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    CEN498 Embedded Systems: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamil Dimililer

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    This document contains notes from a lecture on embedded systems memory organization and instructions. It discusses directives that inform the assembler, instructions that are assembled into machine code, labels that mark code and data addresses, mnemonics and operands that make up instructions. It also covers comments to explain code, how programs communicate, an example assembly program, initializing processor registers, the status register, ADCON1 register, and using TRIS registers to set ports as inputs or outputs.

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    CEN498 Embedded Systems: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamil Dimililer

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    21 views9 pages
    This document contains notes from a lecture on embedded systems memory organization and instructions. It discusses directives that inform the assembler, instructions that are assembled into machine code, labels that mark code and data addresses, mnemonics and operands that make up instructions. It also covers comments to explain code, how programs communicate, an example assembly program, initializing processor registers, the status register, ADCON1 register, and using TRIS registers to set ports as inputs or outputs.

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    micro controller

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    CEN498_21_WEEK3

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    This document contains notes from a lecture on embedded systems memory organization and instructions. It discusses directives that inform the assembler, instructions that are assembled into machine code, labels that mark code and data addresses, mnemonics and operands that make up instructions. It also covers comments to explain code, how programs communicate, an example assembly program, initializing processor registers, the status register, ADCON1 register, and using TRIS registers to set ports as inputs or outputs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views9 pages

    CEN498 Embedded Systems: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamil Dimililer

    Uploaded by

    toplove love
    This document contains notes from a lecture on embedded systems memory organization and instructions. It discusses directives that inform the assembler, instructions that are assembled into machine code, labels that mark code and data addresses, mnemonics and operands that make up instructions. It also covers comments to explain code, how programs communicate, an example assembly program, initializing processor registers, the status register, ADCON1 register, and using TRIS registers to set ports as inputs or outputs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    28/10/2021

    CEN498 Embedded Systems

    Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamil Dimililer

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 2

    1
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    Memory Organization
    3

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 4

    2
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    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 5

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 6

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    Directives
    • Commands that are recognized and
    acted upon by the assembler
    – Not part of the instruction set
    – Used to inform assembler (declare ).
    • Different assemblers have different
    directives. For Example,
    • KEYDATA EQU 0x21 ; Declares that
    KEYDATA is used instead of 0x21

    Dr. Kamil7Dimililer

    Instructions
    • Assembled into machine code by
    assembler
    • Executed at runtime by the CPU
    • Member of the instruction set the
    selected processor
    • Parts
    – Label
    – Mnemonic
    – Operand
    – Comment

    Dr. Kamil8Dimililer

    4
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    Labels
    • Act as place markers
    – marks the address (offset) of code and data
    • Follow identifer rules
    • Data label
    – must be unique
    – example: KEYDATA Address of data memory

    • Code label
    – target of jump and loop instructions
    – example: L1: Address of code memory

    Dr. Kamil9Dimililer

    Mnemonics and Operands


    • Instruction Mnemonics
    – "reminder"
    – examples: MOVF, ADDWf, BTSSZ etc.
    • Operands
    – constant (literal value – k in the table above)
    – constant expression
    – Register (in general- we use only f or w in
    mid-range pic model )
    – memory (data label)

    Dr. Kamil10Dimililer

    10

    5
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    Comments
    • Comments are useful
    –explain the program's purpose
    –when it was written, and by whom
    –revision information
    –tricky coding techniques
    –application-specific explanations
    –begin with semicolon (;)

    Dr. Kamil11Dimililer

    11

    A program communicates to:

    • Programmer

    • Compiler/assembler

    • Processor

    Dr. Kamil12Dimililer

    12

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    • ; ########## EXP1.ASM ############################

    • ; WRITTEN BY
    • ; DATE REV 1
    • ; FILE SAVED AS EXP1.ASM
    • ; FOR PIC 16F877 40 PIN DEVICE
    • ; RESONATOR 10MHz
    • ; WATCHDOG DISABLED
    • ; CODE PROTECTION OFF

    • TITLE "Write to port D"


    • list p = 16f877
    • include <p16f877.inc>

    • ORG 0 ;START ADDRESS


    • GOTO START ;START OF PROGRAM

    Example •
    •
    •
    ; ********** THE ROUTINES START HERE *********
    ORG 20H
    START CALL INITP ;INITIALISE PORTS

    • REPEAT MOVLW D'55' ;SET OUTPUT TO 55H


    • MOVWF PORTD ;WRITE TO PORT C
    • GOTO REPEAT ;REPEAT FOREVER

    • INITP BSF STATUS,RP0 ;PAGE 1


    • MOVLW 0 ;MAKE PORT D OUTPUT
    • MOVWF TRISD ;DO IT
    • BCF STATUS,RP0
    • RETURN ;RETURN

    • END
    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 13

    13

    Initialization of the processor


    If the conditions are not changed, the processors
    operate with their (power on) default values . The
    most important default values and the related
    registers for mid-range pic models:
    • If you do not adjust banks (STATUS register), all
    direct adresses are in bank 0.
    • If you do not change ADCON1 register, All ports
    are analog inputs
    • When you adjust ports/pins to be digital, If you
    do not adjust related TRIS register that ports/pins
    are digital inputs
    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 14

    14

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    Status Register

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 15

    15

    Status Register

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 16

    16

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    ADCON1 Register

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 17

    17

    Digital Port: Input or Output?

    Dr. Kamil Dimililer 18

    18

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