1.

Data on pull-off force (pounds) for connectors used in an automobile engine application are as
follows
79.3 75.1 78.2 74.1 73.9 75.0 77.6 77.3 73.8 74.6 75.5 74.0 74.7
75.972.9 73.8 74.2 78.1 75.4 76.3 75.3 76.2 74.9 78.0 75.1 76.8
a. Calculate a point estimate of the mean pull-off force of all connectors in the population.
State which estimator you used and why.
b. Calculate a point estimate of the pull-off force value that separates the weakest 50% of the
connectors in the population from the strongest 50%.
c. Calculate point estimates of the population variance and the population standard deviation.
d. Calculate the standard error of the point estimate found in part (a). Interpret the standard
error.
e. Calculate a point estimate of the proportion of all connectors in the population whose pull-
off force is less than 73 pounds.
2.
a. A random sample of 10 houses in a particular area, each of which is heated with natural
gas, is selected and the amount of gas (therms) used during the month of January is
determined for each house. The resulting observations are
103 156 118 89 125 147 122 109 138 99
Let 𝜇 denote the average gas usage during January by all houses in this area. Compute a point
estimate of 𝜇
b. Suppose there are 10,000 houses in this area that use natural gas for heating. Let t denote
the total amount of gas used by all of these houses during January. Estimate t using the data
of part (a). What estimator did you use in computing your estimate?
c. Use the data in part (a) to estimate p, the proportion of all houses that used at least 100
therms.
d. Give a point estimate of the population median usage (the middle value in the population
of all houses) based on the sample of part (a). What estimator did you use?
3. Suppose we have a random sample of size 2𝑛 from a population denoted by 𝑋, and 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇
and 𝑉(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 . Let
2𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝑋̅1 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 and 𝑋̅2 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖
2𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

be two estimators of 𝜇. Which is the better estimator of 𝜇? Explain your choice.

4. Suppose we have a random sample of size 2𝑛 from a population denoted by 𝑋, and 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇
and 𝑉(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 . Let
2𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝑋̅1 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 and 𝑋̅2 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖
2𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
 be two estimators of 𝜇. Which is the better estimator of 𝜇? Explain your choice.

5. Suppose that 𝑋 is the number of observed “successes” in a sample of 𝑛 observations where 𝑝

is the probability of success on each observation.
𝑋
a. Show that 𝑝̂ = 𝑛 is an unbiased estimator of 𝑝.

𝑝(1 − 𝑝)⁄
b. Show that the standard error of 𝑝̂ is √ 𝑛 . How would you estimate the standard
error?

6. Let 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … , 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample from a distribution with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2

and let 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 be real numbers such that ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 = 1. Define 𝑋̂ = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 𝑋𝑖 .
a. Show that 𝑋̅ is an unbiased estimator of 𝜇.
b. Show that 𝑉(𝑋̅) ≤ 𝑉(𝑋̂) (hence among all estimators of 𝜇 of the form ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 = 1, 𝑋̅ is
the MVUE).
Exercise: 1
a. Calculate a point estimate of the mean pull-off force of all connectors in the population.
State which estimator you used and why.
By the formula:
26
1
𝜃̂ = 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑖
26
𝑖=1

Then:
1966
𝜃̂ = = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟖
26

Therefore:
̂ = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟖
𝜽

b. Calculate a point estimate of the pull-off force value that separates the weakest 50% of
the connectors in the population from the strongest 50%.
By the formula:
𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛+1
2 2
𝑀𝑑 =
2
Since: 𝑛 = 26
Then:
𝑥13 − 𝑥14
𝑀𝑑 =
2
While: 𝑥13 = 75.1 and 𝑥14 = 75.3
So, that:
75.1 − 75.3
𝑀𝑑 = = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟐
2
Therefore:
𝑴𝒅 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟐

c. Calculate point estimates of the population variance and the population standard
deviation.
Where 𝑆 is standard deviation
𝑆 2 is variance:
By the formula:
𝑛
2
1
𝑆 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑛−1
𝑖=1

While 𝑛 = 26
 𝑛 2
2
1 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 148728.3 − 148623.8
𝑆 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 − ( ) = = 7.5076
25 𝑛 25
𝑖=1

Then, we got:
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒
Therefore:
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒

d. Calculate the standard error of the point estimate found in part (a). Interpret the
standard error
By the formula:
𝑆
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) =
√𝑛
Since: 𝑆 = 1.65 and 𝑛 = 26
Then:
1.65
𝑆𝐸(𝑥̅ ) = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐
√26
Therefore:
̅) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐
𝑺𝑬(𝒙

e. Calculate a point estimate of the proportion of all connectors in the population whose
pull-off force is less than 73 pounds.
By formula:
𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 73 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑝̂ = =
𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Then:
1
𝑝̂ =
26

Therefore:

𝟏
̂ =
𝒑
𝟐𝟔

Exercise: 2
a. Compute a point estimate of 𝝁
Let 𝜇 denote the average gas usage gas during: January by all houses in this area
By the formula:
𝑛
1
𝜇̂ = ∑ 𝑋𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1

Then, we get:
 103 + 156 + 118 + 89 + 125 + 147 + 122 + 109 + 138 + 99
𝜇̂ = = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟔
10
Therefore:
𝝁
̂ = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟔

b. Estimate 𝒕 using the data of part (a)

Let 𝑡 denote that total amount of gas used by all of these houses during January
𝑡̂ = 10000 × 𝜇̂ = 𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔
In this computing, we use the point estimate of the average gas usage during January by 10
houses in particular area.
c. Use the data in part (a) to estimate 𝒑, the proportion of all houses that used at least 100
therms
By formula :
𝑥
𝑝=
𝑛
Since: 𝑥 = 8 and 𝑛 = 10
Then:
8
𝑝= = 𝟎. 𝟖
10
Therefore:
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟖

d. Give a point estimate of the population median usage.

By formula:
𝑥𝑛⁄2 + 𝑥𝑛+1⁄
2
𝑀𝑒 =
2
Since: 𝑛 = 10
𝑥5 + 𝑥6 118 + 122
𝑀𝑒 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
2 2
Therefore:
𝑴𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎

Exercise: 3
Which is the better estimator of 𝝁? Explain your choice
We have
2𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝑋̅1 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋̅2 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖
2𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Then

2𝑛 2𝑛
1 1
𝐸(𝑋̅1 ) = 𝐸 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝐸(𝑋𝑖 ) = 𝜇
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

SARY MONYCHOT 8|Page

 𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝐸(𝑋̅1 ) = 𝐸 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝐸(𝑋𝑖 ) = 𝜇
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

These two estimators are unbiased.

2𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝑉(𝑋1 ) = 𝑉 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉(𝑋2 ) = 𝑉 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 )
2𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛
1 1 1 2𝑛𝜎 2 𝜎2
𝑉(𝑋̅1 ) = 𝑉 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) = 2 ∑ 𝑉(𝑋) = 2 ∑ 𝜎 2 = =
2𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛2 2𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1 𝑛𝜎 2 𝜎2
𝑉(𝑋̅2 ) = 𝑉 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) = 2 ∑ 𝑉(𝑋) = 2 ∑ 𝜎 2 = 2 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Since
𝑉(𝑋̅2 ) > 𝑉(𝑋̅1 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 1

Therefore:
̅ 𝟐 ) > 𝑽(𝑿
𝑽(𝑿 ̅ 𝟏)

Exercise: 4
(𝟐𝟎𝑺𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑺𝟐𝟐 + 𝟖𝑺𝟐𝟑 )⁄
Show that 𝑺𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖 is an unbiased of 𝝈
𝟐

We have
(20𝑆12 + 10𝑆22 + 8𝑆32 )
𝑆2 =
38
(20𝑆 2 2 2
1 + 10𝑆2 + 8𝑆3 )
⟹ 𝐸(𝑆 2 ) = 𝐸 ( )
38
20 10 8
𝐸(𝑆 2 ) = 𝐸(𝑆1 2 ) + 𝐸(𝑆2 2 ) + 𝐸(𝑆3 2 ) = 𝝈𝟐
38 38 38

Therefore:
(𝟐𝟎𝑺𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑺𝟐𝟐 + 𝟖𝑺𝟐𝟑 )
𝑺𝟐 = 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐛𝐢𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝟑𝟖

Exercise: 5
𝑿
̂ = is an unbiased estimator of 𝒑.
a. Show that 𝒑 𝒏

Since X ∼ Bin(n, p) , then mean is

By the formula:
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝
So, that:
𝑋 1 1
𝐸(𝑝̂ ) = 𝐸 ( ) = 𝐸(𝑋) = (𝑛𝑝) = 𝒑 (𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
 𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑)⁄
̂ is √
b. Show that the standard error of 𝒑 𝒏 . How would you estimate the
standard error?
By the formula
Standard Error = √𝑉(𝑋)
Since
𝑉(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
Then:
𝑋 1 1 𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑)
𝑉(𝑝) = 𝑉 ( ) = 2 𝑉(𝑋) = 2 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝒏
Therefore:
𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑)
𝑉(𝑝) =
𝒏

Exercise: 6
Let 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample
Let 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 be real number such that
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑎𝑖 = 1 Define 𝑋̂ = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑋𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

̅ is an unbiased
a. Show that 𝑿
We have:
𝑛
1
𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝐸(𝑋̅) = 𝐸 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝐸(𝑋𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Since that 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample which mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2
𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑛 ~𝑁( 𝜇, 𝜎 2 )
So 𝐸(𝑋̅) = 𝜇 and ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐸(𝑋𝑖 ) = 𝑛𝜇
𝑛 𝑛
1
𝐸(𝑋̅) = ∑ 𝐸(𝑋𝑖 ) = 𝑛𝜇 = ∑ 𝐸(𝑋𝑖 ) = 𝝁
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Therefore:
̅ 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐛𝐢𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝
𝑿
̅ ) ≤ 𝑽(𝑿
b. Show that 𝑽(𝑿 ̂)

We have:
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ⟹ 𝑉(𝑋̅) = 𝑉 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛
1 𝑖 𝜎2
𝑉(𝑋̅) = ∑ 𝑉(𝑋𝑖 ) = 2 𝑛𝜎 2 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
Since:
𝑛 𝑛

𝑋̂ = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑋𝑖 ⟹ 𝑉(𝑋̂) = 𝑉 (∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑋𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
 𝑛 𝑛

𝑉(𝑋̂) = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 𝑉(𝑋𝑖 ) = 𝜎 ∑ 𝑎𝑖 2
2 2

𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Since:
𝑛
1
∑ 𝑎𝑖 2 = by cauchy − schwarz inequality
𝑛
𝑖=1
(𝑎1 𝑏1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 )2 ≤ (𝑎1 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 2 )(𝑏1 2 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 2 )
Take: 𝑏1 = ⋯ = 𝑏𝑛 = 1
𝑆𝑜: (𝑎1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 )2 ≤ (𝑎1 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 2 )𝑛
𝑛

Since: ∑ 𝑎𝑖 = 1
𝑖=1
𝑛
1
𝑆𝑜: 𝑎1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖 2 ≥
2 2
𝑛
𝑖=1
2
𝜎
⟹ 𝑉(𝑋̂) ≥ ⟹ 𝑉(𝑋̂) ≥ 𝑉(𝑋̅)
𝑛
Therefore:
̂ ) ≥ 𝑽(𝑿
𝑽(𝑿 ̅)