for leisure with the
tourists, seasonality of tours, spending pattern of the tourists, Governments approach, marketing of
tourism, etc.
From the above we can state that it is a reality that the Customer / tourist is the King. The tourist comes
with money to spend, but he will spend only when he gets real worth out of it. He wants to utilize his
time, money, energy for the best options.
Please refer Figure No. 2 for the detailed tourism environment prevailing now and the environment
that should be prevailing in the future to attract the tourists in masses. We are contemplating a further
shift in the preferences/ tastes of the tourists. We have to comprehend, plan and implement our tourism
policy in such a way that we are able to cash on, on the future trends by taking steps which would
propel the tourism activities in J&K in the future. We see that the shift would be in terms of security
(situation would be normal in 2-3 years), tourists tastes, tourism products, use of IT, marketing of
tourism, availability of information, weekend tourism, time availability for tourism with the tourists,
Value for the money & time, Government approach to become proactive and professional.

NEW DELHI
From the above we can comprehend that in the future the tourism scenario is going to become much
more asking as the competition is going to increase from among the countries, states, destinations, type
of tourism, availability of services, infrastructure, sensitivity of the tourists, utilization of time, money
of the tourists, etc.
Keeping the above in mind we are providing a SWOT analysis from the tourism perspective in J&K,
which has to be kept in mind for developing the perspective plan. The SWOT gives us the Strengths
on which we can build on, Weaknesses, which we have to take care of by strengthening them,
Opportunities which we should exploit and utilize to the best and the Threats which we have to
counter for the development of Tourism in J&K. (Please refer Figure No. 3)
We are giving a psychological sketch of the stages / factors in selecting a tourist place by a perspective
tourist. Please refer Figure no. 4 for the detailed stages, factors, the kind of options available, the type
of thoughts which the tourists undergoes/ comes across while deciding for the tourist destination. If we
are able to understand this we can very well provide the facilities, services to the tourists which could
be unmatchable and the tourists would come again and again and would also become ambassadors in
propagating/ marketing the destination with the word of mouth (marketing without much of spending,
which matters most in the case of foreign tourists)

NEW DELHI
Figure No.1
Analysis - Tourism in J&K
Then Now
No security Threat Security threat
No Specific Tourism Policy Develop Tourism Policy
General Tourism Tourism on tastes of Tourist
Mostly Scenic beauty tourism Pilgrimage, Adventure, Sports, Heritage, etc.
No segmentation Segmentation
High tourist inflow Low tourist inflow
No future plans for tourism development Perspective plan for 20 years
No specific competition Competition from neighboring States
Less number of destinations More destinations
Mostly undeveloped destinations Some developed, some developing, etc.
No online bookings, IT non-existent Some use of IT
Non-Customer oriented tourism Some customer oriented tourism
Less promotional activities Some increase in promotional activities
More time for leisure Less time availability
Tourist not demanding Tourist Demanding
Long Tours Short tours
More Seasonal Tours All Season Tours
Mostly tours with families, Honeymooners Business, Conferences, Friends
Less Spending More spending
Tourism mostly for Personal Happiness Value for Time and Value for Money
Government’s approach Lackadaisical Government taking measures to attract tourists

NEW DELHI
Figure No.2
Analysis - Tourism in J&K
Now After
Security threat for 2-3 years
Security threat
Implement Tourism Policy
Develop Tourism Policy
Tourism on tastes of Tourist
Tourism on tastes of Tourist
Para gliding, Para Sailing, Air Balloons,
Pilgrimage, Adventure, Sports, Heritage, etc.
Further Segmentation
Segmentation
Initially Low tourist inflow then tourism Boom
Low tourist inflow
Implementation & modifications of Perspective plan
Perspective plan for 20 years
High connectivity
Low connectivity
Less time to visit destination
More time to visit Destination
Connectivity through air, helicopters
Connectivity through roads
Competition from neighboring Districts/ States
Competition from neighboring States
Large number of destinations to visit
More destinations
Largely developed, some developing, all potential sites exploited, etc.
Some developed, some developing, etc.
High use of IT, online booking, online trading
Some use of IT
Fully customer oriented tourism
Some customer oriented tourism
Increase in promotional activities
Some increase in promotional activities
Very Less time availability
Less time availability
Tourist Demanding and challenging
Tourist Demanding
Very Short tours
Short tours
All Season Tours, Weekend tours
All Season Tours
Business, Conferences, Friends
Business, Conferences, Friends
High spending
More spending
Value for Time and Value for Money
Value for Time and Value for Money
Information of kiosks, websites
Information on broachers Government’ Approach Professional as care taker and as businessmen
Government taking measures to attract tourists

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Figure No.3
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TOURISM IN J&K
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
x Rich Culture, Heritage x No tourism Policy

x Three distinct Regions with diversity x Undeveloped Destinations
x Ladakh, Jammu, Kashmir x No proper/ Poor connectivity
x Flora, fauna, lakes, mountains, pilgrimage x Low awareness level
places, springs, palaces, monuments, x Low/ Poor promotional activities
horticulture, handicrafts, shawls, x Less Government Spending
x Kashmir The Heaven, Switzerland of x Economy dependent on Tourism
India/ Asia x Poor Coordination between departments
x Kashmiris are hospitable, hospitality in x Stress only on few developed sites
their nerves x Low time spending
x Various kinds of tourism available to be x No diversion of tourists from specific tourism
exploited to other type of tourism.
x Local People experienced due to past x Less tourists diversion to new places
tourism booms x No Tourism research
x High Awareness of J&K as Tourist x No capacity building of stakeholders for better
Paradise services
x Lackadaisical Approach of Government
x Complacency and non customer friendly.
x No culture of Perspective Planning in State
Department
x No Accountability in Financial Matters &
Services
x Lack of Training Infrastructure & Hospitality
Industry
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
x Can cater to almost all Tourist Tastes x Security

x High Returns from Tourism Industry x Competition
x Development of Circuits x Diversion of tourists to other safer places
x Un exploited Ladakh x Better facilities from competitors
x Pilgrimage Circuits x Low information dissemination, access and
x Package Tours training
x Higher spending of people on recreation, x Non awakening of Government, complacency
entertainment x Non treatment of tourism as service industry
x Linkage with specific circuits in other
states
x Professional approach
x Governments role as Care taker and
facilitator
x Customer oriented and friendly

NEW DELHI
Figure No.4
STAGES/ FACTORS IN SELECTING A TOURIST PLACE BY A PROSPECTIVE TOURIST
Before Decision Options Analysis Thought / Decision process Affecting Matters Decision for
Selection of Place
D
E
C
Analysis/ Cost Security I
Information Benefits Previous Experiences S
from various Time Benefits, Families Tastes I
sources Availability of Logistics, Availability of adequate O
Time, Money Transportation information Value for N
Bookings Time
Self Reliable Guides O
Awareness N
Maximum
Tourist Pleasure D
Information E
from Tourist S
Place/ Office T
Transportation Value for I
Tastes of Tourists Attractions available Infrastructure available Money N
Tourist priorities Near by Places that can A
Comparative be covered/ visited Word
Information T
Advantages over of Travel Agents
from Travel I
other Places Reliable Tour Operators
Agent/ Tour O
Unique Adventures/ Image of Destination
Operators N
Facilities Accessibility

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CHAPTER-VI
TOURISM POLICY
Background
When tourism provides a major share of revenue to the State, the government has yet to put
into writing its stated policy on tourism. The consultants failed to get such a statement for this study.
Current activities for the promotion of tourism are well merited, but in the absence of a charter of
objectives these activities have remained in isolation and lacked in energy.
While preparing this Report, the consultants have taken into consideration seven key areas that
would provide standards for tourism development in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Inspiration is
taken from the National Tourism Policy which was approved by the Parliament in the first week of
May this year (2002). To recall these key areas for examiners of this Report, the consultants inform
that the seven key areas are Swagat (welcome), Soochna (information), Suwidha (facilitation),
Suraksha (safety), Sahyog (cooperation), Samrachna (infrastructure development) and Saphai
(cleanliness).
When these recommendations were examined by the consultants it was found that the situation
in the State of J&K was failing to show even acceptable minimum standards. Therefore, keeping these
considerations for future the efforts would be to provide adequate thrust to schemes, which will swing
the State towards reaching a model administration and boost tourism.
In the suggestions of the consultant, there is no specific mention of the seven “S”, yet each of
the proposal attempts to engrain the principle of these identified key areas on which, there can be no
two views otherwise. It thus means, that if the State Government has agreed to accept any of the
proposals for active consideration and realised them on ground, or advocated the same with the Central
Chapter- VI Tourism Policy 58

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Government forcefully for acceptance, this in a fact, would be seeking the implementation of the
national tourism policy which has been accepted at the Centre.
The Consultants feel that there are adequate opportunities available in the existing State
infrastructure to telescope the proposals and findings, into what already exists on ground.
Present Structure of Directorate of Tourism
The State Government of J&K has a Directorate of Tourism, which is headed by the
Commissioner (Tourism) with the entire control of support services, which administer the functioning
of the various tourists services in the State.
In the Executive Wing there is a Director General of Tourism while on the business wing an
autonomous organization has been created called the ‘JK Tourist Development Corporation’ which
also helps the State Government to get commercial loans from the market and undertake commercial
activities which a Government department undertaking similar work would not be able to do so
because of restrictions it passed under financial rules.
The Directorate of Tourism is amongst the original departments of the Government and is
atleast 50 years in existence.
Tourism was considered a ‘trade’ activity in the State Government until now and only in May
2002, the Department of Industries agreed to recognize ‘tourism’ as an ‘industry’. This happened on
the eve of VISITEX2002.
Proposed Tourism Policy
Tourism in the last five decades had provided good sustenance to the local population and
revenue to the State exchequer. As tourism was directly related to the index of public tranquility and
law and order, the revenue to the State from this Government activity saw ‘high’ and ‘lows’. The
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existing arrangement has thus been a delicate arrangement in the absence of an alternate source of
substantial revenue which otherwise should have come from industrial activities.
The Valley of Kashmir has no industrial base and past efforts to attract small and medium scale
industries have failed. This has been due to two reasons namely the uncertain law and order situation,
which has kept private funds away from the Valley from being invested and again the lack of
managerial skills of the local population, which have invariably led to the failure of enterprises which
were started in the Valley.
The situation is different in Jammu where sizable industrial activity does help in revenue
generation through excise realisation and related activities.
In Ladakh again because of scarcity in power energy, no industrial activity exists. As this area
is isolated from the effects in the Valley, development of tourists activities in this area has shown an
uninterrupted slow growth.
We feel that besides the development of tourism activities in the Valley, it is necessary for the
State to have sustainable agro industries as support services to the tourist industry and for which
special efforts need to be made. That road is still to be charted out.
We are now attempting to provide a statement of a vision, statement of tourism goals and a
policy for the State Government, in the hope that using this as a base, the State Government may like
to make a declaration of its tourism policy, as it desires to follow for future. Improvements are always
welcomed and the consultants look forward to considerable improved and a clearer direction is such a
statement where it is necessary.

NEW DELHI
TOWARDS A TOURISM POLICY
THE VISION
TO MAKE THE STATE OF JAMMU AND
KASHMIR THE NUMBER ONE TOURIST
DESTINATION OF INDIA LEADING TO
SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION BY
CAPITALISING ON THE ABUNDANT
AVAILABLE NATURAL AND HUMAN
RESOURCES

NEW DELHI
THE GOAL
x TO REGAIN THE LOST GLORY OF FAMED
HOSPITALITY AND SERVICE MAKING THIS THE
MOST SOUGHT AFTER TOURIST DESTINATION OF
INDIA
x ATTRACTING HIGH SPENDING INTERNATIONAL

TOURISTS TO VISIT INDIA AND THIS REGION
x DEVELOPE OPTIMAL INFRASTRUCTURAL

FACILITIES
x QUICKER ACCESSIBILITY, SAFER

MANOUVERABILITY, LARGER REACH,
EXCELLENCE IN HOSPITALITY AND SERVICE
x DEVELOP TOURIST DESTINATION FACILITIES OF

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
x MOVE FROM SEASONAL TO PERENNIAL TOURISM
x MAKE WIDER USAGE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION
x ORGANISE ECO-FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES
x BE THE FACILITATOR TO ENCOURAGE PRIVATE

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE INDUSTRY

NEW DELHI
OBJECTIVES OF THE TOURISM POLICY
The objectives for any policy on tourism should be well designed and sharply focussed so that
each of the provisions are clearly understood and implemented. The stated objectives should also be in
simple language for widest appreciation and application amongst the personnel of the department.
The State policy on Tourism should act as motivator for the development of tourism, needs to
have the following main objectives before it:-
1. Promote the image of the State for domestic and international tourism as the best destination
for travel experience.
2. Develop the basic infrastructure to attract this traffic.
3. Develop an environment of confidence in the visitor that he is fully protected in the company of
hospitable hosts.
4. Develop a separate and exclusive sector of high quality tourist destination.
5. Develop Tourism as a growth platform.
The following are, the fundamental objectives for the State policy on tourism :-
1. Tourism is a major industry in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. It has a multiplier effect in
generating employment, creating economic growth and alleviating the level of poverty in the
society of its jurisdiction. Tourism must, therefore, be governed by professional conduct and
by professionally trained state officers.
2. It shall be the objective of the State government to work as a growth engine to create proper
policies and push the agreed projects to their fulfillment.
3. The State shall not work as a competitor in the business of promoting tourism or conducting
trade. It shall, however, create such instruments of legislation and practices which will in turn
ensure the safety of the visitors to the State and ensure fair practices in business.
NEW DELHI
4. The State encourages the pivotal role of private enterprise in generating goodwill for the people
of the State amongst the visiting tourists.
5. The State shall endeavour to use the activities generated by tourism for benefiting its citizens
and undertake such projects which would be in line of any welfare state and also mentioned as
role models for other governments.
6. The State shall undertake to ensure that all practices encouraged by it or initiated in the private
sector shall be environment friendly and do not violate good taste and cultural traditions of the
people of the region.
7. The State shall ensure the proper well-being of all visitors and allow them access to the natural
assets of its territorial jurisdiction and ensure that no activities are organized in the state which
violate accepted norms of religious practices and Indian traditions of hospitality.
8. The state shall further ensure to provide correct information on all its tourists assets and create
an environment of cleanliness which is commensurate with the Indian traditions of thrift.
9. The state shall ensure that by legislation and enforcement all visitors to it shall be protected
from harm, capacious conduct and fraudulent practices.
The above stated policy statements should provide enough directions to the stated policy on tourism
and all future programmes contemplated, must fall in these parameters.
10. The Directorate General of Tourism should remain as the nodal agency to formulate the
scheme / plan for examination and approval in the State Government. The consultants view is
that references moving out of the office of the Director General of Tourism into the State
Secretariat are not attached any priority and sometime the references may not be even
reviewed at sufficiently high authority and are often dealt merely at the desk stage.

NEW DELHI
As the objective of this perspective plan is to make tourism a growth platform,
11. It is necessary that the State Government also accepts the preposition that it shall endeavour to
maintain a clear direction in all its future activities in realizing the tourist potential of the State
resources to the maximum.
12. It is the view of the consultants that the policy on tourism should always be kept at the reality
level and accept the limitation of its environment and area. Projects which may hold attraction
in any other part of the world should not be grafted locally in the State without a deep analysis
of their effects. Mere enthusiasm, therefore, is not sufficient and there ought to be within the
State a mechanism of periodical review and analysis which is not influenced by personalities
of the time, or the persons of authority. Such audit is first necessary for acceptance and to be
carried out honestly by organizations or persons of known integrity, preference being given to
such auditors available within the State otherwise from within the country. The consultants
hold the view that if such fair practices are not encouraged and attempted, the present status-
quo noticeable within the tourist industry of the State may not change.
The State policy on tourism is to be developed as an integrated activity involving the
participation of local tourist tradesmen, trade organizations with national and international agencies.
The State policy on tourism must recognize one unique feature existing which no other State of
the Union exhibits, namely, that the three known regions of Ladakh, Jammu and Srinagar, have
separate entity, and thus have very clear three pre-dominant types of tourism. A general policy on
activities in tourism initiated on the basis of data collected from one region will not necessarily find
proper implementation, and result in failure. The foreigners’ distinct preference for Ladakh is as
commensurate as the Hindu tourists undertaking religious tourism in Jammu in very big numbers; the

NEW DELHI
nature lover is showing a clear preference for visiting Kashmir and is a mix of both Indian and foreign
nationalities.
The State policy on tourism needs to recognize that placed as the State is, the industry must not
depend upon international tourism which is subject to all types of international, political intrigues and
pressures. Instead, the State policy on tourism must concentrate on domestic tourism wherein it should
again emphasize on an age group between 20 years and 35 years slab to ensure that this youthful
tourist will visit the State more than once in future.
Currently the responsibility to promote tourism in the State rests in the office of the Directorate
General of Tourism, Jammu & Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation and the Department of
Tourism. All the three agencies are manned by persons who are declared government servants. They
are basically shuffled around and follow the routine of transfers and postings controlled by the State
Secretariat. Less by practice and more by accident, officers dealing in tourism get exposed to practices
and processes outside the State and, therefore, there is a discernible lack of professionalism in the
working of these departments.
Political whim and less political will, governs the State policy on tourism. This is fatal to
perspective planning. The consultants feel the need to impress that political whims would need to be
removed in all activities in which the Central Government desires to support tourism projects and
activities in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. The emphasis is that in such perspective planning is new
areas need to be opened up for economic development which will then leave the visitors to enter the
same areas and may not be subject to the harsh vagaries of isolation and deprivation of temporary state.
The consultants have gone into the functioning of the J&K Tourism Development Corporation and
found that its current balance-sheet speaks of good returns. This is an artificial situation as all the

NEW DELHI
residential establishments owned by the Corporation are being used to provide housing to the
paramilitary forces of the Central Government and there is 100% occupancy on record which is the
main-stay in the revenue of the Corporation. In the event of any such premises being vacated by the
paramilitary forces, the Corporation will not be able to offer the same premises to tourists because
these premises have been thoroughly abused by their last occupants and they would need to be
demolished.
The consultants, therefore, recommend that the J&K Tourism Development Corporation be
advised to shrink its activities in such manner as to shed away its non-recoverable estates and sell it off
to private enterprises. It should also begin thinning its staff liabilities, retaining only such persons who
may be empowered with enforcing powers as well as keep experts on its roll who will have the powers
to review all its projects being submitted by the private sector and lay out guidelines for the tourist
trade sectors to follow and also organize inspections to ensure that minimum standards of cleanliness,
sanitation, safety, facilitation and welcome in establishments exists for the visitors. Where areas of
omission in servicing are identified, the Corporation should recommend penal action against the
offenders and the action would be undertaken by the enforcement police which is already in existence
under the model legislation.
It is here that the objective of the State policy on tourism that, the State shall not be in competition
with the private sector is discernible. The State will keep its word of being a facilitator and catalyst in
the promotion of tourism as an industry, a role which has been assigned under the objectives stated
herein.
The second agency for the promotion of tourism is the Directorate of Tourism. Under current
practice, it is the one agency which overseers a vast area of developmental activities, day to day
husbanding of tourism activities by concerned departments and also undertake the enforcement of the

NEW DELHI
legislated State Act which protects tourists from all types of exploitation. As per current practice the
office of the Director General, Tourism is not undertaking activities of enforcing laws protecting
tourists. The police force assigned such tasks is diverted to other activities, which are not related to the
interests of the visiting tourists.
The office of the DG, Tourism is also starved of funds. This is because the current focus of the
State Government is on public order and the State tourist industry in the Kashmir Valley in particular
is not generating sufficient funds to encourage future growth. Revenue from the Ladakh and Jammu
regions is still coming, but less due to the efforts of the local State machinery and more so, because the
visitors themselves have flung themselves into these regions in their great enthusiasm to have new
experiences.
As facilitators and catalysts, the consultants see the role of the office of the Director General of
Tourism to work on fundamental projects, which will generate future revenue as well as open up new
territories. It is felt the DG, Tourism should play a leading role in proposing and monitoring primary
infrastructure for the growth in tourism in the State, be the nodal agency for attracting private capital
into the industry, create new markets in the industry as well as offer State investment into critical areas
of growth which will further attract private capital and investment.
The office of the Director General of Tourism should also be the motivator in developing centres
for basic training and higher learning on the tourist industry and economy as well as be the principal
coordinator for all activities, which are providing support services to tourism.
The consultants recommend the down-sizing or alternately diverting the current activities of the
State Government which are wholly related to the promotion of tourism and its support services but are
presently concentrated in the Departments in the Secretariat.

NEW DELHI
Activities of other departments, such as, the Department of Horticulture, the Department. of
Culture and Fine Art, the Department of Archaeology, should all be adjuncts to the office of the
Director General of Tourism and not under the Commissioner’s office of Tourism.
The consultants recommend the need to inculcate more professional activities in this sphere of
current government business which is very neglected, poorly overseen and staffed by persons who are
considered after as in not sufficiently adept administration.
The consultants recommend that the post of Commissioner, Tourism be replaced by a new
machinery which should be autonomous in its functions, transparent in its policies and be headed by
the Chief Minister who shall also be assisted by a set of experts in their respective fields of
professionalism.
In an ideal situation, the view is that the tourist industry of the State of Jammu & Kashmir, when
properly managed and placed in an honorable situation, can regain its paramount position as the model
industry in India for any State, from its current near bottom position, which it can, with good purpose
and intends, regain its first position within the next six or seven years, if not earlier. The cost of
recovery is not high because the basic infrastructure only requires repairs and not re-construction.
What is otherwise required is a drastic process of filtering away the persons of non-professional
working hands which abound in the present State tourism departments making it a liability in
bureaucracy and which do not allow the release of funds for developmental activities, instead all
recovered revenue in taxes is being disbursed in pay and maintaining establishments and even Central
grant when handed over to the State Government for specific projects are moving into paying the
essential salaries to the staff on government rolls.

NEW DELHI
The current strengths of the tourist economy in the State of J&K as discernible from the surveys
conducted are –
x Extraordinary scenic beauty.
x Large domestic market
x Hospitable hosts
The weaknesses of the current economy are -
x Weak private service sector,
x Poor communication systems,
x Weak political commitment,
x Lack of awareness on tourist potential outside the State,
x Unpredictable transport system,
x Lack of skills in the available service sector,
x Lack of private finances in developmental activities,
x Heavy tax burden on entrepreneurs,
x Lack of enforcement machinery to ensure tourist safety,
x Insufficient power resources to generate industrial activities.
In the 20 year perspective planning, there is a win-win situation, provided the intent of the State is
clear to see a parading shift in its current environment of work and practices. Elsewhere the consultants
have already identified an exclusive traffic of tourists reaching two million persons passing through
Srinagar airport in the year 2020. This is exclusive of ceiling of ten million domestic tourists who may
swarm, in the assessment, of the consultants to various religious sites in Jammu region by 2016 AD
and which may threaten to break down all existing infrastructure of public services in that area if the
NEW DELHI
State Government does not begin planning for reasonable restrictions to keep this traffic down to a
reasonable seven million persons visiting Jammu region each year. Therefore, the consultants identify
the opportunities in the development of the tourist industry in the State as under :-
1. Develop a major infrastructure of service providers in the private sector.
2. Develop sustainable safeguards against the negative effects of tourism.
3. Position itself as an international hub of tourist traffic in South-Asia providing alternate site to
Singapore’s present position.
4. Absorb the entire lot of unemployed persons into positive trade activities, micro industries, as
well as revive traditional handicraft industry.
In our perspective planning, the consultants see very few areas of threat to the State tourist
industry. The most important negative factors which are identified are perhaps also too well-known
already and they are, namely, -
1. The international political environment which makes this area the cockpit of future conflicts.
2. Environment degradation, particularly, future identified scarcity of drinking water.
3. Uncontrolled invasion of tourists because of unforeseen positive development in the industry.
4. Competitions from future destinations in the vicinity.
5. Unforeseen and unpredictable political environment domestically.
The threats to long term perspective planning are otherwise real. It is for this reason alone that
the Central Government in recent years has earmarked developmental finances for the region and yet
not handed over the money to the State Government and announced resources to undertake
developmental work activities in the region which should help the State of J&K to also benefit from
such Central projects. Mention may be made of the railway line project which in the past had been

NEW DELHI
receiving scant attention. The Kargil conflict put that growth on a hold and made this State to be
reviewed from its strategic perspective afresh. The result was that the Central Government has
announced a new economic package for the development of the rail link on high priority, the
construction of a second trunk road link in the State - Batote-Kishtwar-Simthin-Duksun-Anantnag
route - which are projects where funds are not coming into the State but yet the completion of these
projects promise a substantial economic activity in reconstruction and fundamental new developments.
Implementation of State Tourism Policy
Please Refer Chapter IXII for the detailed recomme ndations on the Implementation of State Tourism
Policy, STRB, etc.

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER- VII
SURVEY FINDINGS
Survey was undertaken in the state of Jammu & Kashmir for the development of the perspective
plan and to have first hand information from various stakeholders at various levels. The survey
was undertaken in all the three regions of the state so as to have a fair picture of the status of
tourism, requirements for the development of tourism, potential of tourism, etc. The main focus
was to have the information from the grassroots people who are directly or indirectly related to
the tourism industry as such. We are presenting the survey findings for the different regions
separately and also for various stakeholders separately, as we foresee that there is a remarkable
difference in these regions and each region has to be dealt with separately but in a coordinated
manner and in synergy, for the overall development of the state and regions.
SURVEY FINDINGS (TOURIST)

KASHMIR
Tourist Profile
In Kashmir region, around 52 tourists were interviewed, out of total tourists 71.15% were males and
28.85% were females. Among the total interviewed tourists 84.62% were Indians and 15.38% were
foreigners. It is found that in the present security environment mostly the youth or the middle aged
males are visiting the Kashmir region, Majority (61.54%) of tourists were in the age group of >30
years and 45 years, 25% of tourists were in the age group of >15 years and 30 years, 11.54% were in
the age group of >45years and 60 years and rest 1.92% were of >60 years age. 38.46% tourists visiting
Kashmir region were having the occupation of service, 21.15% tourists were businessmen, 15.38%
were housewives, 13.46% were students, 9.62% were self employed.
Distribution of Tourists Nationality w ise

Distribution of Tourists Sex wise
15%
29%
Male
Female
71% Indian
85%
Foreigners
Chapter- VII Survey Findings 73

NEW DELHI
Distribution of Tourists age wise Distribution of Tourists occupation wise

2%
12%
25% 2%
>15 Years upto 13%
30 years Service
Business
>30 Years upto 39%
45 years Self Employed
15%
Housewife
>45 Years upto
60 years Student
>60 Years 10% Any other
61% 21%
Mode of transportation adopted

By Foreign tourists
Foreign tourists visiting Kashmir mainly come by airways or bus. 57.14% of interviewed foreign
tourists arrived in valley by bus whereas 42.86% foreign tourists arrived by aeroplane. Most of the
tourists arrived here were coming from Delhi, either they came to valley via Jammu or came directly
from Delhi.
By Indian tourists
It is found that Indian tourists opt different mode of transportation to arrive in valley. 28.95% of
tourists came to valley by aero plane, 18.42% of interviewed Indian tourists arrived in valley by bus,
5.26% said that they arrived by taxi. 47.37% of tourists said that they arrived in valley by other mode
of transportations these were mostly the Tata sumo which were operating on fair share basis from
Jammu to Srinagar.
Mode of Transport adopted by Indians upto Srinagar
29%
48%
Air
Bus
18% Taxi
5% Any Other
Purpose of visit of tourists
In valley, tourists of different age groups come from different corners of world having different tastes.
To understand the purpose of visit of tourists coming from different corners and of different age group,
tourists were asked about their purpose of visit.
NEW DELHI
Kashmir is famous for its natural beauty but tourists visit this beautiful state too for various kinds of
other attractions. Tourists gave multiple response for the purpose of their visit. In 22.54% responses
tourists said there purpose of visit is to enjoy the scenic beauty of J&K, 17.34% of responses were for
religious work and pilgrimage. In 16.76% of responses tourists said that their purpose of visit is to take
part in picnic. In 11.56% of responses tourists said that their one of the purpose to visit J&K was the
availability of handicraft materials. In 6.94% responses tourists said that there purpose of visit is to see
the historical monuments, 4.05% each responses were for forest sanctuary and wild life and business
and professional requirements of tourists respectively, 3.47% responses were for shopping. In 2.89%
of responses tourists said that there purpose of visit is trekking, In 2.31% of responses tourists said that
their purpose of visit is to experience local culture and tradition of the J&K. 1.16% responses each
were for water sports, for museum, for trout fishing, for meeting friends and relatives. 0.58% of
responses were for fairs and festivals.
Purpose of visit of tourist age group >15-30 years in %
25 21.15
20
15.38 15.38
13.46
15
10 7.69
5.77 5.77 5.77
5 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92
0
Local Culture
Shopping
Monuments
Any Other
Handicrafts
Pilgrimage &
Scenic Beauty
& Tradition
Historical
Religious
Tourists> 15 and up to 30 years of age
Among tourists of > 15 and up to 30 years of age in 21.15% responses tourists said that they have
come to enjoy the scenic beauty of the valley, in 15.38% responses each of tourists of this age group
said that they have come for picnic and handicraft materials. In 13.46% responses tourists of this age
group said that they have come for pilgrimage and religious work. In 5.77% responses each said that
they have come for trekking, to see forest sanctuary and wildlife, to experience local culture and
tradition respectively. In 1.92% responses each said that they have come for museum, historical
monuments, shopping, trout fishing and business requirement respectively and rest 7.69% have come
for other reasons.

NEW DELHI
Those tourists who were interviewed in the age group of >30 up to 45 years, in 24.73% responses
tourists said that they have come for the scenic beauty of valley, 21.15% responses were for pilgrimage
and religious work. In 18.28% responses tourists said that there purpose of visit was picnic, In 10.75%
of responses tourists said that they have come for handicrafts, 9.68% of responses were for historical
monuments, In 4.30% of responses tourists said that there purpose of visit was business requirement.
In 3.23% responses each of interviewed tourists said that there purpose of visit was to see forest
sanctuary and wild life, and to enjoy picnic respectively. 2.15% each of responses were for trekking
and water sports.
Purpose of visit of tourists >30 years up to 45 years in%
30 24.73
25 21.51
18.28
20
15 10.75 Series1
9.68
10
3.23 3.23 4.30
5 2.15 2.15
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Total 24 responses obtained from tourists of > 45 and up to 60 years of age. In 16.67% each of
responses tourists of this age group said that they have come for scenic beauty of the valley and to see
the historical monuments of this region. In 12.51% of responses tourists of this age group said that
their purpose of visit is pilgrimage and religious work. In 8.33% of responses each said that they have
come for their business and professional requirements and to meet their friends and relatives. In 4.17%
responses each of interviewed tourists of this age group said that they have come for forest sanctuary
and wild life, local culture and tradition, museum, historical monuments, shopping, trout fishing,
handicrafts and fairs and festivals and rest 4.17% had other reasons of their visit.
Above 60 years
Out of total respondents one-fourth said that their purpose of visit was to see scenic beauty of Kashmir,
historical monuments, to do shopping and their business requirement.
NEW DELHI
Revisit by Tourists in Kashmir valley
It is observed that in present security environment tourists are not revisiting the Kashmir valley, most
of the tourists who were interviewed were visiting valley first time. 82.35% of tourists said that they
have come to Kashmir first time; only 17.64% tourists said that they are revisiting the place. Only
3.92% of tourists said that they have already visited the place twice before. 13.73% of tourists said that
they have visited Kashmir more than 4 times before, this is found that among those tourists who had
visited Kashmir four times before most of them were visiting for their business or professional
requirements
Duration of stay age wise
To understand the duration of stay of tourists of different age group, sex, nationality, tourists were
asked to tell about there total number of days spent or planning to stay in the region.
Tourists> 15 and up to30 years of age
In the age group >15and up to 30 years 30.77% tourists said that that there duration of stay was of 3 to
7 days. 23.08% each said that there duration of stay was 18 to 22 days and 30 days and above
respectively. 7.69% each said that there duration of stay was of below 3 days, 8 to 12 days and of 23 to
29 days respectively.
Majority of respondents of this age group (78.13%) said that there duration of stay in the region was of
3 to 7 days. 18.75% respondents said that there duration of stay was of 8 to 12 days. Rest 3.13% of
respondents said that there duration of stay was of below three days.
Tourists above 45 years of age
3 to 7 days. 14.28% each said that there duration of stay was of 18 to 22 days and 23 to 29 days and 30
days and above respectively.
Likely revisit by tourists to J&k
Majority of interviewed tourists said they would revisit Jammu & Kashmir in future.

NEW DELHI
All of the tourists in the age group of >15 years and up to 30 years said that they would like to revisit
Jammu & Kashmir. 90.7% of tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years said they would
like to revisit Jammu & Kashmir. 85.7% tourists of above 45 years of age said that they would like to
visit the valley again.
94.6% males said that they would like to visit the valley again. 86.67% of females said they would like
to revisit the valley again.
Persons accompanying tourist
To know about the number of persons accompanying the tourist in their visit to J&K of different age
group, sex, nationality, tourists were asked to tell about the number of persons accompanying the
tourists in their visit to J&K.
28.85% of tourists were visiting valley alone, 42.31% of tourists were visiting the valley along with
one person. Two persons accompanied 13.46% of tourists, 11.54% of tourists were accompanied by
three persons, 1.92% of tourists were accompanied by four persons, rest 1.92% tourists were
accompanied by more than four persons.
More than half of tourists (53.85%) in the age group of >15 years and up to 30 years were visiting the
valley alone, 38.46% tourists in this age group were accompanied by one person, 7.69% tourists were
accompanied by two persons in there trip.
More than half of tourists (53.85%) in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years were traveling to
Kashmir valley with one person, 5.63%each in this age group were traveling alone or traveling with
three persons, 3.13% of tourists in this age group were traveling with more than four persons.
42.85% of tourists of above 45 years of age traveling alone in the valley. 28.57% tourists said that they
were accompanied by two persons. 14.28% each said that they were accompanied by 3 persons and 4
persons respectively.
32.43% of males were visiting the valley alone, 37.84% of males were accompanied by single person,
13.51% of males were accompanied by three persons, 10.81% of males were accompanied by two
persons. 2.70% each said that they are visiting with four persons and more than four persons
respectively. 20% interviewed female tourists said that they are touring the valley alone, 53.3% of
female tourists said that they are traveling in the valley with a person. 20% female tourists said that
they are traveling with two persons rest 6.7% of tourists said that they are traveling along with 3 other
persons.
NEW DELHI
Gender wise
Total 127 responses were obtained from male and total 46 responses obtained from the female
respondents. In 22.83% responses male tourists said that there purpose of visit was to see the scenic
beauty of J&K, similar to male tourists responses 21.74% responses of female tourists were also for
scenic beauty but at the same time in other 21.74% female responses they said that their purpose of
visit is pilgrimage and religious work.
Daily Spending pattern of tourists
Age wise
It is observed that majority of young tourists like to spend minimum during their tour. 69.2% of
tourists in the age group of >15 and up to 30 years said that they spend up to Rs 500 daily during the
tour. 15.4% tourists in the age group of >15 and up to 30 years said that they spend in between Rs 500
and Rs 1000, similarly 15.4 % of tourists in the age group of >15 and up to 30 years said that they
spend in between Rs 1000 and Rs 1500 daily.
37.5% of tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years said that they spend in between Rs
500 and Rs 1000 daily in the tour, 31.3% of tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years
spend up to Rs 500 daily during the tour. 15.6% each of tourists said that they spend in between Rs.
1000 and Rs 1500 daily in the tour and in between Rs. 1500 and Rs. 2000 respectively.
Daily spending of tourists of >45 years is found higher compared to other age groups, 56.7% of
tourists of >45 years spend in between Rs 500 and Rs. 1000 daily in their tour to J&K , 33.3% tourists
of >45 years said that they spend in between Rs. 1500 and Rs. 2000 daily in their tour, rest 10% said
that they spend up to Rs 500 daily .
Gender wise
40.54% of male tourists said they spend up to Rs 500 daily in J&K, 35.14% of male tourists said they
spend in between Rs 500 and Rs 1000 daily in J&K. 10.81% each male respondents said they spend in
between Rs 500 and Rs 1000 and in between Rs 1000 and Rs 1500 daily here in J&K.
33.33% each of female tourists said they spend up to Rs500 and in between Rs 500 and Rs 1000
daily in J&K, 20 % of female tourists said they spend in between Rs 1000 and Rs 1500 daily in
J&K.6.67% each female respondents said they spend in between Rs 1500 and Rs 2000 and in
between Rs 2000 and Rs 2500 daily here in J&K.
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Tourist’s opinion on the quality of Infrastructure
Air and Airport Services -Some tourists said that the air services and airport services of Srinagar are
good only a few said that the air services and airport services of Srinagar are bad.
Taxi services-More than half of interviewed tourists said that the Taxi services in Kashmir is good.
15.56% of tourist said that taxi services of Srinagar is very good. 24.44% of tourists said that the taxi
services is average. 2.22% of tourist said that this is very poor.
Bus services- 55.17% of tourists said that bus services in Kashmir is good, 24.14% of tourists said that
the bus services in Kashmir is average. 10.34% of tourists said that this is very good. 3.45% each said
that this is poor and very poor respectively.
Hotels-All of respondents said either said good or very good in the existing hotels in Kashmir.
Shikara _All of the respondents either said good or very good quality of the shikaras
Houseboat-All of the interviewed tourists either said good or very good quality of the houseboats
Restaurants-Majority of tourists (68.89%) said that the restaurants are good and 15.56% said that the
restaurants are very good. Other 15.56% said that the restaurants are average.
Markets and shopping facility-Majority of tourists said that shopping facility is good. 24.44% said
that market and shopping facility is average
Tourist guides-33.33% of tourists said that the tourist guides are of average quality. 23.08% said that
guide services is of poor quality. 7.69% of tourists said that this is of very poor quality. Less than 24%
said that guide services are of good or very good quality.
Wayside Amenities- 45.83% of tourists said that the wayside amenities are of average quality. 25% of
tourists said that it is of poor quality, 4.17% of tourists said that it is of very poor quality only 14.5 %
of tourists said that it is of good quality.
Roads-38% of tourists said that Roads are of average quality, 8% of tourists said that Roads are of
poor quality, 2% said that Roads are of very poor quality. 50% of tourists said that Roads are of good
quality.
Parking-46.34% of tourists said that parking facility is of average quality, 19.51% of tourists said that
parking facility is of poor quality, 4.88% of them said that this is of very poor quality. Only 9.76% of
tourists said that this is of good quality.
Local telephone – Majority of tourists said that local telephone facility is of good quality.
STD/ISD- At the time of survey STD/ISD services had been withdrawn by the government of India for
J&K, so this facility was not available for tourists in that period of time.
Internet –Majority of tourists said that they have not used Internet facility because availability of
Internet facility is poor.

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Tourists on recommending others to visit J&K – Majority of tourists said that they would
recommend others to visit J&K
Decision influenced by- 33.85% tourists said that friends and relatives influenced their decision to
visit J&K, 20% tourists said that tour operator and travel agents influenced their decision to visit J&K,
other 20% said that their decision is influenced by Book/Article/magazines.
Locations visited by the tourists
Majority of the tourists who visited Kashmir region visited Srinagar and there are other locations
which tourists visited ware the Pahalgam, Sonmarg, Gulmarg,
Things Liked by Tourists
Majority of the tourists said that they liked the scenic beauty of the region; tourists said that they liked
the Mughal gardens, mountains Dal Lake. They said that they liked the Houseboats, Shikaras. Number
of tourists said that they liked the climate of the region. Tourists liked the good behavior of the local
people and they were very impressed with them and specially foreigners.
Things Disliked by Tourists
Tourists disliked the pollution in the region, they observed pollution in the Dal lake and they disliked
that. Since at the time of survey STD/ISD facility was not there so people didn’t like that. Tourists also
disliked the local Bus services of Srinagar. Tourists also disliked harassment by shikara hawkers and
Pony walas of Pahalgam. Lack of good Internet facility and Lack of credit card facility was also
disliked by tourists
Suggestions given by the tourists
At the time of the survey STD/ISD facility was not available in the Kashmir so majority of tourists
were suggesting for restarting the facility in the region. Their were other concerns of tourists they were
very concerned for the pollution in the Dal lake. They were suggesting for cleaning the Dal lake.
Tourists wanted to have more information regarding Kashmir and the tourists location in the region,
they wanted to have better information center in the region for providing quality information to the
tourists. Number of tourists suggested that their should be better Bus facility in the Kashmir region and
particularly in the Srinagar. Tourists were very concerned about the environment of the region and they
suggested that the environment should be protected and should be improved further in future. Tourists
suggested for better security arrangement in the region so that tourists can move freely in the region.

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Jammu
Tourist Profile
In Jammu region total 111 tourists were interviewed, out of total tourists 86.49% were males and
13.51% were females. All of the interviewed tourists were Indians. (40.54%) of tourists were in the age
group of >30 years and up to 45 years, 29.73% of tourists were in the age group of >15 years and up to
30 years, 12.61% were of up to 15 years and 15.32% were of >45 years and up to 60 years, 1.80% of
tourists were of more than 60 years. 44.14% tourists visiting Jammu region had occupation in the
services, 27.03% of tourists were businessmen, 11.71% were students, 8.11% were housewives, 7.21%
were self employed. 1.80% were in any other kind of occupation.
Majority of tourists visit Jammu by train, 84.54% of tourists came to Jammu by train, 9.28% of
interviewed Indian tourists arrived in Jammu by bus, 3.09% each respondents said that they arrived by
taxi and aero plane.
In Jammu tourists come from different corners of India to visit Vaishnodevi shrine. To explore the
other reason of their visit we asked the purpose of their visit to J&K
Age wise
Tourists gave multiple responses for giving the idea about the purpose of their visit. In 22.54%
responses tourists said there purpose of visit is to enjoy the scenic beauty of J&K, 17.34% of responses
were for religious work and pilgrimage. This can be observed that high percentage of people also
traveled for religious work and pilgrimage purpose. In 16.76% of responses tourists said that their
purpose of visit is to take part in picnic. In 11.56% of responses tourists said that there one of the
purpose to visit J&K is the availability of handicraft materials. In 6.94% responses tourists said that
there purpose of visit is to see the historical monuments, 4.05% each responses were for forest
sanctuary and wild life and business and professional requirements of tourists respectively, 3.47%
responses were for shopping. In 2.89% of responses tourists said that there purpose of visit is trekking,
In 2.31% of responses tourists said that there purpose of visit is to experience local culture and

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tradition of the J&K.1.16% responses each were for water sports, for museum, for trout fishing, for
meeting friends and relatives. 0.58% of responses were for fairs and festivals.
Tourists up to 15 years of age
Among tourists up to 15 years of age in 60% responses tourists said that they have come for pilgrimage
and religious work in Jammu, in 13.33% responses each of tourists of this age group said that they
have come for picnic, to meet friends and relatives and scenic beauty respectively.
Among tourists of > 15 and up to30 years of age, in 80.49% responses tourists said that they have
come for pilgrimage and religious work, 7.32% each said their purpose of visit is to enjoy the scenic
beauty and picnic in the Jammu region, in 2.44% responses tourists of this age group said that they
have come for local culture and tradition. In 2.44% responses tourists said that they were in the state
for monasteries. 7.69% of the respondents had any other purpose of visit.
Those tourists who were interviewed in the age group of >30 up to 45 years, In 73.68% responses
tourists said that they have come for pilgrimage and religious work, 8.77% each responses were for the
scenic beauty and picnic. In 3.51% each responses tourist of this age group said that their purpose of
visit is trekking and business requirement.
Tourists> 45
Total 19 responses obtained from tourists of > 45 and up to 60 years of age all of the responses were
for pilgrimage and religious work.
Purpose of visit sex wise
Total 107 responses were obtained from male and total 25 responses obtained from the female
respondents. In 82.24% responses male tourists said that there purpose of visit is pilgrimage and
religious work, similar to male tourists responses 60% responses of female tourists were also for
pilgrimage and religious work. In 16% each of female tourists responded that their purpose of visit was
to see the scenic beauty and to take part in the picnic. In 5.61% each responses male respondents said
that their purpose of visit is to take part in picnic and to see the scenic beauty. In 3.74% responses male

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tourists said that there business and professional requirement is their purpose of visit. In 1.87%
responses male tourists said that their purposes of visit is to do trekking in the state. In 4% each
responses female tourists said that their purpose of visit is to see monasteries and to experience local
culture and tradition in the state.
Revisit by Tourists in Jammu
It is observed that in present security environment tourists are not revisiting the Jammu, most of the
tourists who were interviewed were visiting Jammu first time. 69.16% of tourists said that they have
come to Jammu first time; only 30.84% tourists said that they are revisiting the place. Only 9.35% of
tourists said that they had already visited the place once before. 4.67% of tourists said that they had
visited Jammu twice before. 0.93% of tourists said that this is their fourth visit. 15.88 % of tourists said
that they had already visited Jammu more than four times before.
Among all the 30.84% tourists who said that they have revisited the Jammu before, In (82.85%)
responses majority of them said that they have come for pilgrimage and religious work, in 12.12%
responses tourists said that they have revisited for business and professional work. In 2.85% each
responses tourists said that they have revisited Jammu for scenic beauty and picnic respectively.
Duration of stay
72.07% of interviewed tourists said that their duration of stay was of 3 to 7 days rest 23.42% of tourists
said their duration of stay was of below 3 days
Age wise

In the age group >15and up to 30 years 81.82% tourists said that that there duration of stay was of 3 to
7 days rest 18.18% said that there duration of stay was of below 3 days
3 to 7 days, 22.22% respondents said that there duration of stay was of below 3 days only 2.22%
respondents said that there duration of stay was of 8 to 12 days.
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Tourists above 45 years of age
3 to 7 days. 26.31% said that there duration of stay was of below 3 days and 5.26% of the tourists said
that duration of stay was of 8 to 12 days
Likely revisit by tourists to J&k
Majority of interviewed tourists said they will revisit the Jammu in future.
All of the tourists in the age group of >15 years and up to 30 years said that they would like to revisit
the Jammu & Jammu. 95.56% of tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years said they
would like to revisit the Jammu, only 4.44% of tourists in this age group said that they would not like
to revisit the J&K. 89.47% tourists of above 45 years of age said that they would like to visit the
Jammu again only 10.52% tourists of 45 years and above said that they would not like to revisit.
97.92% of male said that they would like to visit the Jammu again but 2.08% of male said that they
would not like to visit the Jammu again. 80% of female said they would like to revisit the Jammu again
but considerably higher percentage (20%) of female said they would not like to visit the Jammu again.
To know about the number of persons accompanying the tourist in their visit to J&K of different age
group, sex, nationality, tourists were asked to tell about the number of persons accompanying the
tourist in their visit to J&K.
12.61% of tourists were visiting Jammu alone, 9.91% of tourists were visiting Jammu along with one
person. 14.41% of tourists were accompanied by two persons, 15.32% of tourists were accompanied by
three persons, 9.91% of tourists were accompanied by four persons, rest 37.84% tourists were
accompanied by more than four persons.
42.86% each in this age group said that they have come alone and accompanied by more than four
persons respectively. 7.14% each tourists of up to15 years of age said that they are accompanied by
one and two persons respectively. 24.24% of tourists in the age group of >15 years and up to 30 years
were visiting Jammu with two persons.

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21.21% of tourists in this age group were accompanied by three persons, 9.09% tourists were
accompanied by four persons in their trip. 44.44% tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45
years were traveling to Jammu with four persons, 17.78% tourists in this age group were traveling with
three persons, 13.33% of tourists in this age group were traveling with one person only. 11.11%
tourists of >30 years and up to 45 years were traveling alone. 6.67% each of tourists>30 years and up
to 45 years were traveling with two persons and four persons respectively. 31.57% of respondents of
above 45 years of age said that they are accompanied by more than four people, 26.31% tourists of this
age group said that they are accompanied by four persons, 21.05% tourists of this age group said that
they are accompanied by two persons.10.52% each respondents of above 45 years of age said that they
are accompanied by three persons and traveling alone respectively.
37.50% of males were visiting the Jammu with more than four persons, 16.67% of males were
accompanied by three persons, 15.63% of males were accompanied by two persons, 11.46% of males
were traveling alone .9.38% each of male respondents said that they are accompanied by one person
and four persons respectively.40% of female respondents said they are visiting Jammu with more than
four persons. 20% interviewed female tourists said that they are touring Jammu alone, 13.33% each of
female tourists said that they are traveling to the Jammu along with one person and with four
person.6.67% each female tourists said that they are traveling with two persons and three persons.
Spending pattern of tourists
This was observed that most of the tourists prefer to spend minimum in the state of J&K or in other
word it can be said that most of those tourists visit J&K whose spending potential is less. In Jammu
region 47.45% of interviewed tourists said that they spend up to Rs500 daily in their tour of Jammu,
41.44% of tourists said that they spend in between Rs500 and Rs1000 daily in this tour of Jammu,
9.01% said that they spend in between Rs1000 and Rs1500 daily. 0.90% each said that they spend in
between Rs1500 and Rs2000 and in between Rs2000 and Rs2500 daily.
Age wise
Half of the interviewed tourists of up to 15 years of age said that they spend up to Rs500 daily in their
tour of J&K other half of respondents said that they spend in between Rs500 and Rs1000 daily.
57.58% of tourists in the age group of >15 and up to 30 years said that they spend up to Rs500 daily
during the tour. 36.36% tourists in the age group of >15 and up to 30 years said that they spend in
between Rs500 and Rs1000, similarly 6.06 % of tourists in the age group of >15 and up to 30 years
said that they spend in between Rs1000 and Rs1500 daily
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53.33% of tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years said that they spend in between
Rs500 and Rs1000 daily in the tour, 42.22% of tourists in the age group of >30 years and up to 45
years said that they spend up to Rs500 daily during the tour. 2.22% each tourists of >30 years and up to
45 years said that they spend in between Rs1000 and Rs1500 and in between Rs1500 and Rs2000
daily in the tour.
57.89% of tourists of >45 years said that they spend up to Rs500 daily in this tour of J&K. 31.57% of
tourists of >45 years said that they spend in between Rs500 and Rs. 1000 daily in this tour of J&K ,
10.57% tourists of >45 years said that they spend in between Rs. 1000 and Rs. 1500 daily in this tour
Gender wise
40.54% of male tourists said they spend up to Rs500 daily in J&K, 35.14% of male tourists said they
spend in between Rs500 and Rs1000 daily in J&K. 10.81% each male respondents said they spend in
between Rs500 and Rs 1000 and in between Rs1000 and Rs1500 daily here in J&K.
33.33% each of female tourists said they spend up to Rs500 and in between Rs 500 and Rs 1000
daily in J&K, 20 % of female tourists said they spend in between Rs 1000 and Rs1500 daily in J&K.
6.67% each female respondents said they spend in between Rs 1500 and Rs 2000 and in between Rs
2000 and Rs 2500 daily here in J&K.
Tourist’s opinion on the quality of Infrastructure
Taxi services-More than half of interviewed tourists said that the Taxi services of Jammu is either
good or very good. 34.18% of tourists rated the taxi services as average. 2.53% of tourists rated this as
poor.
Bus services- 81.13% of tourists said that bus services of Jammu is good, 10.38% of tourists said that
the bus services of Jammu is average. 8.49% of tourists said that this is very good. 3.45% each said
that this is poor and very poor respectively.
Hotels-Majority of respondents said that the existing hotels of Jammu are either good or very good.
20.75% of respondents said that hotel of Jammu region is average.2.83% of tourists said that hotel of
Jammu region is of poor quality.
Restaurants-Majority of tourists (60.27%) said that the restaurants are good and 15.56% said that the
restaurants are very good. Other 31.51% said that the restaurants are average.
Markets and shopping facility-Majority of tourists said that shopping facility is good. 22.50% said
that market and shopping facility is average.
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Wayside Amenities-11.76 % of tourists said that wayside amenities are of good quality. 58.82% of
tourists said that the way side amenities are of good quality.18.82% of tourists said that it is of average
quality, 8.24% of tourists said that it is of poor quality.
Roads-Majority of tourists said that road of Jammu is of good quality.
Parking-More than half of tourists said that the parking of Jammu is good tourists said.
Local telephone – Majority of tourists(71.08) said that local telephone facility is of good quality.
STD/ISD-majority of tourists(76.70%) said that STD/ISD facility of Jammu is of good quality.
Internet –Majority of tourists said that they have not used Internet facility because availability of
Internet facility is poor.
Tourists on recommending others to visit J&K – Most of the interviewed tourists said that they
would recommend others to visit J&K
Decision influenced by- 58.54% tourists said that friends and relatives influenced their decision to
visit J&K, 28.76% tourists said that they had the prior information about the location.
Those interviewed tourists who visited Jammu region almost all of them visited Jammu city and Katra.
Those tourists who visited Jammu had the only aim was to visit the Vaishnodevi shrines, their faith out
beats everything and they simply responded that they liked the Vaishnodevi Shrine, some of them said
that they liked the arrangement done by the shrine boards for the pilgrims. Few tourists said that they
liked the temples of Jammu. Tourists said that people of Jammu & Katra were cooperative
Tourists visiting Jammu identified number of things, which they disliked.

Tourists disliked the existing security climate in the region. Tourists also disliked the costly food and
higher cost of other things, they also disliked the inadequate basic amenities of Jammu like toilets.
Tourists disliked the bargaining by shopkeepers in the market place.
Tourists suggested that security situation in the Jammu region should be improved, they also suggested
for the cheap accommodation to be made available. Tourists wanted more entertainment facilities in
the Jammu region. Tourists wanted authorities to stop hawkers and others from harassing tourists.

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LADAKH
Tourist Profile
In Ladakh region total 95 tourists were interviewed, out of total tourists 58.95% were males and
41.05% were females. Among interviewed tourists 82.11% tourists were foreigners and rest 17.89 %
tourists were Indians (49.47%) of tourists were in the age group of >30 years and up to 45 years,
36.84% of tourists were in the age group of >15 years and up to 30 years, 9.47% were of >45 years
and up to 60 years, rest 4.21% of tourists were of more than 60 years.
26.32% tourists visiting Ladakh region were the businessmen, 24.21% of tourists were in services,
17.89% each were students and self employed respectively,13.68% were in any other kind of
occupation.
Foreign Tourists
Among interviewed tourists more than 88% tourists were in the middle age group. 41.03% of tourists
were of >15 years and up to 30 years and 47.44% were >30 years and upto 45 years. Tourists belong to
all occupation arrive in the Ladakh region.
Majority of tourists visited Ladakh by aeroplane; all the foreign tourists said that they have arrived to
this place by aero plane. 80% of Indian tourists said that they have arrived by aeroplane where as 20%
of Indian tourists said that they have arrived by taxi.
In Ladakh tourists come from different corners of world to experience the cultural as well as scenic
virgin beauty of the place. To explore the different reasons of their visit we asked the tourists to reveal
the purposes of their visit to J&K.
Tourists gave multiple responses for giving the idea about the purpose of their visit. In 17.89%
responses tourists said their purpose of visit is to see the monasteries, In 14.36% responses tourists said
that they have come for trekking. In 10.57% of responses tourists said that their purpose of visit is to
see the local culture and tradition of Ladakh. In 8.13% of responses tourists said that their purpose to
visit Ladakh is to see the historical monuments. 7.59% responses were for museum, in 7.32%
responses tourists said that their one of the purpose of visit is the available handicrafts in the region,

NEW DELHI
7.05% each responses were for pilgrimage and religious work and fairs and festivals respectively. In
6.50% of responses tourists said that there purpose of visit is to take part in the picnic, In1.08% each
responses tourists said that their purpose of visit is the forest and wild live and fairs and festival.0.81%
responses were for trout fishing, 0.54% each were for business requirement and water sports
respectively. In 2.44% of responses tourists said they visited for other purposes.
Foreign Tourists
It was found that majority of foreign tourists mainly visit Ladakh region for the existing monasteries,
trekking, local culture and tradition of the people, museum and historical monuments of the region.
In 17.98% responses foreign tourists said that they have come for the monasteries of the region. in
16.09% responses tourists said that they have come for trekking, 10.09% responses were for local
culture and tradition of the region.
Age wise
Among tourists of > 15 and up to30 years of age, in 15.28% each responses tourists said that their
purpose of visit is trekking and monasteries. In 13.64% responses tourists said that their purpose of
visit was to see the local culture and tradition of Ladakh region. 9.03% responses were for the
available handicraft in the region. In 8.33% responses tourists said their purpose of visit is to see the
fair and festival of J&K. In 7.64% responses each tourists said their purpose of visit is to enjoy the
scenic beauty and to see the historical monuments in the Ladakh region .In 6.25% each responses
tourists of this age group said that they have come for pilgrimage and religious work and to take part in
the picnic respectively.4.86% responses were for museum, 2.08% of responses for forest sanctuary and
wild life. In 1.39% of responses tourists said that their purpose of visit to meet friends and relatives. In
0.69% each responses tourists said that their purpose of visit is water sports, shopping, and business
requirement
Those tourists who were interviewed in the age group of >30 up to 45 years, on the basis of their
response it was found that they mainly come for monasteries and trekking. In19.02% responses tourists
said that their purpose of visit was monasteries and 13.64% responses were for trekking.

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In 8.52% each responses tourists said that they have come for local culture and tradition and museum
respectively, 7.95% each responses were for Historical monuments and Fairs and festivals.6.82% each
responses were for the Scenic beauty and Handicraft respectively. In 1.14 % each responses tourist of
this age group said that there purpose of visit is meeting friends and relatives and shopping
respectively.
Tourists> 45 up to 60 years
Total 33 responses obtained from tourists of > 45 and up to 60 years of age 24.24% responses of this
age group were for monasteries and 12.24% each were for Scenic beauty and local culture and
tradition.9.09% each responses were for museum and historical monuments in the region.
Tourist> 60 years
Tourists of this age group said mainly they have come for museum, trekking and other preferences
were Monasteries, pilgrimage and religious work, historical monuments and picnic
Sex wise (Foreign tourists)
Foreign tourists of both sex said that main attractions for them are monasteries, trekking routs, local
culture and tradition; museum and historical monuments exist in the region.
Revisit by Tourists in Ladakh
Most of the tourists were interviewed were visiting Ladakh first time. 76.40% of tourists said that they
have come to Ladakh first time; only 23.50% tourists said that they are revisiting the place. Only2.25%
of tourists said that they had already visited the place once before. 10.11% of tourists said that they had
visited Ladakh twice before. 4.49% of tourists said that this is his fourth visit, same percentage of
people said that they had already visited Ladakh four times before.2.24% of tourists said that they had
visited Ladakh more than four times.
Among all the 23.50% tourists who said that they have revisited the Ladakh before, in 21.05%
responses tourists said that they have revisited the region for monasteries, in 18.42% responses tourists
said that they have revisited for trekking. In 10.53% responses each responses tourists said that they
have revisited Ladakh for historical monuments and museum respectively.

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Revisit by Foreign Tourists in Ladakh
Most of the foreign tourists who were interviewed were visiting Ladakh first time. 73.97% of tourists
said that they have come to Ladakh first time; only 26.03% tourists said that they are revisiting the
place. Only2.74% of tourists said that they had already visited the place once before .10.96% of
tourists said that they had visited Ladakh twice before. 5.48% of tourists said that this is his fourth
visit, same percentage of people said that they had already visited Ladakh four times before.1.37% of
tourists said that they have visited Ladakh more than four times
Among all the 26.03% tourists who said that they have revisited the Ladakh before, In 20.55%
responses they said that they have revisited because of the existing monasteries in the region, in
19.18% responses tourists said that they have revisited for trekking. 10.96% responses were each for
museums and historical monuments respectively. In 6.85% responses tourists said that they have
revisited Ladakh for existing handicraft materials in the region. 5.48% each responses were for fairs
and festivals and picnic for scenic beauty and picnic respectively.
Likely Revisit by Tourists in Ladakh
In Ladakh region it was found that majority of tourists want to revisit the region.95.70% of tourists
said that they would like to revisit the region, only 403% of them said that they would not like to
revisit the region again.
Foreign tourists
Among foreign tourists 94.74% of them said that they would like to revisit the state of J&K, only
5.26% of them said that they would not like to revisit the region.
Duration of stay of tourists
Duration of stay of foreign tourists
Foreign tourists stay here for longer period than any other location in the region, half of the
interviewed tourists said that they stayed or planning to stay here for more than 30 days.17.95% of
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tourists said that their duration of stay was of 13 to 17 days.11.54% of tourists said that their duration
of stay was of 3 to 7 days.6.41% each tourists said that they stayed or planning to stay here for 18 to 22
days and below three days respectively in the region.5.13% tourists said that their duration of stay was
of 8 to 12 days.2.56% of tourists said they stayed or planning to stay here for 23 to 29 days
Duration of stay of Indian tourists
76.47% of interviewed tourists said that their duration of stay was of 3 to 7 days, 5.88% said that their
duration of stay was of 30 days and above.5.88% each said that their duration of stay was of 8 to 12
days ,13 to 17 days and 18 to 22 days respectively.
To know about the number of persons accompanying the tourist in their visit to J&K, tourists were
asked to tell about the number of persons accompanying them in their visit to J&K.
64.21% of tourists were visiting the Ladakh along with one person, 18.95% of tourists were visiting
Ladakh alone.14.41% of tourists were accompanied by two persons, 8.42% of tourists were
accompanied by two persons, 5.26% of tourists were accompanied by four persons, rest 2.11% tourists
were accompanied by more than four persons.
Foreign tourists
65.38% of tourists were visiting the Ladakh along with one person, 21.79% of tourists were visiting
Ladakh alone.18.95% of tourists were accompanied by two persons, 8.97% of tourists were
accompanied by two persons, 5.26% of tourists were accompanied by four persons, rest 2.11% tourists
were accompanied by more than four persons.
Spending pattern of tourists
Foreign Tourists
This was observed that most of the tourists prefer to spend minimum in the state of J&K or in other
word it can be said that most of those tourists visit J&K whose spending potential is less. In Ladakh
region 39.74% of interviewed tourists said that they spend between Rs500 and Rs1000 daily in their
tour of Ladakh, 26.92% of tourists said that they spend up to Rs500 daily in this tour of Ladakh,
14.10% said that they spend in between Rs1000 and Rs1500 daily.10.26% tourists said that they
spend in between Rs1500 and Rs2000. 6.41% tourists said they spend in between Rs2000 and Rs2500
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daily. 2.33% of tourists said that they spend in between Rs4500 and Rs 5000 daily and 1.28% of
tourists said that they spend in between Rs2500 and Rs3000 daily in the tour of Ladakh.
Indian tourists
29.41% of tourists said that they spend in between Rs1500 and Rs. 2000. 23.53% of tourists said that
they spend in between Rs 500 and Rs 1000 daily in Ladakh. 17. 65% tourists said that they spend in
between Rs1000 and Rs 1500 daily. 11.76% each said that they spend up to Rs 500 & in between Rs.
2000 and Rs. 2500 daily in the tour of Ladakh
Almost all tourists who visited Ladakh region visited Leh. Other places/ location which tourists visited
were Seh palace, Hemis Gompa, Alchi Gompa, Stok Gompa, Choglansar, Lamayuru, Nubra valley.
Those people who visited the Ladakh region said that they liked the scenic beauty of the place they
liked the mountains, Landscape, mountain, snow mountain. Tourists said that they liked the climate of
the place of the Ladakh region. Tourists said that they liked the monasteries and Gompas of the region,
tourists said that they liked the people and the culture of the Ladakh region.
Tourists in the Ladakh region disliked the filth and garbage in the area, they also disliked the pollution
generated by the vehicle. Tourists said that they disliked the traffic system of the Leh, tourists
complained about the lack of toilet facility for tourists in the region. They said that they disliked the
high Internet charges.Few tourists said that they disliked the lack of good hotel facility.
Since in Ladakh, majority of the respondents ware from abroad, so their suggestions were mostly
according to their need. Majority of them said that Internet facility should be improved. Tourists
suggested that their should be proper mechanism to provide the information about the region and their
should be detailed map of the region.They said that garbage-dumping system should be improved. One
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of their suggestions was of that to increase the quality and quantity of toilets. Electricity was one of
their concerns and they said that the electricity availability should be improved and the lighting system
of the street should be improved. Tourists also suggested to improve the bus stand. Some tourists
suggested that good hotels should be built in the region.

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TRAVEL AGENT SURVEY
In J & K around 26 travel agents could be contacted/ interviewed. In Srinagar 11 and in Jammu 15
travel agents could be contacted. The survey focused on various aspects of tourism industry in J&K.
TRAVEL AGENT SURVEY FINDINGS

KASHMIR
In Kashmir region total 11 travel agents/tour operators were interviewed.
Travel Agents Age Profile
All 11 travel agents were Srinagar based but they operate business in the whole of valley and Ladakh
region. It has been found that business is mostly controlled by second or third generation people as 63
% interviewed travel agents were above 45 years of age and only 27% were below 35 and 9% were in
the age group of 25 to 35.
Type of services provided by travel agents
Regarding type of services provided by tourist it was found 73% of interviewed travel agents provide
Domestic Air and Rail ticketing service. Only 36% of them provide the International air ticketing
facility and same percentage of them could handle travel related documents. Only 27% of travel agents
could look after foreign exchange operation and mere 9% accepts traveler cheques. All travel agents
could do booking in houseboats or hotels for there clients. 91% of them could arrange sight seeing trip
for there customers, same percentage of travel agents can arrange taxi /car on rentals for tourist, again
91% of them said that they arrange conferences and seminars. 18% of them said that they give passport
related service same percentage of travel agents said that they provide visa facilitation
Almost half of travel agents have branches of their business in other parts of country. Travel agents
who have branches are mostly in Delhi and adjoining areas. None has any branch of their business out
of the country.
Leading states from where tourist approaches maximum
Travel agents were asked to name four leading states from where tourist approaches them maximum.
The ranking of the state is calculated on the basis of weighted term of responses of travel agents.
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According to them Maharashtra is the leading state from where tourist approaches them maximum,
Gujarat is ranked second leading state from where tourist approaches them maximum, Delhi is ranked
third, West Bengal is ranked fourth, Karnataka is ranked fifth, Andhrapradesh sixth UP seventh and
Tamilnadu is ranked eighth.
In weighted terms as per travel agents 38% of them ranked Maharashtra as the leading states from
where tourist approaches them maximum. Similarly in weighted term 27% of people ranked Gujarat as
the second leading state from where tourist come ,16% of people ranked Delhi as third leading state
from where tourist approaches them maximum.9% in weighted term ranked West Bengal 4’th leading
state from where tourist arrive similarly 8% in weighted term ranked Karnataka as 5th leading state,
35% ranked Andhrapradesh and U.P. as 6th leading state from where tourist approaches. Tamilnadu is
ranked 7th in weighted terms 1.16% in weighted term said so.
Tourist preferences for the different regions of Jammu & Kashmir
Travel agents were asked to give regional preferences of tourist between Jammu, Leh, Kashmir. Travel
agents of Kashmir ranked Kashmir as leading region where tourist prefer to visit 39.18% in weighted
terms ranked Kashmir as leading region Ladakh has been ranked 2’nd and 29.72% in weighted term
ranked Ladakh as second popular state. Jammu got 18.91% in weighted terms and is ranked third
Kargil region is ranked fourth with 12.16% in weighted terms.
Problems faced by tourist in J&K
Regarding problem faced by tourists, it is found that various kind of problems do exist. 15% of them
said main problem for tourist is excess security checking by security personals similarly 5% said
unfavorable security climate as main reason. 15% of them complained against the electricity shortage
and they identified it as a problem for tourist. 10% said lack of tourist car/coaches is a problem for
tourists. 10% said lack of receiving facility at Srinagar Airport is a problem. Similarly 10%
complained against inadequate communication facility as one of the problem for tourist 5% each
identified lack of professional tourist guides and poor air services to be problem for tourists.
Tourist guide services
On providing tourist guide service it is found that 64% of them provide tourist guide but 18% do not
provide any tourist guide facility, 18% of them did not respond.
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About professional qualification of tourist guide, 36% of them said that tourist guides are
professionally qualified but 28% said that they are professionally not qualified, 36% of them did not
respond.
Tourist guide with the Knowledge of foreign languages
Regarding demand for the tourist guide with the knowledge of foreign language. Guides with the
knowledge of English stood first and 64% of travel agent “said tourist demands tourist guide with the
knowledge of English. For the demand of tourist guide with the knowledge of French 55% of travel
agents said yes. 45% of travel agents said yes, for German, Japanese Italian and Chinese, 36% said yes
for Arabic, 18% said yes for Taiwanese and Hebrew 9% said yes, for Spanish and Russian.
Per Day Spending potential of tourists coming to J&K
Only 36% of total respondents responded for question related to per day spending potential of tourist
from different states/ regions. Out of 36% of respondents 50% said that south Indian spends in between
Rs. 501 and Rs. 1500. Whereas 25% of respondents said south Indians spend in between Rs. 1501 and
Rs. 2500, 25% said south Indians spend in between Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500. 25% equally said west
Indians spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs. 1500, Rs. 1501 and Rs. 2500, Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500 and
25% said Rs. 3500 & above. 25% said north Indians spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs. 1500 and 25%
said Rs. 1501 and Rs. 2500. 50 % said East Indians spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs. 1500, 25% said
East Indians spend in between Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500. 25% Foreigners spend in between Rs. 1501 and
Rs. 2500, 75% of respondents said foreigners spends in between Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500.
Preferential demands for Evening and night entertainment
Regarding preferential demands for evening and night entertainment in the Kashmir region 19%
respondents said cultural programme at different spots should be organized. 19% said casino should be
opened, 12.5% said Pubs and Bars should be opened. According to 12.5% Discotheque can be opened.
Similarly 12.5% said Cinema theatres are required 6.25 each said folk music in dunga and light and
sound show should be restarted.

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Infrastructure in different regions of J&K
73% of respondents responded to the satisfaction level of respondents about existing infrastructure in
the state. Out of these, 37.5% said they are satisfied with the existing hotels in Jammu region and other
37.5% said that they are not satisfied with the existing hotels of Jammu region. 25% respondent didn’t
prefer to respond for this question. 50% of them are not satisfied with the tourist guides of Jammu
region where as 25% of them are satisfied with the tourist guide of Jammu region rest 25% didn’t
respond to the question. Regarding restaurants of Jammu region 62.5% said that they are satisfied with
restaurants of Jammu region 12.5% are not satisfied with the restaurants, 25% didn’t respond to the
question .50% of the respondents are satisfied with the Road of Jammu region, 37.5% are not satisfied
with the Road of Jammu region 12.5% didn’t respond to this question.50% of them said they are
satisfied with the taxis of Jammu region other 50% said they are not. Regarding Bus service in Jammu
75% said they are satisfied other 25% said they are not satisfied. For Air services in Jammu 62.5% said
they are satisfied but 12.5% said that they are not satisfied, rest 25% didn’t respond to this question.
Regarding Telephone services in Jammu region 75% said that they are satisfied but other 25% said that
they are not satisfied.

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TRAVEL AGENT SURVEY FINDINGS

Jammu
Travel Agents Age Profile
In Jammu region total 15 travel agents/tour operators were interviewed.
All 15 travel agents were Jammu based but they operate business in the whole of Jammu & Kashmir. It
is found that business is mostly in hand of young generation. 47%-interviewed travel agents were in
the age group of 36 to 45, 40% were in the age group of 25 to 35 and rest 13% were below 25.
Type of services provided by travel agents
Regarding type of services provided by travel agents it was found 87% of interviewed travel agents
provide Domestic Air and Rail ticketing service. Only 40% of them provide the International air
ticketing facility and 33% percentage of them could handle travel related documents. Only 13% of
travel agents look after foreign exchange operation for there client and 27% accepts travel Cheques .
Majority of travel agents(80%) book houseboats or hotels for their clients. 93% of them could arrange
sight seeing trip for there customers, same percentage of travel agents can arrange taxi /car on rentals
for tourist. None of them said that they arrange conferences and seminars, give passport related
service, and provide visa facilitation
None of travel agents have branches of their business in other parts of country
Leading states from where tourist approaches maximum
On the basis of weighted term of responses of travel agents, Delhi is the leading state from where
tourist approaches them maximum, Maharashtra is ranked second, Gujarat is ranked third, Punjab is
ranked fourth, west Bengal & Rajasthan are ranked fifth, UP sixth Andhra Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh
ranked seventh and Karnataka and Bihar are ranked eighth.
Tourist preferences for the different regions of Jammu & Kashmir
Travel agents were asked to give regional preferences of tourist in Jammu, Ladakh & Kashmir. Travel
agents of Jammu ranked Jammu as leading region where tourist prefer to visit, more than 48% in
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weighted term ranked Jammu as leading region, Ladakh has been ranked 2’nd , 24% in weighted term
ranked Ladakh as second popular region . Kashmir got 17% in weighted terms and is ranked third
Kargil region is ranked fourth with 11% in weighted terms.
Problems faced by tourist in J&K
Regarding problem faced by tourist, Security threat to tourist identified by travel agents as main
problem. Other problems which have been identified are following behavior of security personals,
Cheating in shops, Berth reservation problem in train, Lack of information, High room fair in the
hotels, Fooding problem, Traffic problem, Non availability of water at bus stand, Electricity shortage,
Place to rest at wayside.
Tourist guide services
On providing tourist guide services this is found that more than 73% of them provide tourist guide but
near about 27 % do not provide any tourist guide facility. Regarding professional qualification of
tourist guides, more than 73% of them said that tourist guides are professionally qualified but near
about 27 % said that they are professionally not qualified.
Tourist guide with the Knowledge of foreign languages
Regarding demand, by tourist for the tourist guides with the knowledge of foreign languages. All of the
travel agents said that there is no demand for any tourist guide with knowledge of any foreign
language.
Per Day Spending potential of tourists coming to J&K
Travel agents were asked about the spending potential of tourist coming form different regions.
Regarding south Indians, nearly about 47% of respondents said that south Indian spends less than Rs
500, near about other 47% said that they spend in between Rs 501 and Rs. 1500, Whereas near about
6% of respondents said south Indian spend in between Rs 1501 and Rs. 2500. 36% respondents said
west Indian spends in between Rs 501 and Rs. 1500, Rs 1501 and Rs. 2500 & 21% spend in between
Rs 2501 and Rs. 3500 respectively, only 7% said west Indian spend up to Rs 500. More than half of
travel agents (53%) said north Indian spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs. 1500, and 40% said north
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Indian spend up to 500 & in between Rs. 1501 and Rs. 2500 respectively. Only 7% said north Indian
spend in between Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500. Majority of respondents (74%) said East Indian spend only
upto Rs 500, 13% said East Indians spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs 1500, 6.5% each said East
Indians spend in between Rs. 1501 and Rs. 2500 & Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500 respectively . More than
one fourth of travel agents (40%) said foreigners spend in between Rs. 2501 and Rs. 3500, 20% each
said foreigners spend up to Rs 500 & in between Rs. 1501 and Rs. 2500 respectively. 10% also said
that foreigners spend Rs 3500 & above.
Preferential demands for Evening and night entertainment
Regarding preferential demands for evening and night entertainment in the Jammu region it was found
that travel agents of Jammu region want all modern evening and night entertainment facilities for
Jammu, 46.6% travel agent said there is a demand for nightclub in Jammu, 33.33% people said that
garden with lighting facility should be built for tourists so that tourist can visit the park in the evening
and night. 20% travel agents said that Discotheque should be open. Few travel agents said to build
theater for cultural program. Travel agents suggested other demands to build facility on the pattern of
Bombay based Essel world or Delhi based Appu ghar. Late night shopping facility in Jammu, 24 hour
Zoo, pools, Boating in the evening were the other demands.
Regarding problem faced by tourist, majority (66.6%) of travel agents said that security threat to
tourist is one of the main problems, 13.33% each said cheating in shops, Berth reservation in train and
behavior of security personals respectively are problems. Other problems identified by travel agents
were misguiding by touts, cheating in hotels, inferior road, lack of information about tourist places,
high room fair in hotels, fooding problem, traffic problem, and electricity shortage.
Tourist preferences for different attractions age wise
Regarding preferences of tourists of different age group for different attractions in Jammu regions, it is
found Jammu is famous for Mata Vaishnodevi shrine and tourism of Jammu mainly rely on the tourist
coming to visit the shrines, same was observed in our survey. All of interviewed travel agents said that
Pilgrimage and religious work is the most important attraction among all age group. 80% respondents
said that Scenic beauty is second most popular attraction among tourists, 66.66% respondents said that
third most important reason of tourist flow in Jammu is business and professional requirement.
Although 13.33% respondents said that second important reason of tourist flow in Jammu is business
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and professional requirement, similarly 13.33% respondents said that third important reason of tourist
flow in Jammu is scenic beauty. Only 6.66% respondents said fair and festivals is fourth important
factor of tourist arrivals in Jammu region
On similar line like all age group people Majority (86.66%) of travel agents said that people up to 15
years of age come for pilgrimage and religious work but 13.33% of travel agents said that people up to
15 years of age mainly come for scenic beauty. 6.66% travel agents said that second preferences of
tourist up to 15 years of age is picnic at the same time 6.66% of travel agents said that third
preferences of tourist up to 15 years of age is picnic.
There is no different opinion about tourist >15 years and up to 30 years, all of travel agents said first
preferences of these tourist in Jammu region is pilgrimage and Religious work, 40% said second
preferences of tourist of this age group is to visit places of scenic beauty, 20% travel agents said that
second most important reason of tourist coming of this age group is Business or Professional
requirement but 6.66% travel agents said that shopping is the second most important attraction for this
age group.26.66% of travel agents said that scenic beauty is the third most important attraction for
tourist of this age group in this region, 20% of travel agents said that Business or professional
requirement is the third most important attraction for tourist of this age group.
Tourist of >30 years up to 45 years mainly come for pilgrimage and religious work in the Jammu
region is the view of all of interviewed travel agents.46.66% of travel agents said that second
preference of this age group tourists is to visit the places of scenic beauty ,where as 6.66% of travel
agents said that scenic beauty is third preference .13.33% of travel agents said that second reason of
visit of tourists in this region of this age group is there business and professional requirements, and
33.33% of travel agents said that third most important reason of tourist visiting this place is business
and professional requirements.
Pilgrimage and religious work is the first preference of tourist of >45Years – 60 Years said by all the
interviewed travel agents 33.33% said that Scenic beauty is the second most important attraction for
people of this age group. Mere 6.66% travel agents said that business and professional requirement is
the third reason of tourist of this age group coming to this place.
Like other age group tourist of >60 years mainly come for pilgrimage and religious work in the Jammu
region is the view of all of interviewed travel agents.33.33% said that second attraction for this age
group tourist is visiting places of scenic beauty.
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Suggestions of travel agents for enhancing tourist flow in the state
This is observed that travel agents wanted to have more aggressive advertisement and publicity from
government to promote tourism in J&K. Most of there suggestions were for advertisement or publicity
about actual situation and tourist places of J&K. They wanted government to advertise about new
locations and to do publicity about the improved security situation in the Jammu. According to them
Government should try to change the image of J&K in the media.
Infrastructure in different regions of J&K
It was observed that travel agents of Jammu were satisfied with he most of existing infrastructure of
Jammu region. All of interviewed travel agents said they are satisfied with the Hotels, Restaurants, Bus
services, Air services, Telephone services, Banking services in Jammu. 93.33% each of interviewed
travel agents were satisfied with the existing Road, Train services and Taxi services respectively. 46.66
% of travel agents were satisfied with the tourist guides available in Jammu.
On the other hand Travel agents were very unsatisfied with some other services, only 20% interviewed
travel agents were satisfied with the security services, only 13.33% travel agents were satisfied with
the existing public toilets in Jammu, only 6.66% travel agents were satisfied with the parking facility in
the city.
New locations in Jammu regions
Travel agents of Jammu identified many locations, which can be developed as tourist locations in
future. Majority of travel agents (66.7%) said Mansar can be developed as new major tourist location.
40% of them said that Jhajhar kotli can be developed as tourist location in future .33.33% each said
that Places like Sanasar and Mantalai, can be developed in future respectively. 26.66% each said that
Patnitop and Bag e Bahu should be developed, 20% said that Sanasar should be developed.13.33% said
Rajori should be developed,6.7% each suggested about places like Riasi, seven lakes ,Mandwar, sarta,
Noori sang Rajori water fall.

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SURVEY FINDINGS OF HOTELIERS/ RESTAURANTS OWNER/

HOUSEBOATS IN J&K
Respondents Business profile
Total 124 respondents have been covered, out of them 45.96% were involved in the Hotel business and
13.70% were involved in the Restaurants business, 12.09% were Houseboat owners, rest were
involved in other related business.
Services provided by Hoteliers
Regarding type of services provided by Hoteliers/ Restaurant owners/Houseboat owners it was found
62.90% of interviewed Hoteliers/ Restaurant owners/Houseboat owners provide Domestic Air and Rail
ticketing services. Only 35.48% of them provide the International air ticketing facility and 29.83%
percentage of them could handle travel related documents. Only 11.29% of Hoteliers/ Restaurant
owners/Houseboat owners could look after foreign exchange operation and mere 13.70% would accept
travel cheques. 36.20% could book houseboats or hotels for there clients. 77.4% of them could arrange
sight seeing trip for there customers, 52.23% Hoteliers/ Restaurant owners/ Houseboat owners could
arrange taxi /car on rentals for tourists, 24.19% of them said that they also arrange for conferences and
seminars.
Spending potential of tourists coming to J&K
Hoteliers/ Restaurant owners/ Houseboat owners were asked about the spending potential of tourist
coming form different regions. Regarding south Indians more than 34% of respondents said that south
Indians spends up to Rs500, more than 56% said that they spend in between Rs 501 and Rs. 1500 and
4.35% said that they spend more than Rs 3500 and above. More than 48% respondent said west
Indians spend in between Rs 501 and Rs. 1500 and 21.28% each said that west Indians spend Rs 1501
and Rs. 2500, only 4.26% said west Indians spend Rs 3500 and above. Majority of Hoteliers/
Restaurants owners/ Houseboat owners (62.50%) said north Indians spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs.
1500, and only 29.17% said north Indians spend up to Rs. 500. 46.67% respondents said East Indians
spend up to Rs 500, 44.44% said East Indians spend in between Rs. 501 and Rs 1500. 34.78%
Hoteliers/ Restaurants owners/ Houseboat owners said foreigners spend in between Rs. 501 to Rs.
1500, 28.26% said foreigners spend in between Rs1500 and Rs. 2500. 21.74% also said that foreigners
spend Rs 3500 & above
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Satisfaction with the support services
More than half of Hoteliers/ Restaurant owners/ Houseboat owners said that they are satisfied with the
Hotels, Restaurants, and Public toilets, Security services in Jammu. More than two third of respondents
said that they are satisfied with the Taxis, Bus services, Air services, Telephone services, Parking, train
services. Only 45.10% respondents said that they are satisfied with the roads of Jammu.
All of the respondents said that they are satisfied with the Hotels of Srinagar. More than two third of
respondents said that they are satisfied with the Tourist guides, Restaurants, Roads, Taxis, Security
services in Jammu, Bus services, Air services, Telephone services. Less than half of the respondents
said that they are satisfied with the Parking, and Public toilet in Srinagar Restaurants, and Public
toilets, Security services in Jammu.
Most of the respondents were satisfied with the Hotels, Tourist guides , Restaurants, Roads, Taxis,
Security services in Jammu, Bus services, Air services, Telephone service of the Ladakh region.

NEW DELHI
SURVEY FINDINGS LOCAL COMMUNITY OF J&K
Preferences of tourists
Total 75 local community members of J&K have been interviewed and we selected respondents from
all three regions. In Kashmir region most of the local people said that tourists come here to see the
scenic beauty of the Kashmir regions, People said that tourists also come here for religious work and
pilgrimage purpose. Few local people said that tourists also come here for trekking and for their
business and professional requirements. Almost all of people of Jammu region said that tourists come
here for Pilgrimage and religious work; People said that although they mainly come for Pilgrimage and
religious work but they also visit places like Patnitop for the scenic beauty of the place.
Majority of the respondents of Ladakh region said that the tourists mainly come here to see the
monasteries and for trekking. Some Local people also said that tourists come here for Handicrafts and
fairs and festivals of the Ladakh.
Infrastructure
Majority of the local people of Kashmir said that quality of Air services, Airport services, Hotels,
Shikaras, Houseboat, Restaurents, Market shopping, Local telephone facility are good. Near about half
of the respondents said that Bus services of Kashmir region is of average quality. Parking facility is
said poor by more than half of respondents of Kashmir region. Near about half of the respondents said
that Way side amenities of Kashmir region is of average quality, 21.74% of the respondents said that
wayside amenities of Kashmir region is of poor quality, More than half of respondents said that the
availability of wayside amenities is poor in the region. More than half of respondents said that
availability of the tourists guide in the Kashmir region is average and near about one fourth of
respondents said that the availability of tourist guide is poor.
More than half of respondents said that Bus service, Hotels, Market and shopping, Roads, Local
telephone facility’s/ ISD facility, Post office facility are of good quality in Jammu region. One fourth
of the respondents said that the parking facility of the Jammu region is of average quality and rest one
fourth said that parking facility of Jammu region is of poor quality. According to the respondents of
Jammu region almost all the necessary infrastructure exist in the region.

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46.15% of interviewed local communities of Ladakh region said that the Airport services is of average
quality and 19.23% of them said that it is of poor quality. More than half of respondents said that the
Market and shopping, tourist guides, STD/ISD facility are of average quality.
Comfortable Stay of tourists
Majority of respondents (96%) in Kashmir said that tourists have comfortable stay in the Kashmir
region; only 4% said that tourists don’t have comfortable stay in the region.
Jammu region was no different than Kashmir region and majority of local people think that tourists
have comfortable stay in the Jammu region.
In Ladakh region around one fourth of the respondents said that tourists do not have comfortable stay
in the region, rest 76% said that tourists have comfortable stay in the region.

NEW DELHI
SURVEY FINDINGS EXPERTS VISITS
Expectation of Tourists
Surveys both on domestic and foreign tourists visiting the States indicate that the visiting
tourists have rather simple demands for our consideration.
The tourist today wants an efficient communication network. He desires the roads to be well
maintained and clean. He wants a dedicated electricity supply in his room; he wants his food on time
where he is staying; he wants a quick efficient internet facility to get him connected to his home or
business base, and he gets his messages in India without a hitch.
He wants a public transport, which is not over crowded; he wants the taxi service in the State to
be less expensive and the drivers more courteous. Some of the sampled foreign tourists were extremely
unhappy with the behaviour of the taxi drivers and three wheeler drivers.
The tourist visiting the State of J&K is not asking for five star hotels. What he is asking is a
place which is homely. The foreign tourists in particular have some set habits of their daily life. It is
for the State tourist industry to recognise some of the basic needs of our visitor and cater to them. Our
consideration is, that the State Directorate of Tourism should identify service providers, get the house
holders registered in villages who would be owners of one, two or even three bed rooms and convert
them into living ‘modules’.
These bed rooms will be of minimum size 4.25 meters by 3.50 meters each module will have a
set of crockery for the service of lunch/dinner. It shall have a study table, chair with separate light, two
side tables beside the double bed, one telephone connection, one clothe iron, clean cotton line, small
amount of toiletry, special toiletry for women, solar power emergency light (where there is no power,
or power is disrupted); the room should be providing sun light and warmth. There should be adequate
independent room heating facilities.
The State Department of Tourism should provide the first set of standardise crockery, rooms
furniture and cooking utensils depending on the total offered bed capacity.
Civil Aviation
The State of J&K is presently served by three airports namely Srinagar, Jammu and Leh. The
Jammu airstrip is the smallest but has high utility since aircrafts moving to Srinagar and Leh transit
through this mini hub. There are also shuttle flights between Leh and Jammu.
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Air Traffic in J&K
Jammu Airport is served by Indian Airlines, Jet Airways and Sahara Airlines Passenger traffic
to Jammu causes no problems because there is enough passenger traffic to fill the plane destined for
Vaishno Devi Shrine in the Trikuta Hills.
Passenger traffic to Srinagar, through Srinagar Airport, is directly linked with what is reported
in the newspapers on law and order, and therefore, it is most unpredictable today.
Traffic to Leh for civilian passengers is limited to a five months period between May and
September. In the remaining months a new statistical low plateau remains when only defense and
para-military personnel are using the airlines facilities, to move in or out from Leh.
Very few tourist from South India
Surveys attempted to find out the originating station of visiting domestic tourist coming into the
State, show that there is hardly any tourist traffic originating from the States of Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka and Kerala, destined to Srinagar, Jammu or Leh.
We had an opportunity to question the stray tourist visitors during the period of our study, who
came from these areas, and their common refrain was the very high cost of travel.
The long distances discourage the domestic traveler of limited means, to travel by train across
the whole of the country with his family members and then pursue his interest in mountain routes for
more time.
Entertainment
Surveys conducted by the Consultants in Ladakh, Kashmir and Jammu regions reflected
unanimity amongst the tourists that the State was wanted in entertainment plans after sun-set.
The climate of militancy has also contributed to a very large extent in the disappearance of
commercial activities which provided to tourists to entertain themselves in Kashmir Valley.
Traditionally Ladakh region because of its severe cold climate was not developed to provide
entertainment for tourists. Most of the festivals which are registered in the region fall in the summer or
autumn season and festivities are located in the courtyards of well-known monasteries. To fill this
void, the State Government started the Ladakh Festival which again falls in the summer season and

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lately the Sindhu Darshan event has helped to extend the tourist season by another one week in Indus
Valley.
In the entire Ladakh region there is only one cinema hall located at Leh for public access. The
physical conditions inside this cinema hall can only be tolerated by the local youth for which there is
no other avenue for entertainment. Cable Television in Leh town is not very popular yet because of
scarcity of power supply. Some of the more enterprising hotel owners have installed their own cable
network and provided power to run the television sets using captive generating plants.
There are two views regarding entertainment in Ladakh. In a majority of cases foreign tourists
insist on their local hosts that they do not wish to have TV sets in their rooms because they are running
away from all the noise of consumerism created in the West. The Indian tourists on the other hand
insist on the largest selection of channels in the TV sets installed in their rooms. Sometimes there are
differences coming out in the open between the foreign and domestic Indian tourists when the
domestic tourists keep the volume of the TV sets high enough for the neighbouring room to get
disturbed.
Yet the foreign and domestic tourists both feel the absence of traditional entertainment which
they would like to be acquainted with. Ladakh region has no cultural centre or an auditorium to
organize functions indoors. And indoor sports stadium has been inaugurated in the summer of 2002
and it still lacks the minimum furniture.
In Kashmir Valley, the best facility for organizing entertainment is available at the SK
International Convention Centre on Dal Lake. Presently this is not accessible to tourists and is used
only for hosting rare conferences organized at the State or national level.
The city cinema halls except one are all closed and two have been devastated by arson
committed by local militants. The wrath of the militants still runs in the Valley against the cable
operators with the result that cable and TV programmes are socially controlled and operators run the
risk of being injured or killed for violating the militants’ wrath. Outside Srinagar, the supply of
electricity is erratic and within the city of Srinagar the voltage potential has only recently improved
enough to help TV sets operate. Srinagar town does not have a national public auditorium. A social
curfew is imposed in the whole Valley at set-set and shops closed so effectively leaving the town with
a ghostly appearance. The tourist is locked in in his hotel room virtually. For the high value tourist,
again, there is no entertainment and the State Government has not offered opportunities for artistes to
perform regularly in towns or in hotels. Artistes from other States are fearful of entering the Valley.

NEW DELHI
In Jammu region again for the tourists there are insufficient diversions. The shops provide
enough material for curiosity and visit. The local cinema halls run regular movies and a small theatre
activity is also noticeable in Jammu city. Beyond Jammu city the region is devoid of any cultural
activities or entertainment diversions.
Golf clubs for those who are inclined to outdoor activities exist in Punch, Jammu, Udhampur,
Srinagar, Pahalgam, Gulmarg and Leh. The State Government has a policy to design more golf clubs
to attract international tourists to the centres where the game of golf is offered. There is no selling
activity within the State. There is a potential to generate this sports in many parts in the region. Water
sports even otherwise are restricted to small stretches of rivers and the activity is not well publicized.
For example, rafting and white water sports are organized on river Indus between Leh and Nemoh.
Some small sections of river Janskar have been used for rafting.
The State has been organizing recently the winter sports activities to extend the tourist season
into the cooler months in Ladakh and Kashmir region but the emphasis is on Gulmarg. Additional
work is under way to enlarge the existing successful schemes to expand winter sports including a
suggestion to develop six now slopes for skiing in the Pirpanjal range. The Kondala cable ropeway at
Gulmarg has been a successful venture and a new cable ropeway is under planning to connect
Shankaracharya Temple from its base at Dal Lake. This may again be a daytime activity. Similar
ropeway schemes exist in Vaishno Devi shrine. Additional schemes to install ropeways are identified
in other parts of the State.
There have been repeated suggestions to introduce the Casino in the State. Traders in Jammu
have put such a demand. The Consultants do not see the suggestion well for its location in a pilgrim
visited centre but the suggestion need not be swept away outright.
As mentioned earlier the development of the infrastructure for tourism must be preceded by
development of other support services such as consumer goods, agro based industry, handicrafts, civic
amenities, enroute tourist facilities, health resorts, cultural centres, etc. The status of these services is
discussed in the following paragraphs.
Consumer goods
An inspection of the shelves of general merchant shops in the State reveals the absence of
locally manufactured products. The presence of products manufactured by multi-national companies is
NEW DELHI
pre-dominant followed by well-known Indian brands. In Jammu and Ladakh, foreign brands are
noticeable while in Ladakh the shops are predominantly exposed to smuggled Chinese products. The
general absence of Kashmiri products is a matter of disappointment. It is in the traditional sector of
goods like saffron, dry fruit products, traditional handicrafts, woodcrafts, that one finds they are locally
made.
It was not so all that bad in the early 1950s, the State of Kashmir in particular had some local
industries which supplied products to the local market. Selective and partisan Nationalisation Industrial
Policy was probably the main cause which led to the disappearance of these industrial undertakings
while some of the entrepreneurs on their own left the State for better opportunities.
Presently the effort to develop the industries is to allow the development of industrial
establishments mainly in Jammu region on the plea that they are nearer to the main markets of North
India. Kathua district is being planned for the next 10 years to be converted into a major industrial
area. This again may have its merit but it is again an activity which ignores the other parts of the State
and their industrial potential. It is not helping in the absorption of wide-spread unemployed persons as
the three distinct regions also suffer from population inertia as well as isolation.
A major factor that is now noticed by working to the disadvantage to industrialize the State of
J&K is the present interpretation and enforcement of the ‘State Citizen’ laws which prohibited non-
citizens of the State from having any access independently to undertake industrial activity or to
generate economic growth. Civil servants who have spend their entire life in serving the State of J&K
cannot settle down in the State in retirement if they are non-State citizens. Under the existing law even
non-resident Kashmiris who moved out of the local area two centuries ago can have no foothold today
in the State’s future if they want to play any role and this is because of the manner in which the State
citizen laws are interpreted or exist.
The result has been that in the organized industrial private sector there is no brand name
existing which has a production base in the State of J&K. All the State Public Undertakings are failed
ventures. All Government of India Undertakings are struggling to retain their presence and with rare
exception all of them are running in huge losses. Within the limited knowledge of the Consultants, the
only Government of India undertaking which is successfully operational is the Uri Hydel Project.

NEW DELHI
Agro & Related Industry
The State of J&K in the past survived on an agriculture base. In the past 50 years, serious
efforts to develop agriculture were made which resulted in upgrading of agriculture activities but the
effort to control the growth of population at the same time have eroded the benefits of increased
agriculture activity.
Irrigation facilities are dependent upon the extent of snowfall or rainfall which comes in
different seasons. Traditional floods in the Valley may be seen in the months of February and March,
while in Jammu there would be in August and in Ladakh it is in September, if it floods.
The State has tried to develop an irrigation system based on a network of canals using the
waters of Jhelum but the system is not very efficient. With water found in many places as a perennial
source the Valley of Kashmir is now suffering rounds of dry season. The proposal to embank the
Jhelum water in Wular Lake are obstructed by the Indus-Water Treaty. Even then because of lack of
sufficient power generation it is not possible to presently contemplate any lift schemes in the Valley
for providing water for irrigation. Because of heavy deforestation many of the perennial water springs
have dried out or are now releasing insufficient water for irrigation purpose. The State has an Inland
Waters and Lake Board which is supposed, amongst many things, to regenerate Dal Lake, save the
Wuler Lake from further shrinking, find the resources to improve the water flow in Jhelum river and
identify also water potential in other regions.
In the agriculture sector, the development of fruit orchards has not shown consistent growth.
The State has not done any significant work for diversifying the varieties or to upgrade the post harvest
management techniques of apple and other related fruit industries. The result is that Apple and other
related fruit products out of Kashmir are now finding strong competitions by imported fruit from
Australia and New Zealand. The great irony is that wholesale market of Kashmiri apple is nowhere
within the State of Kashmir but happens to be the Azadpur Mandi in Delhi. The fruit canning
industries now exist apparently on paper only. Most of the fruit products originating from Kashmir are
brought out of the State and canned in Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh. The further development of
the fruit canning industry has been severely constrained by bottlenecks due to irregular power supply,
poor means of transportation to markets outside the state, etc.
Until 1847 the Kashmiris were not aware of utilizing the egg product in poultry rearing. Even
now Animal husbandry exists while poultry farming is not receiving attention it deserves.

NEW DELHI
Food for the table except bread is generally imported into the State. This is one sector of
support services which needs to be totally rejuvenated to make the State a surplus area for the export of
consumable agriculture products.
State of Finance
The visitors to the State of J&K should know that figuratively speaking the people of the State
are not poor.
There are visible signs of prosperity in most parts of the State. The construction of new houses
has been an on going process inspite of very bad phases in law and order in the last 12 years. The
worst hit public activity was of the tourist industry but otherwise life in the State has not been
unbearable.
The Government of India provided funds for various governmental activity; more funds came
from outside the State for various unofficial activities or through repatriation of money from those who
were working abroad particularly in the Middle-East.
The economies in Jammu and Ladakh region were not severely hit and economic growth
remained at an acceptable level. The economic activity however related to tourist industry in the
Valley of Kashmir suffered immense damage and the industry practically came to a stand still.
Banking services in the Valley of Kashmir were severely affected. The natonalised banks
stopped functioning as their staff was mostly consisting of persons from outside the State and they
feared becoming targets of militants. They left their jobs as they moved out of the State borders. This
led to a severe shortages in staff and the nationalise banks located in the Valley pulled down their
shutters.
The foreign banks also suffered serious business activity for a variety of reasons and also for
the fact that the work of financing industrial activity in the Valley was seriously disrupted. The foreign
bank totally withdrew their business from the Valley.
Except for some branches of the State Bank of India the major banking institutions of the
country have not reopened their branches in the Valley of Kashmir and there is no plan yet to revive
banking services to the level as they were existing in the Valley in 1988.

NEW DELHI
One bank in particular has taken advantage of the circumstances, and this is the Bank of J&K.
This bank is predominantly staffed by persons of local origin, and therefore, it did not suffer any
migration of staff from any of its branches and continued to function. Left as the only source to
provide small loans, the bank came up with schemes which monopolised the market. It begun to offer
these scheme as the only options left for the common man to work with, if he wanted financial loans
for business activities.
Disbursement of Loans
In the course of time in the past six year because of the absence of the nationalised banks in
large number working in the Valley, the State Government also parked its funds in the Bank of J&K.
This led to an extraordinary growth in the banking activities of this small bank, which has now
expanded into the more remote parts of the State as well as opened new branches in other parts of the
country which have small pockets of Kashmiri residents living and working.
The growth of the Bank of J&K is unparalleled in the recent banking history in the country.
We can not grudge this unique feature. We still have to comment on some activities of public services
carried out by the local bank which are not helpful to those persons known to be in distress.
The system for loan seekers desires the applicant to file an application for seeking loans. The
bank insists on property collateral before the loans are sanctioned. As soon as the money is about to
the released to meet the financial requirements of identified business, the bank insists on 50 percent of
the loan to be converted as fixed deposit in the same banking branch from where the loan was released.
In effect the person-seeking loan becomes a debter of the bank having mortgaged his properties
and he also does not get sufficient funds to meet his business requirements. On the other hand the
bank is able to show in one column having released a substantial number of loans and in another
column the bank shows new financial assets as fixed deposit opened by persons who have drawn the
loan in the first instance.
We see this as a malpractice in the bank services being currently carried out which is not
leading to desired economic assistance in the regenerate of small business in the Valley.
Another practice which is viewed as a harassment is noticed from of the operating branches of
the nationalised banks. Any person applying for loans in the State of J&K with any nationalise bank
must first apply and attach a statement in his application that he has not taken any loans from any other
bank mortgaging the same property. All the branches of the banks existing in the Valley have to
provide a ‘No Objection Certificate’.

NEW DELHI
Attached is a sample case in the body of this main Report, to indicate the kind of work
necessary for an applicant to undertake when he is seeking a small loan. Inspite of completing the
demanded formalities the loan may still not be given, as it is the total discretion of the local bank
approached for the purpose to deny the loan. In case of the applicant of the loan whose photocopy
document are attached the denial for the loan was made known to him. During our survey we were
shown more than 2000 similar applications as proof that his instance was not an isolated case.
The tourists visiting the region is advised to carry travelers cheque. During the militancy
period in the State of J&K, trunk dialing facility to telephone subscribers had been withdrawn. The
result was that credit cards facility in the whole of the State came to a stop as most of the credit cards
services facilities were interconnected with foreign banks in the Delhi or Mumbai. One enterprising
businessmen however had deviced a system of accepting credit cards from high valued tourists and
taken down the essential requirements of credit facilities from his clients. The collected vouchers
were then dispatched to New Delhi banks by a courier every fortnight to be converted into cash.
The enterprise created negative profit, to the establishment but the businessman insisted that the
availability of credit facilities in his establishment to his clients would ensure the return of his clients
to him in future and he valued his business more than temporary loss of profits.
The closure a large number of branches of nationalised banks created problems for domestic
tourists in the Valley. Foreign exchange conversion facility also dropped significantly in Kashmir
Valley as banking counters remained closed. This is not the case for Ladakh and Jammu region. A
profile of the foreign exchange conversion counters available in Kashmir Valley shows that this
service is very limited and there is great scope to enlarge the facility by granting licenses to
shopkeepers who receive both foreign and domestic tourists.
Businesses in Kashmir Valley in the last decade have suffered substantially and an
overwhelming number of small businesses catering to support services in the tourist industry have deep
debts. The State Government has a sympathetic approach to the identified problem but there is no
ready solution to overcome this crises. At the same time, lack of coordination has created problems for
the businesses under crises, as local civic bodies have sent out demand notes for payments of arrears
on house tax, municipal tax, sales tax etc. Income tax cases as old as two decades in the past have been
opened. The effort is to collect revenue to show their own departmental performance when in fact
there is hardly any business activity, which would generate income, which could be redistributed into
other obligations.
The only solution lines in is getting more tourists to visit Kashmir Valley.

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER- VIII
PROJECTED TOURISM POTENTIAL

One of the major aspects of the development of a perspective plan is the projection of the various
activities with regard to the tourism. In this chapter we are presenting various important projections
which could have a direct or indirect on the planning for tourism development.
The State of Jammu & Kashmir is one of the most important states in the country as far as the tourism
is concerned. From the past data it is very clear that if the state was not affected with the insurgency
and militancy, it would have been the major destination for attracting/ pulling the domestic as well as
international tourists. Though there is a revival of tourism in the last 2-3 years it is not upto the level as
in the late 1980’s (1988 to be precise) when the tourism was at its peak.
Keeping in mind the above scenario, we are very optimistic that tourism would be reviving soon in the
state. Our thought is further substantiated with the various steps being undertaken by the Government
of India to bring normalcy in the state.
Table No. 8.1 shows the number of tourist arrivals in valley since 1975. The peak tourist arrival was in
1988. TABLE NO. 8.1
YEAR WISE NUMBER OF TOURISTS WHO VISITED THE VALLEY

FROM 1975
SR.NO YEAR HOME FOREIGN TOTAL
1 1975 162676 22214 184790
2 1976 286412 38078 324490
3 1977 387817 54223 442040
4 1978 443342 59323 502665
5 1979 498067 55680 549747
6 1980 548491 46026 594514
7 1981 598555 43745 642300
8 1982 560987 42851 603838
9 1983 398428 41101 439529
10 1984 192684 36458 229142
11 1985 465599 38015 503614
12 1986 536598 53118 589716
Contd Table 8.1…
…
..
Chapter- VIII Projected Tourism Potential 118
NEW DELHI
YEAR WISE NUMBER OF TOURISTS WHO VISITED THE VALLEY

FROM 1975
SR.NO YEAR HOME FOREIGN TOTAL
13 1987 664081 57537 721654
14 1988 662097 59938 722035
15 1989 490212 67762 557977
16 1990 6095 4627 10722
17 1991 1400 4887 6287
18 1992 1175 9149 10324
19 1993 - 8026 8026
20 1994 500 9314 9814
21 1995 322 8198 8520
22 1996 375 9592 9967
23 1997 7027 9111 16131
24 1998 99636 10247 109883
25 1999 200162 17130 217292
26 2000 104337 7575 111912
27 2001 66732 5859 72591
2002 upto 31st
28 307 147 254
Jan
TABLE NO. 8.2
TOURISTS GROWTH IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
TOURISTS VISIITNG JAMMU & KASHMIR (Region Wise)

TOURISTS VISIITNG JAMMU &
KASHMIR Amarnath Ladakh Vaishnodevi Valley
YEAR Tourist in J&K YEAR TOTAL
1989 2987964 1989 95238 22748 2312001 557977
1990 2191486 1990 4824 6738 2169202 10722
1991 3182251 1991 15599 9055 3151310 6287
1992 3608269 1992 54638 16018 3527289 10324
1993 3447162 1993 56000 14401 3368735 8026
1994 3770208 1994 37000 17449 3705945 9814
1995 4118632 1995 60000 17985 4032127 8520
1996 4482072 1996 120000 16573 4335532 9967
1997 4546200 1997 79035 16801 4434233 16131
1998 4903930 1998 149920 22030 4622097 109883
1999 5013571 1999 114366 11574 4668340 217292
2000 5412863 2000 173334 18042 5109575 111912
2001 5268246 2001 119037 19699 5056919 72591

NEW DELHI
FIGURE NO. 8.1
TOURIST GROWTH IN J&K

6
5.412863
5.011572
5 4.5462 5.268246
4.90393
NO OF TOURISTS
4.118632
4 4.482072
3.608269
IN MILLIONS
3.770208
2.987964
3.182251 3.447162
3
2.191486
2
0
1989
1 2
1990
3
1991
4
1992
5
1993
6
1994
7
1995
8
1996
9 10
1997 1998 1999
11 12
2000 2001
13
YEARS 1989 TO 2001 YEAR Tourist in J&K
Almost a regular growth pattern can be seen in the tourists arrival in Jammu & Kashmir. But this
regular growth pattern is mostly because of the tourists coming to Vaishnodevi. The tourists coming to
Vaishnodevi are domestic tourists and the duration of their stay is limited from 2-3 days upto
maximum of 5 days. There is limited diversion to other tourist places.
If we see the breakup of the tourists in the last decade, we find that almost 90% to 95% of the tourist
arrivals in Jammu & Kashmir is because of Vaishnodevi shrine.
We are providing the projections for the tourists arrival in the Valley based on the assumption that the
security position will improve in coming 2-3 years. We are also contemplating that the peak of
tourist’s arrival (722035 tourist arrivals) occurred in 1988 and from then onwards their is a gradual fall
in tourist arrivals. So we are assuming that if this situation is made the base and shifted to 2000 from
when the situation was becoming little normal and a reverse trend in tourist arrivals was seen we can
make the projections of the tourists arrival in Valley. We are also taking two riders into our
consideration for projection, that the growth rate of 1.055 which was attained from 1989-2000 being
assumed for further projection and the 2nd rider being that the ceiling/ target on tourist arrival till 2020

NEW DELHI
be 20 lakhs, which the Valley can sustain. Further a reverse calculation by keeping the target/ ceiling
on tourist arrival to be 20 lakhs (more arrivals might not be handled) by 2020 we get a the similar
growth rate which justifies our assumptions.
It is being projected that by the end of 2010 the tourists arrival in the valley would be around
11,74,039, considering the fact that normalcy will occur in the next 2-3 years which will rise to
20,14,952 by the end of 2020. Table No. 8.3 gives the year wise expected arrivals of tourists till 2020.
TABLE NO. 8.3 PROJECTIONS FOR

TOURIST IN VALLEY
NO. OF
YEARS TOURIST
2002 762108
2003 804405
2004 849049
2005 896172
2006 945909
2007 998407
2008 1053819
2009 1112306
2010 1174039
2011 1239198
2012 1307973
2013 1380566
2014 1457187
2015 1538061
2016 1623423
2017 1713523
2018 1808624
2019 1909003
2020 2014952
The figure No. 8.2 gives the projections of tourists likely to visit valley till 2020.

NEW DELHI
FIGURE NO. 8.2
PROJECTION OF TOURISTS IN VALLEY
(IN THOUSANDS)
2500
2014.952281
2000 1909.002634
1713.523451
1808.624002
1538.06106
TOURIST ARRIVALS
1623.423449
1500
1380.565772
1457.187172
1239.19778
1112.305671 1307.973256
998.407135 1174.038635
1000 896.1716492
1053.818731
804.4049333
945.9091757
849.0494071
762.1079425
500
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
YEARS 2002 TO 2020 NO. OF TOURIST
Ladakh is one of the regions of Jammu & Kashmir which attracts maximum number of foreign
tourists. Also in comparison to the domestic tourists the percentage of foreign tourists is very high.
TABLE NO. 8.4
TOURIST ARRIVALS FIGURES FOR LADAKH FROM

1974
SR.NO YEAR FORIGNERS HOME TOTAL
1 1974 500 27 527

2 1975 650 128 778
3 1976 1798 253 2051
4 1977 7127 266 7392
5 1978 8748 873 9621
6 1979 9213 621 9834
7 1980 13104 1013 14117
8 1981 14000 - 14000
9 1982 12786 - 12786
10 1983 12833 - 12833
11 1984 11785 - 11785
12 1985 12245 6666 18911
13 1986 12828 3683 16511
Contd Table 8.4…
…
..

NEW DELHI
TOURIST ARRIVALS FIGURES FOR LADAKH FROM

1974
SR.NO YEAR FORIGNERS HOME TOTAL

14 1987 13668 4114 17802
11 1988 16256 8608 24864
12 1989 16079 6669 22748
13 1990 6342 396 6738
14 1991 8014 1041 9055
15 1992 13580 2438 16018
16 1993 12401 2000 14401
17 1994 15369 2080 17449
18 1995 12391 5594 17985
19 1996 13036 3537 16573
20 1997 12810 3991 16801
21 1998 15238 6792 22030
22 1999 9669 1905 11574
23 2000 11825 6217 18042
24 2001 15439 4260 19699
25 2002 upto
31st Jan 57 10 67
We are providing the projections for the tourists arrival in Ladakh based on the assumption that the
tourist’s arrival (24864 tourist arrivals) occurred in 1988 and from then onwards their is a gradual fall
in tourist arrivals. So we are assuming that if this situation is made the base and shifted to 2000 from
when the situation was becoming little normal and a reverse trend in tourist arrivals was seen we can
make the projections of the tourists arrival in Ladakh. We are also taking two riders into our
be 5 lakhs, which Ladakh can sustain. . Further a reverse calculation by keeping the target/ ceiling on
tourist arrival to be 5 lakhs (more arrivals might not be handled) by 2020 we get a the similar growth
rate which justifies our assumptions.
It is being projected that by the end of 2010 the tourists arrival in Ladakh would be around 1,03,336
which will rise to 5,03,123 by the end of 2020. Table No. 8.5 gives the year wise expected arrivals of
tourists till 2020.

NEW DELHI
TABLE NO. 8.5
PROJECTIONS FOR
TOURIST IN LADAKH
YEARS NO. OF TOURIST
2002 29128
2003 34124
2004 39976
2005 46832
2006 54863
2007 64272
2008 75295
2009 88208
2010 103336
2011 121058
2012 141820
2013 166142
2014 194635
2015 228015
2016 267119
2017 312930
2018 366598
2019 429469
2020 503123
The figure No. 8.3 gives the projections of tourists likely to visit Ladakh till 2020.
FIGURE NO. 8.3
PROJECTION OF TOURISTS IN LADAKH
600
(IN THOUSANDS)
503.1234536
500
429.4694439
400
366.5979035
312.9303487
300
TOURIST ARRIVALS
267.1193758
228.0148321
200 194.6349399
166.1416473
141.819588
121.0581204
88.20827733
100 64.27243515
46.83172651 103.3359969
34.12365818 75.29515777
54.8633676
39.97586556
29.128176
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

NEW DELHI
We are providing the projections for the tourists arrival in Jammu based on the assumption that the
tourist’s arrival (5109575 tourist arrivals) occurred in 2000. So we are assuming this to be the base to
make the projections of the tourists arrival in Jammu. We are also taking two riders into our
be 2 crores, which Jammu can sustain. Further a reverse calculation by keeping the target/ ceiling on
tourist arrival to be 2 crores (more arrivals might not be handled) by 2020 we get a the similar growth
rate which justifies our assumptions.
It is being projected that by the end of 2010 the tourists arrival in Jammu region would be around
97,96,275, considering the fact that normalcy will occur in the next 2-3 years which will rise to
2,01,90,431 by the end of 2020. Table No. 8.6 gives the year wise expected arrivals of tourists till
2020.
TABLE NO. 8.6
PROJECTIONS FOR
TOURIST IN JAMMU
YEARS NO. OF TOURIST
2002 5492793
2003 5904753
2004 6347609
2005 6823680
2006 7335456
2007 7885615
2008 8477036
2009 9112814
2010 9796275
2011 10530995
2012 11320820
2013 12169881
2014 13082623
2015 14063819
2016 15118606
2017 16252501
2018 17471439
2019 18781797
2020 20190431
NEW DELHI
The figure No. 8.4 gives the projections of tourists likely to visit Jammu region till 2020.
FIGURE NO. 8.4
PROJECTION OF TOURISTS IN JAMMU

25
(IN MILLIONS)
20.19043143
20
18.78179668
17.47143877
16.25250118
TOURIST ARRIVALS
15 14.0638193
15.11860575
12.16988149 13.08262261
10.53099534
11.32082
10 9.112813711
7.885614893 9.796274739
6.823679734 8.47703601
5.904752609 7.335455714
6.347609055
5
5.492793125
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
On consolidation of tourist arrival in individual regions, it is being projected that by the end of 2010
the tourists arrival in Jammu & Kashmir would be around 1,10,73,650, considering the fact that
normalcy will occur in the next 2-3 years which will rise to 2,27,08,506 by the end of 2020
TABLE NO. 8.7
PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS

FOR TOURIST FOR TOURIST FOR TOURIST FOR TOURIST
IN JAMMU IN LADAKH IN VALLEY IN J & K
YEARS NO. OF TOURIST NO. OF TOURIST NO. OF TOURIST NO. OF TOURIST
2002 5492793 29128 762108 6284029
2003 5904753 34124 804405 6743282
2004 6347609 39976 849049 7236634
2005 6823680 46832 896172 7766684
2006 7335456 54863 945909 8336228
2007 7885615 64272 998407 8948294
2008 8477036 75295 1053819 9606150
2009 9112814 88208 1112306 10313328
2010 9796275 103336 1174039 11073650
2011 10530995 121058 1239198 11891251
2012 11320820 141820 1307973 12770613
Contd Table 8.7…
…
..

NEW DELHI
PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS

FOR TOURIST FOR TOURIST FOR TOURIST FOR TOURIST
IN JAMMU IN LADAKH IN VALLEY IN J & K
YEARS NO. OF TOURIST NO. OF TOURIST NO. OF TOURIST NO. OF TOURIST
2013 12169881 166142 1380566 13716589
2014 13082623 194635 1457187 14734445
2015 14063819 228015 1538061 15829895
2016 15118606 267119 1623423 17009148
2017 16252501 312930 1713523 18278954
2018 17471439 366598 1808624 19646661
2019 18781797 429469 1909003 21120269
2020 20190431 503123 2014952 22708506
FIGURE NO. 8.5
PROJECTION OF TOURISTS IN J&K
25
20
TOURIST ARRIVALS
15
In Millions
10
5
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
YEARS

NEW DELHI
TABLE NO. 8.8
EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
Status of tourism infrastructure in Different Regions (Jammu, Srinagar and Ladakh)
Type of Infrastructure Jammu Kashmir Ladakh
Registered Bed Bed Bed

Capacity capacity Capacity
hotels
5 star 4 1013
3 star 5 786
2 star 10 1060
Class A 6 478 29 2110 36 841
Class B 23 1095 66 3239 25 352

Class C 102 3360 82 5585 14 155
Class D 21 751 7 72
Any other 12 1614 18 493 7 41
Registered Guest
House/Lodges
Upper class 14 218
Medium class 12 153
Economy class 80 870
All class 143 8527 112 2422
House Boat
Deluxe 324 1878
A Class 137 645
B Class 124 590
C Class 127 574
D Class 377 1680
Travel 213 192 118
Agents/Excursion
Agents
Guides 52 81 20
Buses and Mini Buses 15583 in Jammu and Kashmir region NA
Taxis 6623 in Jammu and Kashmir region NA
Private cars /St wagons 43030 in Jammu and Kashmir region NA

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TABLE NO. 8.9
EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
VALLEY LADAKH JAMMU J&K

Hotles No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds
5 star 4 1013 4 1013
3 star 5 786 5 786
2 star 10 1060 10 1060
Class A 29 2110 36 841 6 478 71 3429

Class B 66 3239 25 352 23 1095 114 4686
Class C 82 5585 14 155 102 3360 198 9100
Class D 21 751 7 72 28 823
Any other 18 493 7 41 12 1614 37 2148
216 12178 89 1461 137 6069 442 19708
Guest 112 2422 96 1502 143 8527 351 12451

House/Lodges
Travel 192 118 213 523

Agents/Excursion
Agents
Guides 81 20 52 153
House Boats
Deluxe 324 1878 324 1878
A Class 137 645 137 645
B Class 124 590 124 590
C Class 127 574 127 574
D Class 377 1680 377 1680
Projections of Infrastructure Requirements in the future
Now we are providing the requirements of the tourism infrastructure viz-a-viz the expected tourist
arrival in the next 20 year and under this 20 year Perspective Plan. After taking due considerations on
the bearing capacity of tourists, physical socio-economic character and environmental vulnerability
these projections on the requirements are being made.

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Further we have not recommended location specific needs of accommodation because of the absence
of any schemes and data availability in the state regarding how the government plans to control
environment degradation underway and how it plans to undertake developmental activities which have
relation to tourism in the long run. The state is best in position to have data available on the means of
sustaining economic growth in the local area. This could best be judged after having a long term
interaction with the department of town and country planning. The consultant would be only too happy
to be associated with any state government over a long run to provide such inputs to the state which
otherwise should have been happily given by the department of town and country planning. For
example the state forest act would come in the way of opening new urban pockets in a identified
potential tourist site. The department of state electricity board would need to be in correspondence to
affirm if the accommodation considered could be provided with the energy demands of the dwelling
units. The consultants have given their projections on anticipated accommodations again based on the
only reliable data available, which is pre 1989. Using this as a base and keeping in mind the factor of
environment degradation and other related problems a general view has been taken. The department of
town and country planning could use the suggestions of the consultants to provide further elaboration
in future. For example the consultants are of the view that the Dal lake area is nearing the saturation
level to withstand the future tourist traffic levels. The consultants have therefore recommended an
alternate magnate to Srinagar / Dal Lake by suggesting developing the shore area around Wular lake
and Sopore town. It may perhaps take more than a five years survey activity to come up with a master
plan to open the Wular lake sector for sustainable activities in the tourism industry.

NEW DELHI
TABLE NO. 8.10
PROJECTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENT FOR FOLLOWING YEARS

IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
ALL HOTELS
2005 2010 2015 2020

Class
Category
Hotels 646 26760 997 38380 1674 57536 2965 89596
Starred
Hotels 24 3573 31 4659 41 6117 53 8004
TOTAL 670 30333 1028 43039 1715 63653 3018 97600
STARRED CAREGORY HOTELS

2005 2010 2015 2020
5 star 6 1266 7 1651 9 2167 11 2836
3 star 6 982 8 1281 11 1682 14 2200
2 star 12 1325 16 1727 21 2268 28 2968
TOTAL IN 24 3573 31 4659 41 6117 53 8004
J&K
CLASS CATEGORY HOTELS
2005 2010 2015 2020

Class A 112 4876 209 7854 408 13554 832 24821

Class B 160 6180 255 8748 433 13184 781 20529
Class C 285 11775 386 16198 584 22646 915 32080
Class D 38 1074 63 1524 114 2267 199 3559
Any other 51 2855 84 4056 135 5885 238 8607
J&K 646 26760 997 38380 1674 57536 2965 89596
GUEST HOUSES
2005 2010 2015 2020

VALLEY 140 3027 182 3947 240 5183 313 6781
LADAKH 199 1985 439 37734 972 11391 2144 25116
JAMMU 191 11426 275 16371 395 23534 566 33766
J&K 530 16438 896 58052 1607 40108 3023 65663

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TRAVEL AGENTS
2005 2010 2015 2020
JAMMU 285 408 588 843
LADAKH 232 490 1083 2388
VALLEY 240 312 410 537
J&K 757 1210 2081 3768
GUIDES
2005 2010 2015 2020

VALLEY 101 132 173 226
LADAKH 37 83 183 404
JAMMU 70 100 144 206
J&K 208 315 500 836
TRANSPORT
Type of transport 2005 2010 2015 2020
Infrastructure
Buses 20179 27659 38178 60462
Taxis 8576 11755 16226 25697

NEW DELHI
TABLE NO. 8.11
PROJECTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR FOLLOWING YEARS

(REGION WISE)
Projection of Requirement of the infrastructure is being done on the assumption that the
maximum tourists arrivals/ peak of tourist arrivals occurred in 1988 and the full capacity
utilization was there. So the growth rate of the infrastructure has been taken corresponding to
growth rate of the arrival of the tourists.
KASHMIR
2005 2010 2015 2020

Registered Existing Bed Hotels Bed Hotels Bed Hotels Bed Hotels Bed
Hotels Hotels Capacity
Guest 112 2422 140 3027 182 3947 240 5183 313 6781
House/Lodges
House Boat
Deluxe 324 1878 405 2347 528 3061 693 4018 907 5258
A Class 137 645 171 806 223 1051 293 1380 383 1806
B Class 124 590 155 737 202 961 265 1262 347 1652
C Class 127 574 158 717 207 935 271 1228 355 1607
D Class 377 1680 471 2100 614 2738 806 3595 1055 4704
Travel 192 240 312 410 537
Agents/Excurs
ion Agents
Guides 81 101 132 173 226
HOTELS
2005 2010 2015 2020

Hotels Hotels Capacity
5 star 4 1013 6 1266 7 1651 9 2167 11 2836
3 star 5 786 6 982 8 1281 11 1682 14 2200
2 star 10 1060 12 1325 16 1727 21 2268 28 2968
Class A 29 2110 36 2637 47 3439 62 4515 81 5908
Class B 66 3239 82 4048 107 5182 141 6931 184 9069
Class C 82 5585 123 6981 133 9103 175 11951 229 15638
Class D 21 751 25 938 34 1224 50 1607 58 2102
Any other 18 493 22 616 29 788 38 1055 50 1380

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LADAKH
2005 2010 2015 2020
Registered No. of Bed Cap- Hotels Beds Hotels Beds Hotels Beds Hotels Beds
Hotels Hotels acity
Class A 36 841 68 1589 150 3498 330 7720 728 17021
Class B 25 352 47 665 104 1464 229 3231 506 7124
Class C 14 155 26 292 58 644 128 1422 283 3137
Class D 7 72 13 136 29 300 64 660 141 1457
Any other 7 41 13 77 32 170 64 376 141 836
Upper class 14 218 26 52 58 906 128 2001 283 4412
guest house
Medium 12 153 22 289 49 636 110 1404 242 3096
class guest
house
Economy 80 870 151 1644 332 36192 734 7986 1619 17608
class guest
house
Travel 118 232 490 1083 2388
Agents
Guides 20 37 83 183 404
JAMMU
2005 2010 2015 2020
hotels Hotels Capacit
y
Class A 6 478 8 650 12 917 16 1319 23 1892
Class B 23 1095 31 1467 44 2102 63 3022 91 4336

Class C 102 3360 136 4502 195 6451 281 9273 403 13305
Any other 12 1614 16 2162 23 3098 33 4454 47 6391
Guest 143 8527 191 11426 275 16371 395 23534 566 33766
House/Lodges
Travel 213 285 408 588 843

Agents/
Excursion
Agents
Guides 52 70 100 144 206

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CHAPTER- IX
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, IMPACT AND STRATEGY
In many developing countries, the costs of environmental degradation have been estimated at 4 to 8
percent of GDP annually. Natural resources degradation – depleted soils, insufficient water, rapidly
disappearing forests, collapsed fisheries – threaten the quality of life of millions; an estimated 6 million
people die annually, and many more get sick, in developing countries from water-related diseases,
indoor air pollution, urban air pollution, and exposure to toxic chemicals. Environmental degradation
also increases the vulnerability of people to natural disasters. The impact of environmental degradation
threatens the basis for growth and livelihoods today and in the future. Environmental degradation also
reaches across borders, affecting the quality of the regional and global commons. The Environment
Strategy has to respond to these challenges.
Strategic Objectives could be:
x Improving the quality of Life
x Improving the quality of growth
x Improving the Regional and Global Commons
Regional Tourism and the Environmental Consideration
Himalayan region and particularly Jammu & Kashmir, is needed to be looked from the point of view of
tourism. In the context of world tourism, the area is lacking in experience and expertise. The prestige
and beauty of the region’s socio-cultural and man-made environment may attract millions of tourists
every year. The size of the industry requires the national management of the resources, which make up
tourism. Whatever is left in some areas, it is reflecting a conflicting types of development, may soon be
Chapter- IX Environmental Issues, Impact & Strategy 135

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transformed completely into a chain of unplanned constructions. One might find just a few unfriendly
environment trees left around to remind the tourists that are supposed to be in an exotic place. This is a
real danger that is exactly what will happen unless some alternative development strategies are bought
to the fore. These are strategies, which must not only show more respect for the environment but
facilitate some mutual understanding between the locals and the visitors.
Let us understand the magnitude of the tourism phenomenon in the Himalayan region. Do you realize
that it represent a large slice of tourism development in India. The Himalayas is unique. It is a meeting
point of many tourists from all over the world. It is the site of ancient civilizations and a beautiful area
with outstanding natural assets. Given the constant growth of an ill-conceived tourist industry, it must
be threatened with what amount to progressive destruction. There are some ideas about how such a
situation can be avoided.
The contact between man and nature is more intimate on hills and mountain than the street of big cities
such as Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai, etc. Therefore, the tolerable level of pollution is totally
absent. Unfortunately, the various areas of region with tourist concentration are a dumping ground for
municipal and industrial waste. These are getting a cheap public dustbin. Think of health hazards
involved for tourists vacationing in the hill areas. Various diseases are often transmitted by
contaminated food. It is obvious that the development of tourism in these areas makes pollution
problems more acute.
Now, let us consider another problem of seasonality – the concentration of very high volumes of
tourism in very congested period of time – summer season. The flow of tourists in Srinagar, Ladakh &
Jammu during few months represents the highest percentage of the total number of tourist arrivals for
the year. Also the average length is generally short. This time elements is an important variable. Hill
resorts need to be equipped with adequate facilities such as water, sewage, transport, infrastructure, so

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as to meet the peak periods in July and August. During the year the excess capacity of public services
is a financial burden and a source of resentment for the local population also. When demand for public
services reaches saturation point in the summer the local resident is no better off, and sometimes worse
off, than the tourist.
Next, Himalayan tourism is given great economic importance by the various countries of the world.
Most of these countries actively promote and pursue tourism development as a means to achieve a
number of economic objectives. The most important of these objectives are generally deemed to be an
inflow of foreign exchange, the creation of new jobs, an increase in government revenue and execution
of certain regional development plans. Some of these objectives or a number of them are achieved.
However, despite the apparent economic benefit derived from the tourist industry, there are some
drawbacks. The foreign tourists in a developing region consumes mainly goods and services imported
from abroad. Nor does tourism create as many job as expected. Most of the investments made in the
field of tourism in developing countries do not always help to improve the welfare of the local
populations. In many areas of this region the inhabitants did not have running water.
The Himalayan tourism is to be viewed in the broader context of new international economic orders.
There should be greater parity in the distribution of the world’s health and prosperity. If the present
development trends are not corrected the bulk of the tourists will continue to go to the areas where the
popularity of the region in open. Unspoiled space can still be found, is likely to increase in the future.
Unfortunately, the spread of the tourist industry to these areas will have strikingly detrimental effects if
it does not follow developmental guidelines, which are environmentally sound.
Well, one can not see how millions of tourists can be allowed to invade the area without damaging the
natural and man-made environments. They are also bound to cause tension among the local population
by introducing new life-styles and progressively promoting social, cultural and religious disruptions.

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However, the ecological impact of tourism can have beneficial as well as detrimental results.
Sometimes, to make a region attractive for tourism, measures are taken to drain unhealthy swamps and
protect the fauna and flora of the area. Take the case of Languedoc -Reussillion where the drainage
projects undertaken in the 1960s by the French Government have helped to eradicate malaria. Also
green belts were created, 20 to 30 kilometers long, between each tourist resort. This contributed to the
protection of environment.
On the other hand tourism, because of poor planning, often damages the vegetation and disturbs animal
life. There is a wide spread criticism of pollution in the wake of tourism, such as automobile exhaust,
detergents poured into rivers, and garbage of all kinds left at camping and picnic sites. Other kinds of
environmental damages, which should be mentioned, are the destruction of vegetation by trampling,
extinction of fragile species after the introduction of alien seeds, risk of forest fire, destruction in the
cycles of animal life.
Tourism also seems to have had great repercussions on the man-made environment in both positive
and negative ways. For example, the need to offer historical attractions to visitors had indirectly
contributed to the restoration and protection of movements and picturesque villages. Revenue from
tourism have provided local governments with badly needed funds to undertake such prefects.
Now, let us move to the negative aspect of tourism development. Large, unintegrated tourist resorts are
being rapidly constructed with little consideration for regional planning. Also to cut costs and simplify
construction one has a functional, box-like high rise type of building with no architectural or aesthetic
merit. When every intensive high-density development is permitted with this type of building, the term
‘concrete jungle’ is something of an understatement. Some tourist resorts are by any standards, gross
architectural insults to the natural or historical sites where they are located. Not only the buildings
contrast sharply in style with the local architectural, but tourists have the exclusive use of these

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structures. It seems that there are several motives for this type of tourist resort. Large number of
visitors demonstrates a preference for an environment, which requires minimal cultural adjustment on
their part also. Following deliberate governmental policies, some developing countries have tried to
isolate visitors from the indigenous population, so as to minimize disruption to traditional life. A recent
study pointed out that largely foreign-owned tourism resorts also tend to try to control related
commercial activities so as to monopolize tourism activity. This way they seek to absorb the bulk of all
in flowing foreign exchange from tourists. A foreign owned tourism sector is also often instrumental in
organizing all inclusive package tours whereby the tourist pays for every thing in his country of origin
and spends very little in the country he visits. Loose foreign exchange regulations in many countries
allow for savage abuse.
Foreign architects have sometimes intended to soften the impact of some appalling urbanization
projects. Tourism has introduced new social and cultural values of a disruptive nature in most regions,
especially in developing areas. These seems to be three spheres which bear the brunt of the mass influx
of foreigners art, religion, and human relations. Because of the need to exploit the ‘entertaining’ of
visitors, traditional events are transformed into a highly commercialized form of mimicry. Some of the
dances performed in the modern hotels and exhibitions of some local-traditional activities are
examples of the vulgarization and commercialization of traditional forms of arts. Folklore should be
appreciated in its appropriate context and not reproduced whenever tourists pay for it.
The religious character of certain historical movements is also grossly affected by tourism. Tourists
can destroy the atmosphere of sanctity by clicking away with their cameras or, worse still, writing
graffiti on columns and ancient frescos. Many tourists leave their signature on walls of temples,
historical movements, etc.

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Tourists can also introduce new life-styles and wasteful consumption patterns, which can have a very
negative impact on traditional societies. The sudden invasion of tourist often seems to set up a series of
shock waves, which can affect the value system, behavioral norms, and social conditions of the
indigenous population.
The tourist industry also tends to alter established employment patterns, causing migration from rural
areas to tourist centres. This affects agriculture and other traditional occupations. This might not be
such a bad thing if only tourism could provide security and continuity of employment. It is not usual
that it can, however, because of its seasonal nature in the hills and its sensitivity to overall economic
fluctuations. Further more, specific tourist resorts may bloom for a short time and then turn into ghost
towns after only a few seasons. Either they become no longer fashionable, or the big tour operators and
mass media start-directing tourist flows to other destinations. The potential drawbacks of today’s
Himalayan tourism demand careful assessment in planning for the future.
Tourism to the Himalayan region is not going to decrease in the coming years. However, the constant
growth may be hampered by economic recession. Without any hesitation it could be said that even in
the case of major economic crisis, consumer demand for Himalayan holidays would remain high. Even
if the world’s economy may not be best, Himalayan tourism would continue to increase per year.
Chang Tang region is a repository of ancient culture and religious practices, and holds strong culture –
nature bond. These wetlands are facing growing impact of tourism in the adds significantly to pressure
on adjoining grasslands, leads to pollution, wildlife disturbance, change in local life styles and loss of
cultural heritage. The degradation process is still in its initial stage and there are thus good prospects
for conservation action if implemented urgently with the support of local communities.

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Three of these wetlands, namely, Tsomoriri, Tsokar and Pangong Tso have been identified for priority
action in the first phase. These wetlands are believed to be the most important breeding site for
waterfowl in Ladakh and represent the only breeding ground of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) in
India and the only breeding ground for the globally threatened Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis)
outside China. In addition, this region also supports some of the most endangered species of mammals
such as Kiang, Snow Leopard, Lynx, Himalayan Blue Sheep etc
In view of the extreme fragility of the lake ecosystems and their gross under representation at the
national and International level, the thrust of the project is to develop a strategy and action plan
(involving all stakeholders) for conservation of these lakes, with special emphasis on their recognition
as sites of International importance under the relevant International Convention(s) as World Heritage /
Ramsar sites.
STRATEGIES OF ENVIORNMENT PROTECTION
THE STRATEGY
Improving the Regional and Global Commons
Environmental initiatives could be build on these principles:
9Focus on the positive linkages between poverty reduction and environmental protection.
9Focus first on local environmental benefits, and build on overlaps with global benefits.
9Address the vulnerability and adaptation needs of regions/ developing countries.
9Facilitate transfer of funds to meet the costs of generating global environmental benefits.
Improving the quality of growth
Promote better policy, regulatory, and institutional framework for sustainable environmental
management; help improve safeguard systems and practices; and promote environmentally and

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socially sustainable private sector development. The private sector is becoming a major player in many
areas previously controlled by the public sector. It should be ensured that the private sector becomes a
driving force in sustainable development.
Improving the quality of Life
Enhancing Livelihoods. Protect the long-term productivity and resilience of natural resources and
ecosystems on which people’s livelihoods depend.
Reducing health risks. Focus on cost-effective measures to reduce environmental health risks,
including reducing people’s exposure to indoor and urban air pollution, waterborne diseases, and toxic
chemicals. An example is the South Asia Urban Air Q

uality Management Initiative, which will
develop cost-effective and realistic policies and efficient enforcement mechanisms to reverse the
deteriorating trend in urban air quality in South Asian countries, and particularly to reduce ambient
concentrations of fine particles – the most serious threat to public health in the region.
Reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. Aim to reduce vulnerability by helping to prevent and
mitigate the impacts of natural disasters: supporting upland resource management and payments for
environmental services; improving weather forecasting and the dissemination of weather-related
information; managing land and mountain resources.
To avoid saturation of the Himalayan region or areas and to solve the environmental and social
problems caused by today’s tourism, we require alternative development strategies. For example,
regional land use planning is an imperative. It should be achieved preferably within the framework of
natural land use directives or broad agreement at international level whenever necessary. The
appropriate and responsible governmental bodies could make a selection of the areas where the
national environment should be preserved and those that should be equipped for tourism. This should

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be done in close collaboration with local authorities. An inter-ministerial commission is appointed to
study the organization and natural potential of the stretch of the land concerned. Once the geographical
site of each tourist, i.e. units had been chosen, ratio for each occupancy be decided upon – 600-people
per hectare of the resort area. The maximum capacity of the resort should be fixed accordingly.
A greater number of national parks and forest reserves should be created. National parks and protected
areas should be integrated components of environmental management policies and should serve
educational and research purposes. In addition, they attract tourists and so will be the source of income
as well. Tourism should expand in the whole region, especially in regions of low demographic density
where sites with open space still exist. The tourist promotion of such areas would be accelerated by the
creation of sport facilities and recreational and cultural centres.
Another strategy should be to stagger holidays by means of pricing policies and other incentives. This
could lengthen the tourist season and reduce the flow of visitors during the months of July and August.
The existing anti-pollution norms should be tried and construction regulation should be enforced, and
additional ones be proposed wherever needed.
Encouragement should be given for providing accommodation facilities other than hotels. Rooms for
rent can provide a cheap alternative to the construction of big hotels and a good way of helping the
tourist to develop friendship with the local population. The inhabitants of the region may be asked to
improve the comfort of their houses in order to welcome the domestic tourists on holidays. Only basic
infrastructures and recreational centre be built, which represent a minimal financial investment for the
government.

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Another very important element in any tourist industry development policy is the training and
information. Training should be imaginative. The idea of training young men to welcome and help
tourists to discover the region and its inhabitants could be emulated. The young social tourists should
be promoted which would be respectful of the natural and human environment. People should be
trained to help vacationers to enjoy their holiday in an intelligent way. Specific activities be suggested
to the tourists such as historical visits, singing, crafts etc. The local festivals help the tourists to
discover to know that there is more in their region than just beautiful hills, high-landers and pleasant
people who have inherited from ancient, sophisticated civilizations the mastery of many modes of
artistic expression. The ingenuity and extremely fertile imagination of the people of the region and
similar activities could easily be initiated in the region.
A ‘tourist code of conduct’ for this region should be evolved, which could be applicable to both the
tourist industry and consumers alike. All should strictly adhere to the provisions of code.
Let us now turn on to the positive side of tourism. It is labour intensive and creates many new
jobs. It is a valuable source of foreign exchange earnings. The new physical infrastructure not only
benefits the development of tourism but the local population as well. Tourism can create an audience
and patronage for much needed development of local art, culture, and crafts.
For this region tourism is highly capital intensive. Tourism facilities and infrastructure require
considerable injections of new capital and because of the aspects of land ownership and the obvious
real estate contents of tourism development, direct foreign investment tends to be more resented than
in a sector such as manufacturing. Other unfortunate side effect of tourism can involve the wild
inflation of land prices as well as inflation of food prices. Tourism in these regions also tends to suffer
from a high degree of seasonality and, with its various ups and downs, creates a feeling of uncertainty
and anxiety among employers and employees.

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CHAPTER- X
TOURISM: IMPACT & ECONOMIC BENEFITS
INTRODUCTION
Travel & Tourism is the world’s largest industry and creator of jobs across national and regional
economies. WTTC/WEFA research show that in 2000, Travel & Tourism was to generate, directly and
indirectly, 11.7% of GDP and nearly 200 million jobs in the world-wide economy. These figures are
forecasted to total 11.7% and 255 million respectively in 2010.
The industry's direct services to customers represent between 3 and 4 percent of GDP in most of the
world economy and employ about 3 per cent of the world's labour force. In some countries however,
the hotel, catering and tourism industry employs as many as 10 per cent of the work force. Currently,
the industry is growing worldwide about 3 per cent per year, but growth rates are very volatile and can
change dramatically for a country from one year to the other. Including the industries serving tourists
indirectly, i.e. providing infrastructure or other inputs to the direct tourism industry, the total tourism
related economy has been estimated to produce as much as 11 per cent of GDP and to employ 8 per
cent of the labour force worldwide (Data refer to 1999 and are from simulated tourism accounts by the
World Travel and Tourism Council). Worldwide, one job in the direct tourism industry induces
roughly one and a half additional (indirect) jobs in the tourism related economy. The ratio varies
between 1.2 (North and Latin America) and around 2 (the Caribbean and Europe) and increases as per
the developmental stage of country.
Creating jobs and wealth
Jobs generated by Travel & Tourism are spread across the economy - in retail, construction,
manufacturing and telecommunications, as well as directly in Travel & Tourism companies. These
jobs employ a large proportion of women, minorities and young people; are predominantly in small
Chapter- X Tourism : Impact & Economic Benefits 145

NEW DELHI
and medium sized companies; and offer good training and transferability. Tourism can also be one of
the most effective drivers for the development of regional economies. These patterns apply to both
developed and emerging economies.
Contributing to Sustainable Development
The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the Rio Earth
Summit, identified Travel & Tourism as one of the key sectors of the economy which could make a
positive contribution to achieving sustainable development. The Earth Summit lead to the adoption of
Agenda 21, a comprehensive program of action adopted by 182 governments to provide a global
blueprint for achieving sustainable development. Travel & Tourism is the first industry sector to have
launched an industry-specific action plan based on Agenda 21.
Travel & Tourism is able to contribute to development which is economically, ecologically and
socially sustainable, because it:
x has less impact on natural resources and the environment than most other industries;
x is based on enjoyment and appreciation of local culture, built heritage, and natural
environment, as such that the industry has a direct and powerful motivation to protect these
assets;
x can play a positive part in increasing consumer commitment to sustainable development
principles through its unparalleled consumer distribution channels; and
x provides an economic incentive to conserve natural environments and habitats which might
otherwise be allocated to more environmentally damaging land uses, thereby, helping to
maintain bio-diversity.

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Providing Infrastructure
To a greater degree than most activities, Travel & Tourism depends on a wide range of infrastructure
services - airports, air navigation, roads, railheads and ports, as well as basic infrastructure services
required by hotels, restaurants, shops, and recreation facilities (e.g. telecommunications and utilities).
It is the combination of tourism and good infrastructure that underpins the economic, environmental
and social benefits. It is important to balance any decision to develop an area for tourism against the
need to preserve fragile or threatened environments and cultures. However, once a decision has been
taken where an area is appropriate for new tourism development, or that an existing tourist site should
be developed further, then good infrastructure will be essential to sustain the quality, economic
viability and growth of Travel & Tourism. Good infrastructure will also be a key factor in the
industry’s ability to manage visitor flows in ways that do not affect the natural or built heritage, nor
counteract against local interests.
Challenge for the Future
Travel & Tourism creates jobs and wealth and has tremendous potential to contribute to economically,
environmentally and socially sustainable development in both developed countries and emerging
nations. It has a comparative advantage in that its start up and running costs can be low compared to
many other forms of industry development. It is also often one of the few realistic options for
development in many areas. Therefore, there is a strong likelihood that the Travel & Tourism industry
will continue to grow globally over the short to medium term.
Of course, if Travel & Tourism is managed badly, it can have a detrimental effect - it can damage
fragile environments and destroy local cultures. The challenge is to manage the future growth of the
industry so as to minimise its negative impacts on the environment and host communities whilst
maximising the benefits it brings in terms of jobs, wealth and support for local culture and industry,
and protection of the built and natural environment.

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TOURISM: IMPACT
INTRODUCTION
In the contemporary period, tourism has become a big business and has been considered as one of
fastest growing industry. This is primary a service industry because it does not produce goods but
extend services to various class of people. Tourism can serve as an effective instrument in integrating
entire universe. With development of technology mobility of one place to another has become quite
easier and this is considered as a positive sign for the development and growth of tourism Industry.
With a span of time and its development it has created visible impact in the society, environment and
economic life of human being.
The Tourism impacts could be direct and indirect related to : economic, demographic, and
environmental-which might result from tourism development. For example if we develop a hotel in the
tourist destination the possible impacts could be as depicted in the following Table No. 10.1
TABLE NO. 10.1
New Hotel Development for Tourism
DIRECT IMPACTS POSSIBLE INDIRECT IMPACTS

Employment Employment Income
construction multiplier effect creating other jobs multiplier effect
permanent shift away from older hotels
Income Revenues Land Use
wage and salaries of sales development around new hotel, such as housing and
new hotel employees businesses
property tax
profits increased property values
business
permits, etc. traffic congestion
Land Use Service Environmental/ Social Costs
Costs
changes in land sewer loss of time in traffic congestion near new hotel
values complex
water, etc.
increased air pollution damage and less "room" for
schools additional industrial development because of air
quality standards

NEW DELHI
Socio Cultural Impact
Tourism affects the locals in both negatively and affirmatively.
Tourism plays vital role in cross-cultural exchange of two cultures. It helps to learn about different
languages, lifestyle and traditions. It provides opportunities to adopt the qualities of different culture
vice-versa. as tourist are also bound to cause tension among the local population by introducing new
lifestyles and progressively promoting social, cultural and religious disruptions
Tourism provides opportunities to local people to raise their living standard by increasing employment
opportunities.
Tourism serve as a means of conserving the cultural heritage of the local area which otherwise might
be lost due to development. It provides scope for conserving local dance, art, craft, music, drama and
dress, as these plays a significant role to attract tourist.
Preventing Socio –Cultural Problems
Preservation of existing distinctive local architectural styles and encouraging new development.
Awareness programmes about tourism may be organised through mass media about the positive aspect
of tourism.
Strict legal provisions for drug abuse, prostitution and other crime.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
Mountain regions and communities often have fragile environments and socio-economic relations, the
latter frequently important factors in environmental management. Problems associated with tourism in
mountain regions include: sewage pollution of rivers, sedimentation and emissions from construction
activities, erosion and landslides linked to trails and skiing/ snowmobiling, water extraction from
streams to supply resorts, damage to habitats during construction and use, interruption by roads and
construction of animal migration between life zones, litter accumulation on trails.

NEW DELHI
In many mountain areas, concern has grown about the negative impacts of tourism on the natural
environment, village economies and cultural traditions. But these concerns can be addressed by
practicing multiple land use methods of resource management combined with sustainable community
development. If all activities are carried out with the full participation of local people and communities
which make them guardians of their resources and are designed to ensure that local people benefit from
trekking tourism and conservation then also these could be addressed.
The main potential adverse impacts of tourism on the environment include:
1. Pressure on natural resources
The main resources at threat are:
x Land and landscape: mining, land erosion, soil erosion, urbanisation, road and airport building
leading to land degradation, loss of wildlife habitats, deterioration of scenery
x Water resources: recreational impacts, (scuba diving, snorkelling, sport fishing), damage to
water/ lakes eco system and fisheries
x Atmosphere: high levels of energy use in tourism facilities and in transportation
x Freshwater: overuse of critical water resources for hotels, swimming pools and golf courses.
x This is of particular concern in lower regions where water resources are scarce and each tourist
consumes more than 100 –150 litres a day.
x Pressure on other local resources: for example energy, food, and other raw materials which
may be in short supply locally.
2. Harm to wildlife and habitats, with associated loss of biodiversity
The main harm to wildlife and habitats is:
x Biological resources: disruption of wildlife habitats, clearance of vegetation for tourism
developments, increased pressure on endangered species due to trade and hunting; extra
demand for fuelwood, forest fires

NEW DELHI
x Ecologically fragile areas: such as rain forests, wetlands, mountains, if not properly planned
and managed nature tourism threatens the world’s most ecologically fragile areas including
parks and natural world heritage sites.
3. Pollution and wastes
Pollution and wastes contaminate:
x Land: solid wastes and litter (a tourist produces an average of about 1 kg of waste a day)
x Freshwater: pollution by sewage
x Water: sediment run off, pollution from land-based hotels; waste & litter linked with water
sports
x Air: at local level, air pollution from tourist transportation, global impacts, especially from CO2
emissions, related to energy use in transportation, air-conditioning and heating of tourist
facilities, etc.
x Noise: related to ground as well as air transportation.
4. Social and cultural pressures related to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
x Social and cultural impacts: tourism means disturbance to the local way of life and disturbance
of social structures, and can adversely affect traditional practices that contribute to the
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
x Adverse impacts on livelihoods and lack of benefit sharing with those who bear tourism related
costs to both the human and natural environment.
x Resource use conflicts: competition between tourism and local populations for limited
resources of water, sanitation and energy, competition with traditional land uses, especially in
heavily used areas.

NEW DELHI
Positive Environmental Impact
a) Tourism is encouraged as a part of effort to regenerate the area and interiors. Tourism is
generally encouraged in the periphery towns and city areas with less number of buildings and
vacant land. The meaning of development of tourism in these areas is investing the money for
environmental improvement. Tourism development can be seen as a vital aspect in physical and
economical regeneration of remote and under developed areas as it contributes to attractive
appearance of the environment like better water supply system, planned sewage and solid water
disposal and overall improved environmental quality.
b) Tourism helps in conservation the old historic monuments, protected and reserved forests assets
etc that could be neglected otherwise.
c) There is a close synergy between handicrafts and tourism. Handicrafts are great tourism
boosters. Handicrafts and its process of manufacturing are great means of attractions for the
visiting tourist. On the other hand tourism also helps in revival of dying arts and crafts, it
provide a source of income to the craftsmen and artisans with lesser investment.
Negative Environmental Impact
Tourism is the world’s largest industry. Although a “smokeless” industry, it has important
environmental implications. It is a fact that all over the world man has been using the natural resources
without even thinking the consequences of the misuse, which is creating environmental misbalance.
Today environmental pollution poses a serious threat to life in earth not only in industrial areas but
also areas where there is a great concentration of tourist.
Unfortunately, the various areas with tourist concentration are dumping ground for municipal and
industrial waste. Think of the health hazards involved for tourists vacationing in the hill areas. In the
tourist areas various diseases are often transmitted by contaminated food. Locals of the area mainly
face the severity of problem as during the peak period the demand of public services reaches saturation
point, there are generally shortage of water, unclean environment due to piled garbage and lots of
pollution.

NEW DELHI
On the other hand tourism because of poor planning often damages the vegetation and disturbs animal
life. There is a wide spread criticism of pollution in the wake of tourism, such as automobile exhaust,
detergents poured in to rivers and garbage of all kinds left at camping and picnic sits. Other kinds of
environmental damages, which should be mentioned, are the destruction of vegetation by trampling,
extinction of fragile spices after introduction of alien seeds, risk of forest fire, destruction in the cycles
of animal life.
Development of tourism has an impact on wildlife, which is likely to be affected due to hunting,
photography and filming by the tourist. The degraded environment (dirty water, piles of garbage etc)
creates ecological disbalance, which affects the local wild life; the impact is largely visible on
mammals and birds.
The problem of water pollution rises due to improper development of sewage and solid waste disposal
system from hotels and other residential facilities. Sewage disposal is affected either through septic
tanks and absorption pits. This water pollution affects the eco system of the area.
There are incidences of misuse of archaeological and historical monuments by the tourist
All these happen due to poor planning in this sector. For tourism the quality of the environment is the
basis for attracting visitors and needs to be conserved. Tourism development can become a positive
factor for improving environment if some amount of intelligent planning is done.
Recommendations
The size of tourism industry requires the national management of the resources. The existing
unplanned development may soon be transformed completely in to a chain of constructions of
unplanned infrastructure. It is necessary that some alternative development strategies be bought to the
fore. These are strategies, which must not only show more respect for the environment but also
facilitate some mutual understanding between locals and the visitors.
A separate and distinct planning efforts are required aiming primarily at determining the best location
of facilities, hotels, resort facilities and transportation networks. The planning should view tourism as a
source of foreign exchange earnings. There should be an approach of profit maximising by
development to accommodate the maximum possible number of projected visitors and to design
facilities to generate the maximum possible spending by the tourist.
NEW DELHI
The existing non-pollution norms should be tried and construction regulation should be enforced. A
tourist ‘code of conduct’ for this region should be evolved which could be applicable to both tourist
industry and consumers alike. Legal provisions are made/applied for strictly following of the ‘code of
conduct’. Specially for the areas of archaeological value and there should be strict legal action for
- Damage of monuments
- Destruction of environment of surrounding areas
- Construction of other buildings in the adjoining areas
- Dumping of waste in open
- Unauthorised industrial activities
A greater number of national parks and forest reserves should be created; national parks and forest
reserves should be integrated components of environmental management policy. Tourism should
expand in the whole region, especially in regions of low demographic density where sites with open
space still exist. These areas can be promoted by creation of sport facilities and recreational and
cultural centers.
Other Recommendations
For the tourism industry to remain credible in their commitment to sustainable development and be
responsive to the environmental concerns, it needs to address the following issues:
Promote Wider Implementation of Environmental Management, particularly in the many small
and medium enterprises that form the backbone of the tourism industry, and spread initiatives to all
sectors of the tourism industry.
Use More Widely Environmentally-Sound Technologies, in particular to reduce emissions of CO2
and other greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances as set out in international agreements
Raise the Awareness of Tourism Clients of the environment and social implications of their
holidays, and of opportunities for their responsible behaviour
Develop a Better Dialogue with the Local Communities in travel destinations and promote the
involvement of local stakeholders in tourism ventures
Work with Governments and Other Stakeholders to improve the overall environmental quality of
destinations
NEW DELHI
Report Publicly on environmental performances and address the key issues of siting and more
ecoefficient design of tourism facilities
Developing Partnership: For sustainable tourism the involvement and commitment of all stakeholders
are essential. However, public, private and academic sector partnerships are still underdeveloped and
therefore need to be encouraged.
Involvement of the Banking and Insurance Sectors: banks and insurance companies could greatly
expedite progress of sustainable tourism by incorporating environmental and social criteria into
assessment procedures for loans, investments, and insurance. They could help finance
environmentally-sound technologies and provide incentives for sustainable tourism. Widespread
involvement of the banking & insurance sectors should be sought.
Use of Economic Instruments: the tourism industry consumes increasingly scarce natural resources.
The costing of energy and water in particular could expedite greatly ecoefficiency in the tourism
industry and raise revenue for the improved management of these resources. Governments should
consider the development and widespread use of economic instruments for sustainable tourism.
Involvement of Tourism Board: Often, marketing strategies and messages are not in line with the
principles of sustainable tourism. There is the need to better . involve tourism boards in sustainable
tourism efforts.
Capacity Building of Local Government: Local government has important responsibilities regarding
tourism development. Capacity building programmes should be implemented to help them understand
these responsibilities, develop integrated and participatory approaches and define and implement
policies for sustainable tourism.
Greater Focus on Transport: There is a continued development of long-haul travel. Economic,
technological & management approaches should be developed to reduce emissions, waste & pollution
resulting from tourism transportation. Changing consumption patterns should also be considered.
Emerging Types of Tourism: Tourism is rapidly diversifying. Emerging forms of tourism should also
develop according to sustainability criteria.

NEW DELHI
Improving Monitoring: Careful monitoring of impacts and results as well as the adoption of
corrective measures are conditions for sustainable tourism. All stakeholders at all levels should thus
develop monitoring. As previously stated, the private sector should develop monitoring and public
reporting of their activities. Local and central governments should develop, more widely, monitoring
tools such as indicators, and incorporate the results into their decision making process. Where
appropriate, participatory approaches should be used. Monitoring is currently uncommon and this
should be a priority.
FIGURE NO. 10.1

CONSIDERATIONS FOR SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
Consideration can be given on
Physical Economic Socio cultural Infrastructure

* Conservation * Level of * Development of such type of * Adequate availability of
of wildlife tourism tourism policy that can be transportation facilities
and natural employment absorbed without devastating the and services
vegetation of suited to the lifestyles and activities of local * Adequate availability of
both land and local
community water supply, electric
marine community
* Level of tourism that will help to power, sewage & solid
environments
maintain historic and cultural waste disposal and
monuments, arts, crafts, belief telecommunication
system, customs and traditions

NEW DELHI
TABLE NO. 10.2
Potential Negative Impact and their Mitigation Measures
Negative Impact Mitigation measures

Socio Cultural - Legal measure to prosecute those indulged in these activities
Drug abuse - Efforts & encouragement for conserving/promotion of local
Flourishing Prostitution culture
Adoption of outside culture and lifestyle
Environmental Impact - Strict legal measures for the preservation of rare wildlife and
Deforestation and loss of rarely found wild strict action against the culprit
animals - Legal measures for protecting the forest coverage
Erosion due to uncontrolled clearing of - Afforestation programme
forest for infrastructural construction like - Systematic planning for sewage system and efforts for
buildings and roads recycling of disposed materials
Water pollution due to unplanned sewage, - Encouragement of local capacity for monitoring of safe
lack of disposal system and infiltration of disposal and legal action for culprit
ground water - Awareness for cleanliness by putting boards and distributing
Misuse of archaeological and historical pamphlets
monuments - Legal provisions are made/applied for strictly following of the
‘code of conduct’

NEW DELHI
TOURISM: ECONOMIC BENEFITS
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION THROUGH TOURISM
Tourism has major economic significance for the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The visits from
domestic and international tourist provide a valuable source of earning. Visitors spending generate
income for both public and private sectors beside effecting wages and employment opportunities
According to Economic survey 1998 there were 6318 hotels and Restaurants enterprise in Jammu and
Kashmir of which 4307 were “own Account Enterprise”, 1790 were ‘Non Directory Establishment’
and 221 were Directory Establishment. (India: 1188863 hotels and restaurants comprising 744591
OAE, 363354NDE and 80918 in DE categories)
Out of total hotels and Restaurants enterprise in Jammu and Kashmir, 2432 hotels were in rural area
whereas 3886 were in urban areas.
The “Own Account Enterprises” are defined as those enterprises which are owned and operated with
the help of household labour and the Establishment are those which employ hired workers. The
Establishment can further classified in to two categories“ ‘Non Directory Establishment’ and
‘Directory Establishment’.
In Jammu and Kashmir, employment in Hotel and Restaurant Enterprise were 13,785 of which 6524
were in OAE, 4497 were in NDE and 2764 persons were employed in DE sector.
Out of total employment in Hotel and Restaurant sector 9869 people were employed in urban area
while 3916 were employed in rural areas.
Tourism is highly labour intensive in comparison to other sectors of economy. WTTC and PHDCC
Study indicate Rs 10 Lakh spent on Hotel and Tourism Industry generate 89 jobs while in agriculture it
generates 45 jobs and manufacturing 13 jobs. The Labour Capital Ratio was calculated at 1985-86
Prices. In 1994-1995, the direct employment in Tourism Sector was 2.4 per cent of the Total Labour
Force. The Tourism Industry as a whole, taking all segments together, ratio is 47.5 jobs, still higher
than other sectors. According to industry sources 1.2 international tourists provide employment to one
person while 17 domestic tourists generate employment to one person.
NEW DELHI
Generation of Employment on the Implementation of Tourism Development Plan
The total mid year working force as estimated by the State Directorate of Economics and Statistic,
(1970-71) was 1,454,859. The state’s income at the current price in that year turned out to be Rs.
2,259.4 million. The income ratio, therefore, works out to 1,667.6:1 which is to say that the creation of
one unit of employment is associated with a state income of Rs. 1,667.6. This suggests that tourist
sector have accounted for employment of about 1,57,000 to 1,76,000 persons in the state.
It provides economic benefits to almost all segment of the society like women, educated, uneducated,
skilled, unskilled labour forces and it will also provide employment opportunities to the habitants of
remote and backward areas.
FIGURE NO. 10.2
Micro Economic Benefits of Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir
Direct Economic effects Tourism Secondary Effects
a. Balance of payments a. As a multiplier

b. Employment b. Government finance
c. Redistribution of Income (tax, revenue etc.
The economy of Jammu & Kashmir lies heavily on tourism sector, entire state is full of colourful rocky
mountains, valleys, trekking trail, several high rising chortens, snowy mountains, medows of flowers,
lakes, garden and orchards, monuments and mandirs and forts and palaces, Ladhak is famous for its
spectacular caves, monasteries etc. Jammu is famous for its temples. All these create tremendous
economic potentialities in future. As mentioned earlier, tourism industry has played an important role
in the development of the economy of the state as a whole. The economic activities are generated in
the primary, secondary and territory sector of the valley. Hence tourism generated employment may be
classified in to three major heads one is direct employment that sell goods and services directly e.g.
hotels, restaurants, shops etc. Second one is indirect employment, which generally supplies goods,
services to the tourism business and thirdly investment related employment in construction and other
capital goods industries.
Tourism definitely generates employment though it is difficult to measure calculate the number and the
types of employment as these jobs are scattered across many sectors and cannot be easily identified.
NEW DELHI
The greatest numbers of tourism jobs are found in the major central areas but it can be said that most of
the job would be created in service sector like hotels and restaurants and travel & transportation etc.
Mainly three main areas of employment are
9Hotels and similar establishments and restaurants

9Passenger transport
9Distributors of the tourist product i.e. travel agency, tour operator, guides and reception staff.
Consideration are given on all the above mentioned sectors for projecting the employment estimation
in next twenty years and it is projected that nearly 25 people would get direct employment per 1000
tourist and 125 persons would get indirect employment per 1000 tourist in that basis total 34.062
persons would get employment in the end of 2020 in entire Jammu and Kashmir.
TABLE NO. 10.2
Generation of Employment on the Implementation of Tourism Development Plan

Year Additional Direct In-Direct Total
Tourist Inflow (In Employment Employment employment col.
lakhs) (in lakhs ) (In lakhs) (2)+(3)
1 2 3 4 5
2002 62.83 1.57075 7.85375 9.4245
2003 67.43 1.68575 8.42875 10.1145
2004 72.36 1.809 9.045 10.854
2005 77.66 1.9415 9.7075 11.649
2006 83.36 2.084 10.42 12.504
2007 89.48 2.237 11.185 13.422
2008 96.06 2.4015 12.0075 14.409
2009 103.13 2.57825 12.89125 15.4695
2010 110.73 2.76825 13.84125 16.6095
2011 118.91 2.97275 14.86375 17.8365
2012 127.7 3.1925 15.9625 19.155
2013 137.16 3.429 17.145 20.574
2014 147.34 3.6835 18.4175 22.101
2015 158.29 3.95725 19.78625 23.7435
2016 170.09 4.25225 21.26125 25.5135
2017 182.78 4.5695 22.8475 27.417
2018 196.46 4.9115 24.5575 29.469
2019 211.2 5.28 26.4 31.68
2020 227.08 5.677 28.385 34.062
Average Period of Stay And Expenditure Pattern
As per the quick survey in Jammu and Kashmir, the average number of stay of foreign and domestic
tourist varies from place to place like in valley average day of stay of Domestic tourist is for 5 days

NEW DELHI
and foreign tourist 10 days. In Ladakh average day of stay of Domestic tourist is for 2-3 days and
foreign tourist 10 days and in Jammu average day of stay of Domestic tourist is for 4-5 days and
foreign tourist stays on an average 2 to 3 days. Average per capita per day expenditure were Rs. 300/-
and in case of foreign tourist the average per capita per day expenditure is Rs. 2800. /-. In below given
table total day wise expenditure made by both foreign and domestic tourists in the different places i.e.
Jammu, Kashmir and Ladhalh has been given.
TABLE NO. 10.3
Direct Benefits from Additional Tourist Arrivals after Implementation of the Tourism
Development Plan
Year Additional Tourist Inflow

(In Lakh) Direct
Receipt from Value added Total direct
the Domestic at a factor benefit (col.
Total Foreign Direct and Foreign of 0.3 (Rs. 5+6)
Tourists (Rs. In crore) (Rs. In crore)
In crore)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2002 62.83 3.71 59.12 1347.85 404.35 1752.21

2003 67.43 4.00 63.43 1450.89 435.26 1886.16
2004 72.36 4.31 68.05 1562.70 468.81 2031.51
2005 77.66 4.64 73.02 1684.17 505.25 2189.42
2006 83.36 5.00 78.35 1816.27 544.88 2361.15
2007 89.48 5.40 84.07 1960.12 588.03 2548.15
2008 96.06 5.83 90.22 2116.95 635.08 2752.04
2009 103.13 6.30 96.82 2288.17 686.45 2974.62
2010 110.73 6.81 103.92 2475.35 742.60 3217.95
2011 118.91 7.37 111.53 2680.28 804.08 3484.37
2012 127.70 7.98 119.71 2904.99 871.49 3776.49
2013 137.16 8.66 128.50 3151.79 945.53 4097.32
2014 147.34 9.39 137.94 3423.27 1026.98 4450.26
2015 158.29 10.21 148.08 3722.44 1116.73 4839.18
2016 170.09 11.10 158.98 4052.69 1215.80 5268.50
2017 182.78 12.09 170.69 4417.90 1325.37 5743.28
2018 196.46 13.18 183.28 4822.55 1446.76 6269.31
2019 211.20 14.39 196.81 5271.71 1581.51 6853.23
2020 227.08 15.73 211.35 5771.26 1731.38 7502.64
[Note: 2= Total number of tourist, 3= total number of foreign tourists and 4= total number of domestic
tourists in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladhakh]

NEW DELHI
INDIRECT BENEFIT
Indirect benefit is related to various other aspect of tourism, it generally occurs due to multiplier effect
depending upon the spending of tourist. The additional resources so generated in other sector leads
towards indirect output to the tourism sector. On multiplying the direct receipts by the respective
multiplier and the net value added multiplier by the respective income multiplier provides the
information about the indirect benefit on the proposed investment.
The Department of Tourism (Planning and Measurement Method) has adopted Output Multiplier at
1.058 and income multiplier at 1.412 in 1993. On same analogy, indirect benefit from additional
tourists arrivals are given below.
TABLE NO. 10.4
Indirect Benefit from Additional Tourist arrivals on the implementation of
Year Direct receipts (in Direct value added Value added Total Rs. In Crore
crore) Rs in crore) Output (Rs. In (Rs. In crore [Col 4 + 5
Crore [Col.2 [Col. 3 x factor
factor of 1.058] of 1.412]
1 2 3 4 5 6
2002 1347.85 404.35 1426.0253 570.9422 1996.9675
2003 1450.89 435.26 1535.0416 614.58712 2149.6287
2004 1562.70 468.81 1653.3366 661.95972 2315.2963
2005 1684.17 505.25 1781.8519 713.413 2495.2649
2006 1816.27 544.88 1921.6137 769.37056 2690.9842
2007 1960.12 588.03 2073.807 830.29836 2904.1053
2008 2116.95 635.08 2239.7331 896.73296 3136.4661
2009 2288.17 686.45 2420.8839 969.2674 3390.1513
2010 2475.35 742.60 2618.9203 1048.5512 3667.4715
2011 2680.28 804.08 2835.7362 1135.361 3971.0972
2012 2904.99 871.49 3073.4794 1230.5439 4304.0233
2013 3151.79 945.53 3334.5938 1335.0884 4669.6822
2014 3423.27 1026.98 3621.8197 1450.0958 5071.9154
2015 3722.44 1116.73 3938.3415 1576.8228 5515.1643
2016 4052.69 1215.80 4287.746 1716.7096 6004.4556
2017 4417.90 1325.37 4674.1382 1871.4224 6545.5606
2018 4822.55 1446.76 5102.2579 2042.8251 7145.083
2019 5271.71 1581.51 5577.4692 2233.0921 7810.5613
2020 5771.26 1731.38 6105.9931 2444.7086 8550.7016

NEW DELHI
COST BENEFIT RATIO
The cost benefit ration is based on the assumption of total benefit (both direct and indirect) from
additional arrival in next 20 years and dividing it with total expenditure proposed to be occurred in
next 20 years in various activities i.e. infrastructure creation and maintenance, providing social
services etc. The expenditure is divided in to different phases i.e. 2003-08, 2008-2013, 2013-2018 and
2018-2020 likewise the direct benefit is also divided in to similar phases, the benefit cost ratio reflects
the high return on the proposed Tourism Investment Plan.
TABLE NO. 10.5

Total Benefit From Additional Tourist Arrivals on the Implementation of
Year Total direct Total in direct Total Benefit
benefit benefit [Col. (2)+(3)]
(Rs. In crore) (Rs. In crore)
1 2 3 4
2002 1752.21 1996.96 3749.17
2003 1886.16 2149.62 4035.78
2004 2031.51 2315.29 4346.80
2005 2189.42 2495.26 4684.68
2006 2361.15 2690.98 5052.13
2007 2548.15 2904.10 5452.25
2008 2752.04 3136.46 5888.50
2009 2974.62 3390.15 6364.77
2010 3217.95 3667.47 6885.42
2011 3484.37 3971.09 7455.46
2012 3776.49 4304.02 8080.51
2013 4097.32 4669.68 8767.00
2014 4450.26 5071.91 9522.17
2015 4839.18 5515.16 10354.34
2016 5268.50 6004.45 11272.96
2017 5743.28 6545.56 12288.84
2018 6269.31 7145.08 13414.39
2019 6853.23 7810.56 14663.79
2020 7502.64 8550.70 16053.34
TABLE NO. 10.6

Phase wise Cost Benefit Analysis of Jammu Kashmir Perspective Plan
Total Benefit Phase wise Net Benefit
Year (Direct and Expenditure
Indirect)
2003-08 29460.18 20801.85 8658.33
2008-2013 37553.18 46691.25 -9138.51
2013-2018 56852.70 37239.00 19613.70
2018-2020 30717.13 10122.8 20594.33
2020-2023 - 15184.2

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER- XI
Role of Women in Tourism
Worldwide the trend is that organized activities in tourist business, trade or industry has
involved the participation of women in a big way. Not only have women added to the glamour of
industry but as partner to the entrepreneurship women have come to the recognition playing a major
role in promoting the generation of revenues and provide leadership in the hospitality service.
However, the situation is quite unique in the State of J&K. Extensive field inquiries show that
women entrepreneurship is of a high order existing in the Ladakh region, women have a fair share of
participation in the hospitality services undertaken in Jammu region and there is virtual no
participation in women entrepreneurship in Kashmir region. The one single exception is that
handicraft sector of the industry, women have a significant share in the manufacturing of handicrafts
which finally are moving out of the State through the tourist traffic.
The hospitality services in Kashmir Valley are male dominated. Women are still not well
represented in training programmes which provide trained personnel to man the various sectors of the
tourist industry. The number of lawyers, chartered accountants, hotel managers, transport owners, etc
are all headed by men in the Kashmir Valley. The situation in Ladakh region shows that many of the
hotels and many of the tourist taxi services are being managed by women entrepreneurship. The
problem seems to be based on cultural and traditional values of the three regions and it would not be
appropriate to push for very dramatic changes. The Consultants would like, therefore, to recommend
the following :-
Chapter- XI Role of Women in Tourism 164

NEW DELHI
The Government may consider special incentives in loans and financial aids for those
enterprises developed in the tourist industry which have majority partnership involving women. Lower
interest rates may be charged for loans in which women entrepreneurship is direct.
Technical training institutes specially catering to young women be established which would
have relations to providing trained personnel into the tourist industry.
Financial assistance through scholarships can also be provided under specific schemes which
would have a voice towards female candidates. This would encourage educated women to participate
in training courses and acquire technical skills.
To acquire confidence in running businesses the Government should enter into agreement with
private industries located in North India and get the trained personnel attached for agreed duration of
tenure postings to gain field experience in managerial skills. The State Government should also give
stipends to such persons who agree to be attached in private organizations outside the State besides
being paid by the private entrepreneurs a separate salary which would be agreed upon.
Women entrepreneurship in horticulture and animal husbandry may be provided extra
incentives so that the support services are further strengthened. The Consultants would like to
recommend that financial institutions should regularly organize surveys in rural sector to identify
talented women entrepreneurship amongst the high school and graduate level students and encourage
them to develop private entrepreneurship which will support the tourist industry.
The Consultants, however, feel that for still considerable time, women entrepreneurship in the
tourist industry in the State of J&K may not show encouraging signs and without making a special

NEW DELHI
mention, the women may be indirectly encouraged to participate more in public life without outraging
male sensibilities which is an important factor in this region.
The Consultants have identified at least two industrial activities.
In the first instance, the Consultants recognize the presence of herbal raw material which could
establish small industries for making herbal medicines or also alternately lay the foundation of an
aromatic small scale industry. Rose can be cultivated commercially to extract rose oil which finds
very good use in the aromatic industry. The aromatic industry has an old tradition on the sub-continent
and impressed Noorjahan is credited with having discovered the method of extracting Attar from
flowers. Currently this indigenous industry is based in Kannauj and is dying out. Kashmir Valley can
be a likely place for the revival of the Aromatic industry because of its heavy concentration of the
Muslim population which is a patron of Attar, the availability of herbal raw material as well as the
tradition of rose cultivation which all materially contribute into the manufacture. Women
entrepreneurship can also take inspiration from the indigenous cosmetic industry launched in North
India by other Muslim women.
The Consultants would like to suggest to the Department of Industries of the State Government
to explore the possibility of creating project reports in consultation with the private enterprise of
Kannauj and Lucknow.

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CHAPTER- XII
MARKETING & PROMOTION OF TOURISM
“Marketing is not about selling things. It's about making it easy for people to buy.”
- Kristin Zhivago
Tourism arises from the movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations;
x There are two elements in all tourism; the journey to the destination and the stay including
activities at the destination
x The journey and the stay take place outside the normal place of residence and work, so that
tourism gives rise to activities, which are distinct from those of the resident and working
populations of the places, through which tourists travel and in which they stay;
x The movement to destinations is of a temporary, short-term character, with intention to return
within a few days, weeks or months.
Marketing is a continuous, sequential process through which management in the hospitality and
tourism industry plans, researches, implements, controls, and evaluates activities designed to satisfy
both customers’ needs and wants and their own organization’s objectives. To be most effective,
marketing requires the efforts of everyone in an organization and can be made more or less effective by
the actions of complementary organizations.
The six marketing fundamentals are as follows:
a. Satisfaction of customers’ needs and wants.
b. Continuous nature of marketing.
c. Sequential steps in marketing.
d. Key role of marketing research.

Chapter- XII Marketing & Promotion of Tourism 167
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e. Interdependence of hospitality and travel organizations.
f. Organization-wide and multi department effort.
Marketing is the overarching management discipline. It informs the development of new products, the
enhancement of existing products and the refinement of management practices. It is a tactical tool for
adjusting demand to match capacity - all-important where seasonality is a real or potential constraint
on tourism. It is a powerful mechanism for ensuring cross-fertilisation between profit centres in a
single operation, or for identifying symbiotic partnerships in regional strategies. It sets the benchmark
for customer relationships - the interaction between the supplier and the supplied.
Marketing considerations should be at the core of every aspect of tourism. Similarly, the marketing
strategies for Tourism should typically contain recommendations for parallel actions designed to
improve the quality of products and service, and bring businesses in closer alignment with consumer/
tourists expectations.
Successful marketing strategies require a detailed appreciation of the product or products on offer;
accurate identification of markets; an appraisal of the most efficient and effective means of
communication with those markets; and knowledge of the media (including the E sector), mechanisms
and dynamic relationships which provide the vehicles for communication. Product, market and
communication are the three defining points of what we term the marketing triangle, and only when
these elements are in complete balance can the best results be realised. The ability to manage complex
interrelationships requires more than a passing acquaintance with marketing theory.
The basic aim of the marketing strategy for tourism is to ensure maximum effectiveness of
promotional activity in order to strengthen and enhance J&K’s position as an international tourist
destination.
Product Marketing
Product marketing can be considered as an integral part of tourism marketing, it is the classification of
customers according to the degree that specific types of services could appeal to them. The era of
standard products and services is drawing to a close; tourism cannot evade the trend. More and more
customers are seeking destinations offering personalized and memorable experiences. The range of
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products promoted by J&K will have to be maintained. However, the emphasis will be placed on
customization and theme development so that the organization of lead-in products and related activities
and services mirror J&K’s determination to offer tourists a visit they are unlikely to forget.
These lead-in products have been broken down in response to new customer needs. In years to come,
they will be adapted to changes in the supply and demand for tourism products.
TABLE NO. 12.1
Products of Tourism Marketing
• Urban stays (summers) • Resort stays • Fishing

• Urban stays (winter) • Health tourism • Outdoor adventure
• City experiences • Golf • International cruises
• Sights and scenery tours • Downhill skiing • Corporate meetings
• Theme tours • Snowmobiling • Conventions
• Pilgrimage tourism • Cross-country skiing • Incentive Travel
• Buddhist circuits tourism • Adventure Tourism
• Lakes Circuit fro Tourism • Mountaineering
• Wild Life / Sanctuaries • Excursion
Circuit Tourism • River Rafting
• Muslim Pilgrimage Circuits • Trekking
Emphasis can be given on fast-food customers, the incentive travel market, the cruise market, the ski
market, the budget hotel market, the all-suite hotel market, the inclusive tour market, the luxury travel
market, the motorcoach market, the casino gambling market, etc. as these are some of the other
products of tourism marketing which can appeal and attract more and more customers. These can be
developed and offered to the tourists as per their demand, needs and wants and returns on investment
for the investors.
Some of the Major attraction for the tourists in J&K, which needs to be exploited to full potential, are:
Adventure & Holiday Tourism

Mountaineering
Trekking
Ballooning
Rock Climbing
White Water Rafting and River Running
Motor Rallies

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River Rafting
Mountain Climbing
Pilgrimage Tourism
Buddhist Circuit- Ladakh

Vaishnodevi Ji, Amarnath Yatra, etc.
Expected to generate a high growth rate of in Jammu and Kashmir tourism
Domestic Tourism is largely a part of Pilgrimage Tourism, but it has to be converted /
turned into other forms of Tourism like Wildlife Tourism, Adventure Tourism, Leisure
Tourism, by providing exiting offers to the tourists, etc.
Inbound Pilgrimage Tourism is at a nascent stage
Eco-Tourism
Responsible travel to natural areas and sustains the well being of local people
It is further an amalgamation of interests arising out of environmental, economic and social
concerns
Those who are stakeholders/ involved – consumers, managers, native people & suppliers
Potential Places for harnessing the potentials are:

Pilgrimage Tourism : Gaurikund , Sudhmahadev, Mantalai
Pilgrimage: Katra, Shiv Khori, Charaina Devta, Dera Baba Banda, Bhutan.
Recreation Tourism: Sanasar , Patnitop Agar Jito, Reasi Fort, Salal Dam, Symbal
Choya, Dhayan Garh, Agni Nalla, Kanthan. Sanasar , Patnitop
Leisure Tourism : Sanasar , Patnitop, Kud
Adventure Tourism : Sanasar , Patnitop
Following are the brief description of different types of tourism that are in a latest trend and demand,
and these can easily get place in the in the tourism marketing policy.
New Virgin Areas
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs has recently declared some more a areas of Ladakh
opened for International Tourism. These areas are among the outstanding feature of Himalayan

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Panorama. It could be yet another destination for the global tourists. These areas are relatively more
distinct for cultural and adventure tourism. While declaring the new areas of Khaltse, Nubra & Nyomo
Sub-Division, Govt. of India however restricted the movement of traffic flow on 7 different tour
circuits to these divisions. Minimum period required for visiting these areas should not exceed 7 days.
These circuits are :
Khaltse Sub-Division (Drokhpa Area).
Khaltsi-Dumkhar-Skurbuchan-Hanudo-Bima-Dha
Agri- Tourism
Agri-Tourism can be comparatively a new and promising trend for small farms. Simply stated, agri-
tourism is the visitation of farms and ranches by those seeking to experience the place and or the
agricultural products. It contributes to sustainable agriculture in three major ways:
9The visitors gain a deeper understanding of what agriculture is about because they see it up
close and personal.
9The farmer or rancher becomes more acquainted with the urban and suburban visitors and
develops a deeper appreciation of what they value and are seeking from the agricultural system.
9The farmer derives an additional revenue stream from the farm; something needed by most
farmers and ranchers today.
Increasingly diversified tourism products consistent with customer expectations are to be offered to
attract more and more tourists from different parts of the world.

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Ecotourism
According to the Quebec Declaration on Ecotourism: ecotourism
"embraces the principles of sustainable tourism....” and the following principles, which distinguish it
from the wider concept of sustainable tourism are:
9Contributes actively to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage,
9Includes local and indigenous communities in its planning, development and operation,
contributing to their well-being,
9Interprets the natural and cultural heritage of the destination to visitor,
9Lends itself better to independent travelers, as well as to organized tours
for small size groups".
9As a development tool, ecotourism can advance the three basic goals of the Convention on
Biological Diversity:
Conserve biological (and cultural) diversity, by strengthening protected area management
systems (public or private) and increasing the value of sound ecosystems;
Promote the sustainable use of biodiversity, by generating income, jobs and business
opportunities in ecotourism and related business networks, and
Share the benefits of ecotourism developments equitably with local communities and
indigenous people, by obtaining their informed consent and full participation in planning
and management of ecotourism businesses.
In the field, well-planned and managed ecotourism has proven to be one of the most effective tools for
long-term conservation of biodiversity when the right circumstances (such as market feasibility,

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management capacity at local level, and clear and monitored links between ecotourism development
and conservation) are present.
While talking about Ecotourism it can be said that it is comparatively sustainable tourism, which
follows clear processes like:
9Ensures prior informed participation of all stakeholders,
9Ensures equal, effective and active participation of all stakeholders,
9Acknowledges Indigenous Peoples communities' rights to say "no" to tourism development -
and to be fully informed, effective and active participants in the development of tourism
activities within the communities, lands, and territories, and
9Promotes processes for Indigenous Peoples and local communities to control and maintain their
resources.
Rural Tourism
Rural Tourism is one component of a broader initiative to improve the economic and social life of the
local people and to enhance the environment. Following a description of both the process involved in
developing the programme and the tourist product itself, significant features of rural tourisms approach
are crucial to long-term success and sustainability are identified.
These include encouraging maximum community involvement at all stages of development; the use of
expert “partners” to provide needed technical and financial resources to rural communities;
complementary strategies addressing tourism, agriculture and the environment; and a clear strategic
planning and implementation framework. These elements of a successful project could be adapted and
applied in a variety of locations.

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The challenge of securing the economic benefits of tourism development while ensuring the protection
of the environment and local culture is one that confronts governments, NGOs and citizens throughout
the world. Long an issue for cosmopolitan capitals and popular tourist destinations, it has become a
concern for small, relatively obscure communities as well. Many small towns and villages where
agricultural incomes have been declining for decades, with concomitant decreases in employment
opportunities, population and services, look to rural tourism as a means of economic revitalization.
Governments of both “developed” and “developing” nations often include a form of rural tourism in
their national tourism plans, seeing it as a means of alleviating stagnant or deteriorating economic
conditions. At the same time, there appears to be a growing market for rural tourism, with an increased
number of independent travelers seeking an “individual” experience in the “unspoiled” countryside.
Yet the challenge remains:
9To develop a rural tourism programme that will attract visitors, and enhance the economic
welfare of the host community, while promoting environmental protection and respecting the
local heritage and culture.
Why Rural Tourism?
Rural tourism programmes are most successful at achieving economic, environmental, and
cultural benefits when they are sensitively tailored to meet the needs of the affected community.
With the enormous cultural and environmental diversity represented in rural tourism today, a
programme that is appropriate to one community may well be unsuitable to another. Nonetheless, by
analyzing a successful case of rural tourism development, it may be possible to identify strategies and
processes that could be effective if adapted to the specific needs of other communities.

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Previously also Programmes of Rural Tourism have been developed in Tuscany as part of Italy’s
“Agri-tourism” project, by France’s Association of Tourism in Rural Spaces, by Austria’s Association
for Regional Self-Reliant Development, in Ballyhoura and Fermanagh, Ireland, and in Fiji, Senegal,
and Tyrrell County, North Carolina, in the United States. Financial and technical assistance for
localities ranging from the Akamas Peninsula of Cyprus to Mongolia has been provided by such
institutions as the World Bank, the European Union, and the World Tourism Organization. These
programmes are successful and can be replicated.
Potential Marketable Products in J&K
It is a fact that J&K is has tremendous potential marketable products. This has been reverberated
through our survey in the different regions of J&K. If we see each district from the point of view of
Tourism, each district has so much to offer that the other states just cannot match. We have identified
the potential marketable products to be :
x Vast Natural Resources.
x Adventure Tourism (River Rafting, Mountaineering, Mountain climbing)
x Numerous trekking routes
x Pilgrimage Tourism (Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist)
x Wild Life tourism
x Heritage Tourism (Protected villages - to preserve their identity)
x Springs
x Festivals & Cultural activities
x Handicrafts, etc.
These products could only be exploited well if there is a well-laid Tourism Marketing Policy, which
the state Government has to adopt in the short term, medium term and long term. If the state has so
much of products to offer then it has to portray its resources to the target customers. From the survey
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findings it is clear that most of the Gujaratis (tourists from Gujarat), Marathis (tourists from
Maharashtra),Bengalis (tourists from West Bengal), come to J&K in large nos. So the tourists of these
states could be our target customers in the short term. We have to open up offices in these states in the
major locations which can provide the tourists information about the tourist places, provide various
options for accommodation, chalk out travel plans, do bookings, etc.
Further, the Identified products can be made marketable if investments are made in the following
infrastructures, for making the products marketable and attractive to lure tourists:
̅ Up gradation / Improvement of Airport Facilities and Setting Up of an International Airport
̅ Operation of Air/ Helicopter Feeder Air Services to Existing and Virgin Tourist Areas
̅ Local Transport, Luxury Buses/ Taxis, etc.
̅ International Standard Hotel Accommodation
̅ Recreational Facilities
̅ Golf Tourism
̅ Setting up of Gondolas/ Cable Cars/ Rope Ways in Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Patnitop, etc.
̅ Turnkey Development Of Resorts
̅ Incentives
These can be further elaborated or segmented keeping in view the potential and the expected growth of
Tourism. Areas of Investment are:
• Local Transport
• Modern International Level Luxury Sight Seeing Coaches, Air-Conditioned Cars And Mini
Buses
• International Standard Hotel Accommodation
• International Standard Hotel Chains.

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There are possibilities of taking over of some existing properties for up gradation setting up of
independent units
• Turnkey development of resorts in totally virgin areas which have tremendous Tourism
Potential but are presently devoid of tourist activities.
The resort of Bungas, Aharbal circuit, Yousmarg, Sanasar, Mantalai, Wardwan, Gurez and Tilel
valleys could attract tourists in the ratio of 80% local/ domestic tourists and 20% from outside/ foreign
tourists.
• Recreational facilities
Amusement Parks, Health Clubs, Indoor Skating Rinks, Bowling Alleys, and so on.
• Rope Ways
Gondola in Gulmarg, Cable Car and other Rope Way Systems in different Tourist Areas.
Gondola/ Cable Car at Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Patnitop, and Bagh-a-Bahu-Mahamaya in
Jammu.
Winter Sports as has been in the case of Gulmarg.
Setting-up and Operation of Multi-National Hotel Chain Units such as Holiday Inn,
Sheraton, Hyatt, etc. Setting-up and Operation of Recreational Facilities such as Bowling
Alleys, Indoor Ice Skating Rings, Amusement Parks, Health Clubs and so on
• Heli-Skiing & skiing.
• Trekking, Camping, Glacier - walking, Horse riding, Rock - climbing, Angling
• Helicopter Charter Service for Important Destinations from Leh
1.Kargil
2.Padum ( Zanskar Valley )
3.Nubra Valley
4.Pangong Lake

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5.Tsomoriri Lake
6.Nun-Kun Area ( Suru Valley )
Strategies for Product Marketing
The public’s shifting wants; needs, and preferences during the past 20 to 30 years have opened up a
vast store of new marketing opportunities. The hospitality and travel industry has responded with an
exciting array of services tailor-made for specific target markets—the industry has to learn to practice
market segmentation. Ten specific marketing product strategies could include the following:
1. Increased emphasis on frequent travelers
2. Greater attention to nutritional and fitness needs
3. More marketing to executive and luxury travelers
4. Greater emphasis on weekend packages and other minivacations
5. More attention to women business travelers
6. Greater emphasis on longer-stay travelers
7. More pricing and rate alternatives
8. Greater convenience in services provided
9. Greater variety of ethnic food offerings
10. Increased supply of specific travel offerings
Segmentation
Market segmentation is one of the core principles of marketing. The basic reason for market
segmentation is that trying to appeal to all potential customers—the untargeted approach—is wasteful.
There are groups of customers who are just not interested in buying our services. The essence of good
marketing is to pick out the segments that are most interested in specific services and to aim marketing
programs at them.

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The principal reason for segmentation, therefore, is to focus effort and marketing the currency in the
most effective way. There are several choices to be made, and it is helpful to think of the answers to
the who, what, how, where, and when questions:
Key Questions for Market Segmentation
1. WHO?
Which market segments should we pursue?
2. WHAT? What are they looking for in our types of services?
3. HOW? How do we develop our marketing programs to best fit their needs and wants?
4. WHERE? Where do we promote our services?
5. WHEN? When do we promote them?
The hospitality and travel industry has to mature in its use of market segmentation. There is growing
recognition of the need to select specific target markets and to aim marketing programs at them. At the
same time, the market has to become increasingly diverse, offering more and more possible niches for
hospitality and travel marketers. As the industry moves into the twenty-first century, the big winners
are most likely to be those organizations that hone in most precisely on their target markets. Improved
marketing research and greater use of computer technology hold great promise for more effective
segmentation in the industry. More applications of multi segmentation also hold good potential for
more effective marketing.
Strategy of Market Segmentation
While designing the marketing strategy for tourism, it becomes necessary to segmentize the different
marketing products as it plays a key role in selecting and detailing a marketing strategy. In fact,
deciding on a marketing strategy usually involves choosing a single target market or some combination
of target markets, or, alternatively, consciously deciding to ignore segment differences
(undifferentiated marketing). As tourism industry comprises multiple factors, selecting target

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markets for attention is usually a multiyear decision that is subject to annual reviews using the situation
analysis and marketing research.
Segmentation of Tourism marketing can be done on the following seven broad categories:
1. Geography
2. Demographics
3. Purpose of trip
4. Psychographics
5. Behavior
6. Product-related
7. Channels of distribution
Each of these seven categories includes several alternative characteristics for carving the market into
segments.
Only segmentation of market is not enough but it also requires the focus on the markets for which the
segmentation is being done and this requires following aspects like:
1. Measurable
2. Substantial
3. Accessible
4. Defensible
5. Durable
6. Competitive
7. Homogeneous
8. Compatible
Benefits of Market Segmentation
The segmentation of market in Tourism sector is vital as it provides following benefits:

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1. More effective use of marketing rupees
2. Clearer understanding of the needs and wants of selected customer groups
3. More effective positioning (developing a service and marketing mix to occupy a specific place
in the minds of potential customers within target markets)
4. Greater precision in selecting promotional vehicles and techniques (e.g., advertising media,
sales promotion methods, geographic placement)
The budget hotel concept provides a good example of these benefits. It is realized that there are groups
of travelers that are not interested in the full range of services provided by the typical, one or two star
hotels. These potential customers want inexpensive, clean, and comfortable lodging in limited-service
and conveniently located properties. By catering to economy-minded travelers, the concentration could
be on these customers’ needs, chose the best ways to appeal to them, and prompt in the right places at
the right times. The no-frills concept can also been used successfully by other hospitality and travel
organizations.
Positioning
Positioning is the development of a service and marketing mix to occupy a specific place in the minds
of customers within target markets, also known as having distinctive service features.
Positioning is very essential in today’s competitive tourism climate because of the following :
a. Perceptual processes : Perception is how the customer sizes up a product or service by the use of
the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Perception plays a very important role in
decision for choosing a destination.
b. Intensified competition : Due to the intensified competition it is very necessary how the tourist
destination is positioned in the minds of the customers. If the positioning is in conjunction with the
needs and wants of the customer then only the customer chooses the destination.

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c. Volume of commercial messages : There are various kinds of messages which the tourist come
across while choosing the destination, so the positioning should be so which is unique and satisfies
the tourist.
Steps for Positioning
The steps required for effective positioning (the five Ds) are as follows :
a. Documenting : Documenting all the various alternatives which best suit to the destination.
b. Deciding : Deciding on the best alternatives to go in for positioning.
c. Differentiating : Distinguishing each of the decided alternatives.
d. Designing : Designing a plan and an implementation strategy
e. Delivering : Delivering the alternatives to the target customers.
Approach to Positioning
Positioning can be done with six different approaches which are as follows :
a. Positioning on specific product features
b. Positioning on benefits, problem solution, or needs
c. Positioning for specific usage occasions
d. Positioning for user category
e. Positioning against another product
f. Positioning by product class dissociation
Marketing Abroad
We are now providing the five strategies that J&K should adopt for increasing its visibility on the
world tourism map. For J&K it is one of the major challenge due to the peculiar law and order
situation.

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TABLE NO. 12.2

FIVE STRATEGIES TO INCREASE J&K’s VISIBILITY ON THE WORLD TOURISM MAP
1 Development and organization of a tourism product in keeping with customer expectations

Faced with escalating competition and the need to satisfy customers with an increasingly broad range of
interests, J&K has no option but to offer a tourism product that is competitive and innovative. Both the
development and the organization of the tourism product are instrumental in the success of promotional
strategies.
2 Adjusting promotional strategies to new information and communications technologies
There is a great upheaval in the world of communications, prompting major changes in consumer behaviour,
especially noticeable in travel planning and reservations. J&K will have to adopt a promotional approach
consistent with these new tendencies.
3 Emphasis on markets offering the best return on investment
Although deemed satisfactory, J&Ks performance could improve on some international markets offering
development prospects. Such is the case of the American market (except for New England) and several
European markets. J&K should focus investments on markets generating the most revenue. In the domestic
front the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal are the major states for greater emphasis on market
offerings.
Establishing a strong business relationship between Tourism department of J&K and the tourism
4
industry in J&K.
In light of the growing number of players showing heightened interest in tourism, current promotional
investment is now spread too thinly. Partners must be grouped together to increase the impact of J&K’s
tourism industry on foreign markets.
5 La connaissance des clientèles et l’évaluation des résultats
Setting up a customized tourism product for constantly evolving and increasingly discriminating clienteles
and the success of promotional strategies depend on two things:
9Improving our knowledge of client needs and interests;
9Rigorously assessing the results obtained.

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The recent mid-term review of the economy suggests that tourism sector need constant promotion to
ensure growth since it has a high employment potential. Planning Commission has recognised tourism
as a priority sector as it will be able to maximise the productivity of India’s natural, human, cultural
and technical resources by providing in targeting ten million employment opportunities per year. It is
labour-intensive and cottage or small industry-based sector capable of being primarily focused on rural
areas with relatively low cost of programme with extensive forward and backward linkages that build
overall income and employment, especially for women, youth and disabled persons.
Tourism can harness its economic benefits to a large segment of its population throughout the country
as also to project its vast and varied art, culture, heritage and natural resources before the world in a
meaningful way. Tourism worldwide is growing fast and it comes under the five top export categories
for 83 per cent of the countries and the main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38 per
cent of them. International tourism receipts account for roughly 8 per cent of the total export earnings
on goods and services globally and is the highest among all international trade categories.
India accords top priority to the tourism sector. Seven ‘S’ are identified to provide the requisite thrust
to tourism development in our country. These are - Swagat (Welcome), Soochana (Information),
Suvidha (Facilitation), Suraksha (Safety), Sahyog (Cooperation), Samrachana (Infrastructure
Development) and Safai (Cleanliness).
FIGURE NO. 12.1
* Swagat (Welcome),
* Soochana (Information)
S * Suvidha (Facilitation)
* Suraksha (Safety)
* Sahyog (Cooperation)
* Samrachana (Infrastructure Development)
* Safai (Cleanliness)

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Safety
Tourists travel to various destinations for relaxation, pleasure and exploration. Nothing should vitiate
the atmosphere. Otherwise the tourists will go away.
Cheating, fleecing and maltreatment of tourists bring a bad name to the country. India is counted as
one of the unsafe destinations by international tourists. Often there are reports of atrocities and
harassment of foreign tourists by unscrupulous elements. That foreign tourists are sometimes
physically harassed, robbed and even murdered cannot be denied. There are also reports of exploitation
of international travelers by some unauthorised tour operators. One cannot deny occurrence of such
incidences in a vast country like India. But even if a very small number of such cases get publicised
through the media, they tarnish the country’s image. The issue relating to the safety and security of the
tourists, both domestic and foreign, is important enough to be addressed urgently as any incident
relating to these issues has an adverse effect on foreign tourist arrival and domestic tourist movement.
The new tourism policy should seek to ensure safety and security of the tourists. It can suggest that a
section of the state police be earmarked to act as tourist police with special training for the job. Though
Jammu & Kashmir, has set up Tourist Police exclusively for providing safety and security to the
tourists, but the numbers are not enough to take care of such large number of domestic and foreign
tourists. The efforts should be in building confidence in the tourists for their safety and their
comfortable stay.
Even though the Department of Tourism, both at the Centre and in the States, is responsible for
promoting tourism, these are basically law and order problems. Most of the complaints filed by the
tourists being criminal in nature have to be dealt with under the existing laws. The special Tourism
Force is only meant to provide service in a spirit of courtesy and hospitality. This has to be changed

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and more strict laws should be made and Tourism Police Force given powers to deal matters more
stringently and enforceably.
Promotion
Promotion includes all the activities that the government takes to communicate and promote its
products to its target markets. The promotional mix is the combination of advertising, personal selling,
sales promotion, merchandising (also known as point-of-purchase advertising), and public relations
and publicity approaches used for a specific period of time.
The three principal goals of promotion are :
a. Inform
b. Persuade
c. Remind
Advertising
Any paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor.
Advertising is the medium to promote and communicate with the customers. Re-thinking the
advertising strategy to reach a global market. In the face of changing times and new realities, the
tourism operators should reassess their marketing and advertising strategies.
A New Media Action Plan is needed that will increase the marketing reach and lower the costs.
9Printed Materials
9Magazine Advertising
9Trade Shows
9TV & Video
The role of the media, travel agents and tour operators is vital in creating goodwill. Even in a crisis
situation they can always instill confidence in the minds of the prospective tourists and encourage them
to go on journeys without any fear. The Department of Tourism should make special efforts to enlist
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the cooperation of the media, the travel industry and India’s foreign offices in dispelling any
misconception about the safety and security situation in our country.
Tourism was adversely affected in 2001 all over the world from terrorism that threatened the safety
and security of tourists. The Department of Tourism, on its part, has to take requisite steps from time to
time towards confidence-building among international tourists by addressing the safety and security-
related issues. One such activity has been to address leading tour operators in the main tourist
generating markets to allay the fear of tourists about the region. Guided by our philosophy we
welcome tourists as personifications of divinity itself.
Promotion Programmes
Consideration can also be given on following aspect for undertaking the promotion Programmes
i) The market strategy
ii) Knowledge of marketing distribution channels
iii) The Promotion techniques adopted
iv) Available Budget
The proposed strategy for promoting tourism
- Advertise the old and traditional heritage of the state, the landmarks available and hospitality
provided by the state by taking help of mass media
- Promote package programmes – for week or more than week
- Designing attractive leaflets, posters and pamphlets, maps and travel agent manuals and
demonstrate in the key point not only in the state but other states as well like: in travel agencies,
different state houses, embassies different emporiums, in exhibitions etc.
- Enlist the corporate houses, other private sectors and service organisations to develop and
promote tourism

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- Invite and host visits by tour operators, travel agents and travelling journalist/ writers/
photographers
- Special promotional measures in the major market countries either by personal visits to those
countries or through exhibiting the advertisement materials in the embassies in the identified
countries
Targeting
Targeting is one of most important marketing mix of the marketing Strategy. The right kind of tourist
has to be targeted who can generate revenues for the tourism industry. To attract these targeted
customers there is need of niche tourism products to be developed like:
Amusement Parks – require an appreciable size of land, which is not available now in the valley. In
Ladakh area it is uneconomical with the low level of tourist traffic and short season. In Jammu region
there is a potential in the suburbs of Jammu town and towards Kathua, Samba, but the proximity of the
international border would offer this site as a potential to get to organise disruptive activities or a
prominent target to shell. The religious tourism is unlikely to patronize the parks if created as they
would be a diversion in their religious fervour and otherwise due to shortage of free time.
Ropeway – projects are uneconomical and impractical in Ladakh region. IN Kashmir ropeway projects
are already indentified and underway in some instances in the valley based on the experience of the
Gulmarg Gondola ropeway.A survey has already been undertaken by the state government who have
identified at least 6 new sites in the Peer Panjaal range for winter sports. The development of these
sites by the state government, under normal conditions will take at least one full decade. The question
of their being developed presently is totally ruled out as the identified area is dominated by militant
control. In Jammu the ropeway at Vaishno Devi site is the only identified and economical project. In
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Doda area, because of sparse population the potential site identified near Bhadwar is totally
uneconomical and is otherwise affected by short seasons.
Yoga and Meditation Centres – The meditation centres in the private sector are already working in
Ladakh and Jammu region. In Kashmir valley because of very long winter conditions and their
dominant Islamic culture the suggestion would not be received well for commercial exploitation.
Adventure Sports – The rivers in the state have been found to have a very limited potential for white
water surfing. In Ladakh the Indus river provided white water surfing in a local stretch already in use
near Neemo. The other potential site is very close to LOC and prohibited access. All the rivers in
Kashmir valley have zero potential and there is non water for use for this purpose in the Jammu
region.
Rock climbing – Activities are being organised in Kashmir valley. In many camping sites a potential
does exist in Jammu area for opening of training centres, Similarly, rock climbing training facilities
have been created in the Indus valley by the army and ITBP. Training in rock climbing using artificial
rocks have a potential in all the three regions. The standard training kit of international standards is
now available in India and with its retail facility based in New Delhi costs about Rs. 40.0 lakhs per set.
It could be recommended that on an experimental basis 5 sets consisting of one each for Poonch,
Jammu, Doda, Ladakh and Kashmir valley be considered which may be after installation put in charge
of the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports. The State Olympic Association is also associated in its
use. The total project will cost about Rs. 2.00 crores non-recurring and Rs. 25.0 lacs recurring cost /
annum. Immediate revival of Gulmarg WSI is not recommended, as it is a direct victim of militancy.
Once this problem is over the Institute will attract students for training and also staff. So the
consultants have nothing more to offer; otherwise it is a viable proposition.

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Casinos – may not be feasible and can be totally ruled out, since this is an Islamic influenced state and
this is against Islamic culture, issue can be politically exploited to the embarrassment of the state
government.
MARKETING STRATEGY AND PROMOTION PROGRAMMES
Thrust Areas For Tourism Development
Generally two types of elements attracts tourist to a place; firstly the primary elements like historic
buildings, urban landscapes, museums, art gallery, theatre, sports and events and secondary elements
like hotels, shops and other services, purchase of one product, Thus thrust area for domestic as well as
foreign tourist in Jammu and Kashmir can be classified into following areas:
- Eco tourism – Hills, lake, mountain, wild life observation, bird watching (domestic and foreign
tourist)
- Adventure tourism – gliding, yachting, skiing, mountaineering etc. (domestic and foreign tourist)
- Religious tourism (domestic tourist)
- Leisure tourism (domestic and foreign tourist)
- Crafts and villages (domestic and foreign tourist)
The prime visitor markets for tourism are
- Business travellers
- Short break holidaymakers
- Visitors to friends and relatives
- Long holidaymakers
Strategy for tourism Promotion
i) Development of facilities, activities, physical environment and infrastructure
ii) Marketing the region and selling an image
iii) Expansion of culture, sport, natural and other tourist attraction

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iv) Physical regeneration of the area
v) Expansion of tourism resources comprising primary and secondary elements
Development of facilities, activities, physical environment and infrastructure involves investment for
tourism like development of facilities, activities, physical environments and infrastructure that will
have benefits for local community.
Marketing the region and selling an image would assist the attraction of industrial and commercial
activities. Advertising the region engaged in tourism activities will raise the profile and visibility of the
region.
Expansion of culture, sport, natural and other tourist attraction would provide a good platform for
tourism development and this effort would attract more and more tourist in the region.
Expansion of primary elements (historic buildings, landscapes, sports facilities, entertainment and
special events) and secondary elements (shopping, catering, accommodations, transportation) would be
the key element for the tourism promotion
Marketing Strategy
i) Advertisement through mass media, posters and billboards
ii) Design and execute locally build marketing activities: distinctive features and advantages
iii) Develop the perception of Jammu and Kashmir as a major tourist spot
iv) Conduct marketing and promotional activities targeted at market segment identifying on
going market research
v) Confidence building in terms of security
vi) Develop attraction of large and high quality (refer figure 1)
vii) Coordination of Government and Private sector (In rural areas the importance should be
given to panchayats )
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FIGURE NO. 12.2
TARGETING TOURISTS
Entertainment
Entertainment
Cultural Attraction Excellent shopping

and sight seeing
Great theatre and Art
Interesting festivals & events

Exiting nightlife
Cultural Attraction and sight seeing
Food and Accommodation Well-known landmarks

Different cultural ways of life
Local customs and traditions
Family and Atmosphere Local art and Handicraft
Unique vacation experience
Food and Accommodation

Hospitable
Good restaurants
Unique dishes and cooking

Travel Cost
Well-managed hotels and Resorts
The marketing strategy should also include need to portray a favourable but realistic image of the state.
This is important to due to resent unrest and security threat.
Tourism Information Services
An important function of marketing and promotion is providing information to the tourist about
different key places to visit, map for geographical idea, historical and cultural background of the area,
available facilities and different types of services available (with rates), shopping points, information
of other facilities like health and communication facilities, religious institutions, embassies, consulates.
The information should be provided about local customs, dress and behaviour code and security
problem (specially about the terrorist prone areas).

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Case Study
The SPARC (South Pembrokeshire Partnership for Action with Rural Communities) rural tourism
programme
South Pembrokeshire is located in the southwestern peninsula of Wales. It is a rural area comprising
roughly 40 villages and towns and 400 sq km of land. The landscape is varied, including coastal and
estuarian areas that are part of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and rolling countryside and
river valleys leading to the foothills of the Preseli Hills to the north. The “Landsker”, a historic frontier
line of castles and strongholds dating to the 11th century Norman invasion, divides the area into two
culturally distinct parts: to the north the Welsh culture and language predominate, while the area to the
south has been anglicized. The surrounding countryside, whose villages and towns are interconnected
by footpaths, bridle ways and narrow lanes, is picturesquely called the “Landsker Borderlands”.
In 1992, SPARC received European Union LEADER I funding to extend a pilot project of its
predecessor organization throughout the disadvantaged rural communities of South Pembrokeshire. Its
goal was to develop an integrated programme to improve the economic and social life of the local
people and enhance the environment. The SPARC effort is not focused solely on tourism, but also
includes inter related environmental and agricultural strategies. All three strategies have interlinkages
and are seen as complementary components of the programme. The tourism strategy, as described by
SPA RC coordinator Joan Asby,
(is) aimed at the discerning visitor, who is environmentally conscious, and is

looking for a quality experience, and aims to promote opportunities which are seen
to have positive economic multiplier effects on other local sectors, but which
complement the environment and heritage of the area, thus reinforcing and
facilitating the key rural development objective of agricultural diversification.
Central to SPARC ’s approach is the encouragement of maximum community involvement at all stages
of development: planning, implementation and monitoring. First, local people in all 37 villages that
have taken part in the SPARC programme to date participated in an appraisal to identify the problems
and opportunities of their own community. Next, they helped produce a local Action Plan based on the
appraisal. Most communities identified rural tourism in their Action Plans as a potential source of
economic growth. They also, however, wanted a form of tourism “that was non-intrusive and which
was based on the natural resources of the area, its landscape, heritage and culture.”

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This translated into the SPARC goal of promoting environmentally sensitive rural tourism which
would respect the local culture and bring maximum local economic benefit.
Equally important to the S PA RC approach is the assistance of a variety of “partners”, experts and
organizations in relevant fields, which produced valuable data and assessments that they shared with
the community and supportive public and private organizations that provided technical and financial
assistance. SPARC, local communities and these partners joined forces to determine a “product
identity” for the rural tourism programme: the theme of the “Landsker Borderlands”. This offered a
unified historic interpretation to the South Pembrokeshire district, taking into account the linguistic
split between the Welsh speakers to the north and the English speakers to the south, and respected the
cultural distinction of the area.
As the tourism programme developed, local citizens, “partners” and SPARC cooperated on virtually all
aspects. Local citizens from the villages and towns were encouraged, again with the assistance of
specialist “partners”, to create leaflets providing information about their local heritage. Villages
established or improved “amenity centres” which provide car parking and interpretative panels in the
heart of the community and from which local footpath networks can be accessed. These footpaths were
identified by local communities in conjunction with SPA RC personnel, joining villages, providing
access to historic sites when possible and providing opportunity to walk through the varied country
side.
Noteworthy features of the SPARC programme
1. Extensive citizen involvement

2. Partnership with experts
3. Complementary strategies
4. Clear strategic planning and implementation framework
5 . The pivotal role of SPA RC
6. Regional approach
7. Comprehensiveness of the product
8. Sensitivity to environment and culture
9. Limits of “leakage”
10. Diversification of the tourist product

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Conclusions
No single example of tourism is likely to be suitable in total for duplication in any other location. After
all, local settings – environmental, cultural, social, political and economic – vary so significantly that a
“cookiecutter” approach of cloning even a highly successful programme should not be attempted. That
said, the SPARC model is characterized by numerous noteworthy features that could be adapted and
applied effectively in a variety of locations. SPARC’s methods have been successful for South
Pembrokeshire, and for that reason should be commended and studied by those concerned with
securing the potential benefits of tourism for rural communities while ensuring the protection of the
environment and culture of the local people.

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CHAPTER- XIII
RECOMMENDATIONS & PERSPECTIVE PLANNING
The Consultants are presenting the recommendations and also the perspective planning for the
development of tourism in Jammu & Kashmir for the next 20 years. The recommendations are based
on the survey findings and the multi pronged data collection from various levels and various
departments. The recommendations and the perspective plan are presented sector wise and in phases.
The financial details are presented in each sector and the summary of the financial implications are
presented in the next chapter.
It is necessary that measures be initiated for the revival of tourism industry first and restore it at least to
the position of the late 1980’s.This means that the entire support system laid by various departments of
the state government requires revival and also in a coordinated manner which in the present case is
found wanting in the evaluation undertaken by us. Indeed, a major part of the 20 years perspective plan
seeks first to bring about the revival in a sustainable manner and thereafter build up new perspective
blocks on what has been revived and restored. The consultants are of the view that expensive schemes
in promoting tourism industry in the state are currently no answer to future prosperity. This is because
tourism industry should be sustainable without outside grants and this can only come about when some
of the basic infrastructure of the tourism industry is properly taken care of. The growth of the tourism
industry in the state has been haphazard and very little coordination appears to have existed in the past
between the private enterprise and the government effort for example the development of the
communication infrastructure in the past has been totally defense oriented and not tourist oriented.
Where the development of the communication facilities like road were conceived, no priority was
assigned to the requirement of the tourism industry and were totally dependent on the demands of the
executive wing of the government who had other reasons for asking for communication facilities.
Chapter- XIII Recommendations and Perspective Planning 196

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Further we feel that sustainable tourism is dependent on a large number of factors mentioned in the
perspective plan which mightfall outside the purview of tourism development but they would certainly
have an impact on the promotion of tourism in the long run (since the mandate of this perspective plan
is to develop a sustainable plan for 20 years). The consultants during their extensive field experience
have found that many important projects which have a direct bearing to the international tourism into
the valley have been in long slumber, though they form the proposals of various Departments, but we
certainly forsee that if these projects are implemented it will certainly reinforce the perspective plan for
sustainable tourism. Taking an example, The master plan for the improvement of the public
infrastructure in the Srinagar city was originally conceived in the mid 1970’s and was sent to the
government in the mid 1980’s and yet even in the year 2003 nothing out of that master plan has been
put on ground while the city has degenerated into a massive slum. Interviews with tourist both Indian
and foreign have clearly indicated that a vast number of tourist visiting Srinagar find it a very dirty
town with no power and reliable water supply, to say the least. It is viewed that the revival of the
tourism industry has to involve the revival of all the industrial activities, which are connected as the
support structure. For example the consultants have recommended the revival of horticulture and food
processing small sector industries simply to ensure that money and profits involved in this economic
activity are not exported out of the state. The consultants see no harm at all in recommending these
measures for `sustainable’ tourism industry. It would not be sustainable if the supporting economic
activity is used as blackmail on the state population by any influential sector outside the state.
NEED TO WELCOME THE TOURIST PROPERLY
If the tourists are invited to the State they must be informed on what the State offers as tourist
delights; sample ground survey undertaken showed that such tourist literature was in short supply; if
the tourist is invited to visit the State one finds there was a lack of institutional infrastructure to
facilitate the movement of the tourist and help his tours. As for safety of self there is no separate

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scheme and the tourist is fearful of moving into the State away from the severe hot weather conditions
of the North Indian plains for his rest and recreation. He is not welcomed particularly by the
indifferent cooperation of the existing staff located outside the State, who treat their assignments as a
10-5 p.m. affair; as for the sights available in the States, they outrage the sense of public cleanliness
and sanitation. The whole population needs to be educated in the art of welcoming the tourist, and it is
a big task.
IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE TOURISM POLICY
We have already identified the presence of three agencies presently inter-connected which have
responsibilities to plan, manage and develop the tourist infrastructure in the State. The current
weaknesses existing in the system overlooking the tourism industry have also been identified. While
we are emphasizing herein that there should be least presence of government in the business of tourist
and the private sector should be asked to play a more direct role, yet it is necessary to have a system
which should work for sometime into the future, which will institutionalize properly some of the adhoc
activities which are to be found operating in the tourism industry. We also find insufficient
coordination between the projects of the Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and most of the
the State Government to examine and accept, there can be a situation when even in the absence of a
declared policy on tourism, the State Government may still venture to accelerate development in the
tourist sector and the related official activities.
The special interest shown by the Chief Minister of the State and some of the senior officers of
long experience in this hospitality activity, prompts us to recommend herein which, it is hoped, would
provide the necessary momentum for the early accelerated development of the tourist industry as well
as act as a clearing house for contemplated projects and also oversee the individual approved projects
to maintain their declared schedules of completion, etc.
We therefore recommend the creation of the State Tourism Regulatory Board (STBP). The Board shall
have the following:

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Chairman Chief Minister of the State
Vice Chairman Minister of Tourism
Deputy Chairman Chief Secretary, J&K Govt.
Member Secretary Director General, Tourism
Members of Board Secretary, Department of Finance
Secretary, Education Department
Secretary, Industries
Secretary, Culture & Horticulture
Secretary, Deptt of Transport
Secretary, Deptt. of Planning
Director General, Town Planning
Director General, State Police
Director General, Civil Defense
Corps Commander, 14 Corps
Corps Commander, 15 Corps
Director General, Deptt of Archaeology, GoI
Joint Secretary, Ministry of Tourist (Dealing with Kashmir)
Chief Engineer, State PWD
IGP, Border Roads, North Zone
Secretary, Vaishno Devi Temple Trust
Chairman, State Dharamasthala Trust
Secretary, State Wakf Board
Managing Director, JKSRTC
Permanent Invitees - Director of Horticulture
Director of Archaeology

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Chairman, State Sahitya Kala Academy
Distt. Development Officer, Leh, Ladakh
Director, Civil Aviation, North India
Director, Handicrafts
President, J&K Hotel & Restaurant Association or Federation
Dy.. General Manager, Northern Railway or representative.
What may be noted here is that in our consideration we are not recommending members from
the Council of Ministers. This representation only finds itself through the Chief Minister of the State
whose executive powers will help in directing the policy views of the executive wing of the State
Government and the State Minister for Tourism and the bureaucracy shall implement the same. It is
our concern also that the executive wing of the Government does not interfere in the day to day
working of such a Board which we expect to function more professionally then it is undertaking
presently.
The Board shall be assisted by a State Advisory Committee on Tourism which will have at least
the following representatives –
1. Representative from the State Bar Council -1
2. Representative from the State Medical Association - 1
3. Representatives from the State Transport unions - 3
4. Representatives from the Taxi unions of Kashmir, Jammu and - 3

Ladakh regions
5. Representatives of the State associations of tours & trekkers trade body - 2
6. Representative of the Power Grid Corporation - 1
7. Representative from the House Boat Owners Association - 1
8. Director, All India Radio - 1
9. Two Nominations of the Chief Minister who are reputed travel writers - 2
working in India and non-resident of the State.

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The Chief Minister may add more members but the Advisory Committee should remain
manageable and not exceed 21 members.
The State Tourism Regulatory Board (STRB) will replace also partly the functions of the
Commissioner, Tourism which post needs to be abolished alongwith its supporting staff. The Board
shall have its separate secretariat and will function as an on the spot decision taking organization
instead of “running files”. The Member Secretary of the Board will prepare the agenda of the meetings
of the Board and give presentation on the items of the agenda before the assembled members of the
Board who will take decisions in the seating of the Board which will be implemented and the Board
shall be reported back on the progress or delays, and all such matters shall be decided in such
proceedings.
In short, we conceive the State Tourism Regulatory Board on the pattern of functioning of
major industrial undertakings in the private sector. The spirit of such a role model is essential to
overcome the many bottlenecks which are currently seen in the implementation as well as
accountability of government projects.
We further recommend that the STRB be sustained by the public and private sectors on a cost-
sharing basis. There shall be a budget for this Board and the share of expenditure will be borne by the
State Government and the private sector in the ratio of 66:34 and after a period of 10 years of working,
the State share will be reduced to 51 percent. The revenue from the private sector for managing the
Board will come from octroi’s charged on identified activities related directly to promotion of tourism
like area octroi, road cess, restaurant annual registration fee, tehbazari on roadside venders operating in
municipal and NAC limits, fuel cess, etc.
The STRB, amongst identified activities, is considered to undertake the following-
x To receive and disburse finances received from the Government of India and other funding
agencies to approved projects which directly or indirectly help in the development and
sustenance of the infrastructure of the tourist industry in the State of J&K.

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x Provide equity support for capital intensive projects sponsored by the State for the
development of tourism.
x Advise the State Government on the exemption or levy of taxes and cess to specific sectors
of the tourist industry.
x Provide assistance of technical nature to organizations both public and private, which will
carry tourists to destination from all parts of the country into the State.
x To scrutinize projects, finalize or coordinate the requirements of various other departments
of the State Government in the development of tourist projects or systems in the State.
x To identify projects for the private sector and guide them to their fulfillment.
x To create the policy on management of the tourist industry and review the policy from time
to time.
x To undertake all activities to support inter-state projects or attracting into India as well as
share the destination with the State of J&K.
x To design and approve training programme and studies to train persons to become efficient
managers in the tourism industry and create training centres of merit.
The Consultants also advise that the STRB reserve employment slots for a small number of
advisors who may be employed on contract basis and who are well-known in their specific professions.
The Consultants also do not advise the re-employment of State employees in this category for
reasons of professional efficiency and other considerations.
The Consultants recommend further that in case this proposal meets with the general consensus
of the State Government, then the Chief Minister may ask the State Institute of Public Administration
to undertake the detailing of the functioning of such a Board and present a scheme of an alternate
autonomous body which will function better than the current three organizations on ground, namely,
the offices of the Director General of Tourism, the J&KTDC and the Commissioner, Tourism.

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FINANCING & BANKING
After taking all factors into the consideration, we recommend the following :
a. All nationalised banks in the State jurisdiction should be asked to reopen their branches within
this year and a time deadline set for them.
b. National banks should solicit business from clients with whom they had earlier business
dealings.
c. The procedure to provide soft loans be simplified and collaterals may only be insisted in
doubtful cases. Rules may be reinterpreted by bank headquarter to relax the restrictive cilling
provided in the powers of the bank managers.
d. The Ministry of Finance may like to advise the management of the nationalised banks to order
a review of all posts currently unfilled or inoperative because of absentism and give a call to
employees to return to work. Where vacancies persist, they may be filled by fresh recruitment
and the banking services in branches be resumed in phases.
e. Appoint new licensees to undertake foreign exchange transaction. Foreign exchange facilities
should exist in all recognised centres of tourism in the three broad regions of the State.
f. The Department of Banking should consider issuing new guidelines to provide technical
services to small entrepreneurs who wish to either start a new business or revive an old project.
g. ATM services should be opened separately for local bank accounts by Bank of J&K at
branches located at main tourist centres. The nationalised banks may take independent decision
to open new ATM Services connecting them to national network for their clients visiting the
State of J&K as tourists.
CIVIL AVIATION
For the Srinagar airport following recommendations are to be implemented.
Upgrade Srinagar Airport
The Consultants recommend of the consultants is that the Ministry of Civil Aviation, supported
by the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir and the Ministry of Tourism, begin placing on
ground, the planned expansion facility for Srinagar airport without waiting for the first rush of
passengers which would otherwise immediately lead to bad publicity and harassment of passengers.
No expenditure is identified in extending the airstrip to received wide-bodied jumbo jet
aircrafts. What is required has already been planned as new holding areas to handle simultaneously at
least two airbus vehicles, additional checking counters for officials and additional expected airlines,
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luggage holding areas, passenger vehicle parking base, reception areas etc. The extent of expenditure
has also been identified in the expansion plan of Srinagar airport, but all expenditure items would have
to be reviewed with present day costs and future escalations.
In the first five years, phased review of the expansion of the Airport Complex may be taken
up, assigning it a priority so that the National Planning Commission could also include this item under
the relevant head in the 10th Five Year Plan as appropriate. The Consultants have not assigning the
expenditure component, to be earmarked for this activity by the Ministry in the Central Government or
with the State Government, save with the comments that the costs of developing the infrastructure to
receive the anticipated tourist influx should be borne by them proportionately, particularly the
appointment of new staff and equipment meant for security services. The consultants also recommend
the existing arrangements of airport security needs a total review, and against the current hostile
presence of security staff at the airport, a more unobtrusive and quick handling security system should
be put on ground.
Short-haul passenger traffic
The consultants find a potential to develop short haul airline traffic within the State of J&K to
serve the high profile foreign and domestic tourist who would not like to waste his time travelling from
one destination to another. The consultants also identified a small passenger traffic of senior officers
of the State who need to also cut down their travel time and attend to inspections and management of
the local offices located in areas which if the terrain was not hostile could be reached more
conveniently in a part of a day rather than travelling through at least two days.
This short haul identified routes given otherwise can also be used for emergency travel using
air ambulance services for the ordinary domestic tourist and could be a factor in confidence building of
such tourist traffic when the more remote areas of tourist interest are opened for entry.
The State of J&K have not opened the region for private airline operators to run air taxi within
the State using the airstrips already available. Perhaps this was either for security conditions, or for
suggestions that this did not invite business interest.
Can there be a state airline service?
The consultants now offer a proposal to the state Government to examine if it would like to
have a State undertaking which would run a State Airways System. It can be an exclusive activity
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undertake as a joint venture with airlines which are already in the business of running short haul route
facilities. The following routes (see map also) are identified on which a regular air taxi service can be
maintained and offered to tourists who can pay for the charges and for Government officials to use,
with the permission of the State Government. The routes are :
Srinagar - Poonch
Srinagar - Jammu
Srinagar - Leh
Srinagar - Kargil
Srinagar - Doda
Srinagar - Amritsar
Jammu - Leh
Jammu - Doda
Jammu - Poonch
Jammu - Chandigarh
Jammu - Ludhiana
Leh - Kullu
Leh - Chushul
Leh - Koyul/Fokse
Leh - Kargil
Leh - Chandigarh
Doda - Pathankot
Doda - Chandigarh
Doda - Ludhiana
In the five year’s development plan the Consultants feel this suggestion requires to be
examined within the State Government for its merit, for identification of funds, select priority to
existing airstrips which need to be opened first under the scheme, and select the aircraft for the purpose
of running the scheme.
The consultants suggest from this side two types of aircrafts to be used selectively for running
the State airlines, namely the Bonanza series for the high altitude flying routes and the Donier Class
aircrafts already used elsewhere in India, for flying in areas under a ceiling of 3,500 mtrs. above sea
level.

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The cost of aircrafts is already known officially. While the selection of airstrips and individual
infrastructure will remain unique for each airstrip the expenditure would be otherwise only possible to
calculate when the matter is examined further. The time factor is extendable to a period of ten years
from the time when the State Government decides to take up this proposal for its first consideration.
In the first five year given, such a facility can be offered to the rich foreign tourists.
In ten years time, it is possible to see the same system on ground being consolidated.
Besides, using small aircrafts, the State Airways can also run a helicopter taxi service meant for
the senior state officials. Its spare capacity can also be used for air taxi purpose by foreign or domestic
tourist who can afford this facility, or be used for standby arrangement as a flying ambulance for local
persons requiring emergency evacuation from distant villages or relief in natural disaster. These
services can be started by extending the facilities on ground to the Indian Air Force, which has repair
facilities within the State and neighbouring States.
The people in the State of J&K are looking for an increase in tourism from the Far East and
South East countries. It is hoped that official and unofficial agencies should consider attracting tourists
from these regions into Indian and particularly into the State of Jammu and Kashmir by assigning
reputed travel agents to explore the market for in ward tourist from the Far East.
Srinagar as hub for international tourism
A new sector of traffic in foreign tourism, identified desires a proposal to develop the Srinagar
Airport as an international hub of air traffic.
Culturally speaking, Ladakh and Kashmir belongs to the culture of Central Asia, but no efforts
were made to attract the tourist traffic from Central Asian countries into India. It is here, the necessity
is felt to move into this cultural vacuum and create a tourist traffic. Cultural affinity exists in cuisine,
historical migration, music and in architecture, which should interest visitors from the Central Asian
Countries.
The state government in the past has made no concerted demand to make Kashmir valley the
hub of regional tourism which is currently focused on the golden triangle of Delhi – Jaipur – Agra. The
consultants effort is to get the GoI to shift its focus and consider Kashmir valley as the third tourism

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hub in India. Therefore a Central Asian perspective using Srinagar as the Indian destination for Muslim
tourists of Central Asia has been contemplated.
Tourists from Central Asian Countries
The contemplated tourist traffic should connect the international capitals of Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, Khirgistan, Kazakhistan and finally Afghanistan. It would be necessary to also consider
an air link with Mongolia, which has affinity with the religion and monasteries of Ladakh.
Tourists from the Middle East
The consultants foresee that the internal air traffic with Srinagar Airport as its hub, should also
have direct linkage with countries in the Middle East namely Saudi Arabia, Sharjah, Kuwait, Iran and
later Iran and Iraq. There is really no good reason why air traffic must move through Mumbai.
International Airport unless the purpose is first commerce and then rest and recreation.
The salubrious cool climate of the region should itself be the selling point in international
tourism in the Middle East countries.
The consultants therefore, recommend that the central Government and its different ministries
namely the Ministry of External Affairs, Home Affairs, Tourism, Human Resource Development
(which has the Department of Culture and Department of Sports), as well as the Ministry of Civil
Aviation should all put their heads together to examine the proposed outline to open this region to
tourism from Central Asian countries and Middle East.
To have an idea of the comparative location of the international capitals to be connected with
Srinagar as an air link hub, please see the attached map.
The Srinagar hub will also have connectivity with the international hub of New Delhi and
provide convenient switch over for tourist traffic, which may also like to move into the Golden
Triangle or go even further South.
New Project studies need to taken up in the identified countries of Central Asia to find out the
extent of interest in the population of these countries to journey to India for sight seeing and
commerce. Thereafter it would become possible to consider a schedule of flight to test the traffic

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potential in these countries. As for local facilities at Srinagar Airport the contemplated expansion plan
of which mention has been made in the above paragraphs, will fulfil the requirements of locating the
necessary infrastructure for an international airport.
Haj charter flights already in progress
Already charter flights from Srinagar Airport for Haj pilgrims destined to Saudi Arabia have
commenced, thereby breaking the mindset in government circle that there is no potential of
international traffic from Srinagar as its exclusive base. What matters now is only frequency of flights.
Air Travel to J&K and Ladakh
It is a view that visitors using aeroplanes to enter the State should have prior facility offered to
shuffle their destinations, in the limited time available to them for recreation, and visit the maximum
places of tourist interests.
Special Triangular destination routes
The Consultants feel that, that disregarding the limited traffic of passengers, the Ministry Civil
Aviation should offer a flight schedule between May 1 and September 30 in which a triangular flight
clockwise and another one anti clockwise should be organized from Jammu-Srinagar-Leh-Jammu, and
from Jammu-Leh-Srinagar-Jammu each day. This should be a compulsory flight by each carrier,
which touches Jammu in its daily schedule.
This route scheduling can be organized within the referential period kept in the scheme, which
is within five years.
Very few tourist from South India
Incentive Air Fares
The consultants suggestion is that the Ministry of Civil Aviation issues a special ticket
counterfoil to distinguish it from the regular air ticket which should be offered to the persons of the
four States of Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerla in South India, in the limited time
period from May 15 to June 15. This special ticket should have conditions and concessions. Its traffic
fare should be without the various taxes, charged on the original fare of the flight; those tourists who
show confirmed hotel booking for a minimum 04 days in Kashmir Valley or in Ladakh region, should

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only be issued these tickets. Infact the cost of such tickets works out to about 40% less of the regular
tickets and should be enough incentive for the distant traveler to consider visiting this area. The
amount of saving could then be spent by the tourists in his local travels during sightseeing.
The consultants suggest the same scheme for those people who are residents of the “Seven
Sister” States of the North-East.
No high volumes of passenger traffic are expected passing through either Srinagar or Leh
airport under such a scheme; but the situation can be changed, when there is an impressive campaign to
draw out the high spending tourist of South Indian States to give up his foreign travel plan, and instead
come into Srinagar or Leh and into its hinter land.
It is up to the Central Government to decide, if such suggested incentive is also be extended in other
areas of the country for short term, to draw out the domestic tourist.
Apex Fares
It is highly recommended that the Apex fares be brought in the fares of air travel to J&K. This would
certainly benefit the tourists and would act as a booster for the air travel industry. The tourists are very
sensitive about the price of transportation and if we are able to provide good airfares, then certainly it
would help in bringing more tourists to J&K.
Furhter Apex fares would rationalize the number of tourists to non-peak seasons also. This would also
boost in the private airlines to invest more and start new flights.
Destination specific LTC scheme offered
Currently the LTC scheme has also been withdrawn for good reasons. The consultants favour
the revival of the LTC scheme for certain destinations as an attempt to push the domestic tourist
covered by the farmer LTC schemes into areas, which are not well served by domestic tourism.
Infact, the LTC scheme may be destination oriented and exclusive tickets be issued from
various parts of the country to reach Jammu and into the interiors. This is a suggestion offered for
examination to the Ministry of Personnel and Grievances Redressal who look after the interests of
employees of the Central Government.
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RAILWAYS
In Ladakh the Consultants find there is a potential to create a single rail track system between
Khaltse, Nimmo, Leh, Upshi, up to Nyoma which is the newly emerging township in Ladakh. The rail
track will run within the Indus Valley and besides the river itself. This is a low cost project because
the rail track can be laid on flat surface in the arid desert except in three areas where there are gorges
and hard rock for short distance.
In the Kargil region the Consultants have identified a short rail track which can be constructed
to provide an easy tourist access into Zanskar Valley. This track follows the river Suru and can be
laid between Mulbakh, Kargil and Sanku. It can also at a later date be extended to Suru Village. The
Sanku-Kargil Mulbekh section does not afford serious engineering problems, at the same time it
connects some of the most potential tourists interest areas. The train journey will attract both the
trekkers and ordinary tourists to have a unique travel experience.
These two rail link are considered to be laid on the Standard Gauge. The rolling stock will be
either DMU or EMU units, of not more than three small bogies in the rake.
It is suggested that the feasibility survey on these suggested routes may be considered in the
first five years of the plan.
In the first 10 years period the Ladakh rail track proposal may be developed between Nyoma and Leh.
In the first twenty years the Ladakh rail track proposal may be completed as per decided schedule.
The Kargil Rail proposal connecting Sanku and Mulbak may be taken up in the first ten years
period between Mulbek and Kargil and in the first twenty years between Kargil and Sanku.
These projects will have no connection with the Kashmir Rail link.
The cost of survey for Ladakh and Kargil area is computed at Rs 30 crores for the first five
years, to complete the feasibility surveys. This to be identified in the Railway budget.
Between 2008 and 2023 the cost of the project in Ladakh will work out to approximately Rs.1100
crores. In the same period the project cost on Kargil Rail based on the current level of expenditures
and the engineering needs locally, will work out to roughly Rs.300 crores.

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Special Note :
The Consultants have identified separate studies on the affect on environment once this
proposal is under examination. In Ladakh area it would be appropriate to study the necessity to take
precautions to minimise the affect of disturbing the ecology. In all the three identified areas there is no
affectred animal life. The level of noise pollution may be temporally high in the case of the Kargil
project as it would require blasting and tunneling in some local areas. In the Valley the ecological
disturbances are limited to the removal and transplanting of forest trees.
During operational period the Consultants do not forsee any adverse ecological effects. We still
emphasise that in all matters involving engineering projects ecology studies should accompany.
Presently the Railway is organizing a survey for future rail link with Poonch via Akhnoor and
Rajouri. This rail link closely follows the existing road to Poonch. Outside the Railway circles the
work on the survey is unknown. The Consultants endorse the work contemplated by the Railways in
undertaking the survey and further suggest that a local line from Jammu to Akhnoor be announced for
construction at the earliest. It would be a major morale booster and would be used by the population of
the area to reach Jammu more conveniently.
The Consultants further see good reasons that a survey to be contemplated between Anantnag
and Pahalgam. This is a high traffic area during the season and in particularly when the Amarnath
Yatra is underway. The stretch is not involving engineering complications and would be a convenient
extension of regular rail traffic either as rail bus or a branch rail system between Srinagar and
Pahalgam which otherwise is a high road traffic density segment in the transport system in the Valley.
The Consultants recommend the survey in the period 2008-2013 and the development of the
link in the period 2013-2018. The projected cost of the construction is Rs.600 crores which includes
approximately 20 kms. of mountain engineering.
The Consultants have also examined the Kashmir rail link scheme and find requirement of a
rail tunnel under Banihal Pass which is to be constructed at an altitude still lower than the Jawahar
Tunnel. As the frequency of trains would not be very high, the Consultant would like to suggest that
the rail tunnel should also provide for a one-way road traffic and therefore the bed of the tunnel should
be laid in concrete material in such a way that it is a rail-cum-road tunnel. This tunnel would be used

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by light vehicular traffic while the HTV traffic will continue to use Jawahar Tunnel. The contingency
alternate route of the old Banihal Pass should be used by vehicular traffic which when consigned are
carried by road which are of a hazardous nature like petroleum products and explosives.
Sky Rail for Srinagar Airport
According to existing projections of the Ministry of Civil Aviation and under normal
conditions of growth, it is expected that by the year 2018 Srinagar Airport would be handling alone 2
million passengers. The highest number of passengers this Airport has handled is nearly 700,000 in
1988. Old timers remember the chaotic conditions of passing through this Airport, delayed flights,
extra flights and the congestion on the road due to heavy traffic on the Airport road. When the city is
also observing bandhs, the taxi services also closes down as they are connected with the petty business.
This results in great harassment to visitors entering the city through Srinagar Airport.
Taking all things into consideration when Srinagar Airport is expected to handle 2 million
passengers annually, the problems of looking after the passenger requirements would increase
manifold. The need to disperse passengers destined to pass through Srinagar Airport assume
importance. As the area between the Airport perimeter and the city limits have both been increasing
with new urban development underway, new transport corridors are difficult to identify. The existing
airport road is also getting congested. The Consultants, therefore, have the following to suggest :-
It is felt for future that for quick dispersal of passenger traffic from Srinagar Airport, the
Airport should be connected by a Mass Rapid Transport System whose other terminal would in
Srinagar. The Mass Rapid Transport System would move along the existing Airport road until it enters
the town and then move along the embankment of river Jhelum and terminate in an appropriate space
at Khaniyar near Hazaratbal. An alternate route in the town would involve moving from the
Exhibition Ground area and passing through Lal Chowk to end at the open space in front of the
existing TRC, Srinagar. The proposal is to install an elevated rail sky rail system replicating the Delhi
Metro system. The sky rail system as proposed would be a ground and elevated rail route of
approximately 21 kms. in its entire length. At Srinagar Airport it can go underground very
conveniently as the Srinagar Airport is approximately 18mtrs/ 40 ft. higher land from the general
terrain level. The technology is available in the country. The experienced designers should also
available and by the time such a system is initiated for Srinagar town, the use of the metro rail rail
would have become common places with standard procedures for handling.

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It is contemplated that such a rail system may be considered in the 10 years’ phase of 2008-
2018. The physical cost of survey and civil works are estimated to be Rs.630 crores. The cost of the
rolling stock will have to be tabulated in the approximate time when the project is near to completion.
The proposed rail system would also help remove some city congestion besides supporting the
tourist facilities on ground. Stations will have to be constructed above ground linked with the rail
track. This will avoid litigation and stalling of the project due to eviction of residents in Srinagar town.
There is fear of cost escalation in such a project which will depend on the state of law & order existing
from time to time in this area. The Consultants would like to also suggest that at the development
stage the project will provide local employment upto and extent of about 4,000 people and when it is
completed, it is hoped to provide employment for two to three thousand people. The rail system is
expected to handle at least 5 million passengers, each year once it is commissioned. The whole project
can also be offered on a BOLT system in the private sector.
ACCOMODATION
The Consultants consideration is, that the State Deptt. of Tourism should identify service providers, get
the house holders registered in villages who would be owners of one, two or even three bed rooms and
convert them into living ‘modules’.
These bed rooms will be of minimum size 4.25 meters by 3.50 meters. Each module will have a set of
crockery for the service of lunch/dinner. It shall have a study table, chair with separate light, two side
tables beside the double bed, one telephone connection, one clothe iron, clean cotton line, small
amount of toiletry, special toiletry for women, solar power emergency light (where there is no power,
or power is disrupted); the room should be providing sun light and warmth. There should be adequate
independent room heating facilities.
The State Department of Tourism should provide the first set of standardise crockery, rooms furniture
and cooking utensils depending on the total offered bed capacity.
The State Government should bear the first 50 percent cost of developing the module in which a
further 25 percent investment will be of the householder in cash and the residual 25 percent of the cost
will under written by a bank loan, given to the householder directly.

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Subsequent repairs of the module will be undertaken by the householder either, earlier or
within cycles of three years. Officers of the Department of Tourism will inspect the premise atleast
once a year and within the first four months of the calendar year, and advise on the maintenance
repairs.
A register shall be kept in the module area in which the visitor would be free to record his
impressions of stay as well as provide suggestions. Each house holder shall also keep literature
essential for tourists which shall be copies of the approved rate lists for room and food, trekking maps,
essential phone No. in the Department of Tourism and emergency services, copies of schedules of
local transport services, air flights, and train services from the terminals. One member in the family
will also be knowledgeable as a guide, and if he works as a guide for trekking, his rates of services
should also be made known.
It is estimated that the total expenditure involved in granting such modules with all its facilities
at current rate in Ladakh region will not exceed Rs.55,000/- per module, in Kashmir Valley it will be
abut Rs.85,000/- and Rs.65000/- in Jammu area. In all the three references the cost of the solar power
unit, is excluded.
The Department of Tourism will maintain computerised registers in all their centres and
reception counters, which will contain the list of such registered persons who will be offering their
rooms for tourist stay.
A computer software should be prepared which will contain all relevant information regarding
the arrival and departure of tourists and their registrations as per law. As the Consultants are also
seeking compulsory telephone connections as facility to the tourists in his module, the local hosts will
use the same facility to inform the nearest tourist centre and its computer facility regarding availability
of beds in his module facility.
House Boats
Originally the house boats were meant to be parked on the banks of the river Jhelum in a stretch
between Sangam and Zero Bridge in Srinagar. The Dal lake was clear off parked house boats and
permission to move on these lakes water was regulated by a system which controlled the traffic on the
lake. In 1954, because of political pressure by vested interest, house boats owners were permitted to

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anchor their vessels in the inner waters of the lake. Within three year’s time the banks of Jhelum were
left bare of the house boats as of all them moved into various areas of Dal lake and the distruction of
the lake started. There was no fast running water in the lake to oxidise the effluent discharged from
respective house boats. New anchorage were created by dumping soil into the lake to create approach
roads. 40 years of construction activity has led to a shrinkage in the lake area. The Save the Dal
campaign lake does not reach the house boats owners and it is the concern of some NGO’s and the
Department of Lakes and Inland Waterways, who follow their own peculiar agendas.
Dry Dock Facilities

The house boat unit are represented by an owners association. There are about 1800 house
boats owners offering about 6600 beds for occupancy by tourists. The association have two main
demands to the State Government namely that soft loan facilities be given to them at low rate of
interest to remain in business, and secondly the State Government should create a dry dock facility for
undertaking major repairs of the house boats.
The Consultants have examined the proposal of the creation of the dry dock repairs facility for
house boats. The blue print of such an establishment is ready and the location of the dry dock facility
has also been earmarked. This project is currently not underway because of insufficient funds. It is not
revealed how the dry dock facility will generates its own revenue when it is commissioned. The
Consultants however, feel the dry dock facility should be provided.
According to estimates the cost of erection of the dry dock facility is about Rs. 31 lacs. The
Consultants would like to endorse the scheme as a grant in aid to the full amount with the proviso that
the construction should be done through an all India tender and a central agency should monitor this
work. After it is completed the entire project may be handed over to the State Government for
maintenance and operations.
The Consultants are strongly of the view that the house boat trade needs to be better
disciplined. The Dal Lake should be without the house boats, and the lake should be restored to its
status of 1952. In this respect the Consultants advise the State Government to develop the river banks
of Jhelum between Pantha Chowk bridge and Amirakadal and create new anchor sites which will
provide for collection of garbage, portals for fresh drinking water and electricity points, and the house
boats be reanchored at these sites. Service charges, should also taken from the house boat operators.

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For this work the Consultants anticipate the necessity of an ordinance and amendments in
Municipal and environment laws. A separate expert group of environmentalists and town planners
may be created to go into the details of the shifting.
The move will not have popular support, but in the interest of restoring the Lake to its original features
and save it from further degradation the suggested action is essential. It also solves many other minor
social and environmental problems not mentioned herein because of lack of space.
ROADS AND BRIDGES
In this respect the recommendations of the consultants are as follows :

a. All roads for use of tourist traffic within the State, must have all standards signages approved by
the Indian Road Congress and by the National Highway Code. This work should be prepared in
the first five years of the Perspective Plan. Separate proposals should be created by the State
PWD for their own State highways, and by the Central PWD for their own national highways.
b. Way side amenities are totally absent in the entire State. There is not one urinal /toilet marked
for any female tourists, as if women do not have bladders in them. The position is the same in
Srinagar. It is exceptional that shopkeepers have their own toilet facilities. These are not
marked for the tourists.
c. Besides the lack of toilet facilities there is no declared drinking water facilities available on the
highways, with the result that all must carry plastic drinking water bottles on their travels. This
has led to plastic pollution in all places of tourist interest.
d. Besides the couple of authorised petrol pumps in leh, large areas in Ladakh are poorly served by
available motor fuel for the private transport system.
e. It is not necessary to have expensive petrol pumps. The problem to provide fuel to transport can
be overcome by promoting the sale of clean fuel through retail outlet attached with the ‘kirana’
shops on the roadside all over the States. They could be licensed to observe fire safety
measures, their sale tariff may be higher then of the regular petrol pump, and their storage
facilities should be limited.

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f. The availability of wayside facilities should be known as a signage on the State and national
highways.
g. The consultants would like to see the wayside facility for tourist on State and National highways
be developed keeping the weather conditions and the fact that in some areas there is also water
shortage.
h. A system of maintenance of wayside units may be evolved as model designs and given to
unemployed person to run. NGO’s can also be encouraged.
i. The State and national highways should be inspected by teams of experts to see that constructed
roads conformed to national and international standards of road construction where roads are not
upto the mark they should be brought up to standard including re-alignment of local curves,
standardising the width of the road, provide shoulder protection on road edges, create central
verge or level the pavements.
j. Mobile hot mix plant along with road maintenance and repair material should be located at
convenient distance for issue to the repair gangs.
k. The consultants recommend the acceptance of the twenty years Development Plan created by
the State PWD (R&B) in phases of 5,10 and 20 years, as now created for this Project. The cost
of development of these roads is also indicated and is based on the calculations approved in the
J&K Government for the year 2002-03.
All roads constructed in the State should have sliding safety girders now fixed as standard equipment
where necessary. All roads should have stone breasting where there is probability of local landslides.
TRAFFIC
Traffic training schools should be opened for the training of new vehicle drivers in the State at Leh,
Srinagar Baramula Anantnag, Jammu, Udhampur, Rajouri and Katra.
The State Transport Department should also open inspection centres and ensure that all commercial
vehicle are inspected atleast once in three months for their mechanical fitness and only then they
should be allowed to move on roads.

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There should be Statewide use of traffic signals using solar power. Maintenance should be
given as contract to agencies, which are capable, or doing so. In Srinagar we found certain traffic
signal posts which were out of Commission for long period.
The State Department of Town Planning should have a separate division dealing with traffic
research, planning and designing, survey research, planning, etc., designing & surveying road and
intersections. In coordination with the State traffic police proper and safe intersection traffic and
designs should be taken up.
The emphasis is to create proper environment for the safety of pedestrian tourists; the mobile tourist
who is either using his transport, or hired transport should not feel threaten by the present conditions of
roads which he sees. Survey taken of both foreign and domestic tourist indicates that they feel the
State has not done enough to develop its road network, and where it is existing, it is not maintained
well.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
State Transport Board
In the absence of any organised system which could function professionally, the consultants
recommend, first, the creation of a State Transport Board which would comprise of members of
various technical services related to the running and supervision of the transport fleet of the State
member representing association of road users in the State and officers of the Transport Deptt. The
Board shall create its own methodology of functions, and shall have the Managing Director of the
JKSRTC as Secretary to the Board.
The Board shall hold regular meetings after the agenda is circulated to its members. It will
decide on the sale and purchase policy of vehicles and materials of the JKSRTC. The Board will also
lay out the fleet policy and guide the Corporation on issues of personnel management, seek
accountability, fleet inspections, and advise the State Government on inter State agreements, and
disputes.

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At this stage, the consultants do not wish to add further and allow the State to intervene to
develop this concept. For role models, the consultants could however recommend the functioning of
the State Transport Boards of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Delhi State for examination.
State Transport Council
The consultants also would like to recommend the institution of the State Transport Advisory
Council. This Council will have members who are ex-officio office bearers of all services and trade,
supporting the tourist industry.
The consultants recommend that minimum representation must come atleast from the motor
trader associations, representations from the oil PSUs, the truck unions, taxi unions of Ladakh and
Jammu and Kashmir respectively, hotels and restaurants associations of the Jammu & Kashmir and
Ladakh respectively, a representation of the private transport owners association or federation as the
case may be for J&K and Ladakh respectively, the Transport Licensing Authority, Director General of
Tourism, IG Traffic, AIG Railways, representation from Travel and Tour Operators Association of
Jammu, Ladakh and Kashmir respectively, representation from the Vaishnov Devi Management
Committee, Commissioner, Jammu Division, Commissioner, Kashmir Division, DDO Ladakh and
Secretary, Department of Transport.
The Chairman of this Council would be the Minister for Tourism, and the Secretary of the
Council would the Secretary (Transport). The Council will meet atleast twice each year with an agenda
and every quarter of the year there will be a meeting of the Action Taken Report group comprising of
eleven members from the Council. The ATR proceedings of these meetings will be also known to the
media within the State through press releases, so that there is a monitoring by members of the public.
The Council will also have a Grievances Redressal Cell, which should welcome suggestions
and complaint from tourists visiting the State, and using the road transport network.
Public Transport
The Consultants feel that there is an acute necessity of official intervention to create superior
transport facilities connecting the various tourist centres in the division of Kashmir, Ladakh and
Jammu. This superior transport facility would conform to international standards which will include,
providing of air conditioned and dust free buses service with built in toilet facilities, wireless set

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installed on own line communication with control rooms, reclining seats with heavy cushions, large
windows with manually operated screens, store for drinking water and snacks, separating partition
between the driver’s cabin and the seating area, separate seat for guide with a mini public address
system, night light facility and adequate luggage store space.
The JKSRTC in consultation with reputed bus body builders should evolve designs suitable for
short length, medium length and long length bus chassis which would be respectively suitable in
different types of terrain travelled by tourists. The bus designs conforming to international standards
are now available for tourists buses and these bus bodies are being manufactured in the country.
The consultants recommend that the JKSRTC, Director General of Tourism and the J&K
Traffic Police together develop a Code of Conduct for the taxi drivers who are issued permits to ply
their vehicles in the State. Strict inspection of vehicles and enforcement of road discipline needs to be
enforced. The necessary number of persons for the enforcement of road rules needs to be examined
and sanctioned.
The consultants have particularly identified the need to develop the tariff for the respective
means of transport including cab drivers. The tariff should be enforceable in periods of six months in
the financial year and should be of two types namely, calculated by digital meters for travel and
secondly by a minimum block of time operations plus additional kms run.
There is a strong requirement to sensitise drivers, conductor, assistant drivers of all public
transport on aspects of courtesy, knowledge on local tourists information, essential first aid
intervention, mechanical repairs and on importance of showcasing Indian hospitality.
The consultants recommend severe punishments under relevant rules for future violation of
conditions kept in the issue of vehicle permit as well in matters dealing with tourists. Vehicle should
be put off road and sealed at the nearest identified police station so that they are not used by their
owners and operators for specified period and this period should not be token, but punitive.
The consultants recommend that cabs for foreign tourists should be air-conditioned. Those
dealing with trekkers should also have vehicles with four-wheel drive.
For domestic tourist as well as foreign tourists the Consultants advise the cabs to be equipped
with WL sets for being linked with their control rooms of owners as well as the traffic police. They
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should also have such facilities, which can help them, as operators to overcome any problems of
geography or mechanical failures.
Detailed road maps using the GPS system should be created and put on sale as priced
documents for the tourist.
The Consultants recommend the commissioning of a cartographic project to create city maps of
Srinagar, Anantnag, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Leh, Jammu, and Katra on the pattern as created by the
Eicher maps for Delhi/New Delhi. These maps would also be priced publications.
The Government of India has already sanctioned special funds in the year 2002 for the
development of road links as an alternate to the existing National Highway 1A. This is a road being
developed from Batote to Doda to Dacksan and Anantnag. The road passes through Simpthan Pass
which remains snow-bound for at least one month each year. The Consultants have visited the area
and recommend that once the road is commissioned which is expected to be by the end of 2003, a fresh
survey should be initiated to make this road and all-weather road and have a tunnel at Simpthan Pass of
length 2.50 kms. which emerges at Simpthan village on the Doda site which will make this Highway
accessible round the year. The Consultants estimate the cost of tunnel to be Rs.60 crores. It can be
undertaken by any reputed Indian company having undertaken similar work. The work of developing
the approach road has already been completed and, therefore, the cost of the project is less as
contemplated.
Inland Waterways
The Inland Water and Lake Authority has benefited from large amount of investment in
schemes which the Consultants find have been questionable investments. The Consultants view is that
the direction of work undertaken by this Authority was rather inappropriate and it has become often
referred scandal of the local administration.
A survey was undertaken about three decades ago to evaluate if river Jhelum could be utilized
for transporting of goods as an alternate means of transport to reach various isolated population
pockets. The survey had given promising indicators and suggested waterways from Anantnag
downstream on Jhelum upto Wuler Lake. The proposals were left unattended.

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EXCISE POLICY
The Consultants are of the view that the State should protect those traders who are currently
providing customer service in the sale of liquor at the individual level.
The Consultants are of the view that a low license fee be charged from the hospitality industry
for keeping liquor supplies. The same should be for hotels and restaurants catering to tourists.
When social and political conditions are favourable, the State Government should encourage
the revival of the retail sale of branded liquor in the whole of the State.
Elsewhere, the Consultants have already suggested the revival of wine manufacture, an activity
which is now totally forgotten but was a reality in the Valley about 60 years ago. Fairly good quality
wine was being manufactured in the Valley, employing a large number of labour and making an
unique contributions to the local economy.
PARKS AND GARDENS
The department of parks and gardens have already identified potential spots for the
development of garden sites. These schemes have not been cleared since many years with the plea for
lack of funds. There seems no good logic for the consultants to recommend new schemes when the
source of funds will still be the state exchequer. This is again a case of poor planning and coordination
for developing sustainable tourism. For example there is no good reason why the state government has
not initiated effort to restore the residency (used as Kashmir Emporium) and develop the garden in this
compound, which incidentally houses the office of Director, Parks and Gardens. If the Director’s own
backyard is scrub land in the heart of Srinagar town, the efforts of the consultant would have been
wasted on new schemes. We therefore reiterate that the state government examines the proposal in files
existing in the office of the Director Parks and Gardens. The consultants would be happy to be
associated in any acceptable developmental plans in this respect.

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The Consultants are now recommending the following:
a. The School for Gardeners whose project report is available, should be immediately established.
The most appropriate place to locate this school, is the Jawaharlal Nehru Botanic Gardens
which provides enough untended land for training of apprentices who will be learning their
trade through experiences.
In case funds do not permit to establish a regular school for gardeners then the activity may be
supported by establishing a Society/NGO which will undertake to train and create job
opportunities for the unemployed youth who can be helped to find out employment as
gardeners in the gardens of private firms, and corporate world or in private houses located in
colonies.
b. The State Government should create a Standing Committee of Experts in Horticulture and
Gardens. It should have representatives from the National Botanic Gardens Luknow, the
Division of Horticulture, Chandigarh Capital Project, the Garden Supdt. Botanic Garden
Ootacamaund, the representative from the Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, and
the representative of the Horticulture Division in the Archaeological Survey of India New
Delhi. Some approved consultants should in addition be kept in this Committee by the State
Government.
a. This Standing Committee will meet atleast once a year to inspect the physical conditions of
the various gardens maintained by the State Government, and recommend work to the State
department, following inspections.
b. Often foreign tourists visit the Valley , who are themselves experts in the field of
horticulture and gardening. They could be traced during their stay and their advise sought
on specific garden improvements. They can be provided free hospitality for the small
consultancies they provide, as payments to foreigners by government agencies, is a
troublesome procedure.
c. The Archaeological Survey of India, the State Department of Archaeological and the
Directorate of Parks and Gardens should togather organise regular inspections of
archeological sites which are having parks and gardens.
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d. All parks and gardens in the Kashmir Valley should have a small entry fee. The
Consultants know this proposal is not welcomed by the local people, but it is necessary to
have some control on the entry of visitors. The fee should not be discriminatory to foreign
visitors and the charges should be nominal. Children under 12 should be allowed free entry.
Sr. citizens certified by their identity card, may also be allowed free entry.
e. All revenue collected as entry fee should be put in a maintenance fund created in the
Directorate of Parks and Gardens. This should be audited by a chartered accountant
annually. 15 percent of the collections should be distributed as bonus to class III and Class
IV staff which is employed in these gardens and who have worked for atleast 270 days of
the financial year. The remaining money should use utilised in identified projects of
maintenance in these gardens.
f. Government must observed strict rules of public sanitation, and government order on
environmental pollution should be enforced. No picnics should be allowed, or if allowed,
there should be a high service charge; picnic spots should be earmarked and these activities
are isolated and kept away from public gaze.
g. Drinking water facilities should be kept free of charge in all major gardens maintained by
the Directorate of Parks and Gardens. No edibles should be put on sale within 100 metres
of the boundary of public gardens.
h. Literature on the historical origin of these gardens should be available as priced documents
for tourists. It is prefer that such literature is also available in Indian regional languages
like Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil and Urdu besides English and Hindi.
i. Public toilet facilities should be provided separately for man and women and signages
should be normally noticeable in all Mughal and Government gardens.
j. Vacancies in the category of gardeners in all Government gardens should be filled up by an

open selection in which aptitude tests on languages of Urdu and English (Metric level),
general knowledge, and agricultural skills be taken. Selection criteria will provide a 15
percent favorable handicap in marks to wards of gardener who rendered service in govt.
gardens beyond 25 years period.

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INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS
The following are recommended.

The State Tourist Regulatory Board should appoint at least six IATA registered travel agencies
headquartered in India as authorized travel agents to book groups or individual tourists to visit the
State. The Board shall also get orientation courses organized at its cost and invite selected travel agents
to attend courses which will brief them on how they should advise travellers to move or plan theie
tours of the State.
Each year the State Government should invite in turn from various identified countries, travel
agents and tour operators to visit Kashmir at State expense to familiarize themselves with the available
facilities and impress upon their clients to visit this region. The State shall also supply abundant tourist
material so that the visitor does not have to depend on a day to day basis to manage his travel.
On the basis of the trends seen in the past 20 years of visitors coming to J&K from foreign
countries, it is felt, the State Government should select on priority foreign travel agents from the
following countries to be associated in the promotional drive to attract visitors of various nationality
into this region. The countries identified are – England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy,
Israel, Iran Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia,
New Zealand, USA, Fiji Islands, West Indies, Russia and South Africa.
The beginning in this respect should be made by opening the first designated centres to be
called JK World Tourism Bureaus in Israel, Iran, Italy Austria, Germany, South Korea, Tiwan and
England. The recommendation is made on the basis of the past bulk of tourists visiting J&K. Most of
the visitors coming for the first time, indicated they would return to the region.
Business interest needs to be retained by providing the foreign tour operators, free flight tickets
and hospitality in India for the agent and his wife for the visit to the State.
These organized tours through the J&K World Tourism Bureau will be mainly group tourists
and they should be provided special status by the State tourist industry whenever such groups are
moving in the State.
To develop proper coordination in the international tourist for a, the State Government is
recommended to encourage specific trade bodies in business within the State to become members of
reputed international organizations of travel and tours. Wherever information is known of the holding

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of travel fairs particularly in European and Middle-East countries, the State Board should consider to
provide subsidized travel to a certain number of local travel agents identified by a lottery.
The J&K World Tourism Bureaus should also be encouraged to organize local publicity. They
should be supplied tourism promotion kits consisting of TV advertisements video material, newspaper
advertisement kits, pamphlets and posters for displays in schools, local commercial events.
Periodically from a central source preferably a reputed advertising company based in India, travel
advisories be issued to counter any negative publicity generated by local governments against persons
visiting India.
In this respect an aggressive campaign now needs to be organized worldwide.
The State Governments in India are well within their rights as part of developing bilateral
commercial activities with other counterpart provinces of friendly nations to organize positive
publicity for their specific interests.
The J&K World Tourism Bureaus should also be the initiator of the sister city concept. The
towns of Leh and Srinagar, to begin with, can be identified in such a scheme in which the official
tourist agencies of these two towns be permitted to develop direct contact with towns and cities outside
the country which are undertaking similar tourist activities.
For example, the Municipality of Leh can be encouraged to select towns in Switzerland,
Austria and Italy which may be having similar tourist interest in mountaineering. Likewise, the
Srinagar municipality can also have similar contact with some of the mountain resorts located in USA
and Japan.
ENTERTAINMENT
The Consultants now propose the following schemes for opening up avenues for entertainment for
visiting tourists in the State of J&K :-
For the domestic tourists in particular, the Consultants recommend to the State to encourage the
construction of new cinema halls in areas which do not have any cinema halls. Further, cinema halls
which have not been running because of unsettled social conditions in the past, need to be reopened in
businesses at the earliest. The Consultants would like to suggest the State government in this respect :
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(a) To encourage the construction of cinema halls and to establish the trade, all new cinema halls
opened should be given a tax holiday for two years. No entertainment tax will be levied on the
gate receipt and the cinema exhibitor will be allowed to charge tickets to his patrons as he feels
is best in the market conditions. At the conclusion of the two years’ tax holiday, the cinema
exhibitors will be charged a flat rate of 20% entertainment tax.
(b) The entertainment tax on cinema tickets should be 20% of the ticket tariff for a ceiling of
tickets of upto Rs.35/- and 35% of the ticket tariff for entry rates above Rs.35/-.
(c) In Ladakh, a flat rate of 10% on all tickets issued in cinema halls be considered to offset the
higher cost of running the establishment.
(d) Building tax on the cinema halls in the State should be based on the number of months the
cinema exhibitor operates the establishment. In this respect it would mean that in Ladakh the
house tax would be normally charged for 9 or 10 months. The cinema exhibitor should be free
to select the energy source to run his establishment. He will be charged commercial rates for
power in case the establishment is drawing power from the local grid and need not pay any
penalty cess if he is running his own captive generating plant. No relaxation in safety
provisions of the law will be granted.
(e) The State may encourage on priority the construction of cinema hall designed for maximum
400 seats. The rules of Cinematograph Act may be amended by ordinance to allow the small
cinema halls to be kept within newly developed commercial complex as one unit.
(f) Where existing cinema halls are to be revived, the State Government should provide soft loans
on attractive rate of interests to the cinema exhibitor to restart his business by renovating the
establishment as he desires. To re-pay the soft loans, a tax holiday of one year should be
provided to such exhibitors. Thereafter the exhibitors shall come under the normal rules as laid
out by the Department of Excise and Taxation or the competent authority.
The State Government may consider providing additional funds to the Deptt. of Culture as well
as the Department of Information to invite artistes in groups or as single to tour the towns in the State
as per decided plan and give public performances.

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Because of non-availability of public auditoriums, the State Government is suggested to select

in each town having a high school with a built auditorium, to renovate this auditorium in such a
manner as to provide normal facilities for public performances. These halls will be used after school
hours for holding cultural shows in which the local public would be attending. In this manner the cost
of constructing and maintaining public halls is eliminated.
Existing schemes prepared for the revival of old projects by the Deptt. of Tourism may be
given priority as their ground work has already been completed. These schemes should be directed to
be completed in the first 5 years of the perspective planning.
A sum of Rs.500 crores as grant-in-aid from the Centre be earmarked which will provide funds
for building the infrastructure desired under the scheme plan. The recurring cost will be born by the
State Government drawn from the generation of revenue or from the State’s own budgeted funds.
There are registered clubs located in other parts of the country like Roshanara Club Ltd,
National Sports Club of India, etc.
The Consultants would like to suggest that representatives of the State Department of Tourism
may sound the management of the various reputed clubs working in other parts of the country to
consider opening their state centres either singularly or in partnership with other agencies undertaking
similar work and open new business to run club houses for their members and other clients who may
register as temporary members. The State Government may like to create a scheme to offer plots of
land for opening such clubs around Wuler Lake. It is anticipated that if such a scheme becomes
worthwhile, high value domestic tourists may move in larger numbers in the State and they can be also
easily contacted through the club branches.
The Consultants recommend the development of cultural complexes to be located in towns like
Leh, Kargil, Baramula, Sopore, Anantnag, Pahalgam, Shopian, Magam, Gulmarg and Budgam.
The cultural centres will be essentially public auditoriums which will provide for a dramatic
stage, provisions to install a pair of cinema projectors (these will be mobile units), green room
facilities, toilets for performers, captive generating plants to run a full fledged production. This is
likely to be a 65 KV Gen. Set. A central heating system using furnace oils to be operated when
necessary, parking for VIPs and general public and control panels for stage lighting and PA system.

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The seating arrangements in these halls would be folding wooden chairs fixed on cast iron frames
which do not require any maintenance. The seating capacity in these cultural complexes would be
average 600 except at Anantnag where it should be approximately 750 and in Srinagar where it should
have 900 seats. For Srinagar and Anantnag, the Consultants would recommend following the formula
originally subscribed for developing Ravindra Bhawans in each State some four decades ago.
The cultural complexes will be opened to use by local talents to hold shows of their liking and
by the State departments to hold meetings, conventions and seminars and use the premises for
multifarious activities. These centres should also be opened at cost to social and political parties to
hold their meetings in off-seasons so that there is better use of the premises.
The State Government in collaboration with Directorate of Film Festivals should have a future
plan to hold regular mini festivals of panorama films using the film prints from the archives of the
Directorate. These film shows should be held in public premises in the three regions of the State.
The State Government in collaboration with the Directorate of Film Festivals, the National
Film Archives, or the Federation of Film Societies of India, New Delhi, consider holding thematic
international film festivals during the tourist season. In this respect the State Government may also
separately consider offering the main auditorium of the SK International Convention Centre for an
annual international film festival. This international festival will be considered in addition to those
being held in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram. The cost of holding such a festival at
current rates is about Rs.6.60 crores which includes the cost of travel of international film stars, foreign
delegates and invited Indian delegates and movie personalities. Film festivals are considered major
tourist events and the State of J&K has not yet been considered for such purposes.
The State Department of Tourism in collaboration with the State Olympic Committee should
create selling clubs to be located at Wular Lake, Dal Lake and in at least one water body in Jammu
region. The selling club should have all facilities for hosting social events normally associated with
the game, and sports persons. India has some selling clubs which can be models for similar activities
here and the Consultants recommend the selling clubs of Nainital, Chandigarh and Kharagwasla for
studies. Selling boards are being manufactured in Chandigarh and Coimbatore and there is no
imported component involved in the scheme.

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A REGETTA Channel should also be considered on Dal Lake in the deep waters as part of the
game facilities as well as a possible tourist spectacle. We do not recommend expansion in the
activities of water skiing as this is dangerous for Shikaras and the stray local swimmers who use the
Lake water for practice.
The Consultants recommend to the State Government to develop a swimming complex in

Jammu city and another one in Srinagar for hosting of possible national aquatics championships.
These centres for swimming would otherwise train the local talents. The swimming centres should
also provide for temporary membership facility to tourists to also use the pool waters.
In Leh town at least two 20 mtrs length heated pool facilities should be created in the town in
two parts which should be opened for all tourists registering in various hotels for use in their leisure
time particularly after sun-set. The Consultants suggest this activity in Leh because by co-incidence
there are two clusters of hotels in the town and keeping a common heated water pool facility near these
two clusters would enhance the available entertainment facilities for the tourists. Department of Sports
could also be a partner in the maintenance of these pools if the State Government so desired. The local
Defence and Paramilitary establishments could be institutional paid members which will support
financially the running of such establishments in town.
At Kargil, a local college has created a swimming pool stadium on the river. This fact should
be brought into notice in tourist literature and the State Government should upgrade the existing
facilities by installing night lights and some additional safety systems.
It may sound odd but surveys on tourists conducted by the Consultants indicate that there is an
entertainment demand by them that the State and civic bodies should provide proper and effective
street lighting in urban areas. Since street lighting has remained a problem in Ladakh and Kashmir
regions, the Consultants recommend that specific grant-in-aid be provided to identified municipalities
to install street lights using halogen lamps and separate power generating units be installed to provide
electricity to run these street light systems. The street lights where so installed would be run between
sun-set and midnight and the cost is to be shared by the local municipalities with the shopkeepers and
the local residents while the State should also give an annual subsidy for the maintenance of the gen.
Sets. Leisure walking is an entertainment in itself by tourists when they are absorbed the delight of the
natural beauty of the local areas. Evening walking would extend the entertainment void of the visiting
tourists to the local area.

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The Consultants feel that all urban centres which are having notified area committees and
municipal committees should be part of the street electrification scheme. These schemes may be
funded through grants-in-aid under the head of Tourism at the launch stage in each case in the next 10
years of perspective planning.
In the first 5 years of perspective planning, a sum of Rs.800 crores is proposed for providing
street lighting facilities to identified schemes. The specific cost of installation will greatly vary in the
local conditions because of differences in local ground conditions.
The Consultants provide urgent priority to regenerate the street light system in Leh township
which position came for very severe criticism by foreign tourists visiting Leh and its adjoining areas,
during the surveys undertaken by the Consultants.
The Consultants recommend the Department of Tourism to have a census of local talents and
organize schemes for them to be presented either through publicly announced competitions or through
cultural festivals to be organized during the tourist season. The talented youth should be sent on tours
first within the State and thereafter selectively to other towns in North India.
The State Government should consider establishing a Theatre Academy for the training of
talented students in dramatics. The contribution of Kashmiris in Indian cinema and theatre far exceeds
their small population and therefore this special creative energy identified in the community of the
State be further channeled.
Selectively hotels in Jammu Kashmir located in major towns be encouraged to organize in-
house entertainment for their clients. This entertainment will be located in their restaurants and
programmes be so planned that the in-house plans get exposed to both Kashmiri cultural streams as
well as Indian streams of music and dance during their brief stays. Artistes which are invited by a
particular hotel may be in turn shifted to hotels of other regions by mutual consent amongst the
hoteliers so that the individual cost of performance and hospitality would come down.
The State Department of Culture should organize, in collaboration with the Department of
Culture of other State Governments, an exchange programme of artistes each year in which one troupe
from J&K State may move all over the country through a pre-determined plan to perform in their state
capitals items of cultural interests and in turn receive in the State of J&K similar State artistes who
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should be put through a circuit in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh regions to perform at pre-determined
places which will have public access. This will increase inter-state cultural exchange. Such cultural
troop should also be earmarked for visiting the establishments of Defense and Paramilitary forces to
entertain the troops where normal entertainment is not possible. All such visiting groups should be
covered by group insurance and protected against accidents and unnatural deaths.
The Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi should be reached and invited to send
their visiting cultural troupe to perform on the stage of the International Convention Centre during the
tourist season. Srinagar is presently out of circuit of such visits.
During the tourist season, Srinagar used to be the centre to host a major exhibition in its famous
exhibition grounds. It is now recommended that the original exhibition grounds in the town should be
restored to their original shape by removing all the encroachments, The ground should be re-laid, new
lighting arrangements installed and progressively the culture of organizing the exhibitions and musical
events resumed here. Since this is now a major project, proper inter-departmental planning would be
necessary.
The historic J&K Handicrafts Emporium housed in the original Residency building needs to be
restored as a Heritage site. The Residency building was destroyed by fire due to sabotage and this
building needs to be reconstructed on the basis of available design material and the official State
Emporium which used to exhibit as well as sell the famed handicrafts of the State be reopened. The
Garden around this burnt out building should be taken up for restoration in the first instance.
The State Government should create a list of shops maintained by private persons in the region
and put it for circulation for access to visiting tourists. This list will be of such traders whose products
are found to be of good quality. Those who are listed in such a created document will be allowed to
put a signage on their shop with the world ‘Q’. The tourists will through such signage be assured that
the prices fixed on the product are fair, the shop does not indulge in mal-practices and the products are
not counterfeit but genuine as well as local to the area where the shop is located. The quality marked
shops should also receive official approval and publicity and the State Government may fix certain
criterions of inspections to ensure that these certified premises of handicraft display and sale create a
sense of goodwill and economic opportunities for the traders and their clients. The creation of such
handicraft shops will thus involve no public investment.

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The State of J&K has a large number of hot spring, some of them are located in very
convenient areas and some are in less accessible areas. The State Government has a list of such hot
spring which are being accessed by the local people and those which are lying unattended.
The Consultants now suggest that the Department of Tourism with the cooperation of the
Department of Archaeology, Town and Country Planning and the Department of Geology, University
of Kashmir create inspecting tours and bring on map all such hot springs and make them available to
visiting tourists as bathing spas. The waters of the springs should be collected properly, channeled and
a health complex be located. The special quality of waters needs to be emphasized and all these
activities should be clubbed under a new nature-care facility for foreign and domestic tourists. The
local tour operators and hoteliers may be encouraged organizing the tours for visiting these health spas
or bathing and leisure.
Jammu region has a tradition of using Ayurvedic system of medicines while Kashmir Valley
has a Unani system of medicines and Ladakh has a Tibetan medicinal system. The State Government
is advised to consider establishing a working group of medical experts drawn from the three non-
allopathic systems of medical science and create a scheme to offer the medical streams of Tibetan,
Ayurvedic and Unani systems for the tourists to avail. Specific centres be opened which will be run by
the identified experts in these non-conventional systems of medicines and indoor facilities be created
for the stay and such persons who are admitted as patients seeking relief through these medical
sciences.
CIVIC AMENITIES
The domestic and foreign tourists who visit the State of J&K have one more common
complaint which is the sanitary conditions of public places. Municipal responsibility is seen in great
dismount both in the streets and lanes of all urban areas but the same situation is more or less found
also at sites of tourist visits.
The complaint of tourists can be summarized in general terms as under :-
(a) Poor sweeping of streets daily, blocked drains, unattended plastic wastes, broken pavements,
non-existing street lights, absence of guiding signage, absence of sewer treatment facilities,
absence of public toilets and absence of the habit of bathing amongst the local population. The
last complaint is essentially coming from the foreign tourists.
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The problem of repairing civic amenities or installing new facilities is very big. The
disappointing feature is that these matters are in the realm of municipal services and the municipalities
are not sensitive enough to undertake activities which are important on existing conditions.
The entire State needs to have a separate plan to clean up the rivers and the streams that flow
into the main river systems in the State. Such a project like the Ganga Action Plan or the Yamuna
Action Plan needs to be conceived and implemented by agreement between the States and outside the
State management groups and perhaps even with an international intervention.
The Consultants feel this is a matter of high importance and should be referred to another
identified set of experts to create a Jhelum Action Plan which figuratively speaking should also accept
the responsibility to keep river Indus and Tawi save environmentally.
HERITAGE SITES
The State of J&K is full of history. Under the Antiques Act, any article more than 75 years in
age is to be declared heritage property. There is not much that can be termed as new particularly in the
Valley. Therefore, a very large number of historical buildings should be covered by the various
legislation which protects them as heritage property. Not only buildings but even Chinar trees and
Deodar trees in the State are very old and may be as old as 400 years in age in the case of Chinar trees.
Some fewer efforts have been undertaken in Srinagar town to identify heritage sites. Placards
have been put to announce the age of the building. The effort is insufficient.
The Consultants would like to suggest as under :-
In consultation with INTACH, the National Museum, the Department of Archaeology, Govt. of
India, the Indian Historical Society, New Delhi, the State Government should establish an autonomous
organization which may be named as The State Heritage Society which should be 100 percent funded
by the State Government and be opened to receive aid from outside the State. The objective of this
autonomous organization would be to create a map of historical sites of buildings which are over 75
years old using the records of ownership of such buildings as well as records available in the offices of
municipality and revenue offices.
Where the buildings are in use, the owner would need to be educated in the proper maintenance
of these buildings. The front facades need to be restored at the expense of the competent authority.
The historical needs of each of such buildings be maintained centrally and accompanied by a photo
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record on the architecture and construction. Where the buildings are in congested area, heavy
vehicular traffic needs to be moved out. Portions of the historical buildings be opened to tourist visits
in identified cases where such building sites are of exceptional importance.
The heritage sites should also find special mention in tourist records.
The historical sites should also find mention in the illustration and mention in the local
ethnological museum suggested to be established elsewhere in this Report.
The organization will also maintain a record of the old trees and other public structures like
bridges and artifacts which may not be covered by laws protecting archaeological sites. The
organization will also be provided with powers to monitor the construction of new buildings to ensure
that the old buildings are not affected by the new changing sky lines. The autonomous body will also
guide and advise owners of such heritage property in the proper maintenance and later repairs of these
properties. They cannot be sold without clearance from the State Government.
The Consultants wish to advise the State Government to consider creating an Urban Art
Commission of the State. This Commission will work to control the design of new buildings
contemplated within the jurisdiction of State of J&K by private and public authorities. The
Commission will create guidance of architectures to follow to ensure that the natural beauty which is
the asset of the State are not eroded by crushed commercial building activities. The Commission will
try to enforce some elements of architecture to be incorporated in new constructions which are inspired
from Buddhists and Islamic architectural traditions and where possible other sub-cultural streams. The
Commission will also attempt to modify existing recent constructions undertaken within the State and
particularly in and around Srinagar to make them conform to the general environment.
The Commission shall be given power to reject any design not keeping in conformity with the
guidelines issued by all Defence and public buildings as well as private constructions developed on
ground exceeding 125 Sq.Mtrs. shall be given a ‘No Objection Certificate’ on blue prints which need
to be compulsorily submitted to such a Commission for developing new constructions or expanding to
an old construction.
In this respect the Consultants advise the State Government to undertake an examination of the
procedures governing the working of the Urban Art Commission in New Delhi.

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RELIGIOUS TOURISM
The State of Jammu & Kashmir has been seat of reference to all the major religions of the
world.
After the decline of Vedic culture personified in the Gandharva School of Thought and the
Rigved, this region accepted Buddhism. Buddhist missionaries from this region moved into Tibet,
China ending up in Mongolia and Japan carrying the message of peace and social well-being.
The decay of Buddhism brought the Vaishnav thought through Shankracharya and the
population accepted the Hindu way of living. When Islam came, it was originally accepted for its
refined thoughts before Islam acquired a vicious reputation.
In the 19th Century, Christian missionaries stepped into this area and came up with a theory that
Jesus Christ had visited Kashmir when he was absent from his home for 12 years. Christians also
attempted to convert the local population.
Minor religions like Sikhism also flourished because of its proximity to Punjab and at least two
Sikh gurus influenced the local population.
The end result has been that the region is resplended with a vast number of spots venerated by
various religion followers. The Kashmiri pandits who are followers of Lord Shiva have their own
venerated places of worship but two holy spots held great precedence for the ordinary religious tourists
for this region. A vast number of Hindu Punjabis flocks to the Vaishano Devi Temple situated above a
small town Katra during the year. The same believers again in the Monsoon time undertake journeys
on foot to the Amarnath Caves.
The flow of travelers to these two spots is so overwhelming that it has created serious problems
of population management. The table below will give the idea of the increase in traffic to the
Vaishano Devi shrine and the Amarnath Cave despite the fact that the region suffered from serious law
& order problems and militancy.

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Year Total No. of Yatris Total No. of Yatris to

to Amarnath Cave Vaishn Devi
1989 95238 2312001
1990 4824 2169202
1991 15599 3151310
1992 54638 3527289
1993 56000 3368735
1994 37000 3705945
1995 60000 4032127
1996 120000 4335532
1997 79035 4434233
1998 149920 4622097
1999 114366 4668340
2000 173334 5109575
2001 119037 5056919
The Jammu region also has other venerated spots where the same Shakti cult is worshiped.
Similarly in Ladakh region there are venerated spots of great antiquity related to the Buddhist religion,
but it is in the Kashmir Valley where an abundance of holy sites are existing and which should now
catch the attention of the State Government.
Three sites in particular, namely, the Kheer Bhawani Temple at Tula-Mula, Charaar-e-Shareef
at Yusmarg and Baba Reshi Shrine below Gulmarg, should hold our urgent attention. The total list of
shrines for the devout of various religions is available with the Deptt. of Archaeology, and of Culture
and repetition here is not necessary. What is important is to emphasize that religious tourists hold a
vast potential of exploitation by the State Government and it has not yet undertaken this work.
Following the movement of Kashmiri Pandits out of the Valley into other parts of the country
due to militancy, nearly 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits are no more living in the Valley and are unlikely to
return in very large numbers. They would still consider undertaking annual pilgrimage to their holy
sites and a visit to Kheer Bhawani Temple would be central to their pilgrims.

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We recommend that the Department of Tourism should now formulate a proper plan to
organize the Kheer Bhawani pilgrimage by opening reception centres in Mumbai, Delhi, Chandigarh
and Amritsar and create facilities to the visitors to come to the Shrine at the appointed period of the
calendar year. The offices of the State Government of J&K, if they are located in the above mentioned
cities, should undertake adequate publicity marking the special occasions of pilgrimage and open
counters to coordinate the journey plans of individual families.
The Shia shrine of Charaar-e-Shareef, following the incident of its burning down, has caught
the fancy of even the non-believers and the newly constructed shrine should now be developed as a
religious tourist spot for Shia believers as well as the non-Muslim Indian tourists. The vicinity of the
Shrine requires to be properly developed, designed, new gardens laid out and the approach road to the
Shrine required to be widened and upgraded as suitable to international standards of road construction.
The State Government is therefore advised to undertake a survey of the common area of
Yusmarg including the Charaar-e-Shareef shrine site, and create a developmental plan to attract
tourists and trades which provides support services to tourism in this area. This should be undertaken
by a team of experts of various denominations in the industry and their plans should be submitted to
the Ministry of Tourism. The State should also indicate the share of expenditure it proposes to
earmark for developmental activities.
There is a great need felt to develop literature related to the significance of the individual
religious sites located in the State of J&K. Individual efforts in the past may help in making available
the basic information on most of these places but today a more systematic approach is necessary to
elect and collect all available data into separate pamphlets which should provide information on the
availability of other support services, information on weather and climate, places of stay available and
how to approach the individual places. To make the project self-sufficient, professional advertisers
should also be associated in the designing of these pamphlets and local businesses be asked to
contribute their share in the printing cost. Some of these pamphlets can be sponsored by better known
business houses working in the region.
Inspite of all such considerations, we have our serious fears that for future also the problem of
increasing number of the worshipers calling on the Vaishno Devi shrine and the trekking to Amarnath
Cave will pose serious problems of passenger safety, environment degradation and logistics.

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Already 5 million people are visiting Vaishno Devi per year. The number will increase to 6
million minimum by 2007 & 7 million by 2012. The area may not bear this load of human population.
It may not be a popular decision, but the consultants recommend that the State Government
should now seriously consider regulating the pilgrim traffic to the Vaishno Devi shrine at an upper
limit of 6 million persons per year and a system of registration of pilgrims should now be considered to
phase out the sudden rush witnessed periodically. The consultants foresee, in future, the occurrence of
a human tragedy possibly due to a stampede in the general area. Presently it is possible to avoid such
an incident.
We also recommend that an expert group be identified using all India talent to first survey the
area for possible diversion of vehicular traffic and worshipers so that there is no severe pressure on the
main road to Katra from Jammu. Once Katra is linked by the railway line one foresees a decline in the
vehicular traffic moving on the existing roads but the convenience of rail journey may add to the
problem of more visitors to the Shrine area.
The debate should also now be started to examine particularly the problem of environmental
degradation, public sanitation and rampant construction activities in the Vaishno Devi-Katra Command
area. The task is vast and complex and beyond the capacity of this project.
It is now recommended that in the first 5 years of perspective planning, an expert group should
be constituted and various studies initiated so that options for future work can be identified. Again,
acceptable restrictions on the increasing number of religious tourists to Vaishno Devi should be
imposed in consultation with the Vaishno Devi Board and other concerned agencies.
The threat of militancy has already created its own problem for the people who wish to reach
Amarnath Cave. The area has been kept out of bound for 10 months of the year. With the result that in
the months of July and August alone there is a heavy rush of pilgrims to these places. The ecology of
the area is very delicate and creates its own problems. The most pressing problems relate to providing
logistic support and proper public sanitation. Because of the temporary nature of the pilgrimage each
year, no permanent structure has been constructed which could be used round the year and at best
camping facilities of the most rudimentary nature have been put on ground. Each year one sees
improvements but perhaps the solution lies elsewhere.

NEW DELHI
The consultants are of the view that the area should be open to trekking for a period of 5
months instead of present two months and this period should be from May to September.
Elsewhere it is recommended that the completion of the Ring Road in the Valley be completed
if its two missing link, one of is in this area between Baltal, Sheshnag and Pahalgam.
In the first 5 years of the perspective planning, the consultants recommend that the Pahalgam-
Sheshnag section should be provided with a black topped road. The section from Sheshnag to
Chandanwari should now have engineered path-ways which are leveled and provide with proper bridge
facilities. Dry open latrines having removable collection tanks should be placed at convenient places
to avoid pollution of the running streams. DRDO is now having bio-degradable waste degradation
facility and these units should now be located at convenient places for use of the Amarnath yatris.
The last 15 kms. distance from Amarnath Cave should be declared as a protective reserve
where no permanent construction activities except the concrete path, be kept. A helipad exists near the
Amarnath Cave for VIP visits and we recommend that it should not be used too frequently except for
evacuation of seriously ill or seriously injured persons.
The Consultants recommend that the State administration may examine if emergency shelters
can be created by cutting into the way side rock surfaces and provide for wind barriers made of pre-
cast concrete slabs. This area suffers from sudden blizzards. A system of cave shelters for helping
small number of persons may also be considered in the higher reaches below the Amarnath cave.
The Consultants foresee the end of militancy in this region resulting in relaxing of the
restrictions of movements for trekkers to Amarnath Cave. It is recommended that for future, a system
of registration of trekkers be evolved who would like to walk to Amarnath Cave in the odd season
which excludes the months of July and August. To ensure passenger safety, the State Government
should provide for inspection of the trekkers’ kit and also disallow individuals to move and permit only
small groups to take the journey. This would help in spacing out the sudden rush to these journeys.
The Consultants further recommend that a pilgrim tax be levied for future on all persons who
are moving into the controlled areas kept for the two famous religious places. In the case of Vaishano
Devi, the pilgrim tax should be levied beyond Katra once the journey is started, and at Chandanwari in
the case of the Amarnath Yatra.
We do not wish to recommend charging of any similar levy at other religious sites.

NEW DELHI
Money realized from such pilgrim tax should be used in improving the micro economies of the
villagers neighbouring to these sites, part of the money should be given to the village panchayats
identified for such benefit and part of the money be earmarked for the maintenance of public services
which aid the pilgrims to move more comfortably.
NEW DESTINATIONS
Tourist destinations in the State of J&K currently are nearly identified by their locations as they
are the preferred places of visit by both foreign and domestic tourists.
In Ladakh, the destinations are Leh, the monasteries of Hemis and Lamayaru. In Jammu, the
Katra-Vaishano Devi area is exclusive, while in Kashmir Valley, the focus of tourist visits remains
Pahalgam, Srinagar and Gulmarg.
Tourists when they are moving in the Kashmir Valley by restricting themselves to the three
mentioned areas, have created problems of congestion, environmental degradation and pollution and
led to all types of corrosive effects on the system. As we are identifying an increase in the number of
visitors both to the State and in the main Valley, it is necessary to contemplate the opening of new
areas to ensure that tourists not only get dispersed into new areas so that they retain their unique
experience of absorbing the thrills to contemplate a return to fresh areas which they missed in their
original rounds. The dispersal will also help in the spread of the economic benefit to the local
population which would be involved in the hospitality activities but will prevent at the same time the
negative effects of concentrated apopulation in the currently popular areas.
We would like to now take up regionwise the identification of new areas for development. We have
also noted that during our survey some of the now mentioned areas have already been identified by the
Deptt. of Tourism in the past 10 years of planned activities of the Department and, therefore, there may
be some repetition, yet our overall view will help the Ministry of Tourist in the Government of India to
know of these areas which have yet to be brought on the tourist map of the region.
Ladakh
For the domestic tourist, Ladakh still remains distant a distinct land. However, efforts are
being made constantly to create an awareness of this region. By a strange co-incidence, the Kargil
Conflict brought into focus the entire region which resulted in a new interest by domestic tourists to
visit Kargil as a former theatre of war and at the same time lay the foundation of domestic tourists into
the Indus Valley.
NEW DELHI
Ladakh, uptil-now, has only one major town, Leh. This town however has small resident population
which has been receiving domestic and foreign tourists each year in larger number making it very
congested in the summer season.
Because of the temporary congestion which is a regular feature each year, it is felt that all
visiting tourists need to be dispersed into multifarious activity. Again, on the Leh-Kargil section there
is a growing interest amongst foreign tourists who visit the ancient monastery of Lamayaru. The
interest of the foreigners for this monastery is growing because it is considered to be the oldest
monastery in Ladakh. The monastery management has created a residential facility for visitors who
wish to come here for long stay. Lamayaru is therefore witnessing an expansion in the urban limits of
the village but without providing for ancillary services which are affecting the micro environment of
this centre.
An important emerging centre in the Indus Valley is the village Khaltse which is about five hours
driving from Leh on the Leh-Kargil road. This roadside village is also the midway point to Batalik on
the LOC.
It is recommended that Khaltse village be developed as a model village and a tourist bungalow
should be located which would provide all ingredients of passenger comforts normally associated in a
motel. This complex should have a petrol pump, a restaurant, toilet facilities for highway passengers, a
mini bus stand, a counter for selling of handicrafts, and efficient post office providing for international
trunk dialing facilities, etc. The motel should also be well stocked with tourist literature and have a
tourist guide at hand to advise the trekkers and travellers on how to move in the area and indicate the
places of interest. Khaltse should be considered as the halt station to visit the Lama Yaru monastery as
well as Alchi monastery. Trekking routes can be easily identified for the tourist to move into the
Zanskar Valley. The Deptt. of Town and Country Planning of the State Government may be asked to
develop this centre on the appropriate lines they consider best.
We recommend accelerated development of the Neyoma town as a major urban area for the
dispersal of tourists out of Leh when they are visiting the region. Neyoma is considered an ideal place
for planned excursion by tourists to visit to Chushul and the neighbouring areas. Further, daytime
excursion can also be organized from Neyoma to go to the LOC line of the Indo-China Border at
Daksham. The tourists can also undertake fishing trips and enjoyable trekking is possible with
Neyoma as the base. An important place of visit for the tourists from Neyoma would be the Hanle
Observatory and the hot-springs in the neighbourhood.

NEW DELHI
We recommend the development of Border Tourism involving the tourists to visit certain
identified Indian posts officially escorted by local officers upto the Indo-China Border/LOC. The
Chinese government across the LOC is encouraging their citizens to approach the LOC under similar
provisions as tourists. In this respect we identify Daksom, Koyul, Dungti along the river Indus near
Neyoma and Chuchul upto the Border Meeting Hut, as places of tourist visit for future.
In implementing this suggestion it is necessary to remove the inner line restrictions in this area.
Photography may be only permitted to civilian features. With the availability of high resolution
satellite surveillance facilities, prohibition on cameras by persons moving on surfaces in this region
have no more relevance and is now an outdated concept. Visitors coming particularly to Chushul and
to the former air-field area will hold interest as this was the seat of Indo-China Conflict in 1962. A
visit to the Major Shaitan Singh Memorial should be considered a compulsory engagement for the
domestic tourists. It would provide good education on how the Indian defence forces work in hostile
environment.
Border Tourism in its most dramatic form is already functional on the North-South Korea
border where South Korean tourists are actually allowed to move upto the border line and be
photographed in the backdrop of the North Korean military barracks. Border Tourist, as envisaged,
should be first limited to high value domestic tourists as the cost of travel and providing hospitality
would be involving some expenses. Taxis with four-wheel drive provisions should be only allowed in
these conducted tours.
It is recommended that the village of Chushul be declared as a tourist village. It should be
provided with a tourist bungalow with satellite telephone service, a small oil dump to be operated by a
resident of the village, a 25 KV generating set to provide for the essential electric power for day and
night purposes serving both the village as well as the visitors, proper metal road in the village, a mini
sewer treatment plant, a proper primary school complex, a counter for general stores which will also be
the outlet for handicraft goods and dairy products, a veterinary health centre and a tourist complex
providing for 12-bed facilities. It should also have sufficient raw and tinned commodities to last at
least two weeks.
Since the Kargil Conflict the Leh-Manali road has become an important alternate route to reach
Ladakh region from the rest of the country. The Prime Minister has already sanctioned new funds for
creating a tunnel at Rohtang Pass which would improve travel conditions in the Lahaul-Spiti Valley
and also extend the time for the use of the National Highway for longer periods into winter season.
This route will still remain closed for at least two months in the year because there are three remaining
passes to be traversed in the journey and they are often snow blocked. There is another route which is
NEW DELHI
an all-weather tracked which goes through Kardoz to Sumdo into Himachal Pradesh. Karjak is a
village located near Lake Tso Moriri, the area of wildlife birds sanctuary. A metal road connects
Upshi with Karjak. Therefore, the village is accessible. It is presently visited in seasons by bird
catchers.
Village Kardoz has a tourist potential. It has not yet been publicized and, therefore, remains
unknown.
The consultants recommendation is that the village should be planned on model village line
provided with a mini sewer processing system, a tourist lodge having wireless facility and a local
guide. This tourist lodge should provide for overnight stay and also be a rescue hut for drivers trapped
in adverse weather. The village itself should be identified to locate module rooms as discussed
elsewhere in this Report. The area has delicate environment and therefore it is necessary that persons
desirous of moving to this village should be numerically spaced out and no over-crowding is allowed.
At any time in the season the village should not have more than 20 outsiders. This is a very good base
for trekkers who would like to walk into the nearby glaciers. Karjak should also have a police outpost
which will undertake vigilance on foreigners’ movement in the area. This is an inner-line area which
is presently not having any police presence. The police post should also be located within the village.
The existing road should be re-aligned away from the Lake shore so that the wildlife which is
unique to the place is not disturbed by human presence or mechanical sounds. Environmentalists have
already submitted a proposal in this respect separately to the State Government and we endorse their
request in the realignment of the existing road which goes into Himachal Pradesh area.
It is recommended to upgrade the existing tourist facilities at Lamayaru monastery. The

monastery site should be provided with a petrol pump and parking facility for 20 cars and 20
HTVs/buses. A tourist motel should be established and the village should be given a mini sewer
treatment plant. A 65 KV generating set in pair should be installed to provide electricity to the village
as well as to the monastery and the tourist complex contemplated. As this place already attracts an
abnormal number of foreign tourists, the State Government is recommended to open a police post
which should have sufficient civilian police personnel and a sufficient number of staff to monitor the
movement of the foreigners in this area. The tourist complex should also provide for foreign exchange
facilities to prevent foreigners directly dealing in foreign exchange with the local monastery officials.

NEW DELHI
The tourist complex should also have a post office and drinking water facilities for the highway
travellers who normally halt when undertaking a journey between Kargil and Leh.
It is recommended that the State Government considers developing Mulbek village as a tourist
spot by locating a tourist complex catering particularly to the trekking tourists. The complex should
provide for mountaineering gear for hire and tinned provisions. It should also have a dedicated
wireless facility to communicate with the local police as well as the HQrs of the Tourist Department.
The tourist complex should have registered guides, parking facilities for cars and buses.
It is felt that the unauthorized trekking around the Maitrie Statue located near the highway be
all cleared and the land acquired by the Tourist Department. This place should be redeveloped as an
alpine garden.
In consultation with the PWD the national highway should be shifted at least 500 ft. from its present
position to provide for clear space for redeveloping the spot as a planned garden and make it
photogenic. There should be a reception centre which is designed in buddhist architecture which
should also provide for all information on the historical places. There should be a panorama gallery in
this reception centre which will illustrate scenes from some of the neighbouring historical sites.
Parking facilities for 20 cars and 10 buses should also be developed and a restaurant should be located.
Mulbek is an important Buddhist centre of archaeology and we assign a high priority for its
development.
It is suggested that in case for any religious reasons there are objections, then the local
monasteries controlling the Maitrie site be provided compensation and alternate accommodation for
any displaced persons so affected in the development project suggested herein.
Elsewhere it has been recommended to create a single rail track for the purpose of movement of
tourists connecting Mulbek with Kargil and take the rail system into the Suru Valley. The inspiration
for this suggestion is drawn from similar systems which are existing in Switzerland, Alpine Italy and
the Lake Districts of England. For more details, please see the sections on railways in this Report.
Kargil township has remained insignificant in its tourist potential. Its remoteness from the
Valley in particular has kept away the tourists from reaching there. It is the seat of local culture and is
an important town in the region. There is only one road which is connecting Kargil to Kashmir Valley
and the section between Somamarg and Dras is a challenge to drivers.
NEW DELHI
Kargil town requires to be upgraded to welcome tourists in larger numbers. A sustained

publicity campaign should be undertaken to re-invent this area for tourist interests as it has been done
in the case of Gulmarg. The town was the focus of national attention during the Kargil Conflict and
there is wide spread interest to visit the places which were in the vicinity of the Indo-Pak Conflict. The
area has sufficient tourist interests for visits and require to be now developed by providing them with
all weather road and accommodation facilities.
It is recommended that the Kargil-Somamarg road should be provided with sufficient funds and
redeveloped as a two-lane road to allow for free flow of traffic. Parts which remains snow-bound in
winters may be covered by concrete tubing to protect it from accumulated snow and unstable soil.
Road bursting using spray concrete on net mesh extending upto 300 ft. on the mountainside be
considered. Where possible concrete may be injected into mountain sediments to provide as
stabilizers. We find that the agencies undertaking the development and maintenance of border roads in
the whole State have not accepted new technology in road opening and techniques which were
acceptable half-a-century ago are still being applied extensively. If there is lack of information on new
developments in road building, it is necessary that the State Government consider dispatching their
promising engineers to visit identified areas in North Europe and become acquainted with the latest
technology in mountain road construction.
Kargil town needs to have an urban development agency of its own which should have
supporting staff of architects and engineers and the State should provide authority and funds for
creating a master plan to re-develop the entire urban area. New urban colonies need to be developed
and some population redistribution in them to provide for an ideal township environment which will
welcome the new tourist traffic contemplated.
The current tourist hotel managed by the Tourist Department requires massive upgrading and
design. It has suffered extensively by insignificance because for nearly 10 years the place was not at
all utilized for the design purpose. The Deptt. of Tourism should consider a new plan of redeveloping
this hotel site incorporating safety systems as well as features of modern comfort. It should at least
achieve a 2-star status for acceptance by the foreign tourists.
Because of the isolation of the area, the atmosphere in Ladakh is clean and without pollution.
Recognizing this fact the Government of India has already constructed a world famous observatory at
Henlay. For the ordinary tourist this is out of the way.
NEW DELHI
Visitors in Leh would still like to benefit marginally from the experience of visiting the Henlay
Observatory if a similar facility was located around Leh. There is a hill behind Leh town which is a
dry high point. It is felt that a planetarium to provide sitting capacity for 100 persons may be located
here. The planetarium will feature the sky of each season and also undertake lectures to school
children and for tourist interest the planetarium should also have a 6” reflector telescope for night time
viewing.
Reflector telescopes are manufactured in India while the apparatus for the planetarium is freely
available as an imported item.
The Planetarium should be put under the charge of the Department of Physics in the University
of Kashmir. It will work with consumption with the J&K Tourism during seasons to invite visitors to
its lectures. The cost of the project is to be divided into the capital cost of the construction, approach
road from Leh town of approximately 6 kms. length and the cost of the equipment. The cost of the
equipment for this planetarium is estimated at Rs.80 lakhs. The capital cost for construction is
estimated at Rs.1.75 crores. The recurring cost would be approximately Rs.11 lakhs annually.
Kashmir Valley
Tourist traffic in Kashmir Valley is currently focussed in three areas of Gulmarg, Srinagar and
Pahalgam. This has resulted in, amongst other things, heavy environmental degradation and unplanned
urban development. It is necessary to develop new area of tourist interests so that the dispersal of
tourist traffic is more evenly spread and all accessible areas receive their share of economic
development.
The Department of Tourism in the last five years has already been active in preparing
developmental plans but they have not been launched because of non-availability of funds. The
Consultants have examined these projects and reiterate that the plans are well thought out and the State
Government should earmark funds for their phased development. It is not enough that tourist huts are
created. The development of new areas involve coordinated plans to develop all-weather roads, extend
power lines, create drinking water resources and also lay out for intending tourists a plan on how to
make their local stay in the new areas interesting and an investment in time.

NEW DELHI
The Consultants feel that the State Government should now shift its focus of reception of
tourists entering the Valley from the existing hub of Srinagar, to Anantnag. The contemplated rail link
has included Anantnag as a halt station. The major arterial roads in the Valley all converge in the town
area, namely, the national highway, the alternate bypass to the national highway through Sinthin Pass,
the road to Pahalgam, the highway to Shopian and an important road which goes to Kokarnag.
The Consultants strongly recommend the establishment of a new Anantnag Development

Authority (ADA),its main task would be as under:-
Acquire new land on the Anantnag-Pahalgam road and develop a new township.
De-congest the old Anantnag town by acquiring existing properties and relocate the disturbed
owners to plots to new Anantnag town and compensate to help construct new dwelling units.
Acquire properties in the old Anantnag town, be demolished to widen the roads and develop
open spaces around well-known religious monuments and places to visits.
Restore to the original shape the old Anantnag temple and garden area by removing all new
constructions. The Anantnag Development Authority (ADA) will first negotiate with the existing trust
authorities to help in the restoration work and if there is resistance the State Government should
consider an ordinance to take over the property and undertake all developmental work and thereafter
return it to a Minority Trust which may have also members from the original Trust organization.
Develop a tourist reception complex using the blue print of the tourist centre at Srinagar.
Develop a permanent establishment for the reception of the Amarnath Yatris. This centre should
be in a position to take batches of 1000 persons approximately per day and be in a position to look
after the board and lodging of upto 5,000 stranded pilgrims.
The existing bus stand of Anantnag should be shifted out and relocated in the new township
area.
The ADA will also create standard blue prints of dwelling units to suit various sizes of plots and
offer the perspective plot holders the choice to get them. Horticulture controls will also be laid and
markets will also be so designed as to draw inspiration from the local architecture.
The new Anantnag town should provide to absorb a new population of 100,000 persons. The
plan of development should be as under: -
NEW DELHI
2003-2008 - The period will see the State Government create the Anantnag Development Authority by
a new legislation to be passed by the State Assembly. The appointed authority will select the team of
developers and planners and create a master plan. The record of land in the meantime will also be
brought up-to-date and put on a computer file. Outside agencies, expert in such work will be
appointed to compile all land records. The ADA will also identify supporting projects to be
undertaken in the urban development work.
2008-2015 - The period should see the development of arterial roads, the detailing of sectors in the
new township and the offer of plots to perspective buyers. The new township should also, during the
period, see the development of a new general hospital, telegraph office, inter-city bus service and the
development of a city bus service. New markets should also be opened and the sewer system laid in
the new township should be energized. The existing district police lines should also be shifted to a
new site and the land released in the old city area be partly converted into a park and a new police
statìsmen who need not base themselves in Srinagar for overnight stay and instead be nearer to their
place of different business dealings.
2015-2022 - The period should see the development of the new township and its commercial centres.
The development of educational centres and the shift of population from the old city area, to some
extent, to the new residential areas. It is expected that the old residential areas in Anantnag may be
converted into markets. The redevelopment of the old city area would be completed.
The cost of development work in the suggested activities at old Anantnag township to be now
undertaken by the proposed ADA in the 20-years perspective plan will be dependent on the rate of
inflation, the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the Valley in the future in the coming years and
the kind of leadership which will exist both political and technical.
The Consultants are of the view that a financial outlay should be kept for the creation of the
developmental authority (ADA) and the initial work of preparing the master plan. The Consultants
would advise earmarking for the period 2003-2008 a sum of Rs.1000 crores with the first year of
implementing the plan to be given a provisional budget of Rs.two crores only.
The Consultants view the establishment of the proposal urban development authority (ADA)
will be an engine to generate a large number of employment opportunities for both technical and non-
technical personnel. It will also generate economic activities in support services which will assist in
the development of the new township concept.
NEW DELHI
The consultants view the area of Aharbal as holding a high potential for future tourist interest.
Aharbal is in fact seen by the Consultants as a virtual goldmines in the contemplated tourist industry in
the contemplated 20-years perspective plan. Aharbal alone can not be developed. The Consultants are
of the view that along with the Aharbal all the area extending upto Shopian needs to be included in the
perspective plan. The famous shrine of Charaar-e-shreef also falls in the zone. Aharbal has beautiful
waterfalls where new gardens can be developed but this requires again a concentrated planned
activities which will involve the township of Yusmarg, Shopian, Kulgam and Aharbal.
The Consultants therefore, recommend that a new Shopian zone Development Authority be
created to undertake all such future planned development of the area and special funds would need to
be allocated.
NEW TOWNSHIPS
The Consultants have worked extensively in field journeys and find that there is need to
decongest further the tourist traffic concentrated in Srinagar. Elsewhere we have recommended the
establishment of a new township as an extension of the existing Anantnag town. We now recommend
a new township to be considered as an extension of Kupwara town for which a new Urban
Development Authority should be created locally for the purpose.
Kupwara is located in a neglected area of the Valley and has been ravaged by extended militant
activities which has stopped all developmental work. The population in the rural area has also moved
out to put pressure on the urban centre. Otherwise there is a huge tourist potential for trekkers to move
through Kupwara into the unexplored valleys around the area. Kupwara town requires major
upgrading in its public services and infrastructure. The view of the Consultants is that it will take
another 5 years to normalcy to be restored in Kupwara district and then the development work
contemplated. In the mean time, by establishing an Urban Development Authority, work of survey and
other activities of laying the plans can commence.
The Consultant would like to recommend the legislation to establish the Kupwara Urban
Development Authority by the State Government and establish an administrative set up for the
purpose. The requirement of funds for the management of the Urban Development Authority in the
first 5 years would be Rs.16 crores. The Consultants feel that the work of developing the new
township would involve at least an outlay of Rs.16,000 crores extended between 2008-2018.
NEW DELHI
Similarly, the township of Bandipur also requires upgrading and improving its municipal
infrastructure. The city sewage needs to be replaced by a new modern and efficient system. The town
roads and lanes need to be repaired and widened and the local markets need to be relocated. The
Consultants recommend a master plan be created for upgrading the facilities in Bandipur town. The
work may be assigned to the Town & Country Planning department of the State Government. The
Consultants recommend that the upgrading plan of Bandipur town may be assigned an expenditure of
Rs.30 crores in the time phase of 2008-2013 for initiating the improvements. The State Government
will put its share from funds under the head of local self-government to make up for the deficit.
NEW MASTER PLAN FOR SRINAGAR
Srinagar town is amongst the most ancient towns in the region and definitely going back to the
th
4 Century BC. All writers in the past who have visited the town have made mention of the unsanitary
conditions existing in this urban area. The local citizens endorse these observations but they have not
themselves undertaken any extensive urban planning in the past.
A brave effort was made nearly three decades ago to develop a master plan for the extension of
Srinagar town. The plan was reported undertaken through extensive surveys and deliberations under
the guidance of the Deptt. of Town & Country Planning and a document was prepared and sent to the
State Government in the early 1980s. The many recommendations of this master plan for Greater
Srinagar receive its fair share of frowns and no final decision was taken on it. The master plan was
meant to take care of a city population of 600,000 and had a vision for future. In the absence of non-
implementation of this master plan scheme, Srinagar town has in the mean time doubled its population,
expanded the urban limits into former rural areas and in the process set aside all norms of urban
development. The master plan for practical purposes is a useless document. It is evident that if
Srinagar town is to survive for future as a city to welcome tourists, the town would need to be
redeveloped on proper lines, given new public service systems and those who are to undertake the
work will have to be projected from political interference and vested interests.
The Deptt. of Town and Country Planning is considered a good enough technical agency by the
Consultants to undertake a fresh exercise to develop a new scheme for a master plan of Greater
Srinagar. The Consultants recommend that the exercise for developing the master plan for Greater
Srinagar be taken up at the earliest under a time bound scheme. The implementation of the master plan
may have to be considered as a capital project by the Government of India to be carried out by a
Central agency, again under a time bound plan. The recommendation may have implications of State-
NEW DELHI
Centre relations but if Srinagar town is to have a proper future, then it may be necessary for the
intervention of the Centre to save this town which its own people are unable to take care of.
For developing the master plan, the Consultants recommend for the first 5 years period an
expenditure of Rs.6 crores to be used for organizing surveys and assign consultancy to expert groups to
help the government department to expedite the finalizing of the draft master plan schemes. The
Consultants recommend further that the Government of India should consider intervention separately
outside the scheme of developing tourism in the State and consider special efforts to be earmarked for
implementing the revised master plan.
It is evident that for future time to come the presence of the paramilitary forces will be a
running feature. Because of present uncertain conditions, paramilitary forces are stationed all over the
State occupying industrial sheds, hotel premises and State Government accommodations which were
designed to serve other public purposes. The Consultants feel that the massive presence of
paramilitary forces in itself is becoming counter-productive to attract outside tourists. New
cantonments may be necessary to earmark for paramilitary forces in areas where their presence for
future is identified. In the view of the Consultants, areas around Sonmarg, Kupwara, Baramula and
foothills area of Pirpanjal Range as well as in Poonch and outside Leh, such cantonments of
paramilitary forces be earmarked. Once the premises are earmarked, the paramilitary forces be asked
to develop the sites for permanent habitation as well as incorporate security measures. Paramilitary
forces thereafter should be asked to vacate all premises occupied by them at tourist sites. The vacated
premises would need to be repaired and renovated. In some cases, these premises would require to be
totally reconstructed.
The Consultants recommend to the State Government to examine the suggestion and if found
acceptable to move separately with the Government of India for funds which will be paid as
compensation for the land acquired by the State Government for creating the cantonments for
paramilitary forces. In the current, the Consultants do not suggest any financial outlay, as the
suggestion is tourist friendly but as security implications otherwise.
Srinagar is surrounded by large water bodies, parts of which are given different names. One of
the most beautiful and sheltered water bodies is of the Nagin Lake. The Nagin Lake area is the
favourate of the foreign tourists who make use of the houseboats anchored on the shores. The
Consultants are of the view that a small boat club with evening entertainment facilities would be an
appropriate addition to the celluberous environment. The Boat club shall have temporary members
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who are living in the houseboats and picked for a minimum period of 15 days. The Boat club is
contemplated to have a small bar and a dance floor. It should have an environmental air of the old
British style. The Consultants would like to earmark an expenditure of Rs.20 lakhs for developing the
boat club at Nagin.
The Tourist Reporting Centre in Srinagar is a historical building. It is also a landmark in the
State as it was the culmination of rare idea to provide the best tourist facilities for the visitors when
such concepts were foreign in India. Elsewhere in our proposal, the Consultants have already
recommended the development of a similar tourist Reporting Centre in Anantnag. The Consultants are
of the view that the existing Tourist Reporting Centre of Srinagar requires to be upgraded by
undertaking repairs of the original structure as well as a review of the facilities that are existing here.
The premises is showing decay and administration’s neglect. The premises are not fireproof at all.
The Consultants after having paid numerous visits to the Centre would like to recommend the
following :-
All dead record of the Government which is filling the attic space in the building should be
removed forthwith and the premises be renovated extensively. The false ceilings in the building
required to be again restored to the original design.
Only such officials should be allowed to work in the Centre who have a direct dealing with the
reporting tourists and whole offices alongwith their hierarchy need not be present. Each of the
assigned room should have not more than two persons and proper signage in the corridors to be
installed to guide the tourists to their right office.
All electrical wiring should be made fireproof and proper fire-fighting equipment be installed.
The existing equipment at the time of inspection by the Consultants was found being installed in 1988
and thereafter never tested when it should have been tested annually. The Departments which are
having their sale or enquiry counters on the ground floor require to be renovated and stocked with
appropriate forms and literature helpful to the visitors. There should be a separate counter for the sale
of trekker’s map and other information. The restaurant facilities require upgrading extensively.
Communication facilities now need upgrading and the equipment for use of the visitors should be
installed in proper quantities.
All personnel posted in the TRC, Srinagar should be provided with a special uniform which
would be suitable for winter and summer seasons. All personnel posted on the tourist counter should

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be affluent in at least one foreign language and this fact should be made known through a name plate
signage which state ‘I speak ….. language’.
Currently a large number of tourist huts are occupied by government officials. These officials
need to be shifted in phases by providing them with alternate accommodation. After repairs, the
facility should be opened to the visiting tourists as per the original scheme.
The periphery around the existing plot needs to be cleared of all encroachments, the roads need
to be re-aligned and the garden inside the TRC, Srinagar be properly re-laid.
As this is the first showpiece in Srinagar town and has remained neglected for the past 12 years,
the Consultants would like to recommend an outlay of Rs.4 crores for organizing the upgrading of the
Centre and the work should be done within the first 5 years of the perspective plan.
The Consultants would also like to recommend a similar tourist centre on a smaller scale at
Kargil and Leh. The financial outlay for Kargil and Leh is recommended to be Rs.5 crores each as
they will be new activities. They need to be put on ground with proper staff and equipment to await
the new flood of tourists expected as soon as the law and order situation improves.
The tourist spot of Baba Reshi is a neglected area. It has been shadowed by the location of
Gulmarg which was favoured by the British tourists who began coming into the Gulmarg meadows
sometimes beginning from 1920. Baba Reshi shrine is one of the most venerated spots in the Valley
for the local people. Each year at auspicious days worshipers come in large numbers and congest the
place.
The Consultants are of the view that Baba Reshi shrine now requires to be re-invented for the
visitors. Firstly, because the original Baba Reshi was a Sufi Saint and preached the message of
humanity. It is for this reason that both Hindu and non-Hindu venerate him today.
There are many current problems associated with the religious shrine. The Consultants,
therefore, recommend the following :-
The road which connects the shrine with the Gulmarg road requires to be widened to allow for
a double carriage. It also needs proper night illumination.

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The area around the shrine requires to be redesigned to create more open spaces for the
worshipers to move around and the Shrine should also be connected with a new road which may end at
an agreed point in the Gulmarg meadows.
The Baba Reshi shrine should have a primary health centre, proper public drinking water
facilities, accommodation for a seasonal police post and the shrine structure itself requires extensive
renovation.
For the upgrading of the road connecting Baba Reshi, the Consultants would like to earmark an
outlay of Rs.50 lakhs. For the upgrading of other facilities mentioned above which would include the
development of park areas, electrification in the religious site and the development of other tourist
facilities, the Consultants would like to earmark an outlay of Rs.70 lakhs. The Consultants further
suggest that the religious shrine of Baba Reshi should be properly publicized in tourist literature for
future. The sheep farm area at Dacksun which was a tourist site, requires to be taken up with a new
beginning. The entire drill of developing sheep farming is to be started from scratch. This will restore
the confidence of the local people, regenerate breeding of sheep for industrial use as well as be a day
activity for visitors to the spot. The Consultants would like to earmark an outlay of Rs.one crore to
regenerate the sheep farm at Dacksun. This amount is earmarked only for the first 5 years and further
expenditure may have to be borne by the State Government from its own internal resources as the need
arise.
The development of the Mughal Garden at Achabal and the development of the Mughal Garden
at Verinag have been postponed for a long time. The last major renovation of the Verinag garden were
undertaken sometime in 1971. Similar is the case at Achabal. The Consultants after having visited
these sites, are of the view that the two Mughal Garden premises require extensive repairs and
upgrading, re-laying of electric lines and nigh light facilities, repairs of channels and fountains and at
Verinag, extensive renovation of the existing tourist huts. The Consultants, therefore, recommend an
outlay for developing the Mughal Garden at Achabal Rs.35 lakhs, and at Verinag an outlay of Rs.55
lakhs.
Separate developmental plans would also be necessary after field surveys undertaken by the
Deptt. of Town and Country Planning for Achabal and Verinar. Unplanned urban encroachments need
to also be cleared.

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Elsewhere we have already recommended the institution of the urban development authority at
Shopian. It would include the small township of Yusmarg and Aharbal. This area requires a special
attention from the tourist point of view as it has great tourist potential. The Consultants, therefore,
suggest the following :-
There should be a tourist bungalow at Charaar-e-Sharif as this is a major scene of tourist
attraction particularly after the shrine was burnt down and reconstructed. For this the Consultants
would like to earmark a sum of Rs.20 lakhs for the development of this facility. The support services
between Yusmarg and Charaar-e-Sharif are non-existence. The Consultants would recommend a sum
of Rs.6 lakhs for the construction of kiosks at appropriate sites between Yusmarg and Charaar-e-
Sharif.
There are two neglected valleys in Kashmir, namely, the Lolab and the Bungush Valey. The
two valleys have far greater tourist opportunities than those offered in Pahalgam-Lidder Valley. Both
the Valleys have their urban centres which need to be properly connected by metal roads, provided
tourist stay facilities, tourist information centres and be connected by trekking path which will take the
tourists into the interiors.
For the development of Bungush Valley, the Consultants would like to have an outlay of Rs.35
lakhs while for the development of the Lolab Valley the Consultants would like to have an outlay of
Rs.40 lakhs. Attention to the two Valleys needs to be paid during the period 2008-2013 as these areas
are presently termed as disturbed and are on road to normalcy. At the present stage the Deptt. of Town
& Country Planning can be assigned the task to undertake developmental plans and submit to the
Government for further approval.
Jammu is the terminal point for one of the major pilgrimages of North India. With the
extension of the Kashmir railway link, some of the shrines out of Jammu town may disappear and
Katra township may get its gain. The Kashmir rail link provides railway station at Katra but Jammu is
too big a commercial centre to see any loss of commercial interest and the railway station complex
would still remain a very important hub of travelling tourists. Unfortunately inspite of the massive
passenger traffic, the Indian Railways have not provided enough facilities for the religious pilgrims
and the State Government has not put its best foot forward to provide support services to its short term
pilgrims visiting Vaishno Devi. The Consultants, therefore, wish to put the following proposal :-
The Ministry of Railways should provide major transit facility at Jammu railway station for the
religious pilgrims destined for Katra. The State of J&K should provide separate additional transit

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facilities for domestic tourists either enroute to Srinagar or to other points in Jammu region. The high
value domestic tourist avoids transiting through Jammu Railway Station and prefers Jammu airport. It
seems for future also he may continue to do the same but the volume of railway passengers either is
very big and the Jammu railway terminal requires to be redesigned to make it more passenger friendly
as well as more secure.
Rajouri & Poonch
The area of Poonch has been left untouched for a very long time from developmental activities
and more in the tourist sector. The reason is essentially the fact that the town area is very close to the
Line of Control. The town has a small airstrip, a golf course, parks and a small market. Poonch may
not be a favoured place for the ordinary tourist who along with his family may visit the area. The
Consultants are of the view that the first effort to revive an interest of domestic tourists would be to
organize special tours of young people and give them a package of adventure tourism and take these
groups to visit Poonch town area and spend at least two nights. Young golfers may be also suggested
to join the local golfers from the Army camps and play a round of the game. To begin with, it is
necessary to upgrade the municipal services presently existing in the town. The main emphasis would
be, besides cleanliness, to develop the area horticulturally by not only improving the existing parks and
gardens but also clean up all green areas and make them presentable. Thereafter a publicity drive
should be launched using the upto date scenery and invite the more adventurous youth to pay a call to
the town. The package tour may have to include an overnight stay at Rajouri where local Mughal
garden exists and the Rajouri Fort also is an added attraction. The Fort is a bit out of reach and could
be packaged as a trekking experience.
In Consultation with the local Army Unit and the Corp Command, one Army post in Mendhar
Sector may be identified for an interaction with the visiting groups and they may be shown that how
the Defence of the country is organized at the grassroots level and under what conditions the men of
the Forces live and work. The re-entry of the visitors in this Sector even if it is limited will help recall
that the area is civilian and open to visits. Sometimes it is necessary not to make a big splash and the
Consultants feel that the time has come for the Poonch-Rajouri area of Jammu region be identified for
visits by domestic tourists. The Consultants would like to, therefore, recommend a limited programme
as under :-

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Upgrade the facilities of the rest house at Rajouri as well as in Poonch. For this the Consultants
recommend an outlay of Rs.15 lakhs for the two stations for undertaking the upgrading of physical
facilities.
Horticultural development of the Mughal Garden at Rajouri should now commence and a group
of gardeners be permanently stationed and provided with proper equipment and supervisory staff. A
lot of repair and excavation work is necessary; therefore, the administration of Deptt. of Archaeology
is recommended for the first 5 years period in the redevelopment of the garden. The Consultants
would like to earmark an expenditure of Rs.80 lakhs spread over a period of five years for providing
physical upgrading of the horticulture side at Rajouri.
At Poonch, the Consultants recommend an outlay of Rs.50 lakhs as share of the Centre for
similar horticultural upgrading of park facilities in the town area. The State Government will also put
in its agreed share of investment.
The Consultants further advise that the action to invite domestic visitors to Poonch and Rajouri
regions be limited to the summer season as a first step which in consultation would mean that this area
will be only opened to about 100 days between July, August and September.
The local Golf Club needs to be again properly revived and upgraded with new equipment and
the greens require to be re-laid. The Consultants would consider an adhoc expenditure of Rs.30 lakhs
to be earmarked for improving the greens of the Poonch Golf Club.
Another area of development in this Sector are the meadows of Tosha maidan. The slopes of
these meadows may be provided with trekking path and huts for overnight stay may be contemplated.
The Department of Tourism would like to put up 4 or 5 trekkers’ huts in this area and see the interest
of domestic visitors to make use of the facility. The huts would be very frugal in their construction and
should provide the base shelter facilities. They should be constructed in the traditional form of
architecture using only locally available material of wood, mud and stone. The Consultants wish to
earmark a sum of Rs.10 lakhs for the development of these trekkers’ huts.

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FLORICULTURE
It is an amazing fact to know that Kashmir Valley, which is so famed for its natural beauty and
for its vast variety of flowers, has not developed in industry out of the growing of flowers. The
Mughal gardens have not evidently inspired the local population or even the business community into
undertaking commercial cultivation of flowers, which can be exported out of the State. A small effort
was made in 1971 by the Deptt. of Horticulture to open a selling counter of flowers in Srinagar and at
Palam Airport in New Delhi. The experiment did not enjoy government support and collapsed after a
number of efforts.
Kashmir Valley can offer year round cultivation of flowers for exports. The main variety that
can be exported are the whole range of gladioli, roses, seasonal lily varieties and again seasonal
‘annuals’. The Chinese crypsamphimums are at their best when grown in the Valley. It is possible to
have extensive commercial cultivation of poppy plant. It otherwise grows wild in the area but its
commercial cultivation for decorative purposes can mach the quality as found in Holland.
The Consultants would like to recommend the Deptt. of Tourism, to consider in consultation
with the Deptt. of Horticulture, Parks and Gardens, and the Deptt of Agriculture to have feasible
studies with the help of floriculture experts of South India who have a world market for exporting
flowers from the country to find out the commercial potential of developing the commercial cultivation
of selective varieties of flowers. In this respect, it would also be necessary to create hot houses to
ensure year long cultivation of certain varieties of flowers and particularly long stocked roses. The
market is already existing in North India and with the extension of Kashmir rail link the movement of
cut flower goods using air-conditioners would ensure the commodity arrives in the market as fresh as it
was cut.
The floriculture industry can be a major new enterprise in the Valley and a network of farmers
undertaking commercial cropping can be created which would generate employment opportunities of
sizeable number. The Consultants hold the view that if the floriculture industry is developed in the
State as many as 75,000 jobs can be created which would involve packagers, transporters, air-
conditioning assistants, assistant horticulturists, shed managers, and above all individual progressive
farmers. In this respect women entrepreneurship can be associated at all points of work in this
industry.

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The Consultants would recommend the establishment of a separate department of floriculture

under the Deptt. of Industries. The ordinary farmer who switch over to this occupation needs to be
encouraged and the Consultants would recommend that all earnings from this activity be exempt from
taxes and the State and private finance institutions offer very attractive soft loans as well as agriculture
consultancy to develop the trade.
The State Government should use its good offices to enter into negotiations with international
known floriculture companies for distributing the product to the markets of the Middle-East and South
Asia region.
The Consultants also see the necessity of establishing research stations to conduct research in
the development of better quality of flower varieties which would conform to international acceptance.
The Consultants propose an initial investment by the Government of India into the
development of this proposed industry in its initial stages, an outlay of Rs.800 crores for the Tenth 5-
Year Plan, Rs.600 crores for the Eleventh 5-Year Plan and Rs.200 crores for the Twelfth 5-Year Plan.
It is hoped that by 2018 the proposed commercial activity would have found its firm on the ground and
be consolidated in the private sector. The State Government would be expected only to provide
extension consultancies.
FOREST INDUSTRY
100 years ago, reporters were telling their readers that this region was full of thick jungles and
forest areas which were mentioned having vast stretches of forests, are today to be seen as bare faces
and subject to erosion due to rains and high winds. In the period of militancy advantage was taken by
smugglers to cut down valuable forest products and sell them in the black market. A section of the
State Government of Forests also contributed to this vandalism.
The forests are a major support base for large number of commercial activities like chemicals,
oils, woodcrafts and handicrafts. A small paper manufacturing industry is also famous for the Kashmir
Valley. Scarcity of right type of wood is now threatening closure of many small enterprises which are
dependent upon good quality wood. The most important wood product moving out of the Kashmir
State are the cricket bats made out of willow. Originally the manufacturing of bat blades was
prosperous trade but diminishing supply of major wood has led to a shrinkage in the State and this
unfortunate.
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Tourists are keen to see forests in their tracks or camp in these forests where they exist. Some
of the most famous camping grounds are in the upper reaches of Pahalgam, Gulmarg and Sonamarg
area. Forests in the higher reaches of Yusmarg and elsewhere can be exploited in camp sites.
The Consultants are of the view that Deptt. of Forests should now be given a higher priority,
additional funds and a workforce with the objective to launch a major drive to recreate forests in areas
which are originally reported to have them 100 years ago. The lack of forests is also having a very bad
effect upon the local climate in the Valley and the average temperatures are rising upto 4 degree
Celsius in the summer season. In the early 1950s Kashmir Valley had not seen a ceiling fan but today
in the summer season one cannot live without it in a confined room. AC units were non-existence in
Kashmir Valley but today all hotels run them in summer season. Ecological disaster is firmly on
ground and active.
Experience may be had from the manner in which forests have been regenerated in European
Russia, in Finland and in Sweden. If necessary, workforce from other parts of North India be acquired
for short duration for planting of identified saplings of tree variety. Nursery may also be developed in
Himachal Pradesh for providing support material for regeneration of forestland.
The Consultants feel that the regeneration of forestland would be a long-term project extending
for a minimum 20 years and move even beyond.
The Consultants are of the view that for the redevelopment of the forest industry, an initial
outlay of Rs.2000 crores in the first 5 years, Rs.10,000 crores in the second 5 years and in subsequent
blocks of 5 years additional outlay of Rs.8000 crores be earmarked for this work. This amount of
funding would have to be clearly monitored by Government of India and there should be a special
agency established to ensure that the planting of saplings in identified areas ensure a survival rate of at
least 70%. An audit of the forests so covered should be regularly undertaken. The scheme has
sufficient scope for mal-practices and this needs to be always kept in mind.
The Consultants are of the view that when properly planned and executed in the first 5 years
period, the project could involve upto 100,000 unemployed persons as forest assistants to look after the
saplings for watering and tendering and the work be distributed in the whole of the State including the
areas not normally reached. Private monitoring agencies are recommended specially to oversee the
work.

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No immediate results are expected out of such investment but if the forest cover in the State is
restored to double its current green cover, the results on the climate would be very definite leading to
many positive side effects. At the same time, the State would have acquired new forest wealth which
could invite a very large number of visitors for camping and leisure activities.
The tourist potential would be immense because dry up springs and water would again get
recharged and soil erosion into rivers and lakes would have dramatically come down. The listing of
positive effects is far too many to be listed in this project.
AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES
The following are recommended :
Negotiations may be reopened with the National Dairy Development Board to consider their re-
entering the State with schemes for upgrading not only the skills of farmers undertaking animal
husbandry and dairy farming but also develop a network of vegetable collection and marketing them
on proper professional lines.
The Consultants have informally discussed this matter with the NDDB who are prima facie
willing to respond positively to any invitation from the State Government in this direction but now
have certain conditions for response. The most prominent precondition laid before us was that NDDB
will only accept an invitation from the State if the State leadership promises not to interfere in the
professional work of the Board and its schemes, further the State leadership will not interfere in the
selection of personnel for manning the schemes for developing vegetable and dairy marketing. And
lastly, the State will provide sufficient power supply to run the modern dairy plants on scientific lines.
At the same time, the Board also has offered to the Consultants’suggestion that the Board would like to
invest in the next 20 years anything upto Rs.5,000 crores of financial outlay in making the State of
J&K a modern agriculturally oriented administration; that it would introduce new breeds in animal
husbandry, create brand products for the local market and train local persons in proper management
skills for sales and marketing and manufacture. The Board will not take money from the State
Government and will find its finances from within the country and also from international investment
agencies. Subject to getting State clearance the NDDB would be willing to invest in the first five years
of planned activities a sum of Rs.100 crores to develop the base for future industrial activities related
to animal husbandry.

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The State is, therefore, recommended to take the initiative to open fresh correspondence with
the NDDB HQrs and send a delegation to meet the experts in the various sectors of dairy
developmental activities. Products which may be generated from such an enterprise then be put into
the local markets and a specific quota be fixed for distribution in tourist related hospitality industry.
The surplus can be exported into Punjab and other areas.
The Consultants recommend the revival of the wooden products industry in collaboration with Indian
and international product leaders. For instance, a small-scale industry for the manufacturing of match-
sticks using local wooden products should find local markets instead of the match-sticks being brought
from far away places in India.
The famed Kashmiri paper product industry needs to be revived both in the handicraft sector as well as
in the small-scale sector. Kashmiri wooden crafted paper had the ability to last beyond 200 years and
was an export product to many Asian centres of learning where this paper was used for transcribing
Holy Scripture. The technique exists and the technicians are now without work. Similarly paper-
making using mechanical process and local wooden pulp is no more an organized activity and needs
the intervention of Indian experts. The Consultants feel that the paper industry in Kashmir has a big
potential for revival and the State should seek urgent outside help in this respect.
The Consultants are of the view that the existing State citizenship legislation requires afresh reading to
allow for some recognition of investment and labour by persons of non-Kashmiri origins to be
recognized and given status and protection. If this is not done no major industrial house in India would
be willing to invest within this State its resources. The Consultants have come around to the view that
industrial and economic growth in the State of J&K is unlikely to fully succeed if it has a majority
participation by the State Government and that private entrepreneurship will have to be welcomed by
offering softer provisions in law and protecting the investments by new legislation. The manner of
modifying the State citizenship law is left to the genius of the local administration and the Consultants
refrain from offering an alternate model of legislation.
The Consultants feel that a programme be developed for the local farmers meant for the three regions
of the State and these persons in groups may be attached with selected Agriculture Universities for
short and medium term orientation courses in progressive farming.

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The Consultants were surprised to know the scarce presence of low horsepower tractor farming system
in the Valley. The farming techniques are in need of upgrading. The absence of modern equipment is
expanding away by the existence of very small sized land ownership which is a fact no denied.
The Consultants feel that a private enterprise may be encouraged to establish businesses in the loan of
agriculture equipment to farmers who need to be introduced to modern techniques in farming and
thereby increase the agricultural produce.
In any perspective planning for the State it would be necessary to contemplate industrial activities
which draws energy from non-fossil fuel sources. The future of industrial growth in the State lies
wholly in the availability of inexpensive power energy through the Hydel general system. Poor
planning in this respect in the past has led mal-practices to come in the agriculture system.
The Consultants now feel that the old standard practice of charging farmers of a flat rate per plug or
bulb be now replaced by a modern system of billing power consumers by installing power meters. The
work should be undertaken districtwise.
There seems to be no problem in this respect for Jammu region. In Ladakh region, the physical work
of meter-reading may have to be given on contract to local educated youth who would have to act as
collector of revenue.
In Kashmir Valley the Consultants find the problem more emotional and recommend a long period of
educating the local population first and then implement the system of billing by meters districtwise.
The collection of revenue will bring a sense of responsibility amongst the local people in the
realization of the taxes which are essential source of revenue for the State to undertake future
developmental activities.
The Consultants feel a resistance coming upon those persons or leaders who would bring the necessary
changes in their financial administration.
The Consultants also recommend as a first step to bring the collection of power taxes under a contract
system to be run by private enterprise using the system which has been successful elsewhere in other
parts of the country.

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In Ladakh region, the Consultants are of the view that breeding of Yak, Pashmina goat and Cheeru
deer should be considered as valid government activity.
The milk yield from the existing mountain cows is insufficient for economic benefit and cattle
breeding centres in more numbers are essential. These cattle breeding centres will also train villagers
in better methods of cattle rearing and looking after the medical problems related to local animal life.
A small breeding centre exclusive to improve the population of the Nubra camel be created.
The old activity in this respect was not found sustainable because of lack of interest by those given the
responsibility as no status was assigned to this work.
The Consultants feel that the breeding of the double hump camel should be in the direction of
preserving animal life which is facing an extinction and people associated with the work to protect and
promote the preservation of such fauna, need to be given a special status in society. The same is the
case for the breeding and preservation of wild ass. The Consultants have already recommended the
establishment of a zoological park near Leh in Ladakh. This activity can be an add on with the
zoological park for Ladakh area. It has a huge tourist potential.
The State Government should invite selected agriculture universities of India to locate their extension
centres in places of their choice. The extension centres should be given the responsibility to help
educate the farmers in modern methods of farming, be partners in the development of new crops genes
which would find local easy application as cash crops as well as select young farmers for training as
envisaged in some paras above.
Cattle breeding centres undertaking research activities should also be opened to tourist visits and
information in this respect in future should find mention in tourist brochures.
ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS
The State of J&K does not have even one Zoological Garden. This is inspite of the fact that the
State is rich in wild life and has even exclusive forms of wild life isolated in alpine area. To some
extent, marginal compensation exists by declaring area in the State as National Wild Life Parks. The
most notable of these sanctuaries is the Dachigam sanctuary, which protects the Hangul deer.
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Dachigam is otherwise not easily accessible to outsiders because it is a protected place. Visitors to the
region are therefore, denied glimpses of wildlife consisting of local animals and birds. Again the
absence of zoological parks also deny students of science to undertake clinical observations of the
various animals species known to live in the region. The more rare and protected species are also not
being bred in captivity in the absence of good zoological facilities.
The consultants recommend that the State of J&K should have two zoological gardens one
based in the Valley of Kashmir, and another to be located in Ladakh region.
The favored site for locating the Zoological Garden in the valley is at Atharbal located about 45
kms from Anantnag. This is a neglected area, which has a vast potential for tourism. The area also has
undeveloped land, which can be acquired for creating the zoological gardens. The local unemployed
youth can be trained to work in this garden in various supports services essential to such activities. The
zoological garden at Atharbal shall have a large bird pond, a serpentarium, large enclosures with safety
moats to keep animals. The lion and tiger enclosures are recommended to be of sizes up to four acres
each to allow the animals pivacy leading to breeding ij captivity. The zoological park is envisaged to
cover about six hundred acres of forest and waste land. The site selected should also include atleast
two prominent water streams. Visitors may be taken round the garden by a mariel system rope way,
and by animals safaries using battery powered vans. Visitors may be offered access to this place from
Srinagar and Anantnag as a day tour by the Department of Tourism. The charge should also include the
cost of meals and drinking water. The zoological park at Achabal should have a full-fledged veterinary
hospital, which should be also serve the veterinary requirements of villages located in the radius area
of about 20 kms. The zoological park should be attached with the Department of zoology. University
of Kashmir and arrangement should exist for visits by the graduate and post graduates students in this
subject.
The second zoological garden is recommended for location at Upshi. It should contain a large
birds pond and large enclosures to put on display the wild life of the area. Visitors will only be allowed
movement in this park on foot. The zoological park is expected to cover approximately 15 acres. It
shall have a veterinary hospital, which will be open to provide vet. services to local cattle owners in the
Indus Valley in all villages between Koyul, and Choglamsar located along river Indus.
The officers appointed to manage the zoological parks can also take help during emergencies
from the veterinary services available locally from the Army and ITBP which departments maintain
separate cadre of veterinary doctors.
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The consultants are not offering advise on the cost of each project or the number of persons to
be employed. This may be addressed to the Department of Animal Husbandry who will made available
of the opportunity to first examine the existing facilities of zoological parks in India, take advises of
experts from identified centres undertaking similar activities in Asia and then submit their plans.
As a rough rule of the thumb the capital cost of developing the zoological garden as Atharbal is
Rs. 9.00 crores, while for the zoological park in Indus Valley, the capital cost of raising the
infrastructure will be approximately Rs. 5.50 crores.
HANDICRAFTS
The Consultants have already recommended the development of the handicraft shops carrying
the ‘Q’ label to ensure that tourists are given a good deal when they are purchasing handicraft material
manufactured in the State.
The Consultants would like to recommend that the State Government may encourage the ‘Q’
shops to be also owned and run by educated women entrepreneurs. This will open avenues of
employment for a large number of educated women of Ladakh and Kashmir Valley.
While no firm numbers can be offered, the Consultants are of the view that at the peak of
popularity of such a scheme at least 6,000 women can be easily absorbed into this trade practice.
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSEUMS
Inspite of the fact that the region is rich in various artifacts connected with anthropology archeology
and other social sciences, and that it has been the ancient seat of culture which have been historically
traced back for atleast 3500 BC, museum activity in the State has been very poor.
Srinagar has one State museum, which is a gift from an earstwhile Maharaja of Kashmir. This
museum has been poorly maintained.
A plan to shift the museum exists to bring it on the Boulevard Road and remove it from its present
position where it does not catch the eyes of visitors. The new scheme is dependent on local expertise
on museumology and its anybody’s guess of how the new State Museum will take shape at the time of
its inauguration.

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Jammu region also has a small museum based in the city which is not visited by people, as one would
desire. There is no promotion campaign to even attract the local children to this establishment.
Ladakh region is totally bereft of any museum. This is surprising because this region is full of
evidence of its ancient past and also because it was the main highway of the ancient Silk Route to
Central Asia and China. Leh town was a major commercial transit point for all merchants who started
their journey from the vicinity of Ambala and ending quite often in Central Asia, while this goods
they carrying reached Beijing and in the court of Canghez Khan.
The Consultants recommend the development of Museums in Leh and Jammu on proper international
standard which need to be filled up by original or copy models of sculpture, artifacts, manuscripts and
anthropological material which will educate the viewers on the progress of civilization in the region,
on the principle development in the history of the people and illustrate the unique culture of the region.
The Consultants also recommend the development of a new series of local museums referred to as
ethnological museums which are big galleries filled with models illustrating the various dresses worn
by the people in the region in the past, exhibit local items of interest for tourists like fire arms
manuscripts, flora and fauna models a typical village scene of to the local area, geological samples
and information on local dialects and jewelleries etc. These ethnological museums should be
accommodated in all places where Notified Areas Committees are functional. The museum should
have an attached restaurant, parking places and a shop selling local handicrafts. Its location should
also be made known prominently through signage installed on the side of the main highways.
These local museums should be supervised by retired teachers who may be given an orientation course
on items on display and be assisted by selected students again drawn from the local urban sector and
employed as contract employees for each season. The maintenance of these ethnological museums
will be by the Department of Tourism and not by other departments normally associated with such
activities.
The concept of ethnological museum has not taken root in India. Therefore we are unable to offer a
local model. They are part of a system which can be readily seen in all the principle towns in Bulgaria
and also in Australia where habitation, have been developed out of the original aboriginal centers.
We are particularly recommending the development of these museums to create opportunities to the
visiting tourists in the region to fill up their time profitably when they are visiting the local areas for
short stay. The average cost of developing enthological museum would be Capital cost Rs.30 lacs,

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non-recurring cost of creating displays – Rs 18 lacs, recurring expenditure on administrative expenses

and contracted staff – Rs 4 lacs.
The cost of developing the museum at Jammu and Leh, in approximate, will be as under :
Capital infrastructure at Leh - Rs 80 lacs

Capital infrastructure in Jammu - Rs 60 lacs
Non-recurring cost of developing displays at Leh – Rs 30 lacs
Non-recurring cost of developing displays in Jammu - Rs 45 lacs
Recurring cost on admn.charges & maintenance at Leh – Rs 6 lacs
Recurring cost of maintenance & contracted staff at Jammu – Rs. 8.5 lacs
FRESH WATER AQUARIUMS
The waterways in the region are rich in aquatic culture. Exotic variety of fish were introduced in a
large number of streams in the valley to provide the sport’ of fishing to the foreign tourists. The big
lakes in the region both in the valley and outside are also well stocked with fish, yet there is limited
knowledge on availability of piciculture. It is felt that identified areas within the State be given new
fresh water aquariums which will also be opened to visits by tourists. The Consultants are
recommending the aquarium under the head of the museum because the general activity is of putting in
showcases living samples of life which are meant for the education of the viewers.
The Consultants advise that fresh water aquarium be considered in Srinagar, Pahalgam, Leh,
Baramula, Gandarbal, and Shopian. The fresh water aquarium may also be local centers for the sale of
fish, and fish products for tourists and local population. An important feature of the aquarium would
be its proper up keep, sanitation and viewing facilities. Not only the local fish varities and other marine
life is also put on display. Efforts should be made to improve on the collections in marine life by
acquiring other samples from the fresh water world. The aquarium should be visited by school
children compulsorily and be open to all visitors. A small entry fee for adult should also be charged to
recover the cost of maintenance either totally or partially. The Department of Fisheries should be the
nodal agencies to maintain these establishment, while the Department of Tourism will act as inspector
to a ensure high standard of hygiene is maintained to attract the tourists to this place.

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Aquarium are being maintained in Mumbai and Chennai on a commercial basis and The Consultants
advise that at the time of framing the projects, official, of the state government from the Department of
Fisheries officiaries should visit the working centers identified, and accept consultancies to make their
labour worthwhile. The aquarium should also be so designed as to provide for expansion in their
activities for future.
PRIVATIZATION
The terms of reference does not ask for providing any inventory of all tourist properties in the state. As
regards the privatization strategy, it may not be possible to give separate strategy for each and every
individual property. The properties which could be privatized are essentially belonging to either the
State Government or the State Tourism Development Corporation, hence the strategy will be more or
less, the strategy as decided by the state government.
URBAN HAAT
A plan for setting up a cultural complex
The State Government has already planned and executed projects to locate cultural centres in the 3
geographical divisions of the state.
The consultants are familiar with the activities and the principle operating in the institution of Dilli
Haat. The concept of Dilli -Haat is very difficult to emulate in other states of the Union particularly the
hill states, where the tourist season is not a year round activity. In the state of J & K, Ladakh division
offers only 2 months of tourist activities, Kashmir valley offers about 5 months and Jammu division
offers about 7 months. Similarly, Jammu area attracts only religious tourism and there is no other
business prospering or looked forward to which would be outside the services provided for religious
tourist. Under these circumstances replicating the experiment of Dilli Haat is an uneconomical activity.
The consultants have also examined the view to provide a multi cultural center in each of the division
in the state and have come to a conclusion that in the circumstances of uneven development of the
tourist infrastructure as well as the promotion of cultural handicrafts and other icon activities, it is
necessary to protect the delicate cultural fabric of the various minorities social group and promote
them otherwise vigorously to attract the attention of the incoming tourist. Promoting other cultural

NEW DELHI
activities of societies outside the state would provide unfair competition. The consultants after due
deliberations decided not to offer any proposals in this respect.
SCHEMES
Schemes and Incentives to be provided by State Government to the Private Sector.
The land areas may be earmarked in the state on the basis of their current status of development.
Developed land areas should not be offered to the private sector. In the under developed areas
incentives should be offered on the basis of their remoteness from main land / centres. For very remote
areas the private sector may be leased land on token charge. The lease should be for 15 years and
would be subject to review depending on the developmental activity undertaken. In less remote areas
and still underdeveloped areas a lease rate may be determined and offered to the private sector. No
lease shall be more than 15 years duration. Water may be offered in bulk at a predetermined rate,
which will not be changed for a period of 5 years from the year of commencement of notified
activities of the individual members in private sector. Spring water will not be used for commercial or
industrial activity. Power – Private entrepreneurs will be allowed to maintain a captive generating plant
not exceeding 125 KVA. The SEB should create guidelines for the installment and maintenance of the
private captive generating plants. Sales Tax holiday for goods being sold within the state for 5 years
should be provided. Luxury and entertainment tax : In the hospitalities industry it should be
maximum of 5% of total tariff above 800/- per day and for entertainment trade the tax tariff, 15% for
live entertainment, 35% for cinema shows. Tax holiday should be provided for 3 yrs for cine plex and
new cinema halls constructed.

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER XIV A
FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS
The Chapter on Financial implications provides the details of the expenditure on the projects as recommended phase wise from 2003 to
2023. The tables provide the total funds required, the phases of development and the funds to be invested by the Central Government and
the State Government. It also provides the implementing agencies of various works.
The projects identified are viable and feasible and are as per the requirement of the development of the tourism, which is site specific. The
overall investments in the projects has been indicated in the tables and the phase wise investments are also indicated. The existing project of
the Government of J&K have already been taken care of in the 10th five year plan, which should be completed as per the schedule. The
tables also provide the employment generation form the various projects.
For the sustainable development of Tourism it is essential to involve the local people in the planning and implementation of various projects.
There should be participation of various grassroot stakeholders at various phases of implementation.
In the end a summary table has been provided ( refer Table No. 14.2 ) to have a glance of all the projects investments. Also a table has been
provided which gives the investments breakup in the infrastructure development, human resources development, tourism product services
and promotion and marketing.
Table No. 14.3 gives the description of the total investments to be made in the State of Jammu & Kashmir in the next 20 years for
development of sustainable tourism. Total investments works out to be 130039.10 crores.
Table No. 14.4 gives the description of the breakup of the investments, the cost configuration and phasing of investment in short, medium
and long term and has been categorized under broad heads such as basic infrastructure, tourism infrastructure, product development,
human resources development, promotion publicity and marketing strategy.
Chapter- XIV A Financial Implications 272

NEW DELHI
Table No. 14.1
PHASE WISE INVESTMENTS
Implementing Employment
Project Duration Total Outlay Phase wise Expenditure State Central Generation
of Project Share Share Agency
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
1. Expansion of Srinagar 2003-2008 100 50 50 10 90 Min. of Civil 500
airport aviation
2008-2013
2. building new holding areas 2003-2008 20 20 20 Min. of Civil 500
aviation
3. additional checking 2003-2008 2 2 0.25 1.75 Min. of Civil 500

counters for officials and aviation
passengers,
4. luggage holding areas, 2003-2008 0.5 0.5 0.5 Min. of Civil 500
aviation
5. passenger vehicle parking 2003-2008 0.5 0.5 0.5 Min. of Civil 500
area, aviation
6. reception areas etc. 2003-2008 0.5 0.5 0.5 Min. of Civil 500
aviation
7. phased review of the 2003-2008 1 1 1 Min. of Civil 500

expansion of the Airport aviation
Complex may be taken up
8. Total review of existing 2003-2008 2 2 1.5 0.5 Min. of Defence 500

arrangements of airport MHA, J&K Govt.
security
9. short haul identified routes 2003-2008 10 5 2.5 2.5 8 2 J&K Govt. 1000
2008-2013
2013-2018
10. State airline service (19 2003-2008 30 20 5 5 20 10 J&K Govt. 1000
routes)
TOTAL 166.5 101.5 57.5 7.5 0 39.75 126.75 6000

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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
11. Helicopter taxi service 2003-2008 50 30 20 5 45 J&K Govt.Pawan 1200

Haus Corporaation
12. Develop the Srinagar 2003-2008 1000 200 400 400 100 900 Min. of Civil 500
Aviation
Airport as an international
hub of air traffic.
13. New Project studies in 2003-2008 2 2 2 Min. of Civil
Aviation
the identified countries of
Central Asia
14. Single rail track system 2008-2013 1100 10 350 700 40 400 700 Min. of Railway 1500
between Khaltse, Nimmo, 2013-2018
Leh, Upshi, up to Nyoma
15. Short rail track in 2003-08 350 100 100 150 100 250 Min. of Railway 400
Kargill (Zanskar Valley) –
between Mulbakh, Kargil
and Sanku
16. Feasibility survey on 2003-08 30 12 12 6 30 Min. of Railway 400
these suggested routes
17. Modules for short stay 2003-08 10 2 2 4 2 5 5 J&K Govt. 15000

in remote areas
18. Cost of erection of the 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 Min of Tourism 50
dry dock facility
19.Standards signages 2003-08 2 1 1 0.25 1.75 J&K Govt. Min. of 30
Urban Dev.
approved by the Indian 2008-2013
Road Congress
TOTAL 2544.5 257.5 885 1210 192 610.25 1934.25 19080
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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
20. Way side amenities 2003-08 5 1 2 2 1 4 J&K Govt. Min. of 30

Urban Dev.
21. Drinking water 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 J&K Govt. Min. of 30
Urban Dev.
facilities on the highways
22. Twenty years 2003-23 600 250 100 150 100 150 450 J&K Govt. 3000
Development Plan created
by the State PWD (R&B)
23. Traffic training 2003-08 16 6 10 8 8 J&K Govt JK Police 500

schools/ Parks (Leh, 2008-13
Srinagar Baramula
Anantnag, Jammu,
Udhampur, Rajouri and
Katra)
24. Inspection centres for 2003-08 2 1 1 2 J&K Govt. Deptt. of 500
Transportation
inspecting all commercial
vehicle
25. Statewide use of traffic 2003-08 5 1 2 2 0.5 4.5 JK Police 500

signals using solar power 2008-13
26. Air conditioned and 2003-08 8 6 1 1 2 6 J&K Govt Deptt. of 2000

Transportation
dust free buses service
with built in facilities
TOTAL 636.5 265.5 116 155 100 164 472.5 6560

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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023

27. Air conditioned cabs 2003-08 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 J&K Govt Deptt. of 6000
Transportation
28. Preparation of detailed 2003-08 5 2 2 1 0.25 4.75 J&K Govt. House 6000
Deptt.
road maps using the GPS
system
2008-13
29. Commissioning of a 2003-08 1.4 1.4 1.4 J&K Govt. House 20
Deptt.
cartographic project to
create city maps of
Srinagar, Anantnag,
Gulmarg, Pahalgaon, Leh,
Jammu, Katra
30. Designated centres to 2003-08 12 12 5 7 Deptt of Tourism 300

J&K Govt.
be called JK World
Tourism Bureaus in Israel,
Iran, Italy Austria,
England Germany & South
Korea
31. Re-aligning of existing 2003-08 2 1 1 2 J&K Govt. DW & 100

BRO
road away from the Lake
shore going to Himachal
Pradesh area
TOTAL 21.9 17.9 3 1 0 6.25 15.65 12420

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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
32. Upgrade the existing 2003-08 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.2 J&K Govt. Deptt of 100
Tourism
tourist facilities at Lama
Yaru monastery (petrol
pump and parking facility
for 20 cars and 20
HTVs/buses)
33. Tourist complex 2003-08 2 2 0.5 1.5 J&K Govt. Deptt of 20

Tourism
34. Redevelop Maitrie 2003-08 5 3 1 1 1 4 J&K Govt. Deptt of 60
Tourism
Statue area as an alpine
garden
35. Upgradation of Kargil 2003-2008 1000 200 500 300 200 800 J&K Govt, Min of 1000
2008-2018 Urban, Min of
town Tourism
36. Road breasting 2008-2013 10 10 2 8 J&K Govt. Deptt of 500
town & country
plans
37. Upgradation of tourist 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 PWD 60

hotel managed by the
Tourist Department
TOTAL 1018.2 206.2 511 301 0 204.5 813.7 1740

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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023

38. De-congest the old 2008-13 1000 100 500 400 100 900 J&K Govt. 500
Anantnag 2013-18
39. Development of 2008-2013 3 3 2.5 0.5 J&K Govt. Deptt of 10
Ethnological Museums in Education
Udhampur,
Poonch
Kathua
42. Development of 2013-2018 5 5 3 2 J&K Govt. Deptt of 10

Riasi

South Kashmir (Anantnag)

North Kashmir Baramullah

Ladakh (Kargill)
46. Fresh Water Aquariums at 2003-08 0.5 0.5 . 0.5 J&K Govt. Deptt of 10
Srinagar Fishing
TOTAL 1029.5 105.5 509 400 15 120 909.5 580

NEW DELHI
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
47. Fresh Water Aquariums 2008-13 0.5 0.5 0.5 J&K Govt. Deptt of 10
Fishing
at Pahalgam
Fishing
at Leh
Fishing
at Baramullah
Fishing
at Gandharbal
Fishing
at Shopian
52. Zoological Park in 2008-13 2 2 2 J&K Govt. Deptt of 75
Forest
Atharvan (Kashmir)
53. Zoological Park in 2003-08 3 3 3 50
Hemis (Leh)
54. Triangle Air Traffic of 2003-08 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 J&K Govt. Min. of 20
Civil Aviation
Leh-Srinagar-Jammu
55. Incentive Air Fares for 2003-08 1.5 1.5 1.5 Min. of Civil 20
Aviation Tourism
South India originating
traffic
56. Destination specific 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 Min. of Personnel 20
LTC Scheme
57. Perspective Growth in 2003-08 500 300 100 100 200 300 J&K Govt. 20
Creation of New Bed
Capacity
TOTAL 511 305.3 105.7 100 0 202.2 308.8 255
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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023

58. Developing Power 2003-08 35000 15000 10000 10000 10000 25000 J&K Govt. Min. of 25000
Potential in Hydel Schemes 2008-13 Power
59. Improvement of Jhelum 2003-08 1 1 1 J&K Govt. PWD 100

Embankment between
Sangam and Zero Bridge
Dry Dock for Houseboats in
Srinagar
60. Development of Model 2003-08 5 5 4 1 J&K Govt. PWD 30
Kilometer Roads in three
Regions
61. Opening of Traffic 2003-08 0.75 0.75 0.75 J&K Govt. J&K 10
Training Parks at Leh Police
Training Parks at Jammu Police
Training Parks at Srinagar Police
64. Opening of Traffic 2003-13 1 0.5 0.5 1 J&K Govt. J&K 10

Training Parks at Baramullah Police
65. Opening of Traffic 2013-18 1 1 0.5 0.5 J&K Govt. J&K 10

Training Parks at Anantnag Police
Training Parks at Udhampur Police
67. Opening of Traffic 2003-08 0.75 0.75 0.75

Training Parks at Rajouri
TOTAL 35011.75 15009.5 10001.25 10001 0 10007.75 25004 25190

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Duration of Total Outlay Implementing Employment

Project Phase wise Expenditure State Central Generation
Project Share Share Agency
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
68. Opening of Traffic 2003-2008 0.75 0.75 0.75

Training Parks at Katra
69. Development of 2003-08 10 10 3 7 J&K Govt. PWD 10

Deptt. of Tourism
Wayside Public Facilities
on all state and national
highways
70. Installation of standard 2003-08 5 3 2 2 3 PWD 10
road signages on all 2008-13
registered roads
71. Opening of fuel dumps 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 J&K Govt. Deptt. of 400
Tourism
on all roads used by tourists
& transport systems
72. Development of 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 Deptt. of 400
Transportation
Transport Policy
73. Development of 2003-08 1 1 0.75 0.25 Deptt of 150

Transporation
commercial vehicles
inspection team and
inspection pits
74. Designing the Citizen’s 2003-08 0.2 0.2 0.2 Deptt of 5
Transporation
Charter in the Department
of Transport
75. Formation of State 2003-08 5 5 5 Deptt of 25

Transporation
Transport Board
76. Formation of State 2003-08 3 3 3 Deptt of 20

Transporation
Transport Council
TOTAL 25.95 23.95 2 0 0 15.7 10.25 1020

NEW DELHI
Duration of Total Outlay Implementing Employment

Project Phase wise Expenditure State Central Generation
Project Share Share Agency
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
77. Rail Survey in Jammu 2003-08 30 30 30 Min. of Railway 100
78. Rail Survey in Poonch 2008-2013 10 10 10
79. Rail Survey in Anantnag 2008-13 20 20 20 Min. of Railway 100
80. Rail Survey in Neoma – 2008-13 6 6 6 Min. of Railway 100

Choglamsar-Khalsey
81. Rail Survey in Mulbec – 2008-13 30 30 30 Min. of Railway 60

Kargil – Suru
82. Completion of Ring Road 2003-08 100 100 20 80 PWD, BRO 100
in Kashmir Valley
83. Development of Wireless 2003-08 3 3 1.5 1.5 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 300
Communication Network in all Tourism
private taxis and Government
Bus Transport
84. Tourist Complex at Nyoma 2003-08 0.75 0.75 0.75 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 30
Tourism
85. Tourist Complex at Lama- 2003-08 0.75 0.75 0.75 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 30
Yaru Tourism
86. Tourist Complex at Khalse 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 30
Tourism
87. Tourist Complex at 2003-08 0.5 0.5 0.5 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 30
Chushul Tourism
88. Tourist Complex at Kardoz 2003-08 0.75 0.75 0.75 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 20
Tourism
TOTAL 202.25 146.25 50 6 0 21.5 180.75 900

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Project Duration Total Outlay Phase wise Expenditure State Central Implementing Employment
of Project Share Share Agency Generation
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
89. Tourist Complex at 2003-08 1 1 1 J&k Govt. Deptt. of 20
Mulbec Tourism
90. Upgrading of Kargil – 2013-18 50 50 50 BRO 500

Sonamarg Road
91. Redevelopment of Mughal 2003-08 20 8.75 8.75 2.5 10 10 Deptt. of Tourism 400
Gardens at Achabal, Rajouri
& Parimahal
92. Repairs of Gardens at 2003-08 16 16 8 8 Deptt. of Tourism 100

Kokarnag, Berinag &
Anantnag
93 Development of Alpine 2003-08 5 3 2 2 3 Deptt. of Tourism 100
Gardens at Leh
94. Opening of a School for 2003-08 1 1 0.5 0.5 Deptt. of Tourism 20
Gardeners
95. Creation of Standing 2003-08 0.2 0.2 0.2 Deptt. of Tourism 20
Committee of Experts in
Horticulture and Gardens
96. Administrative Cost for 2003-08 0.4 0.4 0.4 Deptt. of Tourism 20
entry fee collection for Nishat
and Shalimar Mughal Gardens
97. Regulating Future Traffic 2003-08 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 J&K Govt. 100
to Vaishno Devi
98. Creation of New Anant 2003-08 10000 1000 6000 2000 1000 1000 9000 J&K Govt. Deptt. of 5000
Tourism Min of
nag Development Authority urban
99. Creation of New Shopian 2003-08 5000 200 3000 800 1000 1000 4000 J&K Govt. Min of 4000
urban dev
Development Authority
TOTAL 15093.8 1280.55 9010.75 2802.5 2000 2021.2 13072.6 10280

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(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
100. Development of City 2003-08 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 J&K Govt. 50
GPS Maps for Srinagar, 2008-13
Anantnag, Gulmarg,
Pahalgam, Leh, Jammu &
Katra
101. Entertainment 2003-2008 500 500 500 Min. of I&B 1000
102. International Film 2003-2008 33 33 33 Min of I&B 200

festivals annual
103. Street lights 2003-2008 800 400 200 200 100 700 Govt of J&K 200
Min of Urban Dev
104. Repairs of Hot pools 2003-2009 1 1 1 Govt. of J&K 20
20m
105. Facilities 2003-2008 0.7 0.7 0.7 25
106. Regenerate Sheep farm 2003-2008 10 10 5 5 Govt of J&K 20
at Daksum Min of Agri.
of J&K Min of Urban

107. Upgrading Facilities in 2003-2008 40 30 10 10 30 Govt
dev
500
Poonch 2008-2013
TOTAL 1384.8 974.75 210.05 200 0 115.8 1269 2015

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Project Duration Total Outlay Phase wise Expenditure State Central Implementing Employment
of Project Share Share Agency Generation
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023
108. Relaying Poonch Golf Club 2003-2008 0.5 0.5 0.5 Min of HRD 20
109. Tourist Centre Leh 2003 5 5 5 Min of Tourism 200
110. Tourist Centre Kargil 5 5 5 Min of Tourism 20
111. Upgrading TRC Srinagar 2003-2008 4 4 1 3 J&K Govt. 20
112. Boat club in Nagin 2003-2008 0.2 0.2 0.2 Min of Tourism 10
113. Plenataurium in Leh 2003-2015 1.75 1.75 1.75 Min of HRD 10
114. Dev. Of Kupwara urban 2003-2008 16000 1000 10000 3000 2000 4000 12000 Min of Urban dev. 2000
Dev. Authority
115. Bandipur Urban Dev. 2008-2013 30000 1000 10000 10000 9000 5000 25000 Govt of J&K, Min 5000
Authority of Urban
116. Master plan survey for 2003-2008 6 6 6 Govt of J&K 500
Srinagar
117. Master plan for Srinagar 2008-2018 25000 5000 8000 12000 5000 20000 Govt of J&K, Min 10000
Upgradation of Environment
118. Railway line in Anantnag 2013-2018 600 600 100 500 Min of Railways 300
Pahalgam
119. Tunnel Simptha passs 2003-2008 60 60 5 55 Govt of J&K, Border 50
Roads
120. Development of Bungush 2008-2013 35 10 25 10 25 Govt of J&K, Min 2000

Valley of Tourism
121. Development Lolab Valley 2008-2013 40 20 20 10 30 Govt of J&K, Min 2000
of Tourism
122. Tourist Bunglow at Charare 2003-2008 5 5 1 4 Govt of J&K, Min 200
sharif & support service both of Tourism
Yusmarg chare sharif
123. Sky Rail airport to Srinager 2008-2018 630 200 430 630 Min of Railways 500
town
TOTAL 72392.45 2107.45 25230 22055 23000 14133 58259.45 22830

NEW DELHI
Table No. 14.2
SUMMARY CHART
Table Duration Total Phase wise Expenditure State Central Total Employment
nos. of Outlay Share Share
Project
(In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013- 2018- Total (In (In (In
2018 2023 crores) crores) crores) No. of Persons
1 166.5 101.5 57.5 7.5 0 166.5 39.75 126.75 166.5 6000

2 2544.5 257.5 885 1210 192 2544.5 610.25 1934.25 2544.5 19080
3 636.5 265.5 116 155 100 636.5 164 472.5 636.5 6560
4 21.9 17.9 3 1 0 21.9 6.25 15.65 21.9 12420
5 1018.2 206.2 511 301 0 1018.2 204.5 813.7 1018.2 1740
6 1029.5 105.5 509 400 15 1029.5 120 909.5 1029.5 580
7 511 305.3 105.7 100 0 511 202.2 308.8 511 255
8 35011.75 15009.5 10001.25 10001 0 35011.75 10007.75 25004 35011.75 25190
9 25.95 23.95 2 0 0 25.95 15.7 10.25 25.95 1020
10 202.25 146.25 50 6 0 202.25 21.5 180.75 202.25 900
11 15093.8 1280.55 9010.75 2802.5 2000 15093.8 2021.2 13072.6 15093.8 10280
12 1384.8 974.75 210.05 200 0 1384.8 115.8 1269 1384.8 2015
13 72392.45 2107.45 25230 22055 23000 72392.45 14133 58259.45 72392.45 22830
TOTAL 130039.1 20801.85 46691.25 37239 25307 130039.1 27661.9 102377.2 130039.1 108870

NEW DELHI
Table No. 14.3
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Duration Total Outlay Phase wise Expenditure State Central Employ-

of Project Share Share ment
2003- (In crores) 2003-2008 2008-2013 2013-2018 2018-2023

2023
20 Years 130039.1 20801.85 46691.25 37239 25307 27661.9 102377.2 108870
Table No. 14.4
TOTAL INVESTMENTS BREAK UP
Total Investment- Total Investment- Total Investment- Total Investment-

Total
Basic Tourist Tourism Products Human Resource Promotion &
Investment
Infrastructure Services Development Marketing
2003-
2008 20801.85 12481.11 3120.28 2080.19 3120.28
2008-
2013 46691.25 28014.75 7003.69 4669.13 7003.69
2013-
2018 37239.00 22343.40 5585.85 3723.90 5585.85
2018-
2023 25307.00 15184.20 3796.05 2530.70 3796.05
130039.10 78023.46 19505.87 13003.91 19505.87

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER-XIV B
FUNDING TOURISM PROJECTS

New Economic Package 2002
Our work has been made somewhat light in the announcement by the Prime Minister of India
of an economic package for the State of J&

K, wh ich provides an expenditure of Rs.6165 crores. In
this announced economic package certain key areas in the infrastructure which were contemplated by
us in our recommendations are not now being mentioned to avoid overlap. In some of the other areas
we shall make a brief recall and then give our own proposals. All expenditures calculated in such
cases will be in real of long terms schemes.
In formulating our schemes and proposals herein we have suffered a distinct feeling that the
state administration in general has worked on adhocism. This shows up in the case of developmental
work in tourism. We have failed thus to discern a Tourist “P olicy”in practice.
If we invite tourists into the State; it is necessary to have a plan for the infrastructure of
welcome. This does not exist.
Foreign Investments In Hotels and Tourism Related Industries
The oHtel and Tourism related industry has been de clared as a high priority industry for foreign
investment. It is now eligible for approval of direct investment upto 31 %of foreign eq
uity. Non-
Resident Indian Investment is allowed upto 100%

in such ventures. Applications for such investments
receive automatic approval by the Reserve Bank of India, provided the criter ia for automatic approval
is met. Automatic approval is also available if the fee for technical and consultancy services including
fee for Architect, Design, Supervision etc. does not exceed 3%

of the capital cost of the project (less
Chapter- XIV B Funding Tourism Projects 288

NEW DELHI
cost of land and finance). Three per cent of the ne t turnover are allowed to be paid to the foreign
collaborator for franchising and marketing/publicity support. Management fees (including incentive
fees)upto 10 per cent of gross operating profit are permitted.
The above norms are applicable provided the collaboration is proposed with the companies
running/managing hotel(s)with atleast 500 rooms.
The parameters mentioned above are applicable only for obtaining automatic approval from the RBI
for foreign technical collaboration in respect of the hotel sector. As such the norms prescribed for
other industries i.e. lumpsum payment of Rs. 1 crore, 3%

royalty for domestic sales and 8%
on sales
over a period of 10 years from the date of agreement or 7 years of commencement of production are
not applicable for the hotel sector. The application for automatic approval for such foreign technology
agreements has to be submitted in Form FC(RBI) to the Reserve Bank Of India, Exchange Control
Department,Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road,Bombay-400 023.
Proposals for foreign technical collaboration in the hotel sector which are not covered by the norms
indicated above will be dealt under the normal procedure. Applications in respect of such proposals
have to be submitted in Form SC(S IA)to the Secretariat for Industria l Approvals,Ministry of Industry,
Udyog Bhavan,New Delhi.
Development Cooperation Agencies and Tourism

Development Cooperation: A Brief Summary
Development objectives inevitably vary across agencies and countries. Nonetheless, there are several
objectives and focus areas that are common across many, if not most, development agencies. They
include:
xReduce the number of people living in extreme poverty.

xInvest in social development,especially e ducation,primary health, and population control.
xFacilitate public participation in political and economic life,especially for women.
NEW DELHI
xReduce social inequalities.

xPursue sustainable development to ensure environmental resource loss is reversed.
xFacilitate stable economies and good conditions for an active private sector.
xPromote well-functioning governments and bureaucracies, including democratic control, respect
for human rights,and rule of law.
Though these objectives are fundamental and do not all involve tourism, tourism development is
generally consistent with them. For example, tour ism typically involves an active private sector and
creates jobs of varying skill levels and for both genders, which can help to reduce social ineq
ualities.
In addition, it can cont ribute to sustainable development and the preservation and enhancement of
environmental resources. The EU notes that tourism can also make a major contribution to integrating
developing countries into the world economy, which is one of the EU general objectives for
development cooperation.
The effective development cooperation req

uires the right timing and th e right mix of money and ideas.
Money has a large impact,but only in low-income countries with sound management;before countries
reform,finance has little impact. Mo re specific findings are as follows:
Development Cooperation and Tourism: Overview and Selected Agencies
Turning to tourism in particular, development c ooperation has focused relatively rarely on tourism per
se. More common has been funding for items like airports and roads, which contribute to tourism,
other economic sectors,
and society generally. Recently, tourism has also be nefited from funding of environmental programs,
which often include a tourism component (e.g., biodiversity projects under GEF, and the DFID and
USAID programs discussed below). Nonetheless,subs tantial funding has also gone to tourism-specific
activities,including marketing and financ ial assistance to tourism businesses.
Assistance has occurred in three main forms:

xtechnical assistance,especia lly in the preparation of tourist development plans;
xloans for major infrastructure projects;and
xloans and equity investments in the pr ivate sector,especially in hotels.

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The form of assistance has varied across organizations.
For example, inter-governmental agencies like th e Organization of American States (OAS) have
emphasized technical assistance and plan preparation. The IBRD I(nternational Bank for
Reconstruction and Development) and IDA (Internat ional Development Association) components of
the World Bank Group have concentrated on tourism infrastructure, while the IFC I(nternational
Finance Corporation) component ha s concentrated on the private sector. H
istorically these agencies
and other multilateral banks have primarily encouraged large-scale projects with a high degree of non-
local participation. H
owever, they have, to vary ing degrees, moved in the direction of small and
medium sized businesses (SMEs),community developm ent, and other focus areas consistent with the
above strategies.
For example, the Inter-American Developmen t Bank (IDB) has changed the emphasis of its
participation and focus in the tourism sector, esp ecially since the beginning of the 1990s. Instead of
financing the mega development of new destinations, such as Cancun and Bahías de uHatulco
(1970s), the IDB is more responsive to host comm unities and their sociocultural, man-made and
natural environments. Special emphasis is being placed on indigenous communities. The three
principal areas for the Bank's particip ation in tourism development are:
xmanagement of the environment and natural resources;

ximprovement in the quality of serv ices provided by municipalities;and
xrehabilitation of physical infrastructure to reclaim historical and cultural heritage.
The IDB increasingly is focusing on financing operations that will include, among others, the
following principal components:

xestablishment of an appropriate public sector framework b( oth legal and regulatory)that will
allow private sector investment and organized civil society to participate;
xestablishment of certification mechanisms;and
xhuman resources training modular programs for both the public and private sectors.
Likewise, the World Bank stresses th at "we must develop a broadly owned framework for investment
and tourism development. Private investors, public author ities, and local community groups need to
work on several fronts,to:

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xforge an investment climate of policies, regulations, and public infrastructure that conserves
heritage areas and tourist sites;
xhelp local communities develop attractions and businesses;and
xforge business linkages between investors and local producers and services."
The increasing involvement of bilateral assistance in tourism suggests an increasing grant orientation.
It has been suggested in the ecotourism context that a combination of loans and grants are critical in
promoting community tourism ventures, with loan s going to businesses and grants going to training
local residents to participate in these businesses. This follows the logic of private and public goods,
with local employment being valued by broader society, which can therefore be expected to pay the
additional cost of bringing local residents into the industry. Similar logic can be applied to other
programs, including information and communication, research, and so on. Given that grant funding
from multilateral institutions is decreasing over time, a loan/grant combination may increasingly
depend on coordination between multilaterals (for loans)and bilaterals f(or grants).
The remainder of this section summarizes the tourism-related activities of selected agencies.
World Bank
The World Bank turned away from specific tourism projects following the close of their Tourism
Projects Department in 1978. Nonetheless, porti ons of the World Bank Group (WBG), notably the
International Finance Corporation (IFC)and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency M
( IGA),
do support tourism through equity investments, insura nce, guarantees, and other mechanisms. As of
WTO’s 1996publication on development financing,the IFC had invested in over 100 tourism projects,
mainly hotels and resort villages, at a value of close to $600 million.
Tourism represented 5.5%of the IFC’s portfo lio at that point. In addition, Bank and Global
Environment Facility (GEF) projects focused on ot her activities, especially infrastructure, human
resources, and environmental management, ofte n have a tourism component. The Bank will likely
continue with such nonspecific, but tourism relate d, activities. As Bank Pr esident James Wolfensohn
noted in the context of cooperation with the WTO,i“n the 140 countries where we operate,tourism has
become one of the fastest growing economic sectors. Our aim is to create a framework of power,
water, health, justice, and financial systems that will be conducive to the development of tourism and
to travel.” The Bank may also be moving toward more direct involvement in tourism, with its
cooperation with WTO being an example. MIGA observes that t“ourism really deserves the support of
the World Bank,because when properly managed it is an excellent way of alleviating poverty.”
NEW DELHI
Bank involvement in tourism has been facilitated by its small, community based programs through the
Learning Innovation Loans (LILs) a nd the Development Grant Facilities D
( GFs). The LILs provide
opportunities to integrate CH
M into local and nati onal economic development. These will serve as
pilot projects for developing approaches to site planning and conservation, as well as improving
available sources of information about conservation.
DGF funding is minimal by Bank standards (no more than $50,000)and is focused on determining,
and preserving,what community residents value. Relevant potential areas for DGF include
1) community managed low impact tourism development,

2) participatory assessment of cultural assets along with participatory priority-setting and planning,
3) programming and use of communications medi a to link cultural traditions to sustainable
development (e.g., theater, literature, conservati on of oral history, cultu ral radio programming),
and 4)development of crafts marketing.
One particular activity worth noting is the development of a strategy paper focused on tourism in
Africa. Principles noted in the strategy include the importance of:

xan environmental component,such as ecotourism;
xengagement in community participation;
xpromotion of effective institution building;and
xworking with private industry to enhance their competitiveness.
The World Bank Institute W

( BI)has organized various relevant conferences, including one focused on
the Architecture of H
istoric Ci ties and another on Cultural H
erita ge and Development: Sustainable
Management. In 1999, they hosted a conference in Florence, Italy on the economics of cultural
heritage development projects. WBI will introduce a course in tourism in the near future.
UNDP
Little information regarding the role of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)in tourism
development was received in time for this report. They often work with WTO and are involved in
human resource development projects, such as the Institute for H
o tel and Catering Services hotel
training center in the Maldives. They are also supporting development of a tourism master plan for
NEW DELHI
Malawi, which includes a focus on creating employment in rural areas and conserving the country’s
natural environment and cultural heritage. H
oweve r, UNDP appears to concentrate more on other
sectors, such as social development or urban devel opment, that ultimately help tourism. UNDP also
supports some micro- enterprise programs. According to the WTO, less than 0.001 percent of UNDP
funding goes to cultural projects. The agency does have a Sustainable Cities program that started in
Dar Es Salaam and now involves a dozen projects focused on developing the infrastructure and
capacity building institutions of developing urban centers.
EU
As noted by the EU, o“ ver the last 20 years the European Community has led the way in providing
support for the expansion of tourism in the developing countries.... Tourism features in all the EU’s
framework cooperation agreements (LoméConvention, Barcelona Declaration, et c.).”Article 122 of
LoméIV provides that support should focus on 1)hu man resources and institutional development, 2)
product development, 3) market development, and 4) research and informa tion. Relevant activities
have also been undertaken in other contexts,such as tourism traini ng and promotion for Mediterranean
countries under the Barcelona Declaration. In addition, other EU programs relate to tourism and/or
CH
M,with one example being the Asia URBS program, which ties EU cities with Asian cities to assist
in urban development.
As an example of EU activities, it is supportin g the St. Lucia (West I ndies) eHritage Tourism
Programme, whose mission is to es tablish nature/heritage tourism as a viable and sustainable
component of the country’s tourism product. Pr ogram areas include 1) public awareness and
community mobilization, 2)human resource developm ent, training, and institutional strengthening, 3)
product development,4)policy development and advocacy,and 5)niche marketing.
AfDB
Enquiries to the African Development Bank A

( fDB)we re not successful in generating information,but
a search of the Bank’s Web site indi cates that tourism is funded,at least as part of broader projects. For
example,the Third Line of Credit to Development Bank of Mauritius (a loan of $7.5 million)had as an
objective to “contribute to the furt her development of Mauritius’sm all- and medium-scale enterprises
sector and ultimately to the country’s efforts at economic diversification and job creation,” with
tourism being one of the sectors to benefit from the loan.
NEW DELHI
IDB
Though Latin America is not a focus area for this report,the Inter-American Development Bank I(DB)
is perhaps the most active of the regional development banks when it comes to tourism. Since 1970,
the IDB has committed $1.14 billion in loans to tour ism, $10.3 million in non-reimbursable technical
assistance (grants), and $9.4 million in Multilate ral Investment Fund M
( IF) grants. The Inter-
American Investment Corporation (part of th e IDB Group) has committed US$
21.2 million in loans
and US$12 million in investment funds. The IDB is involv ed in projects relating to infrastructure,hotel
management training, and the protection of cultural he ritage. As an example of the latter, in 1995 the
IDB provided a $1.7 million grant to help preserve prehistoric cave paintings at 26
0 sites within the
Capivara Park, a World H
eritage Site in northeast ern Brazil. Two recently approved projects in Brazil
are the Preservation of Urban H
i storical and Cultural Sites - Monumenta Program ($62.5 million)and
the Technical Cooperation Program to support the Development of Ecotourism in the Brazilian
Amazon ($11 million). Within the IDB group, the Multil ateral Investment Fund is an example of a
relevant mechanism in this arena. The fund includes 1)a technical cooperation program that assists in
the development and modernization of the financial, regulatory and public sector framework needed
for an effective, competitive private sector, 2) a human resources development program that helps
build the skills and capabilities of the region’s work force, 3)a small enterp rise development program
focuses on broadening the participation of smaller enterprises in the regional economy, and 4)a small
enterprise investment fund that demonstrates the use of equity as a development tool.
NORAD
Norway is unusual in that it has a specific political mandate for environmental programs within its
development cooperation strategy, which presents a special opportunity for effective action. These
programs include the following priority areas within the P
“ reservation of Cultural H
eritage and
Management of the Natural Environment’s Cultural Values”section:
xImplementation and follow-up of recipient countries’commitments under the Convention for the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural H
eritage 1( 972).
xContribute to enhancing institutional and professional capacities which ensure administrative
structures for the preservation of cultural heritage.
xH
elp to ensure that important sectors accept an independent responsibility for the management of
cultural heritage and areas of cultural interest (through,e.g.,environmental impact analyses).
xContribute to the integration of the preservation of cultural heritage in national action plans.
NEW DELHI
xContribute to the development of models for sustainable tourism in prioritised areas of cultural
interest (Agenda 21).
xContribute to the sustainable use and development of historical cities and areas of cultural heritage
(H
abitat II,Urban Sustainable Development).
xSupport sustainable production and consumption systems through knowledge about traditional
building, customs, use of materials and crafts. To date, the Norwegian Agency for Development
Cooperation has supported various activities relevant to the above, such as the Slave Route project
and the Africa 2009 training project. H
owever, it has not undergone the type of extended
discussion regarding potential involvement in tourism that has occurred in other agencies (like
SNV,GTZ,and DFID).
USAID
The US Agency for International Development (U SAID) provides financial assistance for tourism-
related infrastructure and ecotourism activities as part of its economic development and environmental
programs. Development cooperation includes grants to governmental and non-governmental
organizations, including technical assistance and provision of equipment. Development cooperation is
also available indirectly through USAID-funded programs,such as the Biodiversity Support Program.
USAID’s involvement in tourism is focused on ecotourism, because it “offers countries new
opportunities for small enterprise investment and employment and increases the national stake in
protecting their biological resources.”
Activities are supported out of the biodiversity conservation programs and include developing national
park systems (including creation of new parks) , demarcating and equipping parks, recruiting and
training staff, encouraging government reforms, and promoting regulated investments in private
lodging,guide service,and other tourism ventures. A recent review of USAID involvement in this area
describes the following focus areas:

xEfforts to empower and encourage local communities to play an active role in the preservation and
enhancement of cultural environments and ecotourism sites. This has been accomplished by
creating alternatives for local inhabitants to replace revenues formerly earned by utilizing natural
resources. These alternatives include tourism-related food, lodging, souvenirs, educational
materials,guides,and transportation.

NEW DELHI
xEfforts to develop strong institutions that are charged with the responsibility of managing and
protecting national parks,cultural sites and ecologically sensitive areas.
xEconomic linkages between local residents, pr ivate business, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), and government agencies to ensure that the bulk of tourist generated revenues remain
within the country.
xStrategies to create protected area entrance fees to provide revenues needed to maintain and
upgrade sites. This frequently involves employing economic techniques that attempt to estimate
tourist's willingness to pay to enter sites.
Though much of this assistance has been for sites focused on the natural environment, it has also gone
to cultural heritage, including the Bonampak Mayan ru ins in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in
Mexico. Perhaps the most comprehensive relevant USAID support is to the Jordan Promotion of
Cultural Tourism project, which is designed to promot e Jordan's tourist sector by assisting in the
development of selected cultural sites. The project is being implemented by the Ministry of Tourism
and Antiquities M
( OTA). It will 1) enhance selected sites and develop tourist facilities, 2) increase
public awareness of, and lo cal involvement at, the sites, and 3) provide institutional development
support to MOTA.
DFID
The British Department for International Development (DFID)has recently undergone an evaluation of
its role in tourism and has decided to focus on nature tourism in particular. In addition, DFID is trying
to bring the focus
away from generation of foreign exchange earnings and toward elimination of poverty. This links
directly with the development objectives described above, and DFID’s goal is to generate net benefits
for the poor in the context of tourism development, w ith net benefits incorporating both benefits (such
as jobs)and costs (such as negative cultural and e nvironmental impacts). DFID notes that domestic and
independent travelers may create proportionally more local economic opportunities than do
international/packaged tourists,such that se lective market development can be appropriate.
SNV
SNV, the Dutch development cooperation agency, also has been active in tourism over the years, and
has undergone internal consideration and discussion of desired involvement in this field. The process

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is continuing, and SNV held a workshop in Nepal during October 1999 with tourism advisors from
countries in which SNV is involved in tourism projects. The objectives of the workshop are to:
xExchange experiences and share knowledge on the strategies, methods and results of SNV tourism
development programs.
xDiscuss in depth topics such as: H
ow can lo cal poor people benefit more from tourism
development?oHw can local part icipation be ensured in tourism programs?oHw can negative
environmental and socio-cultural impacts be mitigated?
xContribute to SNV’s policy development concerni ng economic themes. The workshop is expected
to generate a document presenting the best (and worst) practi ces of SNV’s projects, a better
understanding of methodologies and strategies for poverty alleviation in tourism development
programs, and an overview of relevant referenc es d( ocuments, manuals, books, publications, etc.)
that SNV tourism programs are using. SNV’s focus to date is succinctly stated as follows:
By being present in-country (SNV maintains field o ffices in 26countries), SNV is able to identify
areas that have a potential for tourism. Close cooperation with local people and organisations offers a
good starting point from where tourism can be developed:no massive scale luxury tourism but small-
scale tourism in which the localpopulation participates to the fullest extent and reaps the benefits.
People shape the ideas, execute the plans, gain extra income and retain their dignity. In short, this is
tourism for people,cultur e and the environment.
SNV supports this kind of development through research, training, marketing and the transfer of
knowledge and finance. In the past few years, tourism projects have be en set up in Albania, Tanzania,
Botswana, Nepal, Cameroon, Niger and Benin. This has enabled SNV to build up experience and
expertise.
GTZ and BMZ
As early as 1981, the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
published an analysis of T
“ ourism in Developing Countries.”This was upda ted in 1993, and BMZ set
up an “Ecotourism Working Group,” an interdiscip linary task force that combines research and
practice-oriented consultancy.
The report “Ecotourism as a Conser vation Instrument,”which appear ed in 1995, set out basic policies
and case studies. The German GTZ D
( eutsche Gesellschaft fü
r Technische Zusammenarbeit) is
NEW DELHI
responsible for planning and implementing technical cooperation projects with developing countries. A
recent GTZ publication86notes that: though tourism is not currently a priority issue in German
development co-operation activities, it could be a meaningful development policy option – especially
where regional rural development and nature conservation are concerned – if examined critically,
planned competently and carried out prudently.
It goes on to say that the “development potential of tourism has been unsatisfactorily exploited.”
Tourism already does play a role in many cooperative projects, and G TZ/BMZ have developed
substantial material relating to this topic.
ADB Assistance to Projects
ADB provides financing for projects that will effectively contribute to the economic and social
development of the country concerned and have the strongest poverty reduction impact in conformity
with the country and ADB strategies.
Project identification may req

uire th e help of outside experts, espe cially in the smaller and less
developed DMCs. If so,ADB can provi de technical assistance to help a country identify and prepare a
project for possible financing.
In evaluating projects,ADB pa ys specific attention to the
x economic viability,technical feasibility, and financial soundness of projects
x effect on development activity in the country concerned
x contribution to removing economic bottlenecks
x capacity of the borrowing country to service additional external debts
x introduction of new technologies to raise productivity
x expansion of job opportunities
x strengthening of institutions along the criteria of good governance
x integration of environmental and social considerations into ADB projects

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SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA (SIDBI)
Scheme for Hotels and other Tourism Related Activities
Purpose : For setting up of small hotels and other tourism related activities.
Eligible Borrowers : New or existing SSI concerns. They should be,generally,at le ast private limited
companies.
Norms
Term loan not less than Rs. 15 million. The limits for states of Eastern Region,North-Eastern Region,
Jammu &
Kashmir and H
imachal Pradesh shall be Rs. 7.5 million.
Debt Equity Ratio - Not to exceed 2:1.
JAMMU & KASHMIR STATE FINANCIAL CORPORATION (J & K SFC)
Schemes for Tourist Homes & other Tourism Related Activities
Purpose For providing clean,hygienic accommoda tion to tourists in Delhi and Chandigarh.
x Setting up or Development of Amusement Park.
x Cultural centers
x Restaurants
x Tourist Service Agencies
x Commercial complex as part of Tourist H

ome/H
otel
Eligibility : Individuals,partnership con cerns,Pvt. Ltd. Companies engaged in tourism related
activities.

NEW DELHI
Project Cost : Rs. 10 Crores
Quantum of Assistance : Rs. 90 Lacs for individuals and partnership
concerns,Rs. 240 Lacs for Pvt. Ltd./Ltd. Companies.
Mode of Repayment : Q
uarterly Installments
Scheme for Hotels/ Motels/ Travel Agency
With an aim of giving a fillip to the burgeoning Tourism Industry in the state,the corporation provides
easy financial aid for establishment of hotels,motels ,restaurants,travelling agencies,amusement parks
etc. Assistance is also within arm's reach for the expa nsion and refurnishing of existing facilities in the
tourism sector.
Purpose : Under the scheme term loan is available to hotels in the small scale sector.
Promoter's contribution : Upto Rs. 10 lacs 25%

(DER 3:1)and above Rs. 10.00 lacs 33.33%
(DER
2:1)
Maximum quantum of loan (Rs. in lacs) : Rs. 240 lacs in case of Companies or co-operative
Societies otherwise Rs. 90 lacs
Maximum cost of project : Total fixed assets not exceeding Rs. 10 crores and share capital not
exceeding Rs. 10 crores.

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SCHEME FOR TRANSPORT LOAN
Assistance is available for financing of Load carriers,Trucks,Tippers,Ma tadors,Tata Sumo,Auto
rickshaw,Tourist Taxies and Fleet Owners etc.,upto 6vehicles only.
Eligibility Person having minimum 3 years driving licence. Financial assistance is given to
owner driver only.
Promoter's
25%
Contribution
DER 2:1
Q
uantum of financial Depending upon requi rement upto 6vehicles. assistance
Repayment Period 3 to 5 years with initial 2 months moratorium.
NOTE:- All the cases where in loan amount involved is upto Rs. 10 lakhs,the Debt Eq
uity Ratio is to
be observed at 3:1

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Tourism Finance Corporation of India
Background
Pursuant to the recommendations of National Committee on Tourism set up by Planning Commission
of India Limited (TFCI)was sponsored by IFCI al ong with other All India Financial Institutions and
Banks as a specialized All India Development Financial Institution to cater to the needs of the tourism
industry so as to ensure req

uisite priority in fundi ng tourism related projects. TFCI was incorporated as
Public Limited Company on 27th January,1989 and commenced operations from 1 st February,1989.
Resources
The Authorized share capital of TFCI is Rs. 500 crore of which the paid up share capital is Rs. 67
crore,subscribed by IFCI,IDBI,ICICI,UTI,LIC, GIC,SBI,Canara Bank, Bank of India and General
Public. TFCI also issues Bonds and raises loans/deposits for mobilizing resources.
Objectives
TFCI provides financial assistance to enterprises for setting up and /or development of tourism related
projects, facilities and services which, inter-alia, include hotels, restaurants, holiday resorts,
amusement parks and complexes for entertainment, education and ports, safari parks, rope-ways,
cultural centers, convention halls, transport, travel and tour ope rating agencies, air service, tourist
emporia, sports facilities etc. Besides, TFCI woul d also be co-coordinating and formulating guidelines
and policies related to financing of such projects. TFCI would also have a development role within the
overall policies of Government.
Form of Assistance
TFCI provides all forms of financial assistance for new, expansion, divers ification and renovation
projects in tourism industry and related activities,facilities and services such as:
x Rupee loans.

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x Underwriting of public issues of shares/ debentures and direct subscription to such securities.
x Guarantee for deferred payments and credits raised abroad
x Equipment Finance.
x Equipment Leasing.
x Assistance under Supplies Credit
x Merchant Banking &

Advisory Services.
Eligibility for Assistance
TFCI provides financial assistance to projects with capital cost of Rs. 3 crores and above. In respect of
project costing between Rs. 1 crore and Rs. 3 crores, TFCI will consider financial assistance only to
the extent of unavoidable gap, if any, remaining afte r taking into account assistance from State Level
Institute/Banks is no available,may be considered on exceptional basis even though their capital cost is
below Rs. 1 crore. Financial assistance is considered on similar lines for heritage or restaurant projects.
Project with capital cost upto Rs. 3 crores may be financed by TFCI along with the State Level
Institutions/Banks. Projects with high capital cost may be financed along with other All India Financial
Institutions like IFCI, IDBI, and ICICI. TFCI consider s assistance even if the total cost is less than Rs
3 crores for existing concerns with satisfactory performance for renovation/up gradation.
Terms of Assistance and Procedures
The terms/conditions and documentation for assistance would be as per the extant policies and
practices of All India Financial Institutions.

NEW DELHI
Norms for Financial Assistance
A Flexible view would be taken in regard to the norms for financial assistance regarding promoters
contribution,debt :eq
uity ratio,moratorium peri od and repayment period,depending on the merits and
circumstances of each case.
The general norms would, however, be as under:
Promoters’ Contribution
The minimum promoters’contribution for new projec t is 30%

. Relaxation ma y, however, be allowed
in respect of large projects involving capital cost exceeding Rs. 25 crore.
Debt – equity Ratio (DER)
The general norm would be 1.5:1, but the debt compone nt in each case would depend on the nature of
the project and its capacity to service the debt. Relaxation in DER may be considered in case of
existing companies with low DER and adeq

uate cash-flows. In such cases DER may be considered
upto 2:1 subject to overall DER fo r the company being within 1.5:1.
Moratorium Period and Repayment Schedule
This would depend on the period required for completi on of the project and stabilization of operations
as also the projected cash flows available for debt-servicing. Maximum repayment period may be
allowed upto eight years after initial moratorium of 11/2 to 2 years for hotel project, but in respect of
transport sector and similar projects the repayment period would be 3 to 5 years.

NEW DELHI
Important Approvals/ Requirements
x The applicant concern should have obtained all the requisite Government approvals like
building plan from local municipal authorities, land use clearance, star category approved by
Department of Tourism,foreign technical/ financial collaboration.
x Tie-up for pre-opening technical and post commissioning operational arrangements should
have been completed.
x Clear title to the land should be established
x TFCI should be satisfied about promoters’capacity to bring in their contribution

NEW DELHI
SCHEDULE OF RATES OF INTEREST

UP-FRONT FEE, UNDERWRITING COMMISSION , etc.
RATE OF INTEREST (% p.a)
Rupee Loans
Prime Lending Rate 12.5
Lending Rate 12.5- 16
*Depending upon the risk perception associated with the Borrower.
Notes:
x Subsidy on interest as made available by the Deptt. Of Tourism, Govt. of India will be
extended to the assisted concerns.
x The bridge/interim loans sanctioned pending creation of substantive security carry additional
interest of 1%p.a t(hereby maki ng the applicable lending rate higher by 1%p.a)from the date
of first disbursement/
x The rates of interest(wherever mentio ned)are exclusive of interest tax.
Lease Rentals
Lease Rentals are worked out after taking into account inter-alia the prevailing market rates,economic
life of the assets,possibility of t echnological obsolescence, rate(s)of depreciation,period of lease,etc.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Front End Fee in respect of:
x Direct subscription to eq
uity:
x Facilities relating to
Equipment Finance Scheme E( FS)
Equipment Credit Scheme (ECS)
And financial Leasing(EL)
And financial services
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Up Front Fee
1%
of the sanctioned assistance at the time of signing of loan/bridge loan agreement.

NEW DELHI
Fees for processing Applications for Financial Assistance
Appraisal Fee : 0.25%of the Project Cost, The Actual cost of travel, etc. in connection with site
appraisal for consideration of the proposal is recovered from the applicant concern.
Legal Charges
x 0.25%of the loan amount subject to a mi nimum of Rs. 25,000 a nd maximum of Rs. 1,00,000.
x Actual out of pocket expenses, if any, a nd charges/expenses payable to outside
solicitors/advocates,etc. to be borne by the borrower.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
On amounts devolving on the underwriters On amounts devolving on ht underwriters

2.5% 2.5%
2.5% 1.5%
2% 1%
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Guarantee Commission : (p.a.)
For giving Guarantees for Deferred Payments:1.02% For Giving Guarantees for foreign loans:2.40%
Besides Management fee shall be charged as under:
Upto 5 Years : 1.05%
Upto 7 years : 2.10%
Beyond 7 years : 3.15%

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER-XV
PROJECT PROFILES
In this Chapter we are providing the viable projects which have to be implemented in the next 20 years
in the state of Jammu &Kashmir. It is presumed that the State Government would provide adequate
support and facilities to the Private Parties for the successful implementation of these projects which
would generate the much needed revenue for the State Government.
These Projects have been indicated in the previous Chapter, `Funding Implications’ and the
phasing of investments has also been given. The projects have to be implemented as per the
phasing plan provided in the previous Chapter.
Chapter- XV Project Profiles 309

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
ON
ONE STAR CATEGORY HOTEL
1. INTRODUCTION
H
otels constitute an essential economic infrastr ucture for tourism industry and trade. H
otels
are catagorised into various types, depending on their relativ e standard of comfort and
usage. oHtels classified as one star are compact budget hotels with a primary focus on
economically priced rooms and only essential food and beverage facilities. One star hotels
cater primarily to the domestic business traveler Indian families traveling on leisure and in
popular tourist locations to budget foreign tourist
2. DEMAND ANALYSIS
Tourism is today the worlds largest industry. World tourism arrivals have increased four-fold
over the last 25 years. According to successive surveys of Foreign Tourists in India F
( TS),J&
K
is one of the most popular foreign tourist destinations in India. The inflow of tourists domestic
as well as foreign is growing at a reasonable growth rate.
3. LOCATION AND AREA
There is demand for 1 star hotels in all the primary and secondary cities of Jammu &Kashmir.
The site area req
uired for the project is 1800 sq. yds. The project is for 45 guest rooms each of
a carpet area of 200 sq.fts, and one 80 seat restaurant.
4. COST OF THE PROJECT
The project cost is estimated at Rs. 220 lakhs. Details are:-
eHad Rs. Lakhs
Land 20.00
Buildings &Civil work 89.10
Plant &
Machinery 40.85
Furniture and Fixtures 23.00
Miscellaneous Assets 22.50
Preliminary and preoperative Expenses 5.00
Contingencies 15.00
Margin money for working Capital 2.00
Total _
217.45
_
Say =Rs. 220.00
5. UTILITY
Power- Estimated power requirement for the H

otel is 100 K.W.
Water - Estimated water requirement for the hotel is 25,000 lit. per day.
NEW DELHI
6. MANPOWER
Employment generation for this project will be 36persons.
7. RATIONS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
The project achieves the following financial ratio over a ten year’s period :
Ratio Result
Return on investment 25.24%

Return on Equity 30.27%
Internal rate of return 22.03%
Debt Service Coverage Ratio 1.88%
Payback period 4.21%
Break-even Point 46.60%

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
ON
HOTEL CUM GOLF COURSE
1. INTRODUCTION
Jammu &Kashmir is a unique treasure house of India’s traditions. Customs and values
present a panorama as well as splendor of beauty and natural wealth. Some of the most
glorious phases of Indian history are associated with Jammu &Kashmir. Jammu &
Kashmir’s sceneric beauty, rich cultural heritage, historic importance, wild life,
adventure sports and colorful modes of life are some of the many attractions to tourists
both foreign and those arriving from different parts of India and abroad. The number of
tourists from within India is growing. There has been an increase in the number of
foreign tourists. Of the foreign tourists, about 50%to 60%are budget tourists who
prefer to stay at inexpensive hotels.
2. DEMAND POTENTIAL
Jammu &Kashmir State, as a whole, has got a number of tourist attractions. The
average growth rate in total tourist arrivals in the state of Jammu &Kashmir is quiet
high. In addition to the foreign tourists, the domestic tourist traffic is also steadily
increasing. The important tourist places in the State of Jammu &Kashmir are well
connected by rail, road and air to either of the ports of embarkation-Delhi &Bombay
and are,thus,within the direct reach of about 70%of the foreign to urists visiting India.
In addition to tourists d( omestic as well as foreign) with the positive signs of rapid
growth of businesses in the State, there has been a marked increase in the number of
other categories of people visiting Jammu &Kashmir fo r commercial negotiations ,
conferences,meetings,joint ventures,etc.
In a nut shell, Jammu &Kashmir offers opportunities for setting up good quality
hotels. The important locations which can be considered for such ventures are:-
Jammu
- Jammu City
- Kathua
- Katra
- Udhampur
- Doda
- Sansar
- Betote
- Dul
- Riasi
Kashmir
- Magam
- Shopian/Yusanara

NEW DELHI
Gandnbal
- Sonamarg
- Kargil
- Padam
- Pahelgam
- Gulmarg
- Baramula
- Kokarnag
Ladakh
- Nyoma
- Stok
- Lamayaru
There is a good demand for golf courses in and around Jammu, Udhampur,
Srinagar,Kargil, Sonamarg, Baramula, Shopi an and Sakti in Ladakh where people can
go on weekends and rest.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE HOTEL
The project profile envisages a hotel of around 100 rooms and the facilities proposed to
be included in the hotel are as follows :
- A well spread garden

- 8 to 10 hole golf course
- Club House
- Pantry/Bar
- Spacious dining hall (capacity 100 persons)
- Speciality food restaurant(Capacity 06 persons)
- 24 hours coffee shop C( apacity 40 persons)
- A Bar in the main building C( apacity 20 persons)
- A large conference/Banquet Hall (C apacity 300 persons in the basement)
- Spacious Meeting Room
- Swimming Pool
- Elegant furnishing in traditional style wall-to-wall carpet in the rooms and other
areas.
- Channel music and close circuit color TVs in each room.
- Telephone in each room
- Parking space for 30 vehicles.
- Forestation
- 24 hours hot and cold water facilities.
- A shopping arcade
- An open air bar beque/ restaurant
- Q
uality stove or wood tile flooring in public lounge, corridors &lobbies and
other public places and staircases.
- Air conditioning in some rooms and central facilities, and room heating in all
rooms.

NEW DELHI
About 5 acres of land would be utilized for the hotel and another 10 acres for
developing the Golf Course.
4. PLANT AND MACHINERY
The plant &machinery will consist of air condi tioning plant,diesel generating set,lifts,
boilers, water heating tanks, water filtr ation unit, overhead and underground water
storage tanks and waste water recovery plants etc. All these plants, equipments and
machinery are available indigenously and no imports are necessary.
5. RAW MATERIALS
Barring some items like foreign liq

uor and pr eserved foodstuffs, all food and beverage
items should be available locally. The hotel may enter into regular rate contracts or
annual purchase agreements with suppliers for its requirements of various items of
regular consumption.
6. ESTIMATED COST OF THE PROJECT
(Rs. In lacs)
Land (15 Acres) 35.00
Site Development/Forestation/Development of 85.00
Golf Course
Building & Civil works 390.00
(Built-up area around 60,000 sft @650/- per sq.ft.)
Plant and Machinery 75.00
Misc. Fixed Assets/furnishing 80.00
Contingencies @ 5% 30.00
Preliminary Expenses 5.00
Pre-operative Expenses 30.00
Margin Money for working Capital 15.00
_
745.00
7. MEANS OF FINANCE
3
(Rs. In lakhs)
Share Capital(to be arranged by the promoters) 290.00
Term Loan 455.00
_
745.00
8. ESTIMATED PROFITABILITY
DEBT EQ
UITY RATIO 1.5:1
BREAK EVEN POINT 45%
CASHBREAK EVEN POINT 25%
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PER UNIT 125 PERSONS
9. ELECTRICITY
The hotel may require a total connected load of about 400 KW. It will have to apply for
necessary sanctions for the supply of power with the concerned State Electricity Board.
NEW DELHI
It will also have to install diesel generating sets of adeq

uate capacity to meet the
immediate requirements of power in case of power failures/cuts imposed by the State
Electricity Board.
10. WATER
The hotel at full occupancy may require about 60,000 litres of water per day. It may
install necessary filtration/Water softening and waste water treatment and recovery
plants. An overhead water storage tank of adequate capacity may ha ve to be built to
meet the daily consumption of water and also for fire fighting purpose/req
uirements.

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
ON
THREE STAR HOTEL
1. Introduction :Jammu &Kashmir is a unique treasu re house of India’s traditions. Customs and
values present a panorama as well as splendor of beauty and natural wealth. Some of the most
glorious phases of Indian history are associated with Jammu &Kashmir. Jammu &Kashmir’s
sceneric beauty, rich cultural heritage, historic importance, wild life, adventure sports and
colorful modes of life are some of the many attractions to tourists both foreign and those
arriving from different parts of India and abroad. The number of tourists from within India is
growing. there has been an increase in the number of foreign tourists.
2. DEMAND POTENTIAL : Jammu &Kashmir State, as a whole, has got a number of tourist
attractions. The average growth rate in total tourists arrival in the state of Jammu &
Kashmir is
quiet high. In addition to the foreign tourists, the domestic tourist traffic is also steadily
increasing. The important tourist places in the State of Jammu &Kashmir are well connected
by rail,road and air to either of the ports of embarkation-Delhi & Bombay and are,thus,within
the direct reach of about 70%of the foreign t ourists visiting India. In addition to tourists
(domestic as well as foreign) with the positive signs of rapid growth of industrialists in the
State, there has been a marked increase in the number of other categories of people visiting
Jammu & Kashmir for business,commercial,co nferences,meetings joint ventures etc.
In a nut shell, Jammu &Kashmir offers a unique opportunities for setting up good quality
hotels. The important locations which can be considered as Srinagar, Patni Top, Katra,
Udhampur, Kargil, Kathua, Poonch, Jammu, Gu lmarg, Leh, H
emis,Shay, Pahalgam, Sonmarg,
etc.
3 TYPE OF H OTELS &FACILITIES :The project profile envisages a centrally air-conditioned

hotel of minimum 3 Star category and the facilities proposed to be included in the hotels are as
follows :
- A well spread garden

- Spacious Dining H all (Capacity 100 persons)
- Specialty food restaurant (Capacity 60 persons)
- 24 hours Coffee shop (Capacity 40 persons)
- A Bar (Capacity 20 persons)
- A large Conference/Banque t H all (Capacity 200 persons)
- Spacious Meeting Room
- Swimming Pool
- Elegant furnishing in traditional style wall-to wall carpet in the rooms and other areas
- Channel music and close circuit color TVs in each room.
- Telephone in each room.
- 24 hours hot and cold water facilities.
- A shopping arcade
- An open air bar be que/restaurant
- Stone or teak wood flooring in public lounge, corridors &lobbi es and other public
places and staircases.
NEW DELHI
- Completely centrally air-conditioned hotel.

4. CAPACITY :Around 60 double bed rooms.
5. ESTIMATED COST OF TH
E PROJECT :
(Rs. in lacs)
Land (3000 to 5000 sq.Mtrs.) 60.00
Site Development 20.00
Building & Civil Works 290.00
(Built-up area around 70,000 sft).
Plant and Machinery 95.00
Misc. Fixed Assests 60.00
Contingencies @ 5% 25.00
Preliminary Expenses 5.00
Pre-operative Expenses 30.00
Margin Money for working Capital. 15.00
_
600.00
6. MEANS OF FINANCE :
(Rs. in lacs)
Share Capital 240.00
(to be arranged by the promoters)
Term Loan 360.00

_
600.00
_
DEBT EQ
UITY RATIO 1.5:1
BREAK EVEN POINT 45%
CASHBREAK EVEN POINT 25%
EMPLOYMENT 125 PERSONS
7. UTILITIES :
- Power 400 KW
- Water 06,000 Ltrs/day.

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
ON
FOUR STAR HOTEL
1. INTRODUCTION
H
otels constitute an essential economic infrastructure for tourism industry and trade to flourish.
H
otels are of various types, depending on thei r relative standard and usage. 4 star hotels
provide luxury guest rooms of superior quality and complete pub lic facilities at a moderate
price. 4 star hotels cater primarily to domestic business travelers, upp er middle class Indian
families traveling on leisure and foreign tourists pacfering superior uqality luxury
accommodations meeting international standards but at a moderate price. 4 star hotels also play
a significant role in the social life of local communities for entertainment and social function.
2. Suggested Capacity
The proposed unit may set up a hotel which may have 70 guest rooms, with a restaurant of 80
seats, a coffee shop of 60 seats, a bar/cocktail lounge of 30 seats, a Banquet aHll with capacity
of 250 persons, one Meeting Room with a capacity of 40 persons, a swimming pool, shopping
Arcade and all essential service areas befitting a modern superior quality 4 star hotel.
3. Land and Building
Site area req

uired for the proj ect is a minimum of 3200-4800 sqs ya rds. The total built up area
is estimated to be 50,000 sq.ft.
4. Estimated cost of the Project
The project cost is estimated at Rs. 1070 lakhs or approximately Rs. 15.50 lakhs per guest
rooms. Details are :
Cost eHads Rs. Lakhs
1. Land 120.00
2. Building and civil work 242.00
3. Plant &
Machinery 210.00
4. Furniture and Fixtures 165.50
5. Miscellaneous Assests 127.00
6. Preliminary and Preoperative Expense 20.00
7. Contingencies 75.00
8. Margin Money for working capital 10.00
Total r(ounded off) _
1070.00
5. Demand Analysis
Despite the fact that Jammu & Kashmir is one of the most popular tourist destination in India,
it accounts for very low percentage of hotel rooms in India at present. It is estimated that
overall demand for hotel accommodation in Jammu &Kashmir will increase at a rate of
approximately 8-10%p.a over the next ten year s requiring a 50%increase in capacity by the
year 2010 and a 100% increas e in capacity by 2015. Demand for 4 star hotels is restricted to the

NEW DELHI
pre-eminent tourist centres in Jammu & Kashmir namely Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Bandipore,
Sonamarg,Anantnag,Katra,Patni Top.
6. Plant and Machinery
The plant &

Machinery will consist of air conditioni ng plant,diesel generating set,lifts boilers,
water heating tanks, water filt ration unit, over head and underground water storage tanks and
waste water recovery plants etc. All these plants, equipments and machinery are available
indigenously and no imports are necessary.
7. Electricity
The estimated power requirement for the hotel is 350 KW.
8. Water
The estimated water requirement for the hotel is 35,000 lts per day. An underground water
storage tank of 1000 KL capacity may be provided to meet the daily consumption of water and
also for fire fighting purpose/requirements.
9. Manpower
Each hotel may provide employment to about 150 personnel in category from line workers to
managerial.
10. Ratios of Financial Performance
The project achieves the following financial ratios over a ten year period :
_
Ratio Result
Return on Investment 23.3%

Return of Equity 27.24%
Internal rate of return 23.24%
Debt service coverage ratio 1.77%
Payback period 4.73 years
Break even point (occupancy) 39.8%

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
ON
FIVE STAR HOTEL
1. Suggested Capacity : The unit may set up a hotel, wh ich may have about 200 rooms.
The hotel may be centrally air-conditioned and each guestroom may be provided with facilities
like 4-channel music, colour T.V. with in hous e video movies refrigerator and other modern
amenities. It may also provide a 24-hour cafe restaurant, cocktail loun ge, Indian restaurant,
foreign cousine restaurant, meeting/conferen ce rooms, and swimming pool, fully equipped
health club,tennis and squash courts and a shopping arcade.
2. Location: The hotel may be set up in State capital or a tourist center, which has large business
&tourist potential. Potential in the state exists in Gulmarg, Sinemarg sites on the shore of
Wular Lake & city with populati on of more than 25 lakhs or a big business/ tourist centre.
3. Land & Building : The unit may require about 5,000 -sq. land. It may use about
2,500 sq.m. of area for building construction. The hot el may have six stories with the top four
floors having 50 guest rooms cache; the first floo r having the dinning hall, conference room
and cafe;and the ground floor the re ception,services and shopping arcade.
4. Plant and Machinery : The plant &machinery will consist of air conditioning
plant,diesel generating set,lift s,boilers,water heating tanks,wa ter filtration unit,overhead and
underground water storage tanks and waste water recovery plants etc. All these plant,
equipments and machinery are available in digenously and no imports are necessary.
5. Raw Materials : Barring some items like foreign liguor and preserved foodstuffs,
all food and beverage items should be available locally. The hotel may enter into regular rate
contracts or annual purchase agreements with suppliers for its requirements of various items of
regular consumption.
6. Electricity : The hotel may require a total connected load of about 2000 KVA. It will
have to apply for necessary sanctions for the supply of power with the concerned State
Electricity Board. It will also have to install diesel-generating sets of adeq
uate capacity to meet
the immediate requirements of power in case of power failures/cuts imposed by the State
Electricity Board.
7. Water : The hotel at full occupancy may require about 060 KL Wa ter per day. It
may install necessary filtration/Water softening and wastewater treatment and recovery plants.
An underground water storage tank of 1000-KL capacity may be provided to meet the daily
consumption of water and also for fire fighting purpose/req
uirements.
8. Steam : The hotel may have to install 2 boilers of about 1 tone/hr. capacity each and also
clarifies for hot water.
9. Manpower : The hotel may provide employment to about 375 personals in all
categories from bellboy to the chief executive.
10. Effluents :The hotel may discharge sewage and soil waste into the municipal sewerage
system after obtaining the necessary approvals. Some special arrangement will have to be
worked out with the municipal authorities for the periodic removal of garbage/kitchen waste.
11. Estimated Cost of the Project : The cost of a 200 room 5-star hotel project is
estimated at Rs. 70.00 crores.

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
ON
TOURIST COMPLEX
1. INTRODUCTION
Tourist Complex is very essential economic infrastructure for tourism industry, in places
which can be developed or are potential tourist destinations. These are also compact budget
complexes with a primary focus on economically priced retable rooms and only essential food
and beverage facilities.
2. DEMAND ANALYSIS
Tourism today is the worlds largest industry and world tourism arrivals have increased four-
fold over the last 25 years. According to successive surveys of Foreign Tourists in India F
( TS),
J&
K is one of the most popular foreign tourist de stination in India. The inflow of tourists
domestic as well as foreign is growing at a reasonable growth rate.
There is demand for Tourist Complex in all the secondary cities of Jammu & Kashmir. The site
area required for the project is 1000 sq
. yds. The project is for 6guest rooms of a carpet area of
00 sq.fts,and one 30 seat restaurant.
6
eHad Rs. Lakhs
Land & Development 10.00

Buildings &Civil work 27.40
Plant &
Machinery 10.10
Furniture and Fixtures 10.00
Contingencies 7.50
Total _
75.00
_
5. UTILITY
Power- Estimated power req

uirement fo r the Tourist Complex is 30 K.W.
Water - Estimated water requirement for the hotel is 10,000 lit. per day.
6. MANPOWER
Manpower requirement for this project will be 12 persons.

NEW DELHI
Development/ Upgradation/
Redeployment of Gardens
1. INTRODUCTION
Gardens are one of the most important attractions for the tourists of J&
K. These preserve the age old
heritage of the Mughals.
Development &Upgradation of these gardens is of utmost importance to again find the lost glory of
the ancient times.
2. DEMAND ANALYSIS
A large number of domestic and international tourists visit these gardens in the tourist seasons and also
during the off season the inflow is significant.
Srinagar,Baramullah,Achabal,Rajouri &
Parimahal
eHad Rs. Lakhs
Land & Development,excavation,weeding 100.00

Buildings & Civil work,Path ways,Restaurant 50.00
Laying of turf,garden,plants 100.00
Maintenance 40.00
Irrigation facilities 75.00
Contingencies 25.00
Total _
500.00
_
5. UTILITY
Power- Estimated power requirement for the Garden is 5 K.W.

Water - Estimated water requirement for the Garden is 30,000 lit. per day.
6. MANPOWER
Manpower req
uirement for this project will be 50 persons.

NEW DELHI
PROJECT PROFILE
OF
MUSEUM
The cost of developing the museum at Jammu and Leh,in approximate,will be as under :
Capital infrastructure at Leh - Rs 80 lacs
Capital infrastructure in Jammu - Rs 60 lacs
Non-recurring cost of developing displays at Leh - Rs 30 lacs
Non-recurring cost of developing displays in Jammu - Rs 45 lacs
Recurring cost on admn.charges &

maintenance at Leh - Rs 6lacs
Recurring cost of maintenance &

contracted staff at Jammu - Rs 8.5 lacs

NEW DELHI
LAYING OF GOLF COURSE AT SONMARG
Sonamarg drives its name from it. It literally stand for M

“ eadow of Gold”. The blooming valley has
been chiselled over the ages by the local stream,Sindh.
Sonamarg is sheer scenic splendour. The very good metalled road-snakes through massive mountains
laden with forest and firs. After a breath-taking journey of 27 Kms from Srinagar,one goes over River
Sindh at Wayil. Onwards,the vall ey opens up to a meadow. Kangan and Gund are two important halts
enroute. The mountain range here is H armukh and serves as the ideal. The road takes an incline before
sloping into Sonamarg proper. The valley is ringed by mountain scaling 5,300 metres in height.
Sonamarg has string of shimmering waterfalls and the Thajiwas Glacier. Two lakes Gadsar and Satsar
are on the periphery of Sonamarg. This resort falls on the Srinagar-Leh National H ighway and is the
base camp for trekkers going on adventure trekking to Korakoram peaks.
Via Sonamarg ,5Baltal track is the nearest approach to oHly Amarnath Cave visited by millions of
people every year. Though the main route to Amarnath Cave is via Pahalgam yet lot of people used to
visit Amarnath via this track and in view of pilgrim rush the govt. has in 1998 declared this track as a
official route to the H
oly cave. This has further boosted tourist rush to Sonamarg.
Sonamarg is also a halting station for the tourists, which are visiting Leh by surface transport. Due to
its good climate a large number of tourists are visiting this tourist spot.
The development of this resort is under consideration for which a Master Plan has already been
framed. Accordingly in order to catch the interest of National and International golf players, a 18 hole
Golf Course has been proposed to be laid here for which land has been demarcated
COST
The Project shall cost Rs. 362.25 l acs as per the break up given in general abstract of cost
enclosed.
TIME OF COMPLETION
The work shall be completed in two working seasons subject to availability of funds and
sanction of project.
GENERAL ABSTRACT OF COST FOR LAYING OF GOLF COURSE SONMARG
S.NO. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT

1. Laying of 18 hole Golf Course Rs. 300,00 lacs
2. Prov. Chain link fencing around proposed Rs. 51.70 lacs
Golf Course at Sonamarg
Total= Rs. 351.70 lacs
Add 3%contingencies Rs. 10.55 lacs
G.Total= Rs. 362.25 lacs

NEW DELHI
NAME OF PROJECT : DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST CIRCUIT KOKERNAG
BRIEF HISTORY
Achabal and Kokernag are famous tourist resorts of Kashmir Valley. Kokernag is at a distance
of 79 Kms from Srinagar at an altitude of 2012 Mtrs. Achabal lies on way to Kokernag. In Kokernag
there is a rose garden where a varieties of flowers and shrubs perfume the air. Kokernag spring
gushes out of the base of a thickly wooded hill from were it separates into channels which bear an
uncanny resumbleness to the clow-foot of a Cock. Similarly at Achabal a well laid out Mughal Garden
exists.
Tourism Department has some time back taken into possession a large chunk of land measuring
315 Kanals adjacent to the existing tourist resort of Kokernag, to develop this area as a full fledged
Tourist resort. The Tourism Department had started the development of this resort and had constructed
few huts, and a Tourist Bungalow . oHwever, due to the ion of militancy all future proposals were
shelved. Now that the law and order situation to this part of the State has improved, the locals citizens
have started visit up these resorts. Tourists/pilgrims have also started visiting these resorts. It has
therefore been decided that the suspended proposals should be reopened. Some additional
accommodation like a Tourist Bungalow, some huts, a recreational centre will be taken up at
Kokernag and the existing Mughal Garden at Achabal renovated.. The promenades of both these
tourist resorts will be light up at night .
Time of completion
The Project shall be completed in two working seasons subject to availability of funds and
sanction of Project.

NEW DELHI
GENERAL ABSTRACT OF COST FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST CIRCUIT,

KOKERNAG- ACHABAL
S.NO. PARTICULARS AMOUNT IN LACS
1. Prov. &fixing chain link fencing 24.75

2. Const. of Tourist Bungalow 73.00
3. Const. of Recreation Centre 71.12
4. Const. of 5 no. Single bed room huts 38.50
5. Const. of double bed room huts 73.95
6. Illumination of promenades 30.00
7. Dev. &Improvement of Mughal Garden 50.00
Achabal.
TOTAL= 36
1.32 lacs
Add 3% contingencies = 10.84 lacs
G. TOTAL= 372.16lacs
Say 372.00 lacs

NEW DELHI
NAME OF PROJECT UPGRADATION OF CHARAR – I - SHARIEF

/YUSMARG ROAD
BRIEF HISTORY
Yusmarg as a resort has from times immemorial attraction for the tourist. It has an added
advantage that it is located on way between the famous Shrine of ALAMDAR KASHMIR the H oliest
of the H
olier, who has bestowed th e vale of Kashmir with his spiritual ecstasy and bliss let us not
forget that while we are on way to Yusmarg we hardly miss to pay our homage to the suife sanit
‘ALAMDAR’ who is grave is located here.. The location is called as Charari-Sharief and Yusmarg is
hardly 22 kms from this spot. Yusmarg touches the borders viz. Budgam and Pulwama. Yet has its
own charm without mixing it with any of the Districts.
Presently it is a meadow and once developed can better the known good spots likeGulmarg.
This resort is situated 47 kms from Srinagar at an altitude of 2377 Mtrs. Once the Charari-Sherief-
Yusmarg road is developed it will take hours drive to reach there. Apart from development of the
road the State Government intends to provide some recreational facilities. It is therefore proposed to
construct a Recreational Centre equipped with modern facilities of recreation.
PROPOSAL AND SPECIFICATIONS
It is proposed to upgrade the road from Charari-Sharief to Yusmarg which is in a very

dilapidated condition by metalling, re -metalling the worst portions and lay 50mm thick macadam with
20 mm thick semidense.
COST
The project shall cost Rs. 289.43 lacs as per the break up enclosed A
( bstract of cost).
TIME OF COMPLETION
The work will be completed within two working seasons subject to availability of funds and
sanction of project.
ABSTRACT COST
1. Development of Charari-Shrief-Yusmarg Road. Rs. 231.00 lacs
2. Construction of Recreational Centre Rs. 50.00 lacs

Rs. 281.00 lacs
Add 3%
work charge contingencies Rs. 8.43 lacs
TOTAL Rs. 289.43 lacs

NEW DELHI
GENERAL ABSTRACT OF AHRABAL-KUNGWATTAN-KOUNSARNAG CIRCUIT
1. Construction of Tourist Bungalow with cafeteria Rs. 54.04 lacs
2. Upgradation of Shopian Aharbal Road by way of Rs. 184.25 lacs

Metalling,remetalling 50 mm thick bituminous
macadam and 20mm thick semidense with 6mm
seal coat.
3. Improvement of track from Aharbal to Kungwattan- Rs. 13.10 lacs

Kounsarnag
4. Const. of 3 no. viewing points Rs. 4.50 lacs
5. Illumination facility of the area Rs. 29.00 lacs
6. Construction of trekkers hut at Aharbal and Rs. 60.00 lacs

Kounsarnag (5nos)
TOTAL = Rs. 344.89 lacs
Add 3%
contingencies = Rs. 10.34 lacs
G.TOTAL = Rs. 355.23 lacs
Say 355.00 lacs.

NEW DELHI
TOURIST BUNGALOW WITH CAFETERIA AT AHARBAL
Aharbal is situated at a distance of 15 kms from Shopian and 6 Km s from Srinagar on the Southern
side of Kashmir Valley under the foot hills of Peer Panchal Range. The place is famous for the
impressive waterfall formed by clean and sparking water of Vishnu river falling from a height of 25
metre. Ahead of Aharbal at a distance of five Kms is a charming woodland meadow called
“Kungwattan”and further Eleven Kms ahead of Kungw attan is a clear fresh water lake K“ ounsernag”
which generally remains frozen and covered with an ice sheet till late June. The entire area is a
trekker’s paradise.
PROPOSAL
It is proposed to construct a Tourist Bungalow with a cafeteria at Aharbal, upgrade the road from
Shopian to Aharbal which is in a very bad condition, by metalling, remetalling the worst portion and
laying of 50mm thick macadam with 20mm thick semi dense, besides constt. of Trekker’s Lodges,
View points,a recreational park and illumination of the promenades. It is also proposed to improve the
existing track from Aharbal to Kungwattan-Kounsarnag which is in a dilapidated condition due to its
disuse during the past 10-12 years.
COST & TIME OF COMPLETION
The project shall cost Rs. 355.00 lacs and shall be completed in four working seasons subject to
availability of funds and sanction of Project.

NEW DELHI
DEVELOPMENT OF PATNITOP / SANASAR CIRCUIT
BRIEF NOTE
Sanasar and Patnitop are two picturesque touris t resort of Jammu Division. Patnitop is 110
Kms from Jammu on the Jammu-Srinagar H ighway. This tourist resort is a developed one and difficult
to get accommodation during the peak tourist season. Patnitop being in close vicinity of Mata
Vaishnodevi Shrine,as such is be ing visited by a large number of pilgrims besides leasure tourists.
Sanasar is another tourist resort situated at a distance of 17 Kms from Patnitop at an altitude of 8600
feet with gigantic conifers, gr een meadow and a small lake. The connecting road from Patnitop to
Sanasar is in a dilapidated condition and the tourists face tremendous inconvenience in visiting this
famous tourist resort of Sanasar. These two resorts besides in summer are also being visited by the
tourists during winter as the people love to visit their to have a glimpse of snow. The State
Government had started winter game activities such as skiing etc at Patnitop. It is proposed to install
ski lifts for beginners at Patnitop as the slops available there are sufficient for beginners. On Patnitop-
Sanasar Road a place called Natha Top is having excellent slopes which when developed can till the
requirement of advanced ski courses. The activities of winter games can be started in this part of the
State only when the road is improved to make it fair weather.
At Sanasar a 9 hole Golf course is available where various golf tournaments have been
organized. The foreign experts have declared this spot suitable for paragliding. The Tourists are
enjoying paragliding at this spot. With the meagre resources available with the state, this resort could
not be developed upto good standard.
Sufficient infrastructure needs to be created there so that the activities are performed in the best
interest of tourism promotion.
In the first instance it is proposed to upgrade the road from Patnitop to Sanasar 9( 0 Kms length)
which is in a very bad condition by metalling,reme talling for worst portion and laying of 50 mm thick
macadam with 20 mm thick semi dense. A part from this,it is proposed to install the ski lifts at Natha
Top where we have ski slopes available and to construct the ski shop and paragliding shop. Besides,
some adventure huts are also proposed to be constructed for trainees and the participants of ski and
paragliding tournaments, which are being organised by the Department of Tourism in the near future.
Once these activities are started in the public sector, the private sector will also come to these resorts
for developing standard accommodation etc. The tourist season in both the resorts shall also increase
considerably.
COST
The Project shall cost Rs.400.00 lacks.
TIME OF COMPLETION
The work will be completed within 2 working seasons subject to availability of funds and sanction of
Project.

NEW DELHI
SURU VALLEY (KARGIL) ADVENTURE CENTRE
BACKGROUND
Ladakh has emerged as an important tourist destination for foreigners on account of its unique
land-scape and rich cultural heritage. Since its opening for foreign tourists in 1974,the region has received
extensive exposures all over the world as a mysterious and enchanting land beyond the H
imalayas.
oHwever, the main promotional focus has been on its ancient Buddhist monasteries which have remained
active since their founding centuries ago. On the other hand , one of the most important aspects of the
region, which is its vast potential for promotion and development of adventure tourism, has not received
due attention.
Kargil received world-wide attention on account of the Kargil conflict of 1990. But the , landscape of the
Suru and Zanskar Valleys, both of which are ideal for undertaking various adventure activities remained
unknown. Suru Valley is the home to the world famous Nun-Kum peak and its half-a-dozen peaks and
their glaciers. Similarly in Zanskar Valley. There are a number of glaciers and peaks. Also, both the Suru
and Zanskar Rivers, which originate in the Penzil a range, are most challenging water bodies for white
water sports such as rafting and canoeing. This region has the requisite scope and potential for developing
and undertaking all the mainstream adventure activities.
Although Ladakh is a major attraction from the cultural viewpoint yet the vast potential of
adventure has remained so far un-exploited. Availability of req
uisite eq
uipments and expertise for
Adventure Sports in a potential area with accommodation will not only generate interest among new
tourists but will also prolong the stay of tourists already attracted to the area.
Another important aspect is the complementary status of Ladakh to Nepal. This region is the alternative
during monsoons when almost the entire H
imalayas incl uding Nepal are closed to foreign traffic. Being a
high altitude desert, the region is ideally suited for adventure activities during the monsoon period i.e
June/September as there is hardly any rain here. The total rainfall does not exceed 10 cm per year. The
rivers are full,which is a big advantage.
PROPOSAL
The project conceived would be non-profit, non-commercial aimed at promotion of adventurer

tourism in the State. The facilities proposed to be kept available to the tourists on meager maintenance
charges will cater to the increased demands of tourists and pave way for development of adventure tourism.
By having a provision to establish an Eq
uipment Facility Centre as a major base point of adventure

NEW DELHI
activities the tourists and other enthusiasts would be spared the burden of importing their personal
eq
uipment at high costs and then take that back.
Setting up of a fully eq
uipped Adventure Centre in Suru Valley K
( argil) will develop interest among
tourists who do not otherwise come to India for undertaking such activities. One of the main handicaps in
the exploitation and development of this area as an attractive adventure destination, is the lack of basic
facilities. Panikhar in the Suru Valley is ideally located at the foot of the Nun-Kun massif for setting up of
an adventure centre for the development and promotion of various adventure activities. Therefore, an
adventure centre is proposed to be set up, eq
uipped with all necessary eq
uipments req
uired for adventure
activities as well as accommodation for the prospective tourists interested in these activities. For this
purpose,the State Tourism Department has acquired about 100 canals of land near Panikhar,and a detailed
plan has been prepared for development of the adventure centre in a phased manner.
The proposal envisages to set up a residential facility at an estimated cost of Rs.50.00 lacs in the first phase,
Rs. 77.00 lacs in the second phase,and Rs.113.00 lacs in the third phase.
The eq
uipments req
uired for the adventure centre woul d be made available from existing sources in the
State Tourism Department, as well as the import of othe r req
uisite items can be prioritized as a separate
Centrally Sponsored Scheme under relevant head.
The Tourism Department has been training local youths in mountaineering and other adventure activities
during the past few years, Some of these trained persons would get employment in the proposed centre as
Guides and Instructors. The setting up of adventure centre is proposed to the coordinated with various apex
bodies in these sports within the country and abroad. The proposed Adventure Centre would be in a
position not only to provide facilities for our own youth to undertake these activities but would also attract
large number of foreign tourists to the area.

NEW DELHI
PROJECTS
FOR STRENGTHENING OF TOURST INFRASTRUCTURE
Name of the Sate/Union Territory Jammu and Kashmir
Name of the Project Construction of Adventure Centre at Panikhar Kargil.

Please give exact location of the Panikhar is situated at a distance of about
Project and access route by Rail/road/air. 70 Kms from Kargil and is accessible through road
Existing Amenities
Accommodation (Please indicate Tourist Bunglow belonging to J&
K
Details regarding approved/unapproved Tourism Department.
oHtels/Rest/house/Dak Bunglows etc.
Restaurant/Cafeteria Tea shops and eateries in the private Sector.
Cost of the Project Rs. 50.00 lacs
Central Component Rs. 25.00 lacs
State Component Rs. 25.00 lacs
Facilities to be created
A) Central Component Covered Area Rate/sft Total Cost.
i) Rooms/Dormitories 2nos 2172.5 Sft 840/Sft 1824900.00
ii) Restaurants/Dinning hall/Cafeteria (One) 2072 Sft 886/Sft 1835792.00
iii) Conference hall/lounge/Reception 731 Sft 1253/Sft 915943.00
iv) Kitchen/Store/Pantry/Toilet/Passage Included in the above plinth area
v) Lobby, Verandha, equipment room Included in the above plinth area
and Kit Store.
vi) Cost of Internal Rs. 0.70 lacs lump sum.
Electrification/Fixtures.
vii) Cost of Internal Water Rs. 3.50 lacs
Supply/Sanitary fitting. (7 Points)
@0.50 lacs.
Viii) Centage Charges (CPWD) project Not Applicable
work charges/Contingencies.
Total Central Component Rs. 50.00 lacs (Out of which Rs. 25.00 lacs will be shared
by the State Government.)
B) State Component
i) External Electrification. Included in the Electrification item of Central Share.
ii) External Water Supply
iii) Sewerage System Included in the Sanitary fitting item of Central Share.
iv) Approach road.
v) Supervision/Compound
Walling/Landscaping
vi) Furniture and furnishings. Apart from the fifty percent share of the project
vii) Development of Park the State Government shall meet the cost involved
viii) Work charge/Contingencies. for the items as indicated under State component.
ix) Total State Component.
Name of the executing Agency Engineering wing of the Tourism Department.
Schedule of implementation One year after the accord of sanction of the
likely date of completion of the project after project
the financial sanction is accorded.

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER-XVI
TOURIST PLACES
We are providing some of the tourist Places of Jammu & Kashmir which have the largest
number of tourists. The potential of accommodating more tourists is still there at these locations
and there is full scope of tourism development at these tourist destinations. Both the foreigners
and the Indians are visiting these places.
LEH (LADAKH)
General Information:-
Area 97,000 SQ
L km (approx.)
Attitude Average elevation 3,500 Meters.
Climate Dry cold during winter and dry hot during summer. H
owever temperatures as
low as –35. C in winter are not unknown.
Rainfall Negligible
Best season May to November
Clothing summer –Light woolens-
Winter –H
eavy Woolens.
Population 8,718 (1981 census)

Languages Ladakhi,Purik,Balti,English and Tibetan
Link with Major Centers Mode of transportation
Delhi to Leh Air

Srinagar to Leh Air
Chandigarh to Leh Air
The nearest railhead
Jammu 6
90 Km Rail
Jammu to Leh 690 Km
Srinagar to Leh 434 Km
Kargil to Leh 230 Km
Chapter- XVI Tourist Places 334

NEW DELHI
Mode of transportation with in center:-
1) Coaches
2) Tourists taxis,Jeeps and Jongas
3) Ponies and mules
Mode of accommodation available
1) H
otels (A-class)
2) H
otels (B-class)
3) H
otels (C-class)
4) H
otels (D-class)
5) H
otels (Economy Class)
6) Tourist Bungalows
Attraction of the Locations:-
1) Leh Palace,Namgyal Tsemo,Leh Mos que,Gompa Tremo,Stoc Palace museum,
Samkas Gompa,Spituk Mona stery,Stakhma monastery
Sports activities Mountaineering,Trekking, White water rafting,Polo
Near by Attractions:-
x Alchi Gompa 6Km must of Leh
x Choglamsar
x emls Gompa
H 43 Km
x Lamayuru 125 Km
x Likir Gompa 61 Km
x Phiyamg Gompa 20 Km
x Shey Palace and monastery 15 Km
x Thiksey monastery 19 Km
x H
emis H
igh Altitude National Park 35 Km

NEW DELHI
Other Entertainment facility:-
1) Cinema
2) Cultural Organisation
Shopping facility H
andloom carpets, silver a nd copper trinkets set, paintings handicrafts
center at Leh- Local woodcrafts,Metal crafts and Precious Stones can also be pushed- Leh bazaars are
interwoven into its lames where a tourist can see the artisan at work and pick up little courier.
LEH FESTIVALS
1) SPITUK GUSTOR
2) DOSMOCH
E LEHLIKIR &
DESH
IT
3) STOK GURE TSE-CH
U
4) MATH
O NAGRANG
5) BUDDH
A PURNIMA
)6 E
HMIS TSE-CH
U
7) YURU KABGYAT
8) ZANSKAR KARSH
A GUSTOR
9) PH
YANG TSEDUP
10) DAKTH
OK TSE-CH
U
11) TH
ICKSAY GUSTOR
12) CH
EMDAY ANGCH
OK
13) GALDAN NAMCH
OT
14) LOSAR
15) SINDH
U DARSH
AN
INFRASTRUCTURE :-
x Bank and money changers

x ospitals and nursing homes
H
x Soway Clinic
x Kunfan octenamy Clinic
x Post &
Telegraph offices.
x Police Stations

NEW DELHI
PAHALGAM
GENERAL INFORMATION
Distance Srinagar to Pahalgam 96Km
Altitude 2,130 Meters
Temperature Summer Maximum 25 C Winter Minimum 10 C
Best season Mid- April to Mid November
Clothing Summer Light woolens.

Winter H
eavy woolens.
Link of Major Centers mode of Transportation
1) Srinagar To Pahalgam Air

2) Srinagar To Pahalgam Road B
( us,Taxis)
Mode of Tranpartation within center:-
1) Ponies and Porters
Category of accommodation:-
1) H
otels
2) Insulated H
uts
3) Tourist Bungalow
4) Rented Colony
Attraction of the Location
1) Amarnath 47 Km
2) Baisaram 2 Km
3) Kalahol Glacies 36Km
4) Mamlesvara 1.5KM
5) Phirilasan 7 KM
6) Shikargarh --------
7) Tarsar Lake 35 KM
8) Tulian Lake -------- Uia Baisasan
9) Clubs
10) Chandanwari 16KM

NEW DELHI
Sports allocation ------ H

orse riding,Golf,Fishing,Tr eking,Tabel tennis and badminton
Temples :H
indu Shiva tample,Muslim Jama Masjid,Sikh Gurdwara.
Infrastucture—
(I)Bank (Changing money,Travelers Cheq

ues)
(ii)H
ospital
(iii)Photographers
(iv)Post &
Telegraph Office
(v)Police station
Shopping Facility
Gabbas and namdas purchased from local shop.

NEW DELHI
GULMARG
General Information
Area 3.5 Km Long,1 Km Wide Altitude 2,730 meters
Best Season Throughout the year preference October to March
Clothing Summer : Light Woolens
Winter : H
eavy Woolens
Link With Major Centers Mode of transportation ----
Srinager to Gulmarg---- By Road
Srinager to Gulmarg---- By Air
Category of accommodation ---- (i)H

otels
(ii)Insulated H
uts
(iii)New Tourist bungalow
Attraction of the location---- (i) Alpather lake
(ii) Khilanmarg
(iii)Ningal Nallah
(iv)Ziarat of Babareshi
Sports atteration--- Trekking,H

orse riding,Golf,Tennis,Sledding,Ski Lifts,Chair Lifts,H
indu
Temple,Muslim Mosque,Sikh Gurdwara,Christian Church.
Infrastructure
1) Banks (With money changing facility)
2) H
ospital,Dispensary
3) Post &
Telegraph Office
4) Police station,Tourist Palace
Mode of transportation With in Centre-----
1) PONIES 2)SLEDGES 3) PORTERS

NEW DELHI
SONMARG
Sonamarg, at an altitude of 3,000 me tres above sea level, 87 km north -east of Srinagar. The drive to
Sonamargh is though yet another spectacular facet of country side in Kashmir, this time in Sindh
Valley. The Sindh Valley is the largest tributary of the valley of Kashmir. It is upwards of sixty miles
long, and valley and deep rock-girt gorge to open grassy meadow land and village-dotted slopes.
Sonamarg, which means ' meadow of gold ' has, as its backdrop, snowy mountai ns against a cerulean
sky. the Sindth meanders along here and abounds with trout and mahseer, snow tr out can be caught in
the main river.Ponies can be hired for the trip up to Thajiwas glacier a major attraction during the
summer months.
The climate of Sonamarg is very bracing;but th e rainfall is freq

uent though not heavy, except for two
or three days at a time in July and August with fine spell in between.
From Sonamarg, trekking routes lead to the H

ima layan lakes of Vishansar (4084 msl), Krishnasar
(3810 msl)and Gangabal (3658 msl). Other lakes in th e region are Gadsar,stocked with snowtrout and
Satsar,glacier-fed and surrounded by banks of alpine flowers.
A close by excursion is to Baltal, 15 km north of Sonamarg. This little valley lies at the foot of the
Zojila, only a day's journey away from the sacred cave of Amarnath. Trekkers can also reach the
starkly splendid roof-top of the world –Leh,by crossing over the Zijila Pass
General Information
1) Distance Srinagar To Sonamarg 87 Km

2) Altitude 3000 Metres
3) Best season October To March
4) Clothing Summer - Light Woolens Winter - H

eavy Woolens

NEW DELHI
5) Link with Major centre mode of Transportation
1) Srinagar To Sonamarg - Road 87 Km.
6) Local Transportation 1 - Ponies and Porters
7) Category of accommodation
- Tourist H
uts
- Tourist bungalow
- Rest H
ouse
- JKTDC bungalow
8) Attraction of the Location
- Vishanrar Lake,Kishan sar Lake,Gamgab al,Baltal Valley,Zojila Leh,Thajiwas
Glacier (summer season),Kangan and Gund,Gadsar,Satrar,Amarnath Cave.
9) Sports attraction - Fishing,H

orse riding
10) Infrastructure - Police Station

NEW DELHI
SRINAGAR
Srinagar –The Lake City
Srinagar is located in the heart of the Kashmir valley at an altitude of 1,730 m above sea level, spread
on both sides of the river Jhelum. The Dal and Nagin lakes enhance its picturesque setting, while the
changing play of the seasons and the salubrious climate ensures that the city is eq
ually attractive to
visitors around the year.
City Information
Area 105 sqkms

Altitude 1,730 m.
Temperature Max Min
Summer 29.5 C 10.6C
Winter 7.3 C -1.9 C
Rainfall 52.9 cms
Population 930136(2001 Census)
Best Season Throughout the year,though th e winter months can be quite cold.
Clothing Spring Light woollens.
and autumn
Summer Cotton/tropical
Winter H
eavy woolens
Languages Kashmiri,Urdu,H
indi,English.
Where To Stay
HOTELS
In Srinagar there are hotels to suit every requirement in terms of price,locati on and facilities. The most
desirable location for a hotel is considered the Boulevard, which overlooks the Dal Lake. H
otel rooms
that overlook the lake cost more than those opening in the opposite direction. Dalgate, which is fairly
central for shopping and nearest to the Tourist Reception Centre T

( RC), has mostly budget
NEW DELHI
accommodation. Some good hotels are also located in Sonawar and Rajbagh, which are largely
residential areas within 2 kms of the TRC. Also there are several hotels on Residency Road, which is
right in the middle of a shopping centre, very close to the TRC. Lal Chowk, in the city’s centre, has
several medium category hotels,mos tly preferred by visiting traders.
Category and location of houseboats
H
ouseboat No. of Total No. Dal Nageen River Naseem Other
Category H
.Boats . of rooms Lake Lake Jhelum Bagh locations
Deluxe 349 1007 264 76 5 4 -
A-Class 129 310 89 28 10 1 1
B-Class 124 299 85 17 16 - 6
C-Class 134 306 78 9 32 - 15
D-Class 351 772 186 43 79 - 43
G.Total:- 1087 2694 702 173 142 5 65
The State Tourism Department has classified the houseboats into five categories - Deluxe, A, B, C and
D, corresponding more or less to the degree of comfort and service of hotels.
There are 1087 registered houseboats in Srinagar of which 702 are anchored in the Dal Lake, 173 in
the Nagin Lake, 142 on the River Jhelum, 5 on the Dal Lake near Naseem Bagh, and the rest in other
water bodies. Among these,349 houseboats with a combined capacity of 1007 double rooms are in the
Deluxe class and are mainly anchored in Dal Lake, Nageen Lake, and Naseem Bagh. In addition there
are 129 A-class houseboats, 124 B-class houseboats, 134 C-class houseboats and 351 D-class
houseboats. Detailed break-up of various classes of houseboats and their mooring location are as
shown in the above Table.

NEW DELHI
Places To Visit
Cheshma Shahi and Pari Mahal
Cheshma Shahi or the Royal Spring was laid by Shah Jahan in 1632 A.D. It is 9 Km. from the city
centre and is famous for a spring of refreshment digestive water. Two kilometers uphill from Cheshma
Shahi is situated the Pari Mahal, a school of astrology founded by Prince Dara Shikoh, Emperor Shah
Jahan's eldest son who was killed in the war of succession. The Cheshma Shahi-Pari Mahal area has
been developed into a Tourist Village.
Nishat Garden
Q
ueen Nur Jahan's brother,Asif Khan,laid the Garden in 1633 A.D. It is situated on the banks of the
Dal Lake in the backdrop of the Zabarwan hills,11 Kms. .from the dist rict headq
uarter of Srinagar. The
Garden commands a magnificent view of the lake.
Shalimar Garden
The Garden,15 Kms from the city centre, was built by Emperor Jahangir for his beloved wife,
Nurjahan. The gardens with four terraces is 539 by 182 meters and gets water from H
arwan through a
canal lined with fountains. The fourth terrace was once reserved for royal ladies.
Dal Lake
The world famous water body described by Sir Walter Lawrence as the L
" ake pa r-excellence”,half a
kilometers from the city, is the jewel in the crown of Kashmir eulogized by the poets and abundantly
praised by the travelers and tourists. The lake of late has unfortunately, considerably shrunk in size
causing concern to environmentalists. The Governments have chalked out an ambitious project to save
the lake from extinction. The lake is 6X3 km divided by causeways in to four parts, Gagribal, Lokut

NEW DELHI
Dal, Bod Dal and Nagin. Two islands, Sona Lank and Ropa Lank, within the lake add to its beauty.
Nagin is the most lovely part of the Dal Lake separated by a causeway.
Sonamarg
Sonamarg, at an altitude of 3,000 me tres above sea level, 87 km north -east of Srinagar. The drive to
Sonmargh is though yet another spectacular facet of country side in Kashmir, this time in Sindh
Valley. The Sindh Valley is the largest tributary of the valley of Kashmir. It is upwards of sixty miles
long, and valley and deep rock-girt gorge to open grassy meadow land and village-dotted slopes.
Other Entertainment facilities
1) CINEMA
2) TH
EATRE T
( ayare aHll)
3) CLUBS
4) GOLF CLUB
5) LIONS CLUB
)6 ROTARY CLUB
Local Transportation
1) COACH
ES
2) TOURIST TAXIS
3) SCOOTER RICKSH
AWS
4) MATADOR BUS SERVICE
5) CITY BUS SERVICE
)6 SH
IKARAS OR BOATS
Other Nearby Attraction
1) Srinagar To Mathan 61 Km
2) Srinagar To Martand 64 Km
3) Srinagar To Achabal 58 Km

NEW DELHI
4) Srinagar To Avantipur 29 Km
5) Srinagar To Kokarnag 70 Km
6) Srinagar To Verinag 80 Km
7) Srinagar To Daksum 85 Km
8) Srinagar To Yusmarg 47 Km
9) Srinagar To Charari sharif 51 Km
10) Wular Lake 60 Km
11) Srinagar To Burzaham 24 Km
12) Dachigam National Park 21 Km
13) Srinagar To Ganderbal 19 Km
14) Srinagar To Manasbal 32 Km

NEW DELHI
JAMMU REGION
Area 20.36Sqkm
Altitude 305 Meters
Temperature Seasons Max Min
Summer 43. C 23. 4C
Winter 26
.2 C 4.3. C
Rainfall 107 CMS (June to September)

Best Season All year but summer are hot (September To April)
Clothing summer - Light cottons
Winter - Woolens
Population 2,23,361 (1981 Census)

Languages Dogri,H
indi,English,Kashmiri
Link with Major centres mode of transportation
1) Delhi To Jammu Air

2) Chandigarh to Jammu Air
3) Amritsar to Jammu Air
4) Srinagar to Jammu Air
5) Amritsar to Jammu Road
6) Chandigarh to Jammu Road
7) Delhi to Jammu Road
8) Katra to Jammu Road
9) Srinagar to Jammu Road
10) Manali to Jammu Road
Jammu is an Important railhead on northern Railway
Mode of transportation centre
1) Tourist Taxis
2) Scooter Coaches
3) Rickshaws
4) Tongas

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5) Mini Vans,Mini Buses
Mode of accommodation available
1) H
otels
2) Lodges and Guest H

ouse
3) Tourist Reception Centre
(J &
K Tourism Development Corporation)
4) Tourist Reception Centre
(J &
K Department of tourism)
5) Railway Retiring room
(Jammu Railway Station far Railway Passengers)
6) Retiring some. (General Bus Stand)
7) Dharamshalas
Category of accommodation
- H
otels. A-B-C- Category
- Supplementary
1) Peer Khoh
2) Ranbireshwar Temple
3) Raghunath Temple
4) Ranbir Camal
5) Bahu Fart
6) Bagh-E-Bàhu
7) Peer Baba
8) Amar Mahal Palace Museum
9) Dogra art Gallery
10) Mahamaya Temple and City Farest
11) Mubarak Mandi Palace

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Other Nearby Attraction
- Jammu To Akhnoor 32 Km
- Jammu To Batote 113 Km
- Jammu To Kud 106Km
- Jammu To Mansar Lake 80 Km
- Jammu To Purmandal 39 Km
- Jammu To Patni top 112 Km
- Jammu To Ramban 102 Km
- Jammu To Samasar 129 Km
- Jammu To Sudhmahadev 120 Km
- Jammu To Surnisar Lake 42 Km
- Jammu To Vaishno Devi 62 Km
- Jammu To Kishtwar H
igh 240 Km
(Altitude National Park)
- Jammu To Katra 50 Km
- Jammu To Gore Kund
- Jammu To Mantalai
- Jammu To Shivkhori 100 Km
- Jammu To Dera Baba Banda 75 Km
- Jammu To Krimchi
- Jammu To Jajjar Kotli 35 Km
- Jammu To Salal Dam and Lake 95 Km
- To Baba Dhamsar 65
Other Attraction
Sports Activities - Swimming,Tennis,Indoor S ports Complex Mini Stadium,Fishing, Yoga.
- Trekking,Skiing,Aero sports

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Other Entertainment Facility
- Cinema,Theatre,Clubs,Cultura l Organisations Auditorium
Shopping facility
- H
andicrafts (Veer Mary Ja mmu) (Government Emporium)
Festivals
- Lohri 13 January
- Baisakhi 13 April
- Bahu Mela M
( arch- April,September-October)
- Chaitre H
audash March-April
- Purmandal Mela February-March
- Jhiri Mela October-November
- Mansar Food and Craft Mela
Infrastructure
1) Bank and money changers
2) H
ospitals and Nursing home
3) Post &
Telegraph office
4) Police Station
5) Radha Swami Satsang (Beas)
6) Mother Teresa home

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KARGIL
Mode of accommodation facility available

1) oHtels A
( –B –C –D - E Class)
2) Economy class
3) Tourist bungalows
1) Drass
2) Suru Valley
3) Rangdum
4) Mulbekh
5) Zamskar
6) Karsha
7) Burdan
8) Phugtal
9) Zong-khul
Infrastructure
1) Bank and money changers
2) H
ospital
3) Post &
Telegraph office
4) Police Station
Accommodation Facility
- Tourists Bungalow

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CHAPTER-XVII
EXISTING POTENTIAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS AND CENTRES
In this chapter we are providing the existing potential Tourist locations which can be exploited for
diverting the tourist traffic from the over crowded few tourist locations in Jammu &Kashmir. The
Government will have to make tremendous efforts to divert the tourists to these places. In this Plan we
are contemplating that if these destinations also come on the tourist circuits it would be very beneficial
to the local populace on the whole and it would give a kick start to the economy and the development
of the area.
Further these locations have to offer various attributes to the very demanding tourists in terms of its
virginity, picturesque locations and th e scenic beauty which the tourists can get only in this part of
India.
List of Existing Potential Tourist Destinations and Centres
Name of Inventory of Infrastructure Degree of Volume of

location attraction availability Popularity Traffic flow
Yusmarg Scenic Beauty H
uts Metalled road up Popular location Not Available
to Srinagar,Tourist
Bungalow,Dormitory
accommodation
Aharbal Beautiful Metalled road up to Less popular NA
garden/Base of river azigund. and Srinagar
Q location
Achabal The Mughal garden, Tourist bungalow Less popular NA
the spring and the Dak bungalow. location
flowing water and the Metalled road upto
lush green paddy Anantnag
fields apart from the
very congenial
climate has
tremendous promise
for development
Lolab Valley
Dakshum Spot is densely Daksum is at present Less popular NA
Valley forested and accessible by Mettaled location
mountainous with road from Anantnag
fresh water streams and Achabal via
defining the physical Koranag
boundaries.
Chapter- XVII Existing Potential Tourist Places 352
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Verinag Spot situated at the Dak Banglow and

foot of Peer Panchal uHts
mountains in extreme
south of Kashmir
valley at the altitude
of 1860 to 1880
meters above M.S.L
.The mughal laid out a
small garden and a
small canal in the
center which is
important feature of
the moughal gardens
The dominant feature
of the resort is the
Verinag spring which
is fountain head of the
river Jhelum and the
adjoining hill which is
covered by lush green
dense forest tending
grandeur to the garden
and it’s surrounding
area
Following locations will be selected for the development and after collecting primary data from Jammu
and Ladakh few other places will be included in this list. After assessing the popularity potential and
geographical location of the identified locations above point will be taken care of .
ACHABAL
Location
Achabal is located 8 K.M. south east of Anantnag on the Anantnag Kokarnag road. Roads leading to
Pahalgam,Anantnag and Koka rnag (Verinag)meet here.
Expanse and Boundaries
The notified area extends from ¼m ile to ½mile on various roads meeting at Achabal. The
total expanse of the area is 797 acres. A steep forested hill exists on the south east.

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Achabal with its strategic location, the Mugal garden, the spring and the flowing water
and the lush green paddy fields apart from the very congenial climate has tremendous promise
for development. Due to its size and scale it has limitations, yet it can be developed into a
beautiful tourist spot.
Achabal has tremendous advantages in respect of its geographic location in the eastern region.
It is centrally located being five miles from Matton, and has direct li nk with Pahalgam. H
owever, it is
not very surprising that the place has not developed, so as to at tract reasonable tourist traffic. Achabal
is perhaps the spot in the eastern region which will automatically benefit from the development of
other tourist spots like Verinag,Kokarnag,Daksum and Pahalgam,Aishuquam,Matton etc.
At present all the principal tourist routes touch this point. In addition,most of the tourist traffic
by car also visit the spot. Tourist traffic by car including both guided as well as unguided visiting
Kashmir valley. This may be attributed to the radial pattern of the arterial roads which coverage at
Achabal.
There is a strong similarity between the road pattern and the pattern of the water bodies
(stream) in Achabal. These water bodies, along w ith the settlements and the tourist areas when
developed in a comprehensive and integrated manner have vast potential for attracting tourist traffic.
Though the spring and the garden attract lot of local tourist traffic generally, during holidays and
weekends, the water bodies (I.E. Streams) have not been developed at all. As pointed out by
W.R.Lawrence in the valley of Kashmir, Achabal is perhaps one of the few places which would
survive singularly on its potent water bodies and streams. A very careful development of areas and
houses along with these water bodies would positively turn Achabal into a beautiful little Venice in the
centre of Anantnag districts.
As already stated the commercial activity of Achabal is practically negligible. This is attributed
to the present pattern of the tourist mechanism. Added to this it may be remarked that the local

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population has not in any way participated or benefited from tourism in the Kashmir valley in general
and in Achabal in particular. Consequently settlements have not developed and grown.
Paradoxically the existing commercial area though more than adequate suffers heavily due to
the existing pattern and mechanism of tourist traffic and to support the variety of needs of the local
population and visitors a weekly market is held on Sundays and other holidays very close to the
present commercial area and just in the vicinity of the present tourist area.
Our Surveys have yielded some paradoxical observations which may be summed up as follows:
The existing character of the conducted tours does not ensure utilization of the commercial area
subsequent to which the commercia l activity persistently remained undeveloped. This fallacy could be
eradicated as a short term measure by extending the duration of the halt.
A fish breeding farm exists close to the Mugal garden and depends on the water from the
spring. It is at present in a very derelict condition, though it is one of the two principal attractions for
the tourists in Achabal. Planned and integrated development of the fish farm could stabilise the tourist
activity apart from being a source for supplying fresh water fish.
Land Use
The notified area of Achabal measure about 797 acres. Apart from a small portion of area under
residential and related uses major portion of the area is under agricultural use,Mugal garden and water
streams etc. Most of the agricultural is under beautifully paddy fields.

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Assessment of Requirements
The existing abadi areas are sufficient for the local population and can accommodate the
natural growth in the subsequent areas.
Tourist Accommodation
Though Achabal holds the promise of being the major transport node by virtue of its central
location it is envisaged that the character of tourist traffic will be principally of the transit type. Our
preliminary estimate suggests that the tourist accommodation here needs to be increased. At present
the tourist accommodation is available in the form of three huts and four rooms in the Dak bungalow.
The study in respect of occupancy of the available accommodation has revealed that the demand for
accommodation is low. H
owever, with the developm ent of the tourist spots like Verinag, Kokarnag,
Daksum and extension of Pahalgam and also the development of Anantnag the demand for tourist
accommodation is likely to increase. Achabal, however , shall continue to remain a transit centre.
Accordingly it is felt that existing accommodation should be strengthened by the addition of a few
rooms to tourist bungalow. With a view to bring in the private sector participation to the tourist activity
a suitable arrangement wherein the local people can evolve a pattern to rent out furnished
accommodation with essential amenities should be encouraged. Thus the private sector apart from
satisfying the part demand of accommodation would improve its economy.
Recreation
Unlike Pahalgam which is activate during the day and dead at night Achabal is by and large
inactive. Our preliminary estimates suggest that Achabal cannot sustain a cinema or a theatre or a
swimming pool. It can provide only a selected set of opportunities to the tourists and these
opportunities would have to be based principally on the unexplored and scenic water streams. There is
a demand for certain picnic facilities on Sundays and weekdays. These facilities include those for
cooking and eating places.

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Bazar
The Bazar with 41 shops is adequate for the local population a nd tourists. H
owever, the bazar
does not offer the variety normally required by a ha bitation. This is further strengthened by our
observation on the days when a large number of stalls spring up near the existing bazar.
Transportation
Geographically Achabal is an important transport node and important arterial roads converging
here connect this place with other tourist spots in the eastern region. The facilities available here are,
however,grossly inadeq
uate. The nearest place where ba sic transportation facilities like filling stations
garages are available is Anantnag. Though now availability of these basic facilities is a common
complaint of the tourist it is reckoned that it is specifically so in Achabal. There is no organized
parking or a bus stand near the only tourist attraction which is the Mugal garden. The local tourists
come by buses and tongas during the holidays and weekends and there is sizeable activities on these
days. H
owever, no tonga stand exist here. It is im perative to remark that tonga is still the most
important mode of transport between Achabal and surrounding places.
Concept
Considering the constraints identified in the area analysis a careful surgery is needed in the
existing settlement to organize them for the future requirements of settlement and tourism.
Tourist Areas
As identified earlier the garden, the area under fisheries and th e numerous fresh water streams
together with existing village form a multi-varied attraction for the tourist in keeping in view the
surgical treatment required to develo p this spot it is an essential that the existing should be developed
in an integrated manner by opening out chunks of areas north of the garden and west of the road to
Pahalgam. Accordingly the existing market north of the garden across the road should be extended
eastwards along the stream. As already pointed out there is a considerable demand for weekly market
giving a festive look and, therefore the extension to the existing bazaar should be integrated with the
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weekly market to obtain the compactly inter-woven relationship between the market and the bazaar.
This would necessitate certain lateral connections across the stream. The bus terminus should also be
provided near or in the tourist area. This is accomplished on the north east side of the garden opposite
to the existing Dak bungalow. When required a petrol and servicing station be provided in this area.
This area should also be catered for parking needs.
The tourist accommodation should be increased in two ways:
i() By increasing the ava ilable accommodation in tourist bungalow and huts. This
accommodation is envisaged in the form of single or double bed rooms and dormitories
with a restaurant serving the Dak bungalow and its extension.
(ii) By permitting the local people in certain specified areas to rent out accommodation to
the tourists in the form of bed and breakfast at reasonable rates. There should be a strict
enforcement of sanitary standards in such cases.
The water streams with their amazing potential for making Achabal a ‘littl e Venice’ should be
developed in a manner such as to integrate the village and tourist areas.
DAKSUM
Daksum is a tourist spot in the corporate limits of village desu-nowhugh in the south eastern
region of Kashmir. This tourist spot is densely forested and mountainous with fresh water streams
defining the physical boundaries. Situated at 8082 feet above mean sea level Daksum is at present
accessible by Mettaled road from Anantnag and Achabal via Koranag. This land was once (even today)
the grazing grounds for the sheep and cattle owned by Gujjars. The Gujjar uHts can still be spotted
tucked in the natural landscape in this isolated area.
Considering the peaceful and Cool environment, fore sts, mountains, the fresh water streams, the fish
and game- the area has tremendous potential for the future development for tourist industry if tourist
infrastructure is provided and linkage improved.

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Location
Daksum is located about 16K.M. east of Kokarnag ha ving direct link with Anantnag via Achabal and
Brigni. The spot though very small is located at the confluence of two rivulets which form Bringi
stream. Rich in its environmental character this spot is about ½mile upstream The Bringi stream from
the village Desu Nowbug. The spot is at an elevation of about 200 ft. from the water level. The area
forms a narrow ‘Y’shaped valley.
Daksum forms a part of the notified area of village Desu and is surrounded by Gogalmandu forest on
north and east and Tsokur forest on south and Gugnar forest on north-west. The Rivulet Soi Nar and
Bringi stream isolate the tourist spot from the village Desu and the forest on the south and west. The
tourist spot essentially envelopes Desu forest and Razparyin Maidan. This spot is essentially a
conglomerate of a number of flat chunks of land with moderate slopes. The N.A. Measures 1450.2
acres.
Settlement
The tourist spot is relatively free of any structure except a few Gujar huts and The Rest H
ouse of the
tourism and The Forest Departments as stated already the primary settlement is the village Desu.
Terrain
The tourist area is characterized by moderately sloping terrain along south west direction. The apex of
the V formed by the two rivulets is almost in extension to the road from village Desu. The
surrounding area is Mountainous with steep slopes.
Land Use
The area is free from any man made features of any meaningful intensity owing to the elevation of the
spot and Non-availability of water for irrigation and the high altitude, There is little agricultural
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activity in the area. A potatoes farm was envisaged to be developed by the agriculture department in
the northern plateau.
Infrastructure
Except for water no other basic infrastructure exists at Daksum.
Potentials
The principal potential of Daksum is its uniq

ue environmental character. As stated already this spot is
extremely quiet and peaceful. The t opographical uqality of the place is also unique, wherein structures
of the type of Gujjar huts merge with the natural features. Water is another potent feature for
development here. The two rivulets which define the north and south east boundaries of the area have a
perennial flow. The forests surrounding the tourist spot have a wide variety of fauna which is another
attracting feature for certain type of tourists interested in bird watching. There are numerous treks
connecting the spot with interesting points in the area.
According to the Forest and Game departments substantial game is also available in the forest. Trout
fish is another attractive feature of the spot. The moderately sloping large sized plataue (at the moment
under potatoes farm)H

as tremendous potential for wint er sports and recreation. This area is inhabited
by “Gujars”. The Gujars still lead a very primitive life and possess a large number of live stock.
Organized diary farming should not only improve the general economy of the Gujar but also ensure a
regular supply of milk and milk products. A sheep breeding farm in accordance with the demand of the
area has been started by the government near the village Desu.. Timber from forest is another aspect
demanding attention and certain industry and trade based on timber has considerable potential in the
area.
From the view point of landscape it may be remarked that a dense forests with Devdar,Kail fur and the
backdrop of Mountains lend a soothing Grey atmosphere to the spot. The air is every fresh with Aroma
of the Pine. This spot has strong sun in summer almost throughout the day. With the commissioning of
0
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the Kishtwar Anantnag link this place will gain importance as it will lie on the transportation routes.
Keeping all these potentials in view it is felt that Daksum has tremendous future for development if
basic infrastructure is provided.
KOKERNAG
Kokernag is a beautiful tourist resort which has spring and offer uniq
ue scenic beauty and fresh
water rich in minerals having creative effect . It is estimated that about 33%
of the total tourist coming
to Kashmir visited Kokernag in 1980 during April to November .out of these 9000 persons are
estimated to have visited by cars ,and 3726constituting about 2%

of the total to urist traffic to Kashmir
,stayed at Kokernag during 1980 .There are scopes for fu rther enhance traffic to this tourist resort and
promote the period of stay and enhance number of tourists staying at Kokernag .
Location
Kokarnag is located 15 miles from Anantnag on way to Daksum. This place is famous for its digestive
fresh water spring. Kokarnag notified area comprises of part of Bdder and Bindoo villages, lying east
and west of the spring respectively. Kokarnag is merely a Tourist spot and does not appear as an entity
in the census list of settlements.
Expanse And Boundaries
The spring lies at the foot of the Kokarnag forests which form the southern boundary of the notified
area. Bindoo village and the west, Bidder village, Th e agricultural fields from the Kokarnag tourist
notified area.
Settlements
Major part of Bindoo lies on south of Te road and The remaining portion in form of scattered bunch of
settlements lie amidst the irrigated agricultural m

( os tly paddy)fields on the nor th. There is no source

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of water in the main Bindoo village. Bidder on the other hand is surrounded and cut by water streams.
Bidder is essentially a village with linear development existing on both sides of the road.
Terrain
The area is open and undulated, stretching along the ba se of the Kokarnag forests and mountains.
Though the area is limited in extent, The panoram ic view, from certain points are uniq
ue by
themselves. The area, in general, slopes down fo rm Bindoo to Bidder and from the road towards the
river in the north
Climate
Kokarnag is famous for its healthy climate than any other aspect that might attract a tourist. As a
matter of fact many convalescents come here every year and stay for considerable duration.
Accommodation
The present tourist accommodation consists of a Dak Bungalow with bed rooms,huts,dormitory in the
tourist office and A camping area for about tents apart from insignificant private accommodation there
is a restaurant in the tourist office,a few D

“ habas” and some dining facility in the Dak Bungalow. The
place is absolutely dead at night:Though it become s a bit lively during the day when a few conducted
buses touch Kokarnag for a few minutes. Few stalls are set up by the local people near the parking area
for buses during the day.
VERINAG
Location
Verinag is located about 16km. south of Anantna g,and is about 2-1/2 km. from national highway
linking Jammu with Srinagar. It has an altitude of 2,100 meters above M.S.L. river Jehlum originates
from the spring,popularly known as the Verinag spring.

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The total area of Verinag measures about 1451 acres and includes settlements of upper Verinag,Lower
Verinag,Chontipora,Malikpora,Bungund,Kokagund-Kuni gund and Aralpora. On the northern side it
is bounded by Sandaran river and on south and south east by forested mountains.
Development Potential
Verinag has potential for development as a transit centre due to its strategic location-(being near the
national highway) The crystal clea r blue water spring and the mughal gardens. In addition the very
morphology of the area suggests that some beautiful spots could be developed keeping in view the
existing situation. It is located about 16K.M. from Anantnag and is connected to national highway by
a spur,but it attracts not many tourists due to th e fact that not much of the accommodation is available
for night halt and places of interest are limited. Major tourist traffic touching the place come by buses,
halt at the place for just an hour or two and proceed to next destination. The local tourists visiting the
place are negligible. This tourist place owes its meagre survival to the historic Verinag spring one of
the many sources of river Jehlum. The settlement serves the adjoining areas for their commercial,
educational and medical needs. Keeping in view these points this area could be well developed in an
integrated manner to the benefit of the local population and tourists.
Verinag is beautiful tourist spot situated at the foot of PeerPanjal mountains in extreme south of
Kashmir valley at the altitude of 1860 to 1880 meters above M.S. L .The mughal laid out a small
garden and a small canal in the center which is important feature of the moughal gardens .The
dominant feature of the resort is the verinag spring which is fountain head of the river Jhelum and the
adjoining hill which is covered by lush green dense forest tending grandeur to the garden and it’s
surrounding area .It is situated hardly 3 km from national highway no 1-A connecting to Jammu to
Srinagar The tourist traffic to this area is adversely affected ever since the rail head at Jammu was
established . Previous to this development ,two wa y bus service Pathankot to Srinagar would enable
the tourist to visit this spot .One day bus service between Jammu and Srinagar and lack of conducted
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tours touching this southern most point of attraction has resulted in a decline of tourist trafficking to
the place .The tourist infrastructure included a 4 bed DakBanglow and 6room in the form of huts
SANASAR
129 kms. From Jammu and only 19 kms. from Patnitop, Sanasar is a cup sh aped meadow surrounded
by gigantic conifers. A place for a uqiet holiday,the meadow has now been developed as a golf course.
It also provided opportunities for paragliding. Accommodation is available in huts, Tourist Bungalow
and dormitory of the J&

K Tour ism Development Corporation.
MANSAR LAKE
62 kms. from Jammu A beautiful la ke fringed by forest-covered hills. Boating facilities are available
on the spot. Every year around Baisakhi, a food and craf ts festival is organized here by J&
K Tourism.
Accommodation:Tourist Bunga low and huts of J&

K TDC.
SURINSAR LAKE
42 kms. It is a picturesque spot with a lake surrounded by wooded hills. Accommodation is available
in J&
K TDC Bungalow.
SHIV KHORI
100 kms. This holy place, nearly a kilometer long with a 4-feet high naturally formed Shivling, is
considered second only to the shrine of Vaisnodevi ji. A major festival is held here on Shivratri day.
JAJJAR KOTLI
35 kms. On the National highway leading towards Srinagar is the Jajjar Kotli Tourist Complex, built
on the banks of the Jajjar rivulet. The crystal clear, c ool water of Jajjar attract picnickers in large
numbers during summer. A Tourist Cafeteria, a Bar and a small Tourist Bungalow are the facilities
provided here by JKTDC.

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BABA DHANSAR
65 kms. From Jammu, on way to Salal Dam, Baba Dhan sar is a beautiful and cool picnic spot. eHre,a
huge spring gushes out of the mountainside in a thick grove of trees and forms a number of small
water-falls before flowing into the H

oly Banganga. Next to the spring in a small grove in the rock face
is a naturally formed Shivling on which droplets of water fall naturally all the year round. A big mela
is held here during Shivratri.
ARU
It is a small beautiful valley surrounded by high mountains and located on Lidder steam about 13 km.
form Pahalgam. The only infrastructure available at present is tourists hut. The place bears a scope for
development as full-fledged tourist resort in its own right. In addition to places of tourist attraction,the
streams in Anantnag District offer excellent opportunities for fishing to the select segment of tourists.
The facilities offered in this respect are good and details have been given in the sector on fisheries in
report.
POONCH
In 1947-48, Poonch town and most of the parts of the di strict were subject to attach from Pakistan and
major facilities available like road links and bridge were damaged. Fortunately,because of the defense
needs there is dependable road link between Jammu and Poonch (240 km.). This passes through
Akhnoor. Sunderbani, Rajouri and across Bhimbar Gali into Poonch. There is a loop connection
between Rajouri and Poonch through Thanamandi across Deragali. At all these important places, Dak
Bangalows and guest house have been constructed. Regular and daily bus services operate between
Jammu, Rajouri and Poonch. Taxi cars also ply between Jammu and these two district head quarters.
Telephonic communications in this are is not upto the mark.

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Poonch district has a number of beautiful valleys on the Peer Panchal range. These valleys are
Buffliaz, Surankote, Manid and Mendhar. From Bhim bar gali and Darangli one gets beautiful and
commanding view of snow covered Peer Panchal and its magnificent peaks. Roads from Poonch,
Surankote and Mandi. Up the Peerpanchal go through not so high passes connecting them with the
Kashmir valley. Work was taken in hand on Mandi-Loran road some years ago but the progress is slow
and similar the work on the Mughal road form Buffliaz is also very slow. This district and Rajouri and
also the area on route from Jammu has a number of places of tourist interest like Akhnoor which is a
beautiful picnic spot,being on the banks of Chena b,and the place where coronation of Maharaja Gulab
Singh took place;Chingus ruin s of old fortes. Thanamandi which was seat of very important kingdom
in the middle ages and has ruins of a major fort at top of the hill Thanamandi is also centre of major
handicraft wool work in the area; Deragali has beautiful rest house facing the Peerpanchal;
Noorichhamb picturesque water full where Empress N oor Jahan used to camp for over a week every
summer. The area also has a number of places of religious importance and pilgrimages like Shahdra
Sharif, (In Rajouri) highly revered by Muslims; Nudda Amar nath, Shiva temple, only next in
importance to Amarnath cave;and the fa mous Gurudawara of Nagali Shaib.

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CHAPTER-XVIII
POTENTIAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS AND CENTRES
We are providing the potential locations and centers, which could be developed for tourism activities.
We would like to mention that we might not have mentioned a number of vital potential tourist areas,it
is not out of ignorance but because the consultants have felt it is more necessary to revive and enlarge
the existing sites of tourist interest, develop an interdependence of the local population with the
developmental activity and allow the absorption of the overflows of such economic activity to benefit
the local population and only then consider moving in identified new areas. The consultants have
realized that the increasing population pressure requires th e local population to be first moved into
areas which are rich in tourist potential and in their rehabilitation the infrastructure of new tourist and
small trade activities would need to be incorporated. Opening new tourist sites in areas which are
devoid of local population would make the tourism activity very expensive to sustain and it would not
be still round the year activity. For example there is rich tourism potential in Zanskar and Padam valley
but with no population to benefit. Putting up expensive infrastructures for visiting tourist for a period
of maximum of three months in a year from the point of view of the consultants is bad investment.
The state government has no plans of relocating the local population in new identified areas which
have rich tourist potential. The consultants have refrained from suggesting what were not viable
schemes and which were suggested by local officials for possible incorporation in the consultants
proposals.
Chapter- XVIII Potential Tourist Destinations 36

7
NEW DELHI
Basis for Identification of Potential Tourist Locations
The Potential places have been mentioned in such a way that the tourist inflow which presently is
mostly concentrated in few locations segregates/ bifurcates to other new potential locations near and
around the major tourists hubs. This would help in development of the new areas and would reduce the
excessive pressures on few locations in the tourist season. We have also identified locations which are
virgin and have tremendous potential for attracting tourists.
We are also providing a list of under developed areas which needs to be developed as they are
already having potential of attracting tourists.
Potential Tourist Locations
Region Location Type of Attraction

Kashmir Gurej Valley Scenic Beauty
Dakshum Valley Scenic Beauty
Lolab Valley Scenic Beauty
Achabal Scenic Beauty
Aharbal Scenic Beauty
Yusmarg Scenic Beauty
Woolar lake Scenic Beauty
Khir Bhavani Religious location
Kokarnag Scenic Beauty
Jammu Mansar lake Scenic Beauty Lake
Sanasar lake Scenic Beauty Lake
Mantalai Scenic Beauty Dam
Jhajar Kotli Scenic Beauty Dam
Surinsar lake Scenic Beauty Lake
Doda Scenic Beauty good climate
Udhampur Scenic Beauty good climate
Poonch Scenic Beauty good climate
Ladakh The Pangong lake circuit Scenic beauty- Lake
The Tso-Moriri lake circuit Scenic Beauty Lake
The Drok-Pa-Area circuit Local communities culture and tradition
Nubra valley circuit Scenic beauty Mountain,Tracking

8
NEW DELHI
Region wise/District wise Less/Under Development areas
(Kashmir Division)
S.No. Name of the area/spot. District Remarks/Status/
1 2 3 4
1 Tangmarg Baramulla A hill Station.Basic station of Gulmarg.Metalled road fromGulmarg.
2 Baba Reshi Baramulla A Muslim Pilgrim spot adjacent to Gulmarg.Connected with metalled road.
All communities within and outside the state are visiting this shrine.
4 Manasbal Baramulla Metalled road/Srinagar/H uts/Boating/Lake.
5 Yusmarg Badgam Metalled road/ need upgradation-SrinagarH ill Station/H
uts/Moderate temp..
6 Sonamarg Srinagar Metalled road -Srinaga r/H ill station/Ladakh/Am arnath/River/Rafting/
Trekking/Rock climbing/Glacier/H uts/H
otels.
7 Aharbal Pulwama Metalled road/H ill station/ Trekking base camp/Beautifull water fall
8 Verinag Anantnag Metalled road/Q azigund.-Srina gar/Beautifull garden/Base of river Jehlum.,
9 Mattan Anantnag Metalled road/Pond/H al ting place to Amar nath ji Yatra.
10 Aru Anantnag Metalled road/Pahalgam/H ill st ation/Trekking area/H otel/Tourist Bunglow.
11 Chandanwari Anantnag Metalled road Pahalgam/Hill station/River/Glacier/H alting place of Amar
Nath Ji Yatra
12 Qazigund Anantnag A hill station on Jammu-S gr. National H ighway.Tabas/Tourist Bunglow
13 Daksum Anantnag Metalled road/Kokernag/H ill station/Tourist Bunglow/H uts/Sheep form.
14 Achabal Anantnag Metalled road Anantnag-Mugal Garden/
15 Kokernag Anantnag Metalled road /Srinagar/H ill station/Gardens/Spring
16 Aishmuqam Anantnag Metalled road Anantnag/Muslim Shrine
17 Charari Sharief Budgam Metalled road/Srinagar/Muslim Shrine.
18 Ganderbal Srinagar Metalled road/Srinagar/Camping place.
19 Kangan Srinagar Metalled road/Srinagar/Power Station/H otels-on way to sonmarg.
20 Gund Srinagar Metalled road/Srinagar/on way to Sonmarg.
21 Baltal Srinagar Metalled road/Srinagar/Leh/Basic camp of Amarnath Ji Yatra/River Camping sites.
22 Lolab Valley Kupwara
23 Gurez/Tilel Valley Kupwara

9
NEW DELHI
24 Tangdar Kupwara
25 Shikargah (Tral) Pulwama
26 Laherwan
27 Kullan Srinagar
28 Naranag Budgam
29 Wangat Srinagar
30 Kungwattan Pulwama
31 Khag Budgam
32 Drangyari Kupwara
Jammu Division
1 Udhampur Kathua Metalled road Jammu/Srinagar/H otels/D istrict H
eadqurter
2 Basohli Kathua Metalled road/Jammu/Dam/Dak Bunglowold fote.
3 Sukhraladevi Ji Kathua Metalled road/Jammu/H indu Shrine/Sarai
4 Ujj Barage Kathua Metalled road/Parks
5 Samba Kathua A station on Pathankot-Jammu National iHghway.
6 Mansar Kathua Metalled road/Jammu/Udha mpur/H ill resort/Lake/H
uts/Tourist Bunglow/
Sarai Boating
7 Surinsar Kathua Metalled road Jammu/Lake
8 Baba Jitto Udhampur
9 Nandini Udhampur Metalled road Jammu-Sgr. National iHghway.Tabas/
10 Jajjar kotli Udhampur Metalled road.Picnic spot on Jammu-Sgr NH W.
11 Chenani Udhampur Place on Jammu-Sgr NH W-Power station/old fort
12 Kud Udhampur Hill station on Jmu- Sgr NH W.Huts/Dak Bunglow/H otels
13 Batote Doda H
alting place on Jmu-Sg r NH W.Hotels/H
uts/Tourist Bunglow
14 Ramban Doda -' do
15 Banihal Doda -do-
16 Sanasar Udhampur Metalled road Patnitop/ Hill resort/H
uts/H
otels/Tourist Bunglow.
17 Patnitop Udhampur Metalled road/Jammu/Hill Station/H uts/H
otels/Tourist Bunglow
18 Sudhmahadev Udhampur Metalled road/Jammu/H ill station/H
indu temple

NEW DELHI
19 Mantalai Udhampur Metalled road/Hill stationBram charies assets.

20 Panchari Udhampur
21 Dera Baba Bandha Udhampur Metalled road/Jammu-Katra/Sikh shrine/park
22 Thanpol Udhampur
23 Baderwah Doda Metalled road/Batote/H ill station/H
uts/H
otels/River
24 Kishtwar Doda Metalled road/Batote/H ill station/H uts/H
otels/ River/Trekking place
25 Thana mandi Rajouri
26 Dera-ki-Gali Rajouri Metalled road/Jammu/H ill station/H
otels/
27 Sunderbani Rajouri
28 Surankot Poonch
29 Shahdra Sharief Rajouri Metalled road/Rajouri/H ill station/Muslim Shrine visited by all communities.
30 Budhal Kathua
31 Chingus Rajouri Metalled road/Jammu/Forte
32 Noorichamb Poonch
33 Bufflias Poonch
34 Dhaggar Poonch
Developed Areas of Kashmir Division and Jammu Division.

1 Pahalgam Anantnag Metalled road/Srinagar/H ill station/Rivers/Hut s/H otels/Dak Bunglow/
Camping sites/Golf Course/
2 Gulmarg Baramulla _do_
3 Srinagar proper Srinagar H
ill station/Lakes/ River/H
otels/Hute/Shrines/Monouments/Temples/
Gurdwaras/Churches/Golf course of international Standard
4 Jammu City Jammu City of temples/Shrines/Gurdwaras/H otels/Rail head of state/H
otels/
Golf course/Rivers
5 Katra proper Udhampur Metalled road/Jammu/Udhampur/Base station of veshnodeviji.H otels/
uHts/Tourist Bunglow

NEW DELHI
New areas for 20 years perspective plan

Jammu Region/Kashmir Region. Nearet Tourist Location
1 Baba Dhansar Udhampur Kud-Udhampur
2 Nav Durga Udhampur Kud-Udhampur
3 Jalaida Mata Udhampur Kud-Udhampur
4 Dera Baba Bandha Udhampur Katra
5 Panchari Udhampur Kud-Udhampur
6 Saroli Dhan
7 Tibba
8 Poonch Noda
9 Q illa Garh
10 Manwa Mata
11 Q illa Daut
12 Gop Suadi Bawli
13 Nanga Thub (Badal)
14 Sheber Mard.
15 Droodi Mard
16 Mathian
17 Marwah (Wadwan) Doda Kishtwar
18 Sarthal Doda Kishtwar
19 Devigol Doda Kishtwar
20 Kounserbal(Kulgam area
21 Kandhi pathri Budgam Srinagar
22 Nagwar. Srinagar
23 Bohasian Deji
24 Gouriwan
25 Chandossa
26 Sarolidhar
27 Pangan Devi
28 Jungal Gali
29 Mama De Dabbar Udhampur Udhampur
(also called Mini Gulmarg of Jammu)
30 Tikermarg
31 Kharimarg
32 Chesnimarg Rajouri & Rajouri
33 Jangwealimarg Poonch
34 Doodh Wali Marg
35 Lakes,aHnsar,Nandsar, Sourrounding Rajouri
Handoseer,Sekhseer & of these margs
Neelseer in Poonch &
Rajouri.
36 Sandous (Pahalgam area Anantnag Pahalgam
37 Sonawaro Baramulla

NEW DELHI
38 Nishat Baramulla Gulmarg

39 Basholi Kathua Lakhanpur
40 Bani Kathua Lakhanpur
41 Thein Dam Kathua Lakhanpur
42 Dharmahanpur Kathua Lakhanpur
43 Tarmin,village Marta Ramnagar Jammu
44 HapatGund Cave Pahalgam Pahalgam
45 Lal Draman Doda Doda
46 Dal Draman Doda Doda
47 Padri Bhaderwah Batote
48 Hanga Bhaderwah Batote
49 Kailash Bhaderwah Batote
50 Blessa Bhaderwah Batote
51 Du-Nadi Bhaderwah Batote
52 Kahara Bhaderwah Batote
53 Bhattas Bhaderwah Batote
54 Gandoh Bhaderwah Batote
55 Changa and Kilotran Bhaderwah Batote
56 Bunjwah Kishtwar Batote
57 Banoon Kishtwar Batote
58 Nagsen Kishtwar Batote
59 Duchan Kishtwar Batote
60 Wardwan Valley Kishtwar Batote
61 Mugal Maidan Kishtwar Batote
62 Bhandar Kot Kishtwar Batote
63 Sarthal Kishtwar Batote
64 Paddar Kishtwar Batote
65 Kuntwara Kishtwar Batote
6 Shiv Parwati Cave Panchari Udhampur
67 Kapran Anantnag Achabal-Verinag
68 Dhar Katra Katra
69 Bomagh Reasi Katra
70 Sundri Bala Kot Billawar Lakhanpur
71 Se-Gala Udhampur Udhampur
72 Bursw Udhampur Udhampur
73 Devak Udhampur Udhampur
74 Tatapani Gool Doda Batote
75 Sangal Dhan Doda Batote
76 Gool Doda Batote
77 Bangus Baramullah Gulmarg
78 Dragyari Baramullah Gulmarg
79 Panzigam Baramullah Gulmarg
80 Lolab Baramullah Gulmarg
NEW DELHI
81 Sogam Baramullah Gulmarg

82 Chandigam Baramullah Gulmarg
83 Daroosa Baramullah Gulmarg
84 Andurbug Baramullah Gulmarg
85 Devar Baramullah Gulmarg
86 Lalpora Baramullah Gulmarg
87 Dardpora Baramullah Gulmarg
88 Kursen Baramullah Gulmarg
89 Vavora Baramullah Gulmarg
90 Putshai Baramullah Gulmarg
91 Kurhamma Baramullah Gulmarg
92 Athwatoo Bandipora Gulmarg
93 Sundarwani Bandipora Gulmarg
94 Watlab Bandipora Gulmarg
95 Shira sar Bandipora Gulmarg
96 Khundasar Bandipora Gulmarg
97 Harmukh Bandipora Gulmarg
98 Dhamthangupha Bandipora Gulmarg

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER-XIX
SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ALREADY AVAILABLE
LIST OF DEPARTMENTS CONCERNED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM
S.No Name of department

1 Tourism department Government of J&k
2 Gardens, Parks & Floriculture Department Government of J&K
3 Lakes and Water Development Authority J&K

4 JKTDC
5 Power Development Department Government of J&K
6 Road & Bridges Department Government of J&K
7 Archaeological Department Government of J&K
8 Archaeological Survey of India
9 Department of Forest Government of J&K
10 Department of Wild life Government of J&K
11 Department of Fisheries Government of J&K
Chapter- XIX Services &Infr astructure Already Available 375

NEW DELHI
AVAILABLE PROMINENT TOURIST RESORTS
Jammu and Kashmir has various tourist resorts. The prominent ones are
a. Gulmarg
b. Pahalgam
c. Kokernag
d. Daksum
e. Achabal
f. Aharbal
g. Sonmarg
h. Yousmarg
i. Patnitop
j. Sanasar
k. Mansar
l. Surinsar
m. Kud
n. Sarthal
o. Bhadarwah &
Kishtwar
p. Loran
q. Leh (entire region )
r. Kargil (entire region )
s. Zanskar (entire region )

NEW DELHI
SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ALREADY AVAILABLE
NUMBER OF HOTELS IN KARGIL TOWN
S.NO Hotels No. of bed available No of accommodation
1 A’ Class Hotels 109 4

2 B’ Class Hotels 44 2
3 Economy Class 26 3
NUMBER OF REGISTERED HOTELS AT DRASS (KARGIL)

1 B’ Class 21 2
2 Economy Class 2 1
NUMBER OF REGISTERED HOTELS IN PADUM (ZANSKAR)
1 B’Class 6 1
NUMBER OF REGISTERED HOTELS IN LEH
1 A’Class 732 32
2 B’Class 281 20
3 C’Class 155 14
4 D’Class 72 7
NUMBER OF REGISTERED GUEST HOUSES IN LEH
S.NO Hotels No. of bed available No of

accommodation
1 Upper Class 218 14

2 Medium Class 153 12

NEW DELHI
JAMMU REGION
NUMBER OF HOTELS IN JAMMU
S.NO Hotels No of accommodation
1 A’Classs 6
2 B’Class 23
3 C’Class 102
HOTEL / LODGES BED CAPACITY
ABSTRACT CATAGORIWISE
ENDING DECEMBER. 1991
JAMMU
S.NO Category No. of facilities Bed capacity

1 A 3 211
2 B 15 713
3 C 29 940
4 Lodge 79 1495
5 TRC, Jammu 256
Total 3615
KATRA TOWN

1 A 3 267
2 B 1 60
3 C 1 66
4 Lodges/Guest Houses 39 5045
5 JKTDC 332
6 Shrine Board 604
Total 6374
AUDHKWARI

1 Shrine Board 760
Total 760

NEW DELHI
DARBAR VAISHNODEVIJI

1 Shrine Board 3700
Total 3700
JHAJJARKOTLI

1 JKTDC 10
Total 10
REASI CITY

1 PWD 16
2 Guest Houses / Hostels 218
Total 234
UDHAMPUR CITY

1 B 1 40
2 PWD 20
3 Lodges / Guest Houses 1442
Total 1502
KUD

1 JKTDC 96
2 Hotel / Lodges 46
Total 142
SUDHMAHADEV

1 JKTDC 44
Total 44
PATNITOP

1 B 1 44
2 C 1 28
3 JKTDC 80
4 Tourism Deptt. 08
5 Youth Hostel 40
Total 200

NEW DELHI
SANSAR

1 JKTDC 20
2 Tourism Deptt. 04
Total 24
BATOTE

1 C 1 29
2 JKTDC 60
3 Lodges 4 82
Total 171
RAMBAN

1 C 1 28
2 JKTDC 22
3 Lodges 4 79
Total 129
DODA CITY

1 C 1 26
2 Lodges 3 49
Total 75
BHABARWAH

1 C 3 86
2 Lodges 5 26
Total 112
KISHTWAR

1 Tourist Complex 100
2 Lodges 9 263
Total 363

NEW DELHI
POONCH

1 C 1 16
Total 16
MANSAR

2 JKTDC 24
Total 24
SURINSAR

1 JKTDC 10
Total 10
SUKHRALADEVI

2 JKTDC 80
Total 80
Source: Directorate of Tourism, Jammu.

NEW DELHI
ACCOMMODATION FACILITY IN KASHMIR REGION
S.N Units Srinagar Sonamarg Anantnag Aharbal Pahalgam Gulmarg Total

o.
No. Bed No. Bed No. Bed No. Bed No. Bed No. Bed No. of Bed
capacity capacit capa capaci capacity capacity Hotels capac
y city ty categori ity
es
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
HOTELS
1 5 Star 3 857 - - - - - - 1 156 - - 4 1013
2 3 Star 3* 605 - - - - - - 1 100 1 78 5 786
3 2 Star 9 1034 - - - - - - - - 1 26 10 1060
4 A Class 25 1853 1 26 1 39 - - 2 192 - - 29 2110
5 B Class 46 2370 - - - - - - 6 453 14 414 6 3239
6 C Class 57 2330 - - 1 24 1 25 22 3195 1 10 82 5585
7 D Class 12 463 - - - - - - 9 288 - - 21 751
8 E Class 15 413 - - - - - - 3 80 - - 18 493
9 Guest 96 2172 - - - - - - 16 250 - - 112 2422
H
ouses.
TOTAL 26
6 12102 1 26 2 36 1 25 60 4715 17 526 347 17459
HOUSE
BOATS.
1 Deluxe 324 1878
2 A Class 137 645
3 B Class 124 590
4 C Class 127 574
5 D Class 377 1680

NEW DELHI
TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTING IN J&K
TRAVEL AGENTS IN LEH Number of Travel Agents : 113
TRAVEL AGENTS IN KARGIL Number of Travel Agents : 5
NUMBER OF REGISTERED UNITS IN KASHMIR REGION
NAME OF THE UNIT SRINAGAR/ACHAB PAHALGAM GULMARG SONMARG TOTAL

AL/
S.NO
i) DEALERS / BOOT 116 15 68 199
HIRES,SHOP ETC
ii) JUNIORS SKIGUIDES 12 12
iii) RESTAURANTS / DH
ABA’S 98 16 47 38 199
iv) GUIDES 27 - 53 - 81
v) PH
OTOGRAPHERS/H
AWKERS 250 36 50 5 341
vi) - - -
vii) CAMPING AGENCIES - - - 10
viii) TAXI SHIKARAS (Srinagar / 186
5 - - 186
5
Manasbal )
ix) BATH ING BOATS 9 - - - 9
x) MOTOR BOATS 72 - - - 72
xi) COOLIES / POTERS 22 35 36 15 108
xii) DEALERS / BOAT IHRE SH
OPS - - - 450
TRAVEL AGENCIES / 185 7 - 192
EXCURSION AGENTS
xiii) PHOTOGRAPH ERS
xiv) PONIES 114 +133 =247 2000 935 1527 4709
(AH
ARBAL/YUSMARG)
xv) SLEDGEWALLAS 358 318 676
xvi) DANDIWALLAS 49 49

NEW DELHI
Name of the area where the tourist units were approved for construction of
Hotels, Huts, Tenting colony and expansion of existing units under
Incentive Rules, 1995.
S.No Name of the Area Construc Construction Expansion of Paying guest Total
tion of huts/tenting existing units Houses
of Hotels colony
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
KASHMIR
DIVISION
1 Lower Munda
Q
azigund 01 - - - 01
JAMMU DIVISION
1 Patnitop 03 ;- ;- - 03
2 Katra ;03 - - - 03
3 Kud 01 - - - 01
4 Bani - - 01 01 01
5 Kishtwar - - 01 - 01
6 Sukharaladevi Ji 01 - - - 01
08 01 02 01 10

NEW DELHI
Area wise number of units approved under incentive rules 1995 for creation of Tourist
accommodation/facilities.
S.N Paying guest Hotel Huts/tenting accommodation/ Expansion of existing
o Name of area house s resort unit Total
LADAKH
1 Stok 9 1 1 - 11
2 Sakara - - - 1 1
3 Shey 4 - - - 4
4 Zangtsi - 1 - - 1
5 Nubra Valley 16 1 1 - 18
6 Leh - 3 1 2 6
7 Lukung 1 - - - 1
8 Likir 1 - - - 1
9 Thiksay 6 - - - 6
10 Lamayuru 2 - - - 2
11 Choglamsar - 1 - - 1
12 Dah Hanoo area 1 - - - 1
13 Matho - - 1 - 1
14 Chanspa Leh - 1 - - 1
15 Upper Karzu - 1 - - 1
16Khalsi 1 - - - 1
17 Yuruthang Leh - - - 1 1
18 Horzay Leh - - - 1 1
19 Shenam Leh - - 1 - 1
20 Zanskar Kargil 5 - - - 5
21 Mulbeck Kargil. - - - - -
TOTAL 46 9 5 5 65

NEW DELHI
ROAD TRANSPORT
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORT FLEET
S.N Kinds of 31.3.71 31.3.75 31.3.80 31.3.85 31.3.90 31.3.91 31.3.94 31.3.95 31.3.96 31.3.97 31.3.98 31.3.99 31.3.00
o Vehicle
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Buses/Mi 813 1505 2410 5047 8245 9044 10403 10904 11769 12623 13588 14444 15583
ni buses
2 Taxies 489 1221 2129 2779 4447 4458 4486 4494 4527 4586 4633 5701 6623
3 Private 1828 3276 4411 7641 14570 15801 20256 21940 24050 27377 30914 36067 43030
Cars/St.
Wagons
Total 3130 6002 8950 15467 27262 29303 35145 37338 18746 44586 22135 56212 65236
Excluding figures in respect of Leh Source : Director General Transport ,

J&K and Kargil for the year 1999-00
WATER TRANSPORT
EXISTING WATER TRANSPORT

mode of transport No. of transport
H
ouseboat 870
Passenger boats 1000
Luggage boats 550
Fishing boats 265
Passenger dongas 150
Taxi shikaras 1700

NEW DELHI
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Category wise road length maintained by state PWD excluding

National Highway as on 31.3.2000 (Provisional)
S.NO District Road length (kms)

Black Metalled Shingled Fair Jeepable Total
topped Weather
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Anantang 596 249 378 41 64 1328
2 Pulwama 455 378 42 3 - 878
3 Srinagar 1002 316 68 19 20 1425
4 Budgam 436 296 377 13 - 1122
5 Baramulla 576 568 303 89 17 1553
6 Kupwara 258 315 137 91 21 822
7 Leh 183 42 191 709 39 1164
8 Kargil 120 192 88 240 36 676
9 Jammu 1507 32 53 127 10 1729
10 Udhampur 373 95 62 189 - 719
11 Doda 162 190 40 217 4 613
12 Kathua 545 61 64 110 2 782
13 Rajouri 164 47 137 163 - 511
14 Poonch 104 7 51 53 2 217
State 6481 2788 1991 2064 215 13539
Source : Public Works Department
EXISTING AIRPORTS IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
Existing Airport
Srinagar
Jammu
Leh

NEW DELHI
Surfaced and Un-Surfaced length of roads maintained by various Departments

(Road length in District(Kms.) Table-(i)
Department Reference Anantnag Pulwama Srinagar Budgam Baramulla Kupwara Leh Kargil Total KMR
Year .Province
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. Forest Department:
a) Surfaced March 4 - 11 - 3 4 - - 19
2000
b)Un-Surfaced 507 243 237 172 1019 473 - - 2651
Total 511 243 248 172 1022 474 - - 2670
. 2. Irrigation and f flood
control :
a) Surfaced March 29 20 22 17 45 Neg - - 133
2000
b) Un-Surfaced 14 56 43 20 131 25 - - 289
Total 43 76 65 37 176 25 - - 422
3. Border Roads
Organization :
a) Surfaced March 19 76 98 - 314 189 NA NA 696
2000
b) Un-surfaced 76 - 36 - 130 46 NA NA 288
Total 95 76 134 - 444 235 NA NA 984
4. C.D. & N. E. S. Dept.
a) Surfaced March 395 377 58 211 367 225 - - 1633
2000
b) Un-surfaced 157 43 188 133 211 110 - - 842
Total 552 420 246 344 578 335 - - 2475

NEW DELHI
Surfaced and Un-Surfaced length of roads maintained by various Departments

(Road length in District(Kms.) Table-(ii)
Department Reference Year Jammu Udhampur Kathua Doda Rajouri Poonch Total Total State
Jammu
1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1. Forest Department:
a) Surfaced March 2000 6 36 1 2 1 - 46 65
b)Un-Surfaced 232 1762 1117 3510 325 133 7079 9730
Total 238 1798 1118 3512 326 133 7125 9795
. 2. Irrigation and f flood
control :
a) Surfaced March 2000 3 - 3 - 1 - 7 140
b) Un-Surfaced 197 - 49 - 27 - 273 563
Total 200 - 52 - 28 - 280 702
3. Border Roads Organization
:
a) Surfaced March 2000 420 332 277 283 613 333 2258 2954
b) Un-surfaced 13 143 12 193 81 31 473 761
Total 433 475 289 476 694 364 2731 3715
4. C.D. & N. E. S. Dept.
a) Surfaced March 2000 42 38 39 - 2 5 126 1759
b) Un-surfaced 328 170 337 1557 408 192 2992 3834
Total 370 208 376 1557 410 197 3118 5593
P : Provisional Source :- Concerned Departments
Neg : Negligible
NA : Not Available

NEW DELHI
POWER SECTOR
POWER AVAILABILITY POTENTIAL AND FUTRE PLAN
WINTER AVAILABILITY AND DEMAND OF POWER

Year Winter availability (MW) Demands
2002-2003 726.70 1525
2003-2004 862.70 1615
2004-2005 1023.70 1706
2005-2006 1133.70 1815
2006-2007 1133.70 1925
STATEMENT OF ENERGY AND POWER DEMANDS VERSUS SUPPLY POSITION IN J&K STATE
S.NO. YEAR PEAK POWER/ENERGY SUPPLY POSITION (E)
REQUIREMENT
ENERGY POWER ENERGY POWER
MUS MWS MUS MWS
1 2001-2002 6796 1437 5132 920
2 2006-2007 9099 1923 6663 1493
3 2011-2012 12125 2563 10433 2000
4 2016-2017 16081 3399 16081 2530
HYDEL POTENTIAL IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE

S.NO. BASIN POTENTIAL
1 JHELUM 3576.55
2 CHENAB 10375.00
3 INDUS 2066.81
4 RAVI 225.00
TOTAL 16243.36

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER-XX
EXISTING ATTRIBUTES OF JAMMU & KASHMIR

NATURAL RESOURCES: NATIONAL PARKS /SANCTUARIES/ BIOSPHERE RESERVE
NATIONAL PARKS/ SANCTUARIES/ ATTRACTIONS

BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Dahingam National Park Flora: There are ov er fifty species of trees, twenty of
shrubs and five hundred species of herbs.
Fauna: There are twenty mammal species, which

include hangul, H
imalaya n brown bear, iHmalayan
black bear,langur,H
imalayan marmot,leopard etc.
Avifauna:There are over 150 species of birds.

Kishtwar H
igh Altitude National Park Flora: The area is characterized by marked variations
in topography, climate and altitude, as result of which
different types of forest vegetation occur. The major
herbs include Primula spp., Brachypodium spp.,
Anemone spp., Dipsacus mitis, Artemisia vulgaris,
etc.
Fauna: There are over fifteen mammal species: the

principal species being, hangul, musk deer markhor,
goral, H
imalayan black bear , iHmalayan brown bear,
langur,leopard,etc.
Avifauna: Fifty species of birds exist here and the

main species are the iHmalayan Jungle crow, griffon
vulture, bearded vulture, golden eagle, monal, koklas,
golden oriole, paradise fl ycatcher, white cheeked
bulbul,Indian mynah,etc.
H
emis H
igh Altitude National Park Flora: The area is barren and rocky and covered only
sparsely. The natural, woody vegetation includes
Lonicera spp., Rosa webbiana, Caragana pygmaea,
Myricaria germanica, Ephedera gerardiana (when the
herbaceous ground cover is in assemblage),
Taraxacum officinale, H eracleum pinnatum, Stipa
barbata, uritica spp., Artemisia spp., Rheum
spiciforme,Polygonum sibiricum,etc.
Fauna: The Park is endowed with over ten mammal
species most of which are rare and endangered. The
major species are shapu, bharal, Ovis ammon (the
great Tibetan sheep) ibex, Himalayan marmot, snow
leopard,etc.
Avifauna:This area has a rich and varied bird life;the

principal species being chukar,H
imalayan snow cock,
magpie,Himalayan whistl ing thrush,red-billed
chough,yellow-billed chough,etc.
Chapter- XX Existing Attributes of J&K 391
NEW DELHI

BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Surinsar Mansar (Patwar)Wildlife Sanctuary : Fl ora : The mixed scrub forest comprises mainly
of broad-leaved species which are mixed with
stands of Pinus gerardiana. The common broad-
leaved species are Acacia spp. Mallotus
phillipensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Ficus bengalensis,
Ficus religiosa,Bauhinia variegata,etc.
Fauna : The area supports a rich population of

wild mammals which number upto eight species;
the main species being goral, wild boar, barking
deer,leopard,etc.
Avifauna : The area is refuge to a multitude of

birds including the black partridge, red jungle
fowl, peafowl, grey partri dge, green pigeon, blue
rock pigeon,rufous turtle dove,etc.
Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary Flora :Thou gh dominated by bamboo plantations,
the other broad-leaved associates here are Acacia
catechu. Dalbergia sissoo, Lannea grandis, etc.
The main shrubs are Lantana camara, Carisa
spinarum,Dodonea viscose,etc.
Fauna: The area still houses an appreciable

number of animal life, the most prolific being
cheetal, barking deer, wild boar, rhesus monkey,
etc.
Avifauna : The area harbours a rich variety of

pheasants apart from the other migratory and
resident birds. The principal species are peafowl,
red jungle fowl, jungle bust quail, green pigeon,
blue rock pigeon,etc,
Overa-Aru Biosphere Reserve : Flora : The area holds a ri ch cover of vegetation,
the dominant forest consisting of conifers which
account for over 90%.
Fauna : Nature has gifted this Biosphere Reserve

with multiple species of rare, endangered and
protected species. The main species are hangul,
musk deer, serow, brown bear, leopard, rhesus
macaque, grey langur, H
imalayan mouse hare,
etc.
Avifauna :The area houses a good population of

pheasants and upland birds apart from other
species,both resident and migratory.

NEW DELHI

BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Ramnagar Wildlife Sanctuary Flora:The area is covered with dense mixed scrub
forest with Accacia modesta as the predominant
species. A.arabica, A.catachu, Aegle marmelos,
Accacia fistuala include some other floral species
of the area.
Fauna : The key mammal species of Ramnagar

sanctuary include wildboar, Chinkara, Barking
deer, Neelgai, Jackal; Jungle Cat and Rehesus
monkey in addition to leopards, cheetals, in deer
park.Ducks ,peafowl
Avifauna :The Sanctuary support a variety of bird

species. They include Kalij pheasant, Red jungle
fowl, Peafowl, Bee-eaters, Bulbuts, Golden oriole
and sunbirds.
Nandi Wildlife Sanctuary Flora : The floristic composition of the sanctuary
is uqite rich &divers e. The forests slong the
upper reaches comprise of blue pine. The lower
hills are covered with broad leaved species
including Acacia catachu, Acacia modesta,
Delbergia sisoo, Bombex ceiba, Aegle marmelos
etc. The under story comprises of Cassia fistula,
Bauhemia species with grasses and herbs as
ground layer.
Fauna :Eight mammal species have been reported

from the area. They include leopard, Wildboar,
barking deer, goral rhesus monkey. Gray laugure
and porcupine.
Avifauna : The avifauna of the area is very rich.

Peafowl, Red jungle fowl, Chukor, are few to
name.
Gulmarg Biosphere Reserve: Flora : The area’s vegetation constitutes more
than 90%conifers.
Fauna : H
imalayan musk deer, apart from other
rare and protected species like the leopard, brown
bear,black bear,red fox,etc.
Avifauna ; Pheasants and upland birds apart from

other migratory and resident birds. The principal
species being koklas, monal, Himalayan snow
cock, bearded vulture, griffon vulture, chukar,
Kashmir roller, European hoopoe, golden oriole,
etc.

NEW DELHI
LAKES
Lake of Jammu and Kashmir Location

Dal Lake Srinagar
Nagin Lake Srinagar
Wular Lake Srinagar
Anchar Lake Srinagar
Manasbal Lake Srinagar
Alpather Lake Gulmarg
Vishansar Lake Sonmarg
Kishansar Lake Sonmarg
Gadsar Lake Sonmarg
Satsar Lake Sonmarg
Gangabal Lake Sonmarg
Tarsar Lake Pahalgam
Tulian Lake Pahalgam
Sheshnag Lake Pahalgam
Surinsar Lake Jammu
Mansar Lake Jammu
Pangong-Tso, Leh
The Tso-moriri Lake Leh
Startsapuk- Tso (Fresh water)Lake Leh
Tso-Kar(Salt water)Lake Leh
GLACIERS
Thajiwas Glacier Sonmarg
Kolahol Glacier Pahalgam
Drang-Drung Glacier Leh
Shafat Glacier Leh
Spangmik Glacier Leh
Parkachik Glacier Leh
TROUT FISHES
Rivers / Ponds for Trout Fishes Region
Badora nala or river. Jammu Region
Budhal nala Rajorie Jammu Region
Jai river Badrwa/Doda Jammu Region
Bani,Kathua, Jammu Region
Ans river Rajorie or punch Jammu Region
Baflez nala punch Jammu Region
Loran in punch. Jammu Region
Arizal in Badgam Kashmir Region
Birwa pond Kashmir Region
River tral area in Anant nag Kashmir Region
Shopion area in phulwama Kashmir Region
Uri sector Kashmir Region
Machal area Kashmir Region
Lidder River Kashmir Region
Bringhi Kashmir

NEW DELHI
ADVENTURE SPORTS: JAMMU & KASHMIR

Trekking:
A range of trekking options is available in the Jammu area. Ask
for a free copy of our trekking brochure for a detailed description
of the many short and long treks you can take. Summer is the
season when all the routes are open but some trekking routes are
open in winter. There are excellent camping sites in the wilderness where you can camp
when you are trekking for 2-3 days. The Sudarani-Jungal Gali- Jasar Kote-Sanasar route
in the jungal gali area lets you choose from any of the three exciting treks.
Facilities Available:
The Tourism Department has Trekking Equipment iHre Shops at Jammu, Kud and
Rajouri. These stock local and imported trekking gear. Trekking parties and trekkers
can hire the equipment at fixed rates.
Equipment available: are as under: Tents (Indian and Imported);4-man tent (Indian);
2-man tent (Imported); Sleeping Bags (Im ported); Carry mat (Indian &Imported);
Jackets (Indian &Imported); Windcheaters I(ndian); Rucksack (Indian &Imported);
Trekking Boots (Indian &Imported). The equi pment is issued against a cash security
deposit equivalent to the cost or on a guarantee letter from any Officer
of the rank of Deputy Director, Tourism/Deputy Secretary of State
Government or Central Govt. If you are a foreign tourist,your passport
will be held as security deposit against equipment taken on hire. Some
Travel Agencies in the city can also organise trekking on different
routes in Jammu. Ask for details in the Tourist Office in the TRC.
Skiing:
At Patnitop, ski courses are conducte d in the months of January and
February. During the winter months, there are introductory courses for tourists. The

NEW DELHI
gently graded ski slopes of Patnitop are ideal for beginners. Madha Top (5-6kms. from
Patnitop on the Sanasar Road)has excellent pos sibilities for all levels of skiing. After
the newly planned ski-lift becomes operational, Madha Top will offe r a range of skiing
options for both professional skiers biggners.
Facilities Available:
For tourists taking the J&

K TDC package tour, 40 sets of ski equipment are available at
Patnitop and Sanasar. Also available are wooden sledges locally. For beginners and for
people who want to brush up their skills, th e J&

K Tourism Department Ski Instructors
are at your service. Accommodation for skiers is available in huts of J&

K TDC at
Patnitop, Kud and Sanasar. There are also se veral private hotels at Patnitop and Kud.
Restaurants and D
' habas' (roadside eate ries)serve tourists round-the-year.
Aero-Sports:
J&
K Tourism has introduced Equipment can be hired from the Tourist Office in Jammu
city. May-June and September-October are suitable months for paragliding at Sanasar.
19 kms from Patnitop with a good approachable road and transport links. You can reach
Sanasar from Jammu via Kud and Patnitop by bus or taxi.
Accommodation is available in J&K TDC huts for aero-sport enthusiasts. Shortly, other aero-
sports like Parasailing and Hot-Air Ballooning will also become operational in the area.

NEW DELHI
Heritage and other Socio-Cultural Assets
FAIRS AND FESTIVALS IN LADAKH REGION
The religious philosophy of Buddhism is profound and subtle. Many of the annual festivals of the
Gompas take place in winter, a relati vely idle time for the majority of the people. They take the form
of dance-dramas in the Gompa courtyards. Lamas, robed in colorful garments and wearing often
startlingly frightful masks, perform mimes represen ting various aspects of the religion such as the
progress of the individual soul and its purification or the triumph of good over evil.
The biggest and most famous of the monastic festivals, frequented by to urists and locals alike,
is that of eHmis, which falls in late June or the fi rst half of July,and is de dicated to Padma-sambhava.
Other monasteries which have summer festivals are Lamayuru (also early July),Phiyang l(ate July or
early August),Tak-Thok (about ten da ys after Phiyang)and Karsh in Za nskar 1( 1 days after Phiyang).
Spituk, Stok Thikse, Chemrey and Matho all have their festivals in winter, between November
and March. Likir and Deskit (Nubra)time their festivals to coincide with Dosmoche,the festival of the
scapegoat, which is also celebrated with fervor at Leh. Falling in the second half of February,
Dosmoche is one of two New Year festivals, th e other being Losar. At Dosmoche, a great wooden
mast decorated with streamers and religious emblems is set up outside Leh.
FAIRS AND FESTIVAL IN JAMMU REGION
NAME OF FESTIVALS
Lohri
Baisakhi
Bahu Mela
Chaitre Chaudash
Purmandal Mela
Jhiri Mela
Mansar Food and Craft Mela

NEW DELHI
TEMPLES AND SHRINES IN JAMMU REGION
Vaishnodevi Shrine
Raghunath temple
Bawey Wali Mata temple
Natraj temple
Nau Gaza Peer Dargah
Sudh Mahadev
Gauri Kund
Dera Baba Banda
Baba Dhansar
Ranbireshwar Temple
Peer Khoh
Garrison Church
St. Paul’s Church
St. Peter’s Church
Jamia Masjid
Ibrahim Masjid
Sundar Singh Gurudwara
Tali Sahib Gurudwara
Maharani Chand Kaur Gurudwara
TEMPLES, MOSQUES AND SHRINES IN KASHMIR
H
azratbal Shrine
Shankaracharya temple
Amarnath Cave
Shrines of Baba Shukardin
Pather Masjid
Chaare-e-Sharif
Mattan
Kheer Bhawani
St. Josephs Church
H
ari Parbat Complex
Shah H andan Mosque
Jamia Masjid
Baba Reshi
Maxtaud Temple
Mattan

NEW DELHI
MONESTARIES AND GOMPAS

IN LADAKH REGION
Spituk Gompa
Stok Gompa
Phyang Gompa
Alchi Gompa
Likir Gompa
Samkar Gompa
Shey Monastery
Stakhna Monastery
Basgo
Lamayuru Monastery
Mulbekh
Tak-Thok
Thikse Monastery
Chemrey
Matho
MUGHAL GARDENS IN KASHMIR
Name of Gardens and Parks Name of Place

Mughal Garden Shalamar Sri nagar
Mughal garden Nishat Sri nagar
Mughal Garden Chasmashahi Sri nagar
Mughal garden Parimahal Sri nagar
Mughal Garden Achabal Anantnag
Mughal Garden Verinag Anantnag
Dara Shikoh Mughal Garden Anantnag
Mughal Garden Jarogabal Baramula (p)
BOTANIC GARDENS/ PARKS IN KASHMIR

Botanic Garden Kokernag
Manasbal Park Baramula
H
ospital Park Baramula (Tangmarg)
Langate Park Kupwara
Dreygam Park Budgam
Pahalgam project Anantnag
Akar Park Anant nag
Dilnag Park(Tral) Pulwama
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanic Gardens Srinagar
Chasmashahi
VIP Guest house park,Dachigam Srinagar
Green Park,aHrwan Srinagar
Lake bank Park ,Nishat Srinagar
Lake view Park,Gagribal Srinagar
H
azratbal park Srinagar
NEW DELHI
Rupa lank and Sona lank islands Parks Srinagar

Emporium Garden Srinagar
Pologround Park Srinagar
New Kashmir Park Srinagar
Secretariat lawns Srinagar
Exhibition Grounds Srinagar
Sonawar Parks Srinagar
Iqbal Park Srinagar
Children Park Srinagar
Jawaharnagar Park Srinagar
New Airport Park Srinagar
Buchopora Park Srinagar
Soura Park Srinagar
VIP residential gardens Srinagar
PARKS &GARDENS IN JAMMU
Name of gardens and park Name of place

Green Belt Parks Jammu
H
ousing Colony Parks Gandhi Nagar
B.C.Park Jammu
Stadium Recreational Complex Jammu
Rajinder/ Sheerwani Park Jammu
Durbargah Park Jammu
Old Secretariat lawns Jammu
Guest /Circuit oHuses Jammu
New Secretariat,Assembly, Jammu
Council,Mini Secetariat and MLA
H
ostel Lawns
VIP residential gardens Jammu
Recreational Park Ramnagar Jammu
Rakh,National Park,Ramnagar
Recreational Complex Jajjarkotli
Fountain Garden Poonch
DAL LAKE
LAND USE IN THE CATCHMENT AREA
1985
Area k[ m2] ]%
[
Natural landscape
- Woody vegetation 103.00 37.4
- Scrub 36.26 13.2
Agricultural land
- Crop field 6.52 24.2
- Pasture land 31.25 11.4
Residential area 31.89 11.6
Horticulture 6.28 2.3
Total 275.20 100
NEW DELHI
LIST OF OTHER TOURIST PLACES
Kashmir
1 Cheshmashahi Srinagar
2 Pari Mahal Srinagar
3 Nishat Srinagar
4 Shalimar Srinagar
5 H
arwan Srinagar
6 H
ari Parbat Srinagar
7 Awantipora Ruines Anantnag
8 Martand Anantnag
9 Achabal Anantnag
10 Verinag Anantnag
11 Parihaspora Baramulla
12 Karsha Kargil
13 Mulbeck Kargil
14 Thicksay Leh
15 Shey Shahi Hamdan Masque Leh
16 eHmis Leh
17 Phyang Leh
18 Alchi Leh
19 Lamayuru Leh
Jammu
1 Akhnoor Fort Jammu
2 Ancient Fort Ramnagar
3 Old palace Ramnagar
4 Nawab Mahal Ramnagar
5 Shesh Mahal Ramnagar
6 aHri Palace Jammu
7 Mubarik Mandi Jammu

NEW DELHI
CHAPTER-XXI
INVESTMENT PLANS OF STATE GOVERNMENT
Status of existing developing/investment plans of schemes for the development of tourism in the
region.
S.No. Scheme Capital in lakhs Total
Upgr. Or TRC SGr. 75.00 75.00
Dev. of TSm Boulevard around lake 0.00 0.00
Dev. of peripheral Circuit in Kashmir Valley. 100.00 100.00
Winter Sport Gulmarg. 75.00 75.00
Golf Course Gulmarg. 100.00 100.00
Electrification Gulmarg. 200.00 200.00
Water Supply Gulmarg. 100.00 100.00
Int/Ext Roads-Drainage Gulmarg. 550.00 550.00
Infra. Dev. Gulmarg. 125.00 125.00
Pilgrim Tourism Gulmarg. 35.00 35.00
Internal/Ext/roads /Drainage Pgm. 550.00 550.00
Infra. Development Pahalgam. 240.00 240.00
Electrification Pahalgam. 95.00 95.00
Pilgrim Tourism Pahalgam 175.00 175.00

Intg. Dev. Of Kokey/Verg/ Daksum/Achabal. 35.00 35.00
Intg. Dev. Of Kupwara/ Laolab/Bungus. 15.00 15.00
Infra Facilities Jammu. 135.00 135.00
Pilgrim Tourism Jammu. 550.00 550.00
Integ. Dev of Surinsar Tourist Resort. 100.00 100.00
Infra Fac. At Udh. Incl Panch. Dudu. B.Garh. 100.00 100.00
Integrated Dev. Of Dera Baba Bandha. 85.00 85.00
Infra. Faci. At Shiv Khori. 50.00 50.00
Development of Tourism in Mansar. 500.00 500.00
Integ. Dev. of Tourism in Poonch. 30.00 30.00
Integ. Dev. of Tourism in Rajouri. 30.00 30.00
Integ. Dev. of Patnitop Tourist Resort. 325.00 325.00
Integ. Dev. of Sanasar Tourist Resort. 190.00 190.00
Integ. Dev. of Tourism in Kishtwar. 20.00 20.00
Integ. Dev. of Tourism in Billawar. 15.00 15.00
Dev. of Leh Manali Circuit inc. Leh. 500.00 500.00
Dev. of Addl. Facil at Kargil/Suru/Zanaskar 500.00 500.00
Grant in Aid to JIM 15.00 15.00
Water Supply Pahalgam. 110.00 110.00
Dev. of Yusmarg. 30.00 30.00
Dev. of Manasbal. 30.00 30.00
Dev. of Sonamarg. 250.00 250.00
Integ. Dev. of Tourism at Bani and Basoli 100.00 100.00
Over all released by Adm. Department. 0.00 0.00
Loan/Relief package revival Tourism Kmr. 2500.00 2500.00
Winter National Games. 100.00 100.00
Reconst. Of Ziarat Faiz Tral 200.00 200.00
Royal Spring Golf Course 0.00 0.00
Integ. Dev. of Manitlia 100.00 10.00
Chapter- XXI Investment Plans of State Government 402

NEW DELHI
PROJECT / SCHEMES SANCTIONED TO THE STATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR
FOR THE YEAR 1999-2000
S. No. Name of the Project / Scheme Amount Amount Status / Likely
Sanctioned Released date of
In lakhs completion
1. Renovation / Upgradation of Tourist Complex at Sonamarg 20.00 6.00 UC awaited
2. Renovation / Upgradation of Tourist Complex at Gulmarg 30.00 9.00 UC awaited
3. Development of Charchinari Island and Construction of Cafeteria in Dal Lake, Srinagar 12.00 3.60 UC awaited
4. Construction of water Pump at Katra (Jammu) 7.00 2.10 UC awaited
5. Construction of Additional Accommodation at TRC, Srinagar 25.00 7.50 UC awaited
6. Renovation of Accommodation at Tourist Bungalow at Verinag 25.00 7.50 UC awaited
7. Renovation of Dormitory Accommodation at Sonamarg (Thajwas) 20.00 6.00 UC awaited
8. Renovation of Hostel Building at TRC, Srinagar 15.00 4.50 UC awaited
9. Reconstruction of Cafeteria at Nehru Park, Dal Lake, Srinagar 15.00 4.50 UC awaited
10. Renovation of Tourist Reception Centre at Katra 10.00 3.00 UC awaited
11. Integrated Development of Tourist Facilities at Sonamarg 49.95 15.00 UC awaited
12. Tourist Reception Centre at Shivkhori 25.00 7.50 UC awaited
13. Refurbishment of Sahasthaling Gompa at Nobra, Ladakh 15.00 0.45 UC awaited
14. Repairs and Renovation of 12 Rooms in “D” Block of Tourist Reception Centre, Jammu 15.70 4.50 UC awaited
15. Winter Sports Equipment for Four Places 11.78 11.78 UC awaited
16. Information Technology 38.15 2.00 UC awaited

Total 334.58 94.93
Chapter- XXI Investment Plans of State Government 403

NEW DELHI
ANNEXURE - I
GRAPHS
Tourists in Valley
1.
Distribution of Tourists Sex wise Distribution of Tourists Nationality wise
15%
29%
Male
Female
71% Indian
85%
Foreigners
Distribution of Tourists age wise Distribution of Tourists occupation wise

2%
12%
25% 2%
>15 Years upto 13%
30 years Service
Business
>30 Years upto 39%
45 years Self Employed
15%
Housewife
>45 Years upto
60 years Student
>60 Years 10% Any other
61% 21%
2.
Mode of Transport adopted by Foreigners up to Srinagar
43%
57%
Air
Bus
Annexure –I Graphs 404

NEW DELHI
3.
Mode of Transport adopted by Indians upto Srinagar
29%
48%
Air
Bus
18% Taxi
5% Any Other
4.
Purpose of visit of tourist >15-30 in %
25 21.15
20
15.38 15.38
15 13.46
10 7.69
5.77 5.77 5.77
5 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92
0
Local Culture
Shopping
Monuments
Handicrafts
Any Other
Pilgrimage &
Scenic Beauty
& Tradition
Historical
Religious
5.
Purpose of visit of tourists >30 years up to 45 years in%
30 24.73
25 21.51
18.28
20
15 10.75 Series1
9.68
10
3.23 3.23 4.30
5 2.15 2.15
0
ng
g
us
ty
ts
fts
ic
ts
rts
fe
n
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en
au
en
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ra
i
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pp
W
Sp
Pi
ig
ek
Be
m
um
ic
o
el
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&
Tr
Sh
er
an
on
R
ic
ui
ry
at
en
H
&
eq
ua
W
Sc
e
al
R
ct
ag
ic
n
ss
rim
r
Sa
to
ne
is
lg
st
si
H
Pi
re
Bu
Fo

NEW DELHI
6.
Purpose of visit for tourists >45 Years in %
20.00 17.85
18.00
16.00 14.28
14.00 10.71
12.00
10.00 7.14 7.14 7.14 7.14 7.14
8.00
6.00 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57
4.00
2.00
0.00
on
es
us
ty
ts
fts
s
um
g
ic
ts
fe
al
in
in
cn
au
en
en
.li
iv
io
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iv
pp
sh
se
W
at
Pi
ad
ig
Be
um
m
ic
st
Fi
o
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el
el
re
Fe
&
Tr
Sh
M
an
on
R
/R
ic
ui
y
ou
en
&
d
ar
H
&
eq
an
Tr
s
re
tu
Sc
e
nd
al
R
ag
tu
nc
irs
ric
ie
ul
rim
es
Sa
Fa
Fr
to
lC
n
is
lg
g
st
si
ca
tin
Pi
re
Bu
Lo
ee
Fo
M
7.
No. of Visits by Tourists in Kashmir
100 82.35
% of tourist
50
13.73
3.92
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of visit
Kashmir
8.
Duration of stay in J&K for age group >15 Years - 30
Years
% of tourists
40
30
20
10
0
Below 3 3 to 7 days 8 to 12 days 18 to 22 23 to 29 30 days and
days days days above
Duration of Stay
9.

NEW DELHI
Duration of stay for >30 Years Upto 45 Years
3%
19%
Below 3 days
3 to 7 days
8 to 12 days
78%
10.
Duration of stay for >45 Years
14%
3 to 7 days
14%
18 to 22 days
58%
23 to 29 days
14%
30 days and
above
11.
Likely revisit by tourists
8%
Like to re-visit
92% Not like to re-

visit
12.
Persons accompanying tourist >15 Years Upto 30 Years in

the tour
8%
Alone
Along with 1Person
38% 54%
Along with 2 Persons

NEW DELHI
Persons accompanying tourist >30 Years Upto 45 Years

in the tour
3%
16%
16%
Alone
Along with 1Person
12% Along with 2 Persons
More than 4
53%
13.
14.
Persons accompanying tourist >45 Years
14.28
Alone
14.28 42.85 Along with 2 Persons
28.57
15.
PURPOSE OF VISIT OF TOURIST
25 22.54
20 17.34 16.76
% of tourists
15
11.56
10
6.94
4.05 3.47 4.05
5 2.89 2.31 2.89
1.16 1.16 1.16 0.58 1.16
0
Requirements
Relatives
Trout Fishing
Trekking
Museum
Sanctuary &
Pilgrimage &
Picnic
Friends /
Meeting
Religious
Business
Forest
W.life
Type of attraction

NEW DELHI
16.
Spending per day by tourist >15 Years Upto 30 Years
15%
15% Up to Rs. 500

>500 to Rs. 1000
>1000 to Rs. 1500
70%
17.
Spending per day >30 Years

6%
9%
31%
Up to Rs. 500
>500 to Rs. 1000
16%
>1000 to Rs. 1500
>1500 to Rs. 2000
>2000 to Rs. 2500
38%
18.
Spending per day >45Years

14%
29%
Up to Rs. 500
>500 to Rs. 1000
>1500 to Rs. 2000
57%

NEW DELHI
19.
Spending by male tourists

3%
11%
11% 40%
Up to Rs. 500
>500 to Rs. 1000
>1000 to Rs. 1500
>1500 to Rs. 2000
35% >2000 to Rs. 2500
20.
Spending by fem ale tourists
7%
7%
33%
20% Up to Rs. 500

>500 to Rs. 1000
>1000 to Rs. 1500
>1500 to Rs. 2000
33% >2000 to Rs. 2500
21.
Taxi Services
4%
2%
0% 16%
Very good
Good
24%
Average
Poor
Very Poor
Can't say
54%

NEW DELHI
22.
Bus Services
3% 3%
10%
3%
Very good
Good
25% Average
Poor
Very Poor
Can't say
56%
23.
Hotels
0% 3%
17%
10% Very good
Good
Average
Poor
30%
Very Poor
Can't say
40%
24.
Restaurants
0%
16% 16%
Very good
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
Can't say
68%
25.
Tourist Guides
13% 10%
Very good
8% 13% Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
23%
Can't say
33%

NEW DELHI
26.
Wayside Amenities
10% 0% 15% Very good

4% Good
Average
25% Poor
Very Poor
46% Can't say
27.
2% 2% 2% Roads
8%
Very good
Good
Average
48% Poor
Very Poor
38%
Can't say
28.
Parking Facilities
0% 10%
20%
Very good
Good
5% Average
Poor
Very Poor
20% 45%
Can't say
29.
STD/ISD Facilities
8% 15%
Very good
8% Good
0% Average
Poor
46%
23% Very Poor
Can't say

NEW DELHI
LADAKH REGION:
Distribution of Tourists Sex Wise in % DIstribution of Tourists Nationality wise in

%
18%
Indian
49%
51% Nos. Foreigners
%age
82%
Distribution of Tourists age wise Nos. Distribution of Tourists age wise Nos.
%age %age
37 50
36.5 49.5
49
36 48.5
35.5 48
47.5
35 47
34.5 46.5
46
34 45.5
>15 Years upto 30 years >30 Years upto 45 years
Distribution of Tourists age wise

Distribution of Tourists age wise
Age Group
10 >60 Years
4.5
8 4
Age Group 3.5
6 3
2.5
4 >45 Years upto 2
60 years 1.5
2 1
0.5
0 0
1 2 3 1 2 3

NEW DELHI
Distribution of tourists occupation wise in % Purpose of visit of tourist >15-30
0% 18
14% 16
24% Occupations 14
12
Service 10 >15 yrs-30
8
6
Business 4
18% 2
Self Employed 0
Shopping
Meeting
Local Culture &
Historical
Pilgrimage &
Scenic Beauty
Business
Water Sport
Housewife
0% Student
Any other
26%
18%
Purpose of visit of tourist >30 Years -45 Years Purpose of visit of tourist of >45 Years - 60
Years
25
19.32 30
20 24.24
13.64 25
15
>30-45 20
10 7.39 8.52
8.52
7.95 7.95
6.82 6.25 6.82 15 12.12 12.12 >45-60
2.84 9.099.09 9.09
5 1.14 0.57 1.14 10 6.06 6.06 6.066.06
0.57 0.57
0 5
Meeting
Shopping
Local Culture &
Historical
Pilgrimage &
Scenic Beauty
Business
Water Sport
Monuments
Culture &
& Religious
Trekking
Handicrafts
Pilgrimage
Historical
Local
Purpose of visit of tourists > 45 Years - 60 Tourist first or revisit for the region
Years response
18.75 18.75
20 90.00 76.40
18 80.00
16 12.5 12.5 12.5 70.00
14 60.00
12 50.00
10 6.25 6.25 40.00 Ladakh
8
6 30.00
4 20.00 10.11
0 2.25 4.494.49 2.25
2 10.00
0 0.00
us
on
ts
ng
um
rt
t
er
e
si
e
io
en
o
nc
i
i ti
ric
ic
ki
th
is
vi
Sp
g
se
ad
um
ek
Tw
O
i
tv
O
el
of
Th
u
Tr
er
Tr
R
y
on
rs
e
An
at
os
&
&
Fi
M
W
re
e
rp
al
ag
tu
Pu
ric
rim
ul
to
lC
lg
is
ca
Pi
H
Lo

NEW DELHI
Duration of stay >15 Years - 30 Years

Duration of stay >30 Years 45 Years
9%
Below 3 days
Below 3 days 4%
14% 3 to 7 days 3 to 7 days
8 to 12 days 26%
39% 13 to 17 days
48% 13 to 17 days
18 to 22 days
11%
18 to 22 days
23 to 29 days
30 days and
above
9% 30 days and
4% 21% above
9% 6%
Duration of stay >45 Years - 60 Years Number of Persons accompanying tourists
3 to 7 days
3%
8 to 12 days Alone
3% 20%
33%
Along with
13 to 17
45% 1Person
days
Along with 2
30 days and Persons
above Along with 4
Persons
11% 74%
11%
Num ber of persons accom panying tourist

Number of persons accompanying
4% tourists
2% Alone
2% 11%
19%
Along w ith 22%
13% Alone
1Person
Along w ith 2
Persons
Along w ith 3 Along with
Persons 1Person
Along w ith 4
Persons Along with 4
60% More than 4 Persons
persons
67%

NEW DELHI
Spending per day by Tourist >15 Years to Spending per day by tourists >30 Years
30 Years to 45 Years
Up to Rs. 500 2% Up to Rs.

6%
6% 500
3% 23%
3% >500 to Rs. 1000 >500 to Rs.
31% 1000
21%
17% >1000 to Rs. >1000 to Rs.
1500 1500
>1500 to Rs. >1500 to Rs.
2000 2000
>2000 to Rs. >2000 to Rs.
11% 2500
2500
40% >4500 to Rs. 37% >2500 to Rs.
5000 3000
Spending per day by tourists >45 Years - 60

Purpose of visit of Male tourists
Years
20 18.14
11% 11% 18
Up to Rs. 500 16
13.02
% of tourists
14
12 10.23
>500 to Rs. 10 7.44 8.37 8.37
7.44
1000 8 6.51 6.51 6.51
6
4 2.33
>1000 to Rs. 0.93 0.93 1.4 1.4
2 0.47
1500
0
33%
Shopping
Meeting
Local Culture
Historical
Scenic Beauty
Business
Pilgrimage &
Water Sports
>2500 to Rs.
45% 3000
Type of attraction

NEW DELHI
ANNEXURE- II
POWER GENERATED PURCHASED AND AVAILABILITY IN THE
FOLLOWING YEARS
S.No. Year Generated Purchased Total available

1 2 3 4 5
1. 1973-74 2355.91 650.00 3005.91
2. 1974-75 3028.30 403.50 3431.80
3. 1980-81 7737.70 2883.40 10621.10
4. 1981-82 7875.00 2918.30 10793.30
5. 1982-83 9338.99 2999.34 12338.33
6. 1983-84 8957.54 4207.17 13164.71
7. 1984-85 8630.90 4828.90 13459.80
8. 1985-86 8831.52 5876.59 14708.11
9. 1986-87 10660.03 7262.67 17922.70
10. 1987-88 10332.86 10205.10 20537.96
11. 1988-89 8941.20 12080.11 21021.31
12. 1989-90 9827.36 16695.71 26523.07
13. 1990-91 9116.72 18559.31 27676.03
14. 1991-92 8822.37 20369.37 29191.74
15. 1992-93 8200.74 19833.40 28034.14
16. 1993-94 8043.53 22698.60 30742.13
17. 1994-95 8791.40 22830.00 31621.40
18. 1995-96 8834.40 24873.00 33707.40
19. 1996-97 8271.11 30529.70 38800.81
20. 1997-98 9513.50 39665.50 49179.00
21. 1998-99 7133.17 47243.80 54376.97
22. 1999-00 6383.83 43466.90 49850.73
Annexure-II 417
NEW DELHI
DETAILED STATEMENT OF PROJECT UNDER CONSTRUCTION
S.NO. NAME OF POWER HOUSE CAPACITY TARGET FOR
(MW) COMMISSIONING
STATE SECTOR
1 JHELUM BASIN
i. 3rd UNIT OF USHP-II 35.00 2002
ii. PAHALGAM 3.00 2002
iii. MACHAIL 0.35 2002
iv. NEW GANDERBAL 60.00 10th Plan
v. PARNAI 37.50 10th Plan
S.NO. NAME OF POWER HOUSE CAPACITY TARGET FOR
(MW) COMMISSIONING
1 CHENAB BASIN
i. BAGLIHAR 450.00 2005
ii. BHADERWAH 1.50 2002
iii.SAWALAKOT 600.00 2010
1 INDUS BASIN
i. SANJAK 1.26 2002
ii. MARPACHOO 0.75 2002
iii.HAFTAL 1.00 2002
iv. IGO-MERCELLONG 3.00 2003
v. DUMKHAR 2.25 2005
3 RAVI BASIN
i. SEWA-III 9.00 2002
CENTRAL SECTOR
1 CHENAB BASIN
i. DUL HASTI 390.00 2003-04
TOTAL 1594.61
Annexure-II 418
NEW DELHI
PROJECT TRANSFERRED TO NHPC FOR CONSTRUCTION

UNDER CENTRAL SECTOR
S.NO BASIN/NAME OF PROJECT CAPACITY(MW)
1 JHELUM BASIN
I. URI-II 280.00
II. KISHENGANGA 330.00
2 CHENAB BASIN
I. PAKULDUL 1000.00
II. BURSAR 1020.00
3 INDUS BASIN
I. CHUTUK 18.00
II. NIMO-BAZGO 30.00
4 RAVI BASIN
I. SEWA-II 120.00
Annexure-II 419
NEW DELHI
STATEMENT OF SCOPE FOR ADDITION CAPACITY IN THE EXISTING/UNDER CONSTRUCTION/PROPOSED STATION AFTER
CREATION OF STORAGES IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE RIVER BASIN
S.NO NAME OF PROJECT PRESENT CAPACITY SCOPE FOR TOTAL

(MWS) ADDITIONAL
CAPACITY (MWS)
A JHELUM BASIN
1 URI-I 480 480 960
2 URI-II 280 280 560
SUB TOTAL 760 760 1520
B CHENAB BASIN
1 BAGLIHAR 450 450 900
2 SAWALAKOT 600 600 1200
3 DULHASTI 390 390 780
4 PAKULDUL 1000 1000 2000
5 RATTLE 170 170 340
SUB TOTAL 2610 2610 5220
GRAND TOTAL 3370 3370 6740
Annexure-II 420
NEW DELHI
PERCENTAGE OF INHABITED CENSUS VILLAGES

ELECTRIFIED ENDING 19
-92000
S.No. District Inhabited villages

Total Electrified Percentage Electrified
1 2 3 4 5
1. Anantnag 626 626 100.00
2. Pulwama 536 536 100.00
3. Srinagar 168 168 100.00
4. Budgam 475 475 100.00
5. Baramulla 646 625 96.75
6. Kupwara 365 345 94.52
.
7 Leh 112 100 89.29
8. Kargil 127 103 81.10
.
9 Jammu 1054 1054 100.00
10. Udhampur 618 582 94.17
11. Doda 652 585 89.72
12. Kathua 555 551 99.28
13. Rajouri 375 357 95.20
14. Poonch 168 167 99.40
State 6477 6274 96.87
Annexure-II 421
NEW DELHI
TOTAL AREA UNDER FOREST
Division Geographical area Forest are Forest area as %

(sq. Kms) (sq. Kms) of geog. Area
Kashmir 15948.00 8115.00 50.88
Jammu 26293.00 12050.00 45.83
Ladakh 59146.00 17.00 0.03
Area under illegal occupation 120849.00 -- --
Total J & K State 2222236.00 * 20182.00 --
TOTAL PROTECTED FOREST AREA
Division Geographical area Protected area network Percentage

(Sq. Kms) (Sq. Kma)
Kashmir 15948.00 1536.07 9.63%
Jammu 26293.00 953.12 3.62%
Ladakh 96701.00 14799.00 15.30%
Total 138942.00 17288.19 12.44%
TOTAL FOREST AREA AND WILD LIFE AREA DISTRICT WISE

AREA UNDER FOREST (SQ
. KMS.)
S.No. District Forest area Wild life area Total forest area
1 2 3 4 5
1. Anantnag 2068.00 546.75 2614.75
2. Pulwama 810.00 273.25 1083.00
3. Srinagar 380.00 311.00 691.00
4. Budgam 477.00 3.25 480.25
5. Baramulla 2690.00 384.75 3074.75
6. Kupwara 1703.00 - 1703.00
7. Leh 29.00 13018.00 13047.00
8. Kargil 7.00 112.00 119.00
9. Jammu 959.00 256.50 1215.50
10 Udhampur 2343.00 42.25 2385.25
11. Katua 991.00 44.75 1035.75
12. Doda 5555.00 418.00 5973.00
13. Rajouri 1267.00 - 1267.00
14. Poonch 951.00 - 951.00
Total 20230.00 15410.50 35640.50
Annexure-II 422
NEW DELHI
Specie-wise provisional forest area by composition
(Area in Sq. Kms)
S.No Classification (specie-wise) 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00

1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Coniferous (soft wood)
(a) Dealar 1277.00 1075.27 1075.00 1075.00
(b) Chir 1825.00 1824.82 1825.00 1825.00
(c) Kail 1991.00 1968.37 1969.00 1969.00
(d) Fir 3534.00 3400.93 3401.00 3401.00
(e) Others 9698.00 10075.78 10075.00 10075.00
Total coniferous (soft wood) 18325.00 18345.17 18345.00 18345.00
2. Non-coniferous (soft and hard 1905.00 1885.24 1885.00 1885.00

wood)
3. Uncommercial reserves
Rakhs and wild life reserves 1962.90 1962.90 1962.90 (R) 1962.90
Grand Total 22192.90 22193.31 22192.90 22192.90
R- Repeated Source : D.F.O. Forest, Statistics
Annexure-II 423
NEW DELHI
Trends in urbanization, 1901-2001
Census year Total number of Total Total urban Percent urban Decennial growth Annual
U.As/town population population population Absolute Percent exponential
growth rate
(urban)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1901 2 2,139,362 158,748 7.42 - - -
1911 45 2,292,535 268,518 11.71 +109,770 +69.15 +6.92
1921 29 2,424,359 267,754 11.04 -764 -0.28 -0.03
1931 31 2,670,208 317,805 15.39 +50,051 +18.69 +1.87
1941 32 2,946,728 386,565 13.12 +68,760 +21.64 +2.16
1951 25 3,253,852 457,213 14.05 +70,648 +18.28 +1.83
1961 43 3,560,976 593,315 16.66 +136,102 +29.77 +2.98
1971 45 4,616,632 858,221 18.59 +264,906 +44.65 +4.47
1981 58 5,987,389 1,260,403 21.05 +402,182 +46.86 +4.69
1991 - - - - - - -
2001 75 10,069,917 2,505,309 24.88 +1,244,906 +98.77 +4.94
Note : No census was conducted in Jammu & Kashmir State in 1991
Annexure-II 424
NEW DELHI
Estimated craft wise production and employment of Handicraft Industry (Figures in Lakhs)
Carpet Nanda Crewel Mood-Carving
S.No. Year P EMP P EMP P EMP P EMP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. 1988-89 66.70 0.64 2.75 0.04 10.25 0.25 5.40 0.05
2. 1989-90 64.50 0.68 2.70 0.04 10.15 0.25 5.35 0.05
3. 1990-91 84.55 0.74 2.90 0.05 16.70 0.27 5.65 0.06
4. 1991-92 93.90 0.71 2.95 0.06 12.80 0.28 5.81 0.07
5. 1992-93 101.10 0.73 2.97 0.06 13.05 0.30 5.90 0.07
6. 1993-94 109.40 0.76 3.02 0.06 13.40 0.30 5.95 0.07
7. 1994-95 111.71 0.79 3.08 0.06 13.67 0.30 - -
8. 1995-96 112.60 0.79 3.13 0.06 13.90 0.32 6.12 0.07
9. 1996-97 117.10 0.80 3.26 0.07 14.46 0.32 6.36 0.07
10. 1997-98 121.60 0.82 3.40 0.07 15.01 0.34 6.60 0.08
11. 1998-99 126.1 0.83 3.53 0.08 15.56 0.343 6.84 0.081
12. 1999-00 541.00 0.889 9.00 0.084 1.50 0.351 3.08 0.085
Estimated craftwise production and employment of Handicraft industry
S.No. Year Paper-machine Fur & Leather Chain stich Woolen shawls Other Handicrafts Total
P EMP P EMP P EMP P EMP P EMP P EMP
1 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1. 1988-89 4.25 0.06 1.57 0.03 2.10 0.03 19.50 0.46 41.35 0.44 154.00 2.00
2. 1989-90 4.20 0.06 1.60 0.04 2.05 0.03 19.40 0.48 40.05 0.47 150.00 2.10
3. 1990-91 4.50 0.06 1.80 0.04 2.25 0.03 22.05 0.51 65.00 0.49 200.00 2.25
4. 1991-92 4.55 0.07 1.97 0.04 2.40 0.04 22.45 0.56 70.37 0.58 220.00 2.40
5. 1992-93 4.58 0.07 2.02 0.05 2.52 0.05 26.23 0.60 71.61 0.58 229.00 2.51
6. 1993-94 4.60 0.07 2.05 0.05 2.55 0.05 27.05 0.67 71.98 0.56 240.00 2.59
7. 1994-95 4.69 0.07 2.09 0.05 2.60 0.05 27.61 0.70 79.55 0.65 245.00 2.70
8. 1995-96 4.80 0.07 2.12 0.05 2.70 0.05 27.80 0.72 76.83 0.65 250.00 2.78
9. 1996-97 5.00 0.08 2.12 0.06 2.80 0.06 28.91 0.74 79.91 0.70 26.00 2.90
10. 1997-98 5.20 0.08 2.28 0.06 2.91 0.06 30.02 0.77 82.98 0.72 270.00 3.00
11. 1998-99 5.40 0.086 2.36 0.069 3.02 0.064 31.14 0.812 86.05 0.737 280 3.10
12. 1999-00 36.20 0.092 2.00 0.075 18.00 0.065 16.25 0.818 6.00 0.741 633.03 3.20
P - Production Emp - Employment
Annexure-II 425
NEW DELHI
Progress of revenue and expenditure

Amount (Rs. In crores)
S.No. Period Revenue receipts Expenditure Capital expenditure

charged to outside revenue account
revenue
1 2 3 4 5
1 1989-90 967.91 1071.92 391.48
2 1990-91 1157.81 1249.05 551.73
3 1991-92 1625.42 1521.40 535.65
4 1992-93 2048.94 1781.92 447.20
5 1993-94 2227.33 1768.35 533.38
6 1994-95 3026.87 2324.40 665.91
7 1995-96 3256.41 2515.71 817.87
8 1996-97 3690.18 2898.56 933.24
9 1997-98 4287.68 3479.64 1204.90
10 1998-99 4316.06 3999.24 1039.77
11 1999-00 5237.30 5355.68 1087.00
Annexure-II 426
NEW DELHI
General Information Jammu & Kashmir in Indian Economy
S.No. State/UTs Population Average road Registered motor No. of post offices Per Capita income at Per Capita income at
per bank length per 1000 vehicles per 100 sq. per lakh of current prices (Rs. constant (1981)
sq. kms of area kms of area (00) population (Nos.) 19
96-9
7 prices (Rs. 19
96-9
7
31.03.19
59 19
95-9
6 19
96-9
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Andhra Pradesh 14.86 625 9114 22 9859 2130
2 Arunachal Pradesh 16.18 142 176 N.A 12032 (P) 3444 (P)
3 Assam 20.39 873 4598 15 7012 (F) 1763 (F)
4 Bihar 19.17 505 7642 12 4097 (Q) 3816 (D)
5 Goa 5.29 1825 52939 18 19719 (Q) 6227 (Q)
6 Gujarat 13.07 554 17234 19 14675 (Q) 3799 (Q)
7 Haryana 13.53 617 21695 14 16392 (Q) 4029 (P)
8 Himachal Pradesh 8.10 534 2125 44 9737 2628
9 Jammu & Kashmir (I) 11.90 (c) 134 (c) 295 (c) 17 (c) 10272 (Q) 7297 (Q)
10 Karnataka 11.10 729 11718 19 10504 (P) 2668 (P)
11 Kerala 10.00 3572 30006 16 10309 (P) 2325 (P)
12 Madhya Pradesh 17.09 476 5213 15 7445 (Q) 1875
13 Maharashtra 14.68 731 13093 14 17666 (P) 4866 (P)
14 Manipur 27.05 479 2796 N.A 1894 (F) (P) 2155 (P) (F)
15 Meghalaya 12.29 344 2032 N.A 6826 (P) (F) 1714 (P) (F)
16 Mizoram 11.54 312 868 N.A 9570 (F) -
17 Nagaland 21.13 757 5948 N.A 6638 (g) 2170 (g)
18 Orrisa 16.17 1345 4220 23 5893 (P) 1469 (P)
19 Punjab 9.50 1207 38301 17 18213 (Q) 4371 (Q)
20 Rajasthan 15.63 380 5171 20 8481 (Q) 2247
21 Sikkim 11.90 261 1285 N.A 5729 (Q) (g) 3492 (Q) (g)
22 Tamil Nadu 12.95 1572 21321 20 11708 (Q) 2918 (Q)
23 Tripura 19.44 1470 3468 N.A 5432 (Q) 2197 (Q)
24 Uttar Pradesh 18.28 727 10126 13 6733 (Q) 1763
25 West Bengal 17.55 695 13468 12 9441 (P) 2876
26 Delhi 9.96 15351 1773192 4 19779 (P) (F) 6049 (P) (F)
27 All India 14.93 917 10209 16 10771 2761
Annexure-II 427
NEW DELHI
List of Tourist Offices in the State.

S.No Particular District
1 2 3
1 Main Office TRC Srinagr
2` Divisional Office TRC Jammu
3 Tourist Office Pahalgam
4 Tourist Office Kokernag
5 Tourist Office Achabal Anantnag.
6 Tourist Office Daksum
7 Tourist Office Verinag
Sub office.
8 Tourist Office Gulmarg Baramulla
9 Tourist Office Manasbal Baramulla
10 Tourist Office Kargil Kargil
11 Tourist Office padum Kargil
12 Tourist Office Drass Kargil
13 Tourist Office Zanskar Kargil
14 Tourist Office leh Leh
15 Tourist Office udhampur Udhampur
16 Tourist Office Batote Doda
17 Tourist Office Patnitop Udhampur
18 Tourist Office Kishtwar Doda
19 Tourist Office mansar Kathua
20 Tourist Office lakhanpur Kathua
21 Tourist Office Jammu
Airport Jammu
22 Tourist Office Srinagar
Airport Budgam
23 Tourist Office Katra Udhampur
Annexure-II 428

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FINAL REPORT

JAMMU & KASHMIR

GULMARG DAL LAKE

SANTEK CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED

employment generation as well as socio-economic development of the local populace at large.

undertaking their work to formulate the perspective plan.

highly dangerous activity for the individual.

economic growth including tourism.

monumental problems, which planners, visualizing a 20 years perspective in developmental activities,

survey during the course of their tours.

number of persons on their rolls, and the numbers need to be decreased.

conclusions, for developing the Perspective Plan.

I OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY & SCOPE OF WORK 1

II METHODOLOGY AND SURVEY DESIGN 4

III BACKGROUND OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR 16

IV TOURISM AT A GLANCE GLOBAL & INDIAN SCENARIO 27

V-A TOURISM IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR 36

V-B ANALYSIS-TOURISM IN J&K, THEN-NOW-AFTER 48

Contd .......... List of Contents

CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

VII SURVEY FINDINGS 73

VIII PROJECTED TOURISM POTENTIAL 118

IX ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, IMPACT AND STRATEGY 135

X TOURISM: IMPACT & ECONOMIC BENEFITS 145

Contd .......... List of Contents

XI ROLE OF WOMEN IN TOURISM 164

XII MARKETING & PROMOTION OF TOURISM 167

XIII RECOMMENDATIONS & PERSPECTIVE PLANNING 196

List of Contents iii

Contd .......... List of Contents

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

XIV-A FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS 272

XIV-B FUNDING TOURISM PROJECTS 288

XV PROJECT PROFILES 309

Contd ..........List of Contents

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

Project-Upgradation of CHARAR-I-SHARIEF/YUSMARG ROAD 327

XVI TOURIST PLACES 334

XVII EXISTING POTENTIAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS AND 352

XVIII POTENTIAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS & CENTRES 368

XIX SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ALREADY AVAILABLE 375

XX EXISTING ATTRIBUTES OF JAMMU & KASHMIR 391

Contd ..........LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

XXI INVESTMENT PLANS OF STATE GOVERNMENT 402

TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

3.1 State at a Glance- Statistics 18

List of Contents vii

3.1 Map – Geographical Location of J & K 16

List of Contents viii

BACK GROUND OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

x Sub-mountain and semi-mountain plain known as kandi or dry belt,

APPROACH FOR FORMULATION OF PERSPECTIVE PLAN

Phasial Approach for the Perspective Planning

Universe of the Study

Primary Data collection

Tools used for primary data collection :

Sources of Primary Data Collection

Secondary Data Collection

x JKTDC, Govt. of J & K