Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Content
• Protection areas
• Application fields
• Protection schemes criterias
• Design approaches
• Product range
• Competitor comparison
• Examples
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Chronology of Protection
• first electromechanical relay 1903
• first plug-in system 1930
• market introduct. of solid-state
solid relay (K59) 1960
• high-voltage
voltage line protection (COMBIFLEX) 1969
• market introduction MODURES 1979
• developments with microprocessor 1980
• line protection with microprocessor 1981
• digital fault locator 1983
• directional comparison protection 1984
• automatic test set 1985
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Chronology of Protection
• µP-motor
motor protection (MC, MCX) 1985
• fibre-optical
optical differential line protection 1986
• numerical generator protection REG 216 1987
• numerical line protection (REL 316, REL 100) 1989
• numerical transformer protection RET 316 1980
• numerical control device REC 216/316 1991
• numerical busbar protection REB500
REB 1994
• numerical line protection REL5xx
REL 1995
• numerical bay controller REC580
REC 1997
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Historical evolution
• electromechanical single function
• static single function
• digital single function
• digital multifunction relays
• numerical multifunction relays
• numerical multifunction systems
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Protection areas
T
G

T EXCITATION
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Application fields
• Generator
• Turbine
• Transformers (main, auxiliary)
• Excitation system
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Faults and abnormal conditions

• Loss of or insufficient excitation
• Overload
• Overvoltage
• Under and over frequency
• Unbalanced currents
• Loss of prime mover (motoring)
• Inadvertend energization
• Out of step (loss of synchronism)
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Faults and abnormal conditions

• Fault in the windings
– phase-phase
– phase- ground
• Ground fault in the rotor (field winding)
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Type of faults

Internal External
Stator Rotor Stator Rotor Turbine
Short circuit Short circuit frequency

ground fault ground fault overvoltage negative reverse power

sequence
interturn overexcitation loss of
excitation
 Numerical generator protection

Stator
Differential Idelta
Overvoltage U>
Overexcitation
Overload Ith
Overcurrent I>
back-up
Earth fault
Interturn
Min. Impedance Z<
back-up
Dead Machine
Allocation of faults

Rotor
Unit Protection

NPS I2
Turbine
Earth fault
Reverse power
Loss of Excitation
Over-
Underfrequency
Pole slipping
Over-
Underfrequency
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

50 Generator Faults, Sweden 1972-1990

12 generators and 228 generator-years
generator / 14 faults total
%
40
35.7 %

30 28.6 %

20
14.3 % 14..3 %

10 7.1 %

0
Stator Stator- Rotor-
Rotor Rotor- Loss of Field
Short-circuit Earth Fault Short
Short-circuit Earth Fault
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Protection schemes criterias

• Power plant layout
• Turbine types
• Excitation system
• Grounding practices
• Philosophies (inverse, definite time char./
rev.power, low forward power etc.)
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Power plant layouts

G G G G
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Generator grounding practices

G G G G

ungrounded solid or high grounding

low resistance impedandce transformer
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

87 51
I> I>
NT E NT E
50
I >,>>
51
63 Buch
T SPR
87 I>

V > 50 >
17 24 U/f I >>
E 51

ST

50
BF
BF

46 I2> 32 -P>

60 V> 59 V> 24 U/f 81 f >,<, <<

87
I> G 16 Ie >
49 ϑ >
G R R

51 I > ϑ > 40 21 Z< 78 s>

27 I>
49 S Zc <
27 V < 50 U<

64 V >
S 95%

ABB Power Automation AG

CHPAU / NSB-3 / F15 /l
64
S
V >
100%
~
ABB
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

You can meet two main design approaches:

• Product
– Functionality HW dependant
• System
– Functionality SW dependant
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Product approach

E A B C D
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

System approach
G

U1 F< P <-
<- I I X< U1 I> I >/U < I
Logic 78 87GT
87GT
Logic 51//27
51
64S
64 S 81 32 87G
87 G 40 59N
59 N 51 87T
87 T

R< U< I2 Z< U/f F> U>

A Logic
64R
64 R 27 49 46 21 B Logic
24 81 59 49R
49 R
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

conventional numerical
Prot. Relay HW SW HW
Start
Start Start
U> Trip +
0 20s U> Trip

Delay

Block.
Prot. Relay Block.
Start
Start Trip
I>>
I>> Gen. Trip
Trip
G G Logic

Start
Field Trip
Gen.
I
Prot. Relay Trip
Start Field
I HV-Trip Matrix
Matrix
Block Trip

HV
Trip
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
Product approach with redundacy
COMMUNICATION

VT's
CT's

POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION
and CONTROL
CIRCUIT HARDWARE
BREAKER (RELAYS)
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
Product approach with redundacy
Q1 Q2 F
F
Q51
COMMUNICATION
Q0 INTERBAY BUS SCS/ SMS
Q53
D E B8 B9

Q9 D C1

T1
Station A
T2
C2

E
B1 B2

B7

B3 B4 B5 B6 C7

1252 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123

DEC 3000 AXP

Alpha

A
A
C
G C
B
B
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

System approach with redundacy

COMMUNICATION

VT's
CT's
ONE
POWER PROTECTION
SYSTEM and CONTROL
HARDWARE
CIRCUIT (RELAY)
BREAKER
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Protection Functions System approach

Q1 Q2
with redundacy
A Control Functions

Q51
Additional Logic

Q0 SCS/ SMS
Q53 Monitoring
Communication
B8 B9

Q9
Station A
C1 C2

T1 T2

B1 B2

Power Supply B3 B4 B5 B6
B7

C7

1252 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123

DEC 3000 AXP

Alpha

Protection Functions

A Control Functions

G COMMUNICATION
Additional Logic INTERBAY BUS

Monitoring
Communication

Power Supply
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

A generator protection system provides

• Flexibility in the choice of the protection functions
• Flexibility in the interfaces to the process (alarm,
signalling and tripping circuits)
• Modular HW and SW
• Self supervision
• Connection of incoming signals
• With a generator protection system, you are able to
meet all different configurations and requirements of
power plants without any special additional engineering
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Product range
Complexity
REG 216 Generator
Transformer
Block Gen.-
Gen.-Transformer
REG 216C
216C Generator
Transformer
Block Gen.-
Gen.-
Transformer

REG 316 Generator

RET 316 Block Gen.-
Gen.- Rating / Importance
Transformer
> 10 25 100 200 300 600 800 1000 PG in (MVA)
Inputs/Outputs 9 Analog Inp. 12-24 Analog Inp. up to 48 Analog Inp.
4 Trip. Relays 8-16 Trip. Relays up to 32 Trip. Relays
8 Bin. Inputs 16-32 Bin. Inputs up to 64 Bin. Inputs
20 Signal. Relays 16-32 Signal. Relays up to 64 Signal. Relays
REG 316 REG 216 C REG 216
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Competition & Comparison Generator Transformer System/ Product

Siemens 7UM511 7UM514 X P

7UM512 7UM515 X P
7UT513 7UM516 X X P
GEC/ ALSTHOM LGPG111 X P
KBCH 120//130/140 X P
GE / Multilin SR489 X P
SR 745 X P
DGP X P
ELIN DRS X X P
DRS-COMPACT
COMPACT X X P
BECKWITH M-3420 X P
M-3420 X P
SCHWEITZER SEL-300G X P
ABB REG216 X X S
REG216Compact
Compact X X S/P
REG316*4 X X P/S
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

GEC ALSTHOM

LGPG111
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

GEC ALSTHOM LGPG111

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

RE.316*4 solution

REG REG RET

316*4 316*4 316*4
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

RE.316*4 solution

X< 40 I> 51/ U>

V/Hz 24 U<
59 I 87T I> 51 U> 59
27

P<-- 32 U< 27 Z< 21 f<> 81 ITH 49

I2 46
Uo>
Ue 64R 95%
64S
I 87G

REG316*4 REG316*4 RET316*4

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

REG216Compact solution

REG 216 A REG 216 B

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

REG216Compact solution

X< 40 Z< 21 I> 51 I 87

87GT U> 59

I> 51/
51
P<-- 32 U< 27 ITH 49 U< 27
f<> 81

Uo>
I2 46 Ue 64R V/Hz 24 95%
64S

I 87G U> 59
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

REG216 solution
G

REG 216 A REG 216 B

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

REG216 solution
G

X< 40 U< 27 I> 51 I 87GT U> 59 P<-- 32

P<-- 32 Ue 64R ITH 49 I 87UAT U> 59 P-> 37

Z< 21 I> 51UAT I> 51/

Ucos 78 f<> 81 U 60
U< 27

I2 46 I> 51NGT Uo> Io 51NUAT

P-> 37 95%
64S f<> 81

Uo> Io 51NUAT
I 87G 100%
64S U 60 V/Hz 24
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
600MW
20kV
25000/5A 25000/5A 1250/5A

1UTB
REG216 REG216
Variant M2 Variant M2

System A System B
RET316 RET316
1 2

1UTA

RET316 RET316
1 2
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
U> 59 U< 27
600MW
20kV
25000/5A 25000/5A 1250/5A

G
IO 51N

I 87G IO 51N
Uo>
95%
64S I 87T U 60

I 87GT
Uo>
100%
64S
X< 40 Z< 21

I2 46 U 60 I2 46

ITH 49S U 60

f< 81
X< 40
P<-- 32
Ucos 78
Uo 59
I> 51/ V/Hz 24
U< 27

P<-- 32
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
600MW
20kV
25000/5A 25000/5A 1250/5A

1UTB

1UTA
2Pt special

3Mt's
3Ct's

3Ct's
3Pt's
3Pt's

3Ct's

3Ct's

3Ct's

3Ct's

3Pt's

3Pt's
1Pt
1Mt

1Ct

1Ct
1Pt

1Pt

3Ct's

3Pt's

I> 51/
I 87G I2 46 U 60 I 87GT f< 81 U< 27

Uo>
I 87T X< 40 100%
64S X< 40 V/Hz 24 P<-- 32

Uo>
P<-- 32 ITH 49S U> 59 U 60 Ucos 78
95%
64S

IO 51N Uo 59 IO 51N Z< 21 I2 46

System A System B
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

REG216C Variant M2 REG216C Variant M2

System A System B
24 input transformers 24 input transformers
K13 K03
6 CT's 6 CT's
3 Pt's (delta) 3 PT's (delta)
1 Pt 3 PT's (delta)
2 Pt's (special) L09 (special)
L04 3 Ct's
6 CT's 3 MT's
1 Ct 3 PT's (delta)
1 Mt 2 PT's (1ph)
1 Pt 1 MT
3 Pt's (delta) (1Ct instead of MT)

16 tripping relays 16 tripping relays

32 signalling relays 32 signalling relays
32 binary inputs 32 binary inputs
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS UTA / UTB
Uo 59N
Io 51

I> 51 IO REF
Io 51
IO 51N Uo 59N
I>> 50

I> 51 I> 51

I 87T
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS UTA / UTB

I 87T
A I> 51 I>> 50
B
Io 51 Uo 59N
I> 51 I> 51 Io 51
Uo 59N

IO 51N IO REF

RET316*4 ST320 K22 RET316*4 ST460 K61

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
STATION TRANSFORMERS STA/STB
Uo 59N
Io 51

I> 51 IO REF
Io 51
IO 51N Uo 59N
I>> 50

Io 51
I> 51 I> 51

I 87T
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

STATION TRANSFORMERS STA/STB

I 87T I> 51 I>> 50 IO 51N

Io 51
I> 51 I> 51 A Uo 59N
B
Uo 59N Io 51

IO 51N IO REF

RET316*4 ST320 K22 RET316*4 ST460 K61

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
GENERATOR UNIT # 1

ABB ABB

RET RET
REG216 REG
REG216 316 316

SYSTEM SYSTEM
A B

ABB ABB ABB

REX RET RET

010 316 316
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Example showing how protection functions of generator-transformer

generator group can be distributed
between two systems
Generator stator Ground fault 51N Ground fault overcurrent A
Short circuits 87G Generator differential A 87N Restricted ground fault B
87T Overall differential B Trafo overload 49 Thermal A
21 Minimum impedance A
or, as alternative: Unit transformer
51/27 Overcurrent / under voltage B Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A
(for thyristor excitation) 50/51 Overcurrent B
51 Overcurrent B Overload 49 Thermal A
Current unbalance 46 Negative sequence A Ground fault (51N) Residual overcurrent B
Stator overload 49 Thermal A (78N) Restricted ground fault A
Ground fault, stator 59 Stator ground fault (90%) B Additional Functions
Ground fault, stator 64 Stator ground fault (100%) A Interlock 60 Voltage balance A B
Dead machine 27/50 Undervoltage/overcurrent B
Loss of field 40 Loss of field B
Gen. Breaker failure 51 Overcurrent + Logic B
Out of step 78/21 Pole slip A HV Breaker failure 51 Overcurrent + Logic B
Motoring 32 Reverse power (dual prot. for A B Load shedding 81 Frequency + Logic A B
large generators)
Overspeed 81 Maximum frequency B
Blade fatigue 81 Minimum frequency B
Interturn fault 59/51 Overvoltage or overcurrent A
Low voltages 27 Undervoltage B
Increased magneti. 24 Overfluxing (V/Hz) B
Higher voltage 59 Overvoltage A

Generator rotor
Rotor overload 49 Thermal B
Ground fault, rotor 64R Overvoltage, e.g. with a A
bridge
Step-up transformer
Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A
50/51 Overcurrent B
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
Example showing how protection functions can be configured between two systems
Type of fault ANSI Protection function System 10..25 20
20..100 80..200 > 250 Trip scheme
No. MVA MVA MVA MVA Gen. HV Field Trip Trip Alarm
Break. Break. Break. Turb. Auxil.
Generator stator
Short circuits 87G Generator differential A X CO2 X X
87T Overall differential B X X X X X
21 Minimum impedance A X X X X X
51/27 Overcurrent/undervoltage B 1 1 1 1 X X X X*
51/50 Overcurrent def. + inst. B X X X X X
Interturn fault 59/51 Overvoltage or overcurrent A 3 3 3 3 X X X
Earth fault, stator 59 Stator earth fault (95%) B X X X X* X
64 Stator earth fault (100%) A X X X X* X
Asymmetry 46 Negative sequence def.+inv. A X X
Stator overload 49 ANSI-C50.13 A X
49 Thermal overload A (X) X
Loss of excitation 40 Minimum reactance B X X X X*
Out of step 78/21 Pole slip A X
Motoring 32 Reverse power A B 2 2 2 2 X X X X*
Overspeed 81 Maximum frequency B X X
Blade fatigue 81 Minimum frequency B X X
Increased magneti. 24 Overexcitation (V/Hz) def. B X
24 Overexcitation (V/Hz) inv. B X X X X*
Low voltages 27 Undervoltage def. B 1 1 1 1 X X
Higher voltage 59 Overvoltage def. + inst. A X X X X*

Generator rotor
Earth fault, rotor 64R Overvoltage (kap.- bridge) A (X) (X) (X) (X*) X
64R Rotor earth fault (100%) A (X) (X) (X) (X*) X
Rotor overload 49 ANSI-C50.13 A X
49 Thermal overload B (X) X

Recommend under special Not recommend with Pelton X = has to trip

Necessary 2
condition turbines (X) = if necessary trip
Only recommend when several bars of X* = has to trip if
Optional Only recommend for thyristor 3
1 excitation from gen. terminals same phase are in same slot GB is HVB
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Example showing how protection functions can be configured between two systems
Type of fault ANSI Protection function System 10..25 20
20..100 80..200 > 250 Trip scheme
No. MVA MVA MVA MVA Gen. HV Field Trip Trip Alarm
Break. Break. Break. Turb. Auxil.
Step-up transformer
Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A X CO2 X X
50/51 Overcurrent B X X X
Earth fault 51N Earth fault overcurrent A X X X
87N Restricted earth fault A X X X
Trafo overload 49 Thermal A X X X
Increased magnet. 24 Overexcitation (U/f) B X X X

Aux. transformer
Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A X X X
50/51 Overcurrent B X X X
Earth fault 51N Residual overcurrent B X X X
Trafo overload 49 Thermal A X X X

Additional Functions
Interlock 60 Voltage balance A B X
Dead machine 27/50 Undervoltage/overcurrent B X X X X*
Overcurrent field 51 Overcurrent A X X X X*
Gen. Breaker fail. 51 Overcurrent + Logic B X X X X X
HV Breaker failure 51 Overcurrent + Logic B X X X
Load shedding 81 Frequency + Logic A B

Recommend under special Not recommend with Pelton X = has to trip

Necessary 2
condition turbines (X) = if necessary trip
Only recommend when several bars of X* = has to trip if
Optional Only recommend for thyristor
1 excitation from gen. terminals
3 same phase are in same slot GB is HVB
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Comparison of technologies
conventionel numerical
• protection functions realised • fixed HW prot.funcs realised
with different HW with SW
• Quantity and types of • Complete library of func.
protection func. fixed and available
limited
• HW-extensions difficult • Adaption by SW
• No. of Ct's and Pt's higher • No.of Ct's and Pt's lower
• Requirements to primary • Requirement to primary
transformers higher transformers lower
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Comparison of technologies
conventionel numerical
• Settings and operation • Settings and operation
locally locally or remote
• no documentation ( only • Self-documentation of all
hand-made) settings and events etc.
• Only binary informations • Numerical informations,
meas.values, events, etc.
• Periodical tests necessary • Selfsupervision and test
functions reduces mainten.
• Various spare parts • Five different types only
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Comparison of technologies
conventional numerical
• integration to control • integration to control
systems difficult systems possible
• only protection • integrated protection and
control possible
• only protection • monitoring with available
information possible
• fixed solution • extension and new
developments possible -
-> open architecture
Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Instant
Avaliability of failure
MTTR 1 year
Long intervall
periodic testing
Test intervall (e.g. 2 years)

With selfmonitoring
(µP Relay) MTTR 1 day
or automatic
testing daily
Protection available

Protection not available