Chapter 1. Intro & Group Properties
Chapter 1. Intro & Group Properties
Chapter 1. Intro & Group Properties
PHR103 Medicinals
Inorganic
4. correlate the structure of the drugs with its absorption, biological activity
and metabolism;
Course Objectives
• Alkali metals react with water to form basic hydroxides and liberate
hydrogen.
• Reaction of the metal is exothermic
• Explosive leading to fire from lithium to cesium
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Group 1A Group 1B
Do not occur free in nature Occur free in nature and are easily
recovered from their compounds
through reduction
Very active chemically, displace all Low in reactivity series and not
other metals from their compounds. chemically active; they are displaced
Chemical reactivity increases as the by metals and chemical reactivity
atomic weight increases decreases as the atomic weight
increases.
Oxides and hydroxides are strongly Oxides and hydroxides are feebly
basic. basic
Group 1A Group 1B Comparison
Group 1A Group 1B
Form simple cation, never occur in Form complex cation with NH3 such
complex anion and don’t form as Ag(NH3)2-, Cu(NH3)42+ , Au(NH3)63+
complex with NH3
1. Hydrogen sulfide
2. Ammonia
tetraaminocuprate(II) complex
Identification Tests Copper
3. Sodium hydroxide
4. KI
5. KSCN
copper (II) thiocyanate
thiocyanide
1. dil. HCl
Dichloroargentate
Identification Tests Silver
1. dil. HCl
3. Ammonia
• Brown ppt
• X’ss reagent dis.ppt due to complex form’n
4. NaOH
4. NaOH
5. KI
5. K2CrO4 (neutral)
1. H2S
2. NH3
3. H2C2O4
5. NaOH
• Au3+ + Na+ + OH- Au(OH)3
Tetrahydroxoaurate (III)
Alkaline
Group 2A Metals
Earth
Alkaline
Group 2A Metals
Earth
• Members of the family are:
– Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra
• All are metals while Ra-is a radioactive
• “alkaline”
– compounds of these metals are alkaline basic in nature.
• “Earth”
– most compounds are insoluble to water.
Alkaline
Group 2A Metals
Earth
• They are harder metals than the Group 1A, but are soft and
lightweight compared to many of the transition metals.
• Salts of Group 2A metals are less soluble in water than those of
Group 1A due to higher charge densities on the 2+ cations.
• Group 2A salts are at least moderately soluble.
• Some Group 2A salts bond strongly to water molecules, and
crystallize as hydrates
– e.g. Epsom salt, MgSO4·7H2O
– Gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O.
Official Tests Beryllium
1. NH3 or (NH3)2S
2. NaOH TS
tetrahydroxoberyllate ion
3. (NH4)2CO3 TS
1. Flame Test
– No coloration is observe
– Burns readily in air or oxygen with white brilliant light forming
MgO and Mg3N2
– Slowly decompose in water at ordinary temperature
– Boiling water the reaction proceeds rapidly:
Official Tests Magnesium
2. NH3 TS
3. NaOH TS
– white ppt
– Insol. X’ss reagent
– Very sol.in NH4 salts.
Official Tests Magnesium
4. (NH4)2CO3 TS
.
Official Tests Calcium
4. Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) Sol’n
– White ppt, rapid ppt’n with conc. sol’n but slowly in diluted one
– Ppt’n can be facilitated with the add’n of NH3 making it relatively
alkaline
– Insol. to H2O & Hac
– Sol. in mineral acids
Official Tests Strontium
1. NH3 TS
– No ppt’ form’n,
• due high sol of ppt but upon exposure to air CO2 deposit
turbidity
3. H2SO4 TS
4. Sat.CaSO4 TS
– White precipitate
– Rapid ppt’n upon boiling and slowly in cold. (distinction from Ba2+)
– White ppt
– Sparingly sol.in H2O
– HAC does not attack
– Mineral acid dis.ppt
Official Tests Strontium
6. K2CrO4 TS
– Yellow precipitate
– Sol in H2 O and HAC (distinction from Ba2+)
– and sol. mineral acids
Official Tests Barium
1. NH3 TS
– No ppt, high sol of ppt but upon exposure to air CO2 deposit
turbidity Barium carbonate
2. (NH4)2CO3 TS
– White ppt, slightly sol.in H2O and readily dis.by hot HAC
(distinction from Ca2+ ) and by mineral acids.
Official Tests Barium
4. Dil. H2SO4
– Heavy white finely divided ppt, insol.in H2O and in dil.acids and NH4
salts.
– Sol.in boiling conc.H2SO4
– Rapid ppt’n upon boiling or in a presence of ammonium acetate.
– Sol.product of both SrCrO4 & CaCrO4 are much large than BaCrO4
thus, they require larger CrO4 ion conc.to precipitate them.
– Add’n of HAC to K2CrO4 lowers CrO4 ion conc.thus both Ca2+ & Sr2+ will not
be precipitated.
Introduction Group 2B Metals
Introduction Group 2B Metals
• They can react with halogens, oxygen, nitric acid & other
oxidizing agents
• Forms complexes and coordinate compounds (cyano, amino,
halo groups)
• They form oxides & basic CO3 coatings upon exposure to air that
prevents further oxidation of metals.
– Zn-used in the manufacture of “galvanized iron”
– All these 3 metals are used in prod’n of alloys
– Hg-used in the prod’n of amalgams.
Chemical Group 2B Metals
• Oxides & OH_ are weak bases and strength of basic character
increases as move down the periodic table.
• Zn(OH)2 is amphoteric in nature.
• Mainly used the prod’n of alloys
– Brass- contains copper & zinc
– Bronze- contain copper & tin
• General Rxns
– M + X2 MX2
– 2M + O2 2MO
– M + 4HNO3 M(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Official Tests Zinc
• 1. NaOH TS
• 2. NH3 TS
– White ppt, readily sol.in x’ss reagent and NH4 salts due to form’n of
complex compound [Zn(NH3)4] 2+
– None pptn in the presence of NH4Cl due to low OH – to which Zn(OH)2 in
not attainable.
Official Tests Zinc
• 3. (NH4)2S TS
• 4. H2S
• 5.Na2HPO4 Sol’n
– Both ppts are sol.in acids and the reaction will reversed
– Sol.in NH3
Official Tests Zinc
• 6.K2[Fe(CN)6 ]2
– ppt insol.in dil.acids but readily dis.in NaOH. This rxn is used to distinguish
Zn+2 from Al+3
Official Tests Cadmium
• Properties:
– Silver-white, malleable and ductile metal.
– Dis.slowly in diluted acids and produces hydrogen gas due to its
negative electrode potential.
– White ppt dis.in acid as it shifts the rxn going to the left.
– X’ss reagent dis.ppt as it forms colorless complex.
Tetraaminocadmiate (II)
Official Tests Cadmium
• 3. KI
– No ppt form’n differentiates it from Cu2+
• 4. NaOH TS
• 5. KCN (Poison)TS
• 1. dil.HCl
• 1. dil.HCl
– NH3 converts the ppt to mixtures of salts of Hg2+ & Hg+ metal to
which both are insol.to NH3
– Hg(NH2)Cl
• White ppt but finely divided mercury makes it shiny black
– Hg2Cl2
• dis.in agua regina forming undissociated sol.HgCl2
Mercury
Official Tests
(I)
– If heated with aqua regina, sulfur will be oxidized to sulfuric acid and
the sol’n becomes clear.
Mercury
Official Tests
(I)
• 3. NH3 TS
– Mixture of black ppt of both _____.
– Used to differentiate between Hg+ from Hg2+
• 4. NaOH TS (Hg+)
– When boiling the mixture Hg2I2 ppt with H2O, disproportionation takes
place red ppt of Hg I2 and black of finely divided Hg+.
Mercury
Official Tests
(I)
• 7. Na2CO3
• 8. Na2HPO4
– White ppt is seen.
• 9. KCN (POISON)
– Black ppt of elemental mercury and clear sol’n of ______
Mercury
Official Tests
(I)
• 10. SnCl2
– Reduces Hg+ to Hg0
– Form’n of greyish-black ppt
Mercury
Official Tests
(II)
– HgCl2 remaines undissociated while sulfur forms white ppt that will
dis.readily if sol’n is heated sulfate ion.
Mercury
Official Tests
(II)
• 2. NH3
– White ppt of mixed composition of ________.
– Mercury salts will sublime at atmospheric pressure.
• 4. KI
• 5. KCN (POISON)
– Does not cause any change in dil.sol’ns.
• 6. SnCl2