IJEP 35 (9) : 744-753 (2015) (Received on September 13, 2014)

Aer, Aqua Et Natura…The Tourism-Environment Nexus:

Mapping Impacts
J. Eugene
Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute University,Department of Hotel Management
and Catering Technology, Chennai-600 095

The pulsating practises tangled in tourism, have sequelled a sheer paradigm shift in this
current contemporary world. Tourism has been escalated from the sense of ‘experience’ to
the platform of ‘industry’. The tourists are seen to be ‘consumers’ more often than being
‘normative’. Travel and tourism has become a vital need for people from different walks of
life. This growing demand inundates the need for various tourism infrastructure and facili-
ties, amounting to voluminous usage by the tourists. Eventually, the destination’s environ-
ment is intervened and it suffers certain losses which cannot be compensated. Hence,
environmental impact assessment is essential to understand the impact of a project. To
discuss this theme, select environments from Puducherry - A popular tourist destination, at
the shores of Bay of Bengal, southern part of India is taken for the study. The possible
impacts of tourism projects on the chosen natural and built environment are studied. Based
on the inferences, suggestions are drawn. This paper is carefully constructed using fre-
quent field visits, observation techniques, interaction with the concerned authorities, ar-
chives, reports and reviews.

KEYWORD represented as natural (air, water, flora,

fauna), built (buildings, monuments, land-
Environment, Conservation, Puducherry , scapes, etc.) and cultural (values, beliefs,
Tourism, Impact. arts, history, etc.) environment (Batta,
2000). Gradually, these components are
INTRODUCTION found to undergo changes when disruption
‘Tourism is the social activity of travel. It is is caused due to intervention of various
a pr i me ex a m pl e of pr i va t i za t ion and tourism activities. Tourism activities refers
marketization of nature as nature becomes to constructing hotels, resorts, clubs, theme
the commodity on the basis of which a des- parks, shopping malls, creating parks near
tination is sold…’ (Kutting, 2010). the sites, beautification of lakes, develop-
ing marinas and lagoons to cater to the
Tourism and its impact on environment have growing needs of the tourists. These ac-
gained impetus over the past few decades tivities affect the natural and built environ-
(Wong, 2004). Tourism plays a pivotal role ment when carried out at the vicinity of the
in the social and economic development of environment (Hsieh and Kung, 2013). This
a destination and inevitably affects the en- effect calls for an environmental impact as-
vironment due to frequent intervention. sessment (EIA), an effective tool which high-
Components that are related to environment lights the impact of new upcoming tourism
are population, landscape, air, climatic fac- projects on the various components of the
tors, soil, water, fauna, flora, material as- environment (Archer et al., 2005).
sets and the cultural heritage (Morris and
An overview on environmental impact as-
Therivel, 2009). These components of envi-
sessment (EIA)
ronment can be further classified as physi-
cal, biological and socio-economic or can be EIA is a decision making tool, which con-

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sistently aids in judging the tourism pro- quent field visits, observation techniques,
posals for its sustainability. EIA is a pro- theoretical reviews and published records.
cess, which predicts the environmental ef- The tourism projects’ impact on the envi-
fects of the proposed projects before they ronment is analysed using the chosen pre-
are carried out (CEAG, 2010). Thus, imple- dicting methods. The research has been car-
mentation of this environmental impact as- ried out during May 2013 - June 2014.
sessment can help decide whether to ad-
DISCUSSION
vance with a new tourism project at that
particular area or not. This will eventually Tourism is a multidimensional economic ac-
enhance the conservation and preservation tivity and consistently interacts with the
of the natural and built environment of the environment. Tourism-environment relation-
destination. Generally, this study should be ship is expected to be healthier for a sus-
done at the feasibility stage of the project tainable progress (Briassoulis and Straaten,
itself. The environmental impact can be pre- 2000). The tourism industry exhibits a myriad
dicted using various methodologies, like pro- collection of sectors under its wings, namely
fessional judgement with adequate reason- the gaming industry, hotels, restaurants,
ing and supporting data, experiments or travel services, shopping malls, water sports
tests, past experience, numerical calcula- and recreation. In present scenario, the raise
tions and mathematical models, physical or in overall economy has led to the raise of
visual analysis, geographical information travel industry where people have made tour-
systems, risk assessment and economic ing ‘a way of life’. Over a period of years,
valuation of environmental impacts (Ogola, the tourism activity has been impacting the
2007). This paper employs a few selective natural and built environment of the desti-
methods to analyse the impact of the up- nations. Tourism has identified itself as an
coming tourism projects on the existing en- issue characterised by consumption, exploi-
vironment. tation and globalisation (Singh et al., 2003).
The demand for consumption and globali-
MATERIAL AND METHOD
sation has led to the production of various
The materials that have been taken for the tourism resources in order to cater to the
study are select natural and built environ- growing demands of the tourists. The de-
ment of the destination - Puducherry. Since mands are so vulnerable that they skip the
the environment here is the area of study, sensitivity of the environment. Hence, the
the areas are treated as materials. The natu- tourism projects require an impact assess-
ral environment chosen for the study in- ment before it is actually implemented. The
cludes the ‘Chunnambar’ lake. The built en- following section presents an overview of
vironment under study is the ‘Arikamedu’– the general impact of tourism on environ-
An archaeological site. As discussed in the ment, a brief note on environmental impact
introduction section of this study, several assessment, an overview of the destination
impact predictions have been mentioned. The Puducherry with regards to its tourism
environmental impact prediction methods projects and its impact on the select envi-
are essential to understand the impact of ronment.
on-going and upcoming tourism projects on
The general impact of tourism projects on
the built and natural environment. The meth-
the environment
ods that have been selected and found apt
for this research paper are : (a) Professional One of the biggest threats to a destination
judgement with adequate reasoning and is the changing environment. Tourism de-
supporting data, (b) past experience and (c) velopment can directly impend and quash
physical or visual analysis. Descriptions t he e cologi ca l ha bi t at s if not prope rl y
about the sites and tourism projects are pre- screened and monitored (Holden, 2005).
sented in a lucid narrative style using fre- Pigram (1992) opines that ‘Tourism certainly

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can contribute to the environmental degra- help prevent environmental hazards (Ami-
dation and be self-destructive; it also has nian, 2012).
the potential to bring about significant en-
Fading of ethnic values and tradition
hancement of the environment…’ The com-
mon impacts of tourism are discussed hereby Though the host-guest interaction brings in
in order to link tourism and environment’s new thoughts, new values, new insights
output. into the host life, displacement of traditional
values and customs is also seemingly on
Interruption of ecological equilibrium of an
the rise. This would degrade the desti-
area
nation’s identity and uniqueness and would
Areas, like wetlands, mangroves, forests and no more attract tourists, unless sustainable
so on are very sensitive to any sort of hu- measures are taken (Ellul, 1996). The fol-
man intervention (Tribe, 2011). It results in lowing section gives an introduction to the
the disturbance of the growth pattern of destination Puducherry and examines the
flora, breeding pattern of fauna, flowering impact of the tourism projects on the se-
cycles and so on. lected tourist spots.
Deforestation and soil corrosion Puducherry
Deforestation is carried out due to volumi- The Union Territory of Puducherry, an ex-
nous requirement of wood by the hotels and otic destination in southern part of India is
resorts. Tourism industry requires wood for quaintly placed in the Coromandel Coast
various other usages also, like raw mate- fronting Bay of Bengal (Bryun et al., 2010).
rial. Though tourism is considered as a It is 160 km away from Chennai, the capital
smokeless industry, very less monitoring of city of Tamil Nadu. The unique name of the
its impact is exhibited in most of the places destination is ‘Puducheri’, a French word
(Sharpley and Telfer, 2002). This not only which means ‘new settlement’. The history
results in cutting down the trees but also refers this place as Vedapuram which means
reduces the capacity of the land to retain ‘seat of knowledge’ on account of sage
the rainwater. Agastya’s sojourn at this place during his
travel to the south of India. Puducherry has
Littering been finely crafted by various rulers, like
Most of the tourists’ spots witness a heavy Pallava, Chola, Pandya and Vijayanagar right
usage of non-biodegradable materials, like from the 4th century till 14th century A.D.
plastics, bottles, etc., by the tourists that From the 15th century A.D. the destination
witnessed the colonial hands of the Dutch,
too being littered everywhere. This will even-
Danes, British and French. Right from 1815
tually affect the life of natural and built en-
until the merger of Puducherry with the
vironment.
Union Territory of India in 1954, the French
Raising demand for accommodation units instilled their culture, heritage, economy and
polity, which now facilitates the destina-
Tourism is an evergreen industry and there
tion to showcase its pristine glory to the
has always been demand for the lodging
world in the form of tourism (INTACH,
sector to cater to the needs of the tourists.
2005). The statistics given in table 1 per-
Though it may boost the economy of the
taining to the tourists’ arrivals reveal the
destination and may create employment op-
popularity of this destination.
portunities, the threat lies in balancing ho-
tels and residential houses. Traffic conges- The numbers in table 1 are seen to be grow-
tion will follow this if proper planning is ing year after year and it is quiet transpar-
not done in the initial stage itself. Accom- ent that the tourists intervene very often
modation sectors obviously create environ- with the environment in Puducherry. The
mental impacts and regular assessments will growing numbers represent growing needs.

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Table 1. Data on tourists’ arrivals at the destination (Department of Tourism, Government
of Puducherry, 2014)
Year Domestic tourist  Growth, % Foreign tourist Growth, % Total
2000 5,27,274 (+) 17.32% 23,878 (+) 3.89% 5,51,152
2001 4,76,804 (—) 9.57% 22,115 (—) 7.38% 4,98,919
2002 4,80,522 (+) 0.78% 20,094 (—) 9.13% 5,00,616
2003 5,00,139 (+) 4.08% 25,559 (+) 27.19% 5,25,698
2004 5,58,445 (+) 11.66% 32,053 (+) 25.40% 5,90,498
2005 5,74,011 (+) 2.78% 36,009 (+) 12.34% 6,10,020
2006 6,52,245 (+) 13.69% 46,273 (+) 28.50% 6,98,518
2007 7,98,528 (+)  22.43% 57,682 (+)24.66% 8,56,210
2008 7,99,122 (+) 00.07% 57, 854 (+) 00.29% 8,56,976
2009 7,62,134 (—) 04.85% 58,210 (+) 00.61% 8,20,344
2010 7,65,345 (+) 00.42% 56,870 (—) 02.35% 8,22,215
2011 7,55,567 (—) 01.29% 51,487 (—) 10.45% 8,07,054
2012 7,59,409 (+) 00.50% 52,295 (+) 01.56% 8,11,704

Table 2. Tourism projects (Department of ‘Arikamedu’-The Archaeological site

Tourism, Government of Puducherry, 2014)
A ri k a me du i s l oca t e d a t t he bank s of
S.No. Proposed tourism project A ri y a nk uppa m r i ve r , 4 k m s out h of
Puducherry. The excavations expose that,
1 Lake side Spa Resort
this port town was colonized by the Ro-
2 Puducherry Boat Club mans, Cholas and the French who imported
3 Family Entertainment Complex goods from the Mediterranean basin, such
as olive oil, ceramic lights and also exported
4 Five Star Resort
clothes, beads, spices and so on. Figure 1
5 Special Tourism Development Zone remark that Arikamedu is an early historic
6 Laser Show Complex site and comes under the Archaeological
Survey of India. The excavations advocate
7 Heritage Tourism Products
that Arikamedu was inhabited during 300
8 Beautification of Botanical Garden A.D to 700 A.D. Chola coins, Chinese pot-
9 International Convention Centre tery and East Asian glazed ceramics were
excavated. The remnants of the Seminary,
10 Theme Park
bui lt by the Bishop of A dran Monsi eur
11 Oceanarium Pigneau De Behaine, during 1771-73 A.D,
bring to light the use of variegated stylish-
In order to cater to the increasing needs of ness of bricks. The site is now declared as
the tourists, many tourism projects have the heritage site and is protected by the
been planned by the Government. Table 2 Archaeological Survey of India (Puducherry
lists the projects that are in progress and Tourism, 2011). Thus the place has a rich
are due to completion. The following sec- antiquity and an enormous prospective for
tion explains the chosen sites and the im- eco-tourism. As of now, this site is not open
pact it faces due to tourism projects. Table for the tourists. The Department of Tour-
2 enlists 11 projects and for the study, ism, Government of Puducherry is working
projects 1 and 7 are chosen. on with some restoration aspects before it

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 groups, illegal way of fishing and pearl pick-
ing, cutting down the tree branches for
household purposes and so on. Apart from
this, table 1 indicates that a complex con-
sisting heritage tourism product is likely to
be implemented near the site. Area of con-
cern include the distance between the site
and the heritage complex, various ameni-
ties and facilities in the complex that may
disturb the site, vehicular movement and
parking, pollution due to the functioning of
the complex. The site has also lost a few of
its remains during the ‘thane’ cyclone.
Though Government is considerably involved
in the restoration tasks, an assessment per-
Figure 1. Signage of ‘Arikamedu’-The ar- formance is essential to save this site.
chaeological site
Using the environmental impact assessment
model, the inferences are tabulated in table
3. As per table 3, there are 3 serious im-
pacts of having the heritage tourism prod-
ucts complex near the site, namely solid and
waste disposal issues, ecological disorder
and loss to historic and other archaeologi-
cal sites.
Chunnambar Lake
This is situated 8 km away from Puducherry.
The beach at Chunnambar is referred as
Plage Paradiso. During peak season and
week-ends, atleast thousand visitors queue
at the boat house to enjoy a boat ride. Sev-
eral water sports are also hosted for the
tourists. The complex has a few rooms and
a restaurant.
F igure 2. R e ma i ns of t he s e m ina r y i n
Arikamedu Environmental concern on the lake : The
project that has been taken for assessment
could be declared as a tourist spot (The is the lake side resort. Constructing a re-
Hindu, 2012). Figure 2 represents the re- sort requires land space and several other
mains of the historic building-A built envi- resources including facilities, like boating.
ronment. When more the facilities are required, its
Environmental concern in ‘Arikamedu’ intervention with the lake also increases.
As such boating is an on-going tourism ac-
During field visits, it is observed that the tivity here. The major concern here is the
site is not under proper supervision of the quality of the lake. Steam boats used for
Government. Lack of care has paved way the rides tend to disturb the water habitat.
for the local people to misuse this site. Cer- This also is a hindrance to the birds that
tain activities that were noticed are consum- nests on the trees located at the banks. An
ing alcohol as a group at the rear area of important note to ponder upon is the com-
the site, smoking and playing cards as mercialization of the lands near the back-

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Table 3. Impact of tourism project on ‘Arikamedu’
Type of impact Appraisal of impact on ‘Arikamedu’
No Minor Moderate Serious Remark
impact impact impact impact
Air pollution 
Outward water pollution  Construction of roads and
guest houses
Ground water pollution 
Contamination of 
domestic water supply
Noise pollution at peak 
period
Solid waste disposal  From the heritage complex/
issue outlet
Water drainage and 
flooding
Loss or destruction of  Construction of guest
flora and fauna houses, usage of
mechanised boats
Ecological disorder  Commercial activities
Landuse and flow within 
the project area
Loss to historic and other  Construction of complex
archaeological sites and excess tour traffic
Harm to specific important 
features, like large trees,
hilltops, etc.,
Erosion, landslides  Siltation of land

waters as given in figure 3. Figure 4 shows pacity of the destination and the tourists’
that several trees have been cut down to spots before exhibiting it for entertainment
create residences at the banks. Commercial- or for executing the projects. An imbalanced
ization will lead to enormous houses and carrying capacity of the place would lead to
will sequel sewage disposal, solid wastes displacement of the existing environment
and related issues. Government’s immedi- and its habitat and would gradually disap-
ate intervention in this regard will help sus- pear from its natural setting. Based on vari-
tain the lake’s ecosystem. Due to excess ous observations and studies, the inferences
tourism projects at the bank, like construc- are tabulated in table 4 to throw light on
tion of resorts and landscape, certain ma- the impact of the tourism project on the
rine habitat, as given in figure 5, is slowly lake. Table 4 suggests 2 serious impact of
disappearing as it cannot withstand the ex- hav i ng a la k e s i de r es ort nea r the
ternal disturbances. Chunnambar lake, namely solid waste dis-
posal issues and harm to specific important
It is imperative to analyse the carrying ca- features, like trees. A similar assessment is

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Figure 3. Residential lands for sale at banks Figure 5. The water habitat (barnacles and
of the lake algae) which is disappearing due to water
turbulence

Figure 4. Trees being cut down for land en-

Figure 6. Waste disposal near the sign board
croachment

recommended for the other projects too. people are an integral part.The benefits that
Though several researchers argue that tour- we derive from nature and rely on every day,
ism-environment impact does not have a from timbre and food to water and climate
methodical assessment model, the Govern- regulation, are all ecosystem services…
ment should ensure that appropriate and (UNEP, 2010)’.
possible models of assessment are devel-
Globally, the pull and push factors in sus-
oped.
taining the ecosystem and environment is
SUGGESTION witnessed at large. Though complete con-
servation comes as a challenge in the prag-
‘Human well-being depends on the health matic platform, in this context, responsible
of ecosystems. An ecosystem is a dynamic tourism or responsible inclusion of tourism
complex of plants, animals, microorganisms projects would milder the severity of the
and their nonliving environment, of which impact on the existing settings. Responsible

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Table 4. Impact of tourism project on ‘Chunnambar Lake’
Type of impact Appraisal of impact on ‘Chunnambar Lake’
No Minor Moderate Serious Remark
impact impact impact impact
Air pollution 
Outward water pollution  Construction of roads and
guest houses
Ground water pollution 
Contamination of 
domestic water supply
Noise pollution at peak 
period
Solid waste disposal  From the tourists, guest
issue houses
Water drainage and 
flooding
Loss or destruction of  Construction of guest
flora and fauna houses, usage of
mechanised boats
Ecological disorder  Commercial activities
Landuse and flow within 
the project area
Loss to historic and other 
archaeological sites
Harm to specific important  Construction of lake
features, like large trees, side resort, displacement
hilltops, etc.,
Erosion, landslide  Siltation of land

tourism pays attention to the environmen- vulnerabilities that causes damage to the
tal, socio-cultural and economic issues gen- environment (Dhariwal, 2013). Sufficient
erated by tourism (Manente et al., 2014). It emphasis to research in the area of eco-tour-
aims at minimising the negative impacts of ism, responsible tourism and environment
tourism on the environment. i s not m ade by the G ov er nme nt of
Puducherry. If the Government could initiate
As suggested by Needhidhasan and Nalla- the research activity in this sphere by in-
nathel (2014), composites should be used volving various research organisations, the
as construction materials while carrying out environment sustainability will be a prom-
hotel, resort and similar projects. These have ising asset for the future (Mia, et al., 2012).
less impact on the environment and aid the ‘Greening’ the destination, which involves
sustainability of the environment. An envi- planting tree sapling especially at the vicin-
ronmental audit (EI) should be conducted ity of the tourist sites will help counteract
at regular gaps, which helps in assessing the various forms of pollution caused by

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t he e xt e r na l sourc e s . G ove r nme nt of first and foremost consider the assessment
Puducherry should award special grants to of ‘carrying capacity’ of the destination and
the investors for constructing hotels, resorts then proceed with new tourism projects.
and similar establishments with LEED stan- Though the Pondicherry Pollution Control
dards (leadership in energy and environmen- Committee follows various acts and rules,
tal design). The same standards can be namely The Environment (Protection) Act
adopted while renovating heritage structures 1986 and the Environmental Impact Assess-
which resist adverse effects of tourism. The ment Notification 1994, it should also adopt
LEED standards are based on the 5 prin- the standards of the United Nations Envi-
ciples, like : (i) Sustainable site development, ronment Programme’s (UNEP) models and
(ii) water savings, (iii) energy efficiency, (iv) approaches in protecting the environment.
material selection and (v) indoor environmen-
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