107th FET REPORT, VB KVK, BADGAON, UDAIPUR

FOCARS

Report
On
Field Experience Training

at
Vidya Bhawan Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Udaipur (Rajasthan)
(20-02-2018 to 12-03-2018)

Submitted to
ICAR-National Academy for Agricultural Research Management (NAARM),
Hyderabad

For partial fulfilment of training of 107th FOCARS batch, 2018

Submitted by:
Deep Mohan Mahala
Mahesh Kumar
Chirag Maheshwari
Bhagya Vijayan
Ankita Kandpal
Himani Priya

ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

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INDEX
Chapter Page No.
1 Introduction 2
2 Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET) 4
3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools 5
4 FET Methodology 5
5 PRA techniques used in the village 6
5.1 Basic Information 7
5.2 Village Transect 10
5.3 Mobility Map 12
5.4 Time Line 13
5.5 Time Trend 14
5.6 Seasonal Analysis 18
5.7 Gender Disaggregated Seasonal analysis 21
5.8 Bio-resource Flow 22
5.9 Daily routine diagram/Daily activity profile 23
5.10 Agro-ecological Map 28
5.11 Resource Map 30
5.12 Social Map 32
5.13 Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) 35
5.14 Technology Map 37
5.15 Matrix Ranking 40
5.16 Venn diagram 42
5.17 Wealth Ranking 43
5.18 Livelihood analysis 45
5.19 Problem Identification Technique and Prioritization 47
5.20 Consequence Diagram 50
5.21 Problem causal and Solution tree 53
5.22 Action Plan 57
6 Village seminar 62
7 Institute seminar 63
8 Industrial visit 64
9 Institute Visit 67
10 Conclusion 70

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Acknowledgement
We humbly and whole heartedly bow our heads before Almighty God for
blessing us with his grace to successfully complete our endeavor at Malpur
Village, KVK, Badgaon, Rajasthan. In undertaking this training programme, we
have received help from a wide variety of sources. Our greatest indebtedness is

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to our Course Coordinators Dr. B Ganesh Kumar, Principle Scientist and Dr. I
Sekar, Principal Scientist NAARM, who always took keen interest in each and
every activity and ensured its successful completion. We feel deeply grateful to
Dr. C S. Rao Director NAARM and Dr. S K Som, Joint Director, NAARM for
their inspirational motivation. We are deeply indebted to FET Committee,
NAARM for their constant support, inspiration, encouragement and valuable
suggestions throughout the training.
Beyond words is our gratitude to Dr. A S Jodha (Programme
Coordinator, KVK, Badgaon), and Sh. P C Bhatnagar (SMS, KVK), Sh.
Hansmukh (SMS, KVK), Sh. Moti Singh Rathore (SMS, KVK), Dr. Mahesh
Choudhary (SMS, KVK), for their whole hearted support, assistance and advice
to workout PRA techniques during FET training. We would like to thank all the
faculty of KVK for their heartful support throughout the period.
We are equally grateful to villagers of Malpur village for their outmost
courtesy and friendliness. We owe a special debt to Mr. Girish Kumar Vyas,
Mr. Joga Ram and farmers of Malpur village for their kind help and constant
support throughout the village training period.
We would like to thank our friends from NAARM for their unconditional
support and memorable team efforts during FOCARS training, which are and
will be cherished throughout our ARS careers.

Ankita Kandpal Deep Mohan Mahala

Himani Priya Mahesh Kumar

Bhagya Vijayan Chirag Maheshwari

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1. Introduction
Agriculture is considered as back bone of Indian economy. Today India ranks second in farm
output. Agriculture and allied sector accounted for 13.6 % of GDP in 2017, about 52% of
total work force. The economic contribution of agriculture to India’s GDP is steadily
declining with the country’s broad based economic growth. Still, agriculture is
demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall
socioeconomic fabric of India. Agriculture has been a way of life and continues to be the
single most important livelihood of the masses in India. It has to support almost 17 per cent
of the world population from just 2.3 per cent of world’s geographical area and 4.2 per cent
of world’s water resources.
The diverse challenges and constraints as growing population, increasing food
demand, natural resource degradation, climate change, new parasites, slow growth in farm
income and new global trade regulations demand a paradigm shift in formulating and
implementing the agricultural research programmes. The emerging scenario necessitates the
institutions of ICAR to have perspective vision (Vision-2030) which could be translated
through proactive, novel and innovative research approach based on cutting edge science.
Public investment in irrigation, other rural infrastructure, research and extension
together with improved crop production practices, has significantly helped to increase
production and stocks of food grains from 72 million tonnes in 1965- 1966 to 274.47 million
tonnes in 2016- 2017. (Economic survey, 2016-17, GoI).
The contribution from agriculture has been continuously falling from 55.1% in 1950-
51 to 37.6% in 1981-82 & further to 14.2% in 2016-17. But agriculture still continues to be
the main sector because it provides livelihood to a majority of the people. In 1951, 69.5% of
the working population was engaged in agriculture. This percentage fell to 66.9% in 1991 &
to 52% in 2016. However, with rapid increase in population the absolute number of people
engaged in agriculture has become exceedingly large.
Over the years, the central and state governments have taken number of efforts to
improve both input and output production. The share of agriculture in real GDP has fallen
because of its lower growth rate relative to industry and services.
The growth of the horticulture sector significantly improved within agriculture and
been recognized as potential field for diversification in the last decade to sustain agriculture
based economy. The area and production of vegetable have expanded continuously. Although
in recent decades, India has achieved self-sufficiency in food grain production, concerns

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about food security remain, as the scope to bring additional land under cultivation is limited
and agricultural production technology has started showing signs of fatigue, and has been
accompanied by degradation of the natural production resource base. Notwithstanding these
facts, the incremental production has to come from productivity increases without damaging
the ecological foundations of agriculture. These combinations food requirement and
ecological concerns emphasis the need for generation and diffusion of new technologies that
produce sufficient food and protect the environment and human health.
In this connection Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool to find
location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for
short and long-term benefits. PRA is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand
the problems of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of interest for
necessary intervention. PRA also provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyse their
livelihood issues.
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural
activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water resources, land use,
land pattern and topography of different life support system. Temporal data helps in seasonal
analysis, adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimension helps in
knowing the facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and
ethics of the people of that locality.
As a part of 107th FOCARS (Foundation Course for Agricultural Research Services)
training programme offered at NAARM, Hyderabad, we the ARS scientists (on probation)
had undergone 21 days FET (Field Experience Training) programme at Malpur village in
Udaipur, district from 20-02-2018 to 12-03-2018. This Field Experience Training (FET)
report has been prepared by a team of six members from different disciplines namely Plant
Biochemistry, Soil science, Microbiology, Agricultural Economics and Agricultural
Extension. The information collected under different PRA tools is presented in different
sections of this report.
During the period, we have assessed the agricultural situation in the village; the felt
needs of the farmers, resources available, livelihood, technology adoption, rejection and
transfer process, problems and prospects related to agriculture, horticulture and animal
husbandry, opportunities and research strategies to address these issues.
During the period, we have assessed the agricultural situation in the village; the felt
needs of the farmers, resources available, livelihood, technology adoption, rejection and

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transfer process, problems and prospects related to agriculture, horticulture and animal
husbandry, opportunities and research strategies to address these issues. A brief report of
work done during the period is presented in different sections of this report.

2. Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET)

The overall objective of the FET is to provide the ARS probationers an opportunity
for gaining first- hand experience and an insight into agricultural and rural development
scenario in general and the problems of the farming community in particular. It also gives an
opportunity to the young scientists to have knowledge about the various complex interactions
of agricultural research with production, processing, value addition and marketing systems in
the rural areas
The specific objectives of the FET are:

1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the farming
community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources, priorities,
problems and prospects.
2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming
community.
3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology
adoption, diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and related
concepts.
4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension system
and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and appreciation
about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK`s) of farmers and to generate appropriate
technologies if scientifically valid.
6. To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field related
problems.
7. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among
scientist-trainees.
8. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies, products
and processes.

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9. To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by

producers with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and futuristic
approaches.
10. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other
stakeholders in value chain.

3. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a systematic, semi-structured activity
conducted on site, by a multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach of
learning rural life forms with and by rural people. Due to active participation of community
members as well as scientists, PRA has become a useful method to focus attention on village
people, their livelihood and relationship with social and economic factors. It is a good
technique to help the community members make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues
related to it.
Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of techniques. This
information is verified by triangulation among various key informants (KI`s) in addition to
on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used by the FET team to
collect information are as follows:
1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State Dept.
of Agriculture.
3. Semi-structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers
participation in different aspects of the village.
4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.
5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement.
7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems and
opportunities throughout the year.
8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems and
preparing solution plan accordingly.

4. FET METHODOLOGY

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The FET is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on the principle of “seeing is

believing” and “learning by doing”.
FET has three phases:
In the first phase, the village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the
FET coordinator, Dr. A. S. Jodha, Programme Co-ordinator, V. B. Krishi Vigyan Kendra
(KVK), Badgaon, Udaipur. We selected the village Malpur in Udaipur district of Rajasthan,
located at a distance of 60 km from VB KVK, Badgaon.
In Malpur, we identified five main Key Informants (KI`s) Mr. Vijay Prajapati, Mr.
Rewa Sankar Badera, Mr. Mahindra Singh Sisodia, Karan Singh Ranawat and Mr. Khem Raj
Meghwal farmers of the village relevant to the PRA techniques. We walked in a team along
with the main KI`s, interacted with other KI`s and villagers, observed the livelihood and
noted the information. For each PRA technique, upto three to five KI`s were selected.
Interaction with KI`s was initiated from the semi-structured questionnaires and then branched
as per need. The given information by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KI`s
and on the spot analysis. The principle and methodology of PRA was applied for gathering
information on all topics.
In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with Collectorate office
Deputy Director, Extension, Udaipur, Agricultural Officer, Veterinary Officer, scientists from
KVK and Village Administrative Officer. This interaction helped to understand the
agricultural problems and prospects in the village and to prioritize the major agricultural
problems. With this information, we conducted village seminar on 09.03.2018 to discuss
these major problems with the help of V.B. KVK, Badgaon. We obtained feedback from the
farmers and the scientists, in the light of which the action plan was prepared.
In the third phase, we organized institute visit to Regional Centre of National
Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) industrial visit to Saras Dairy
(Udaipur Dugdh Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Ltd), Udaipur. In final phase, we organized institute
seminar at V. B. KVK on 12.03.2018. We obtained suggestions from the specialists from
specified fields, in the light of which the action plan was modified and proposed.

5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE

PRA is a research technique developed in early 1980s as an alternative and

complement to conventional sample survey. PRA is a way of learning from and with farmers
to investigate, analyse and evaluate constraints and opportunities and to formulate research
plan to address the problems. The complexities of problem involved in agriculture can be

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understood through PRA and hence, it is a system approach for systematic and rapid
collection of information. The principle and methods of PRA was adhered for gathering
information on 21 topics.

1. Basic information about the village

2. Village Transect
3. Mobility map
4. Time line
5. Time trend
6. Seasonal calendar (activities) & Seasonal analysis (problems)
7. Bio-resource flow diagram
8. Daily routine diagram/ Daily activity profile
9. Agro-ecology map
10. Resource map
11. Social map
12. Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)
13. Technology map
14. Matrix Ranking
15. Venn Diagram
16. Wealth Ranking
17. Livelihood Analysis
18. Problem Identification and Priortization
19. Consequence diagram
20. Problem Solution Tree
21. Action Plan

5.1 BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE VILLAGE

Key Informants: Shanti Lal Meena ji (Sarpanch), Gopal Ji and Mohan ji

Table.1.Basic information of Malpur Village

Name of the village Malpur
Village Panchayat Chandwas

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Taluka Jhadol
District Udaipur
State Rajasthan
Table.2. Climatological Data

Mean Annual Rainfall 520 mm/year

Mean Annual Temp. 35ºC
Relative Humidity 30-35%

Table.3. Geographical Co-ordinates

Latitude 24°48'634"N
Longitude 73°45‘269“E
Altitude 632 MSL

Table.4. Geographical Data

Different areas Area (ha)
Total geographic area 509
Net cultivable area 202
Fallow land 88
Rainfed area 135
Well irrigated area 84

Table.5.Demographic Patterns
No. of households 135
Total population 666
No of Males 330
No of Females 336

Table.6. Community Categorization

Total No. of Families 135
General 55
OBC 25
SC Families 05
ST Families 50

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Table.7. Agriculture Scenario

Land Holdings No. of family
Medium (> 5 ha) 31
Poor (2-5 ha) 41
Very poor (<1 ha) 63
Others (non-agricultural occupation) N/A

Table.8. Livestock details

Cow 147
Buffalo 150
Goat 270
Bullock 88 pairs

Table.9. Agricultural Implements

Tractor 2

Bullock cart 25
Country Plough 45
Knapsack Sprayer 05
Power Sprayer 01
Power tiller 0
Thrasher 0
Electric motor/electric pump 20
Seed cum fertilizer drill 0

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5.2 Village Transect

Key Informants:
Gopal Ji,

Girish Vyas ji

Mohan ji

Table.10. General transect of Malpur

Criteria Low land Upland Forest land

Soil type Clay Loam Loam Gravelly loam hilly
soil
Major Crops Mustard, Wheat, - -
Maize, Soybean,
Sugarcane
Livestock Bullocks, Buffalo, Bullocks, Buffalo, -
Cow, Goat Cow, Goat
Fruit Trees Aonla, Bamboo, Aonla, Bamboo, Custard apple, Date
Custard apple, Date Custard apple, Date palm, Mango, Ber
palm, Mango, Ber palm, Mango, Ber
Trees Neem (Azadirachta Neem (Azadirachta Neem (Azadirachta
indica), Babool indica), Babool indica), Babool
(Acacia niloticus), (Acacia niloticus), (Acacia niloticus),
Peepal (Ficus Peepal (Ficus Peepal (Ficus
Religiosa), Religiosa), Custard Religiosa), Custard
Eucalyptus, Mahua apple (Annona apple (Annona
(Madhuca reticulata), Mahua reticulata), Mahua
Longifolia) (Madhuca (Madhuca
Longifolia) Longifolia)
Weeds Bathua Bathua Satyanashi
(Chenopdium (Chenopdium (Argemone
album), Congress album), Congress Mexicana), Rukhdi
grass (Parthenium), grass (Parthenium), (Emex spinosus),
Rukhdi (Emex Rukhdi (Emex Motha (Cyperus

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spinosus), Motha spinosus), Motha rotundus

(Cyperus rotundus) (Cyperus rotundus
Water Sources Open wells, Rain Hand pumps, Open Rain water
water wells
Problems Mustard (Aphids), Foot and Mouth Runoff losses
Wheat (Rust), Maize Disease
(stem borer & grass
hopper), Nilgai
Opportunities Disease resistant Milk processing unit, Development of
varieties, Rain water Processing unit for pasture, Rain water
harvesting structures vegetabes, Poultry harvesting structures
like check dams, farms like check dams,
nalla bunds, nalla bunds,
apiculture commercial
horticultural crop
production like
tamarind, custard
apple etc

T ransect is the walk through the village in a particular direction along with some key
informants. The main objective of the transect is to understand and study the major
land uses, topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation and different ecological
zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the key informants, while walking in the
decided direction. The items for discussion included topics such as soil type, water resources,
agro-ecological zones, crops, weeds, trees,
The entire village of Malpur is divided into three zones, viz. lowland, upland and
forest land. The residential area is in the upland part of the village with agricultural fields
surrounding it in lowland. The soil is predominantly loamy type. The main crops are wheat,
maize, and soybean. Bovine are mainly concentrated towards the residential area. Cereal
crops and some vegetables are the main crops for earning livelihood. Trees are grown as the
boundary of fields, and also near the residential areas, the main species being Neem, Babool,
Peepal, Mahua, kher and Custard apple. The major weeds are Bathua, Congress grass,
Rukhdi, Motha and Satyanashi. Farming is practiced with animal drawn implements like
country plough; knapsack sprayer and sowing operations with tractor are the only modern
implement they use in agriculture, since most of them are marginal and small farmers. Water
tanks, tube well and bore well are the main source of water for household use and agriculture.
Over all, each segment associated with certain type of problems and simultaneously
lots of opportunities are there from them the living standard of villagers can be improved.
The observations of general transect are summarized the Table 10.

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5.3 MOBILITY MAP

Key Informants: Bakhtawar singh Ji, Mahendra Singh Sisosia and Ram singh ji

I t indicates the ease of agricultural resources availability and accessibility for the villagers.
The mobility map shows the direction, frequency, mode, the cost incurred and the
purposes for which the villagers have to travel outside the village for agriculture. The
mobility maps can be made for different user groups. This involves various places frequented
by the villagers for agricultural, social, educational, health and entertainment purposes.
Detailed mobility of Malpur with distance, purposes and transportation cost has been given in
the Table 11 & Figure 1.

Table 11. Mobility table for Malpur village

Sr. Place Distance Mode of Fare Purpose Frequency

No (km) transportation (Rs.)
1 Jhadol 10 Bike, auto, 10 College Very high
Health centre
Market
Post office
2 Chandwas 2 Walking, Bike, 5 Inter college Very High

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Auto, Bicycle Health Centre

Panchayat

6 Udaipur 60 Bus 65 Hospital Very Low

Market

7 Badgaon 70 Bus 70 Consultancy & Very Low

training from
KVK

Figure 1: Mobility Map of Malpur Village

5.4 TIME LINE

Key Informants: Vijay ji, Girish Vyas Ji and Ladu ram ji

A simple but powerful tool, time line also keeps in rapport building with the villagers.
In this technique the villagers are encouraged to discuss those happenings in the
history of the village, which were significant to its process of development. Time line brings
to light those events, which may sometimes appear irrelevant to an outsider. The tool
provides an insight into the collective history of the selected area.

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The mile stones in the progress of agriculture, animal husbandry, panchayat raj
system are all phenomenon that can be depicted in the form of a time line. The key
informants were selected in such a manner so as to represent all occupational sectors like
agriculture, industry, labour etc. The age of the selected key informants are on the higher
scale with a view to take advantage of the wisdom of the age.

Table 12. Time line of major events of Malpur village

Year Event
1940 Bicycle was introduced
1960 Severe Drought in village
1970 Hand pump was introduced
1978 Primary school
1978 Bicycle
1980 Diesel pump
1984 Radio

1997 Electricity

2000 Motor bike was introduced in village

2003 Jersey cow was introduced in village
2005 TV, Four wheelers
2005 Tractor
2006 Aagan Badi introduced
2008 Pakka Roads constructed
2009 Veterinary health clinic was introduced in village
2010 Mobile, Health clinic put in use
2002-15 Peyjal yojana,Solar Light, introduced

2016 PM Ujawla yojana

5.5 TIME TREND

Key Informants: Vijay ji and Vyas Ji

T ime trend is a simple PRA technique, usually depicted in the form of graph (bar/line) to
show the trend of crop/animal production, commodity prices, human/cattle population
etc. The specific objectives of this tool are to identify the changes/fluctuations that have
occurred over a period of time in the variables influencing village life.
Time trend for wheat price, wheat productivity cow and buffalo milk price Productivity
and price trend for Wheat

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As per the information and perception of farmers, the productivity of wheat has
shown gradual increasing trend from 1990 to present with the productivity of 20 quintal to 31
quintal per ha. (Fig.2). The increasing trend is mainly because of scientific intervention from
KVKs and other line Department of the State Government.

Time trend for Wheat productivity

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Fig: 2 Time trend of wheat productivity

Price trend of Wheat

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Fig: 3 Time trend of wheat price

Wheat is one of the important crop in the present context of food security in India, the
farmers also getting nominal price compare to twenty five years recently farmers getting
Rs.1725/quintal (Fig.3). The price of wheat shows the gradual increasing trend over past
twenty five years.

Productivity and price trend for Maize

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The productivity of maize shows no significant increase in productivity but with slight
improvement in the productivity is again because of the scientific intervention and the
productivity is varies between 4 qtl to 5 qtl per bigha (Fig.4). The collated data has been
graphically furnished below.

Time trend for Maize productivity

6

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Fig: 4 Time trend of maize productivity

The farmers are getting good price compare to twenty five years recently farmers
getting Rs.1400/q (Fig.5). The price of wheat shows the gradual increasing trend over past
twenty five years and the comparison is depicted below.

Price trend of Maize

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Fig: 5 Time trend of Maize price

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Productivity and price trend for Milk:

Trend line for Milk productivity

6

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Fig: 6 Time trend of milk productivity

Price trend of Milk

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Fig: 7 Time trend of price of milk

As shown in the graphs (Fig. 6 and 7) milk showing the positive trend, is mainly due
to the improvement in the feeding practices and adoption of packaging practices. Nearly 50%
of the villagers are not selling, and rest are selling the milk to a cooperative society. The price
of the milk is depends on the fat content. Presently, the rate of milk per litre is Rs. 35-40.

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Birds eye view of Malpur Village

5.6 SEASONAL ANALYSIS

Key Informants: Vijay ji, Hira lal Joshi ji and Amrit lal bhil Ji

A griculture enterprise is a seasonal activity in that the various activities required to be

performed depends on the time of the year and the crop or enterprise being run.
Seasonal analysis is done to probe into the calendar of activities and provide information,
which is temporarily referenced. This information can provide us insight into organization of
work and the evolution of critical practices in agriculture. Some of the problems most
commonly aired by the farmers are also related intimately with the seasonal nature of
agriculture. To solve these issues it is important to do a seasonal analysis.
The seasonal analysis was done in three parts viz., seasonal activities, seasonal
problems and gender disaggregated seasonal calendar. For preparing this, background
information was collected from all the farmers we visited. The information were triangulated
and tabulated to give a precise fact sheet.

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Table 13. Seasonal Calendar of Activities of Malpur village

Seasonal calendar (Activities)

MONTHS

CROPS FEB MAR APRL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN

Wheat I I H T FP S I F W,I
Maize FY
FP S F W F H T
M
Chlorophytum F
I H& T S W I W H
P
Soybean F
S F W W H
P
Mustard H T FP S F I
VEGETABLE
S
Garlic H FP S W I
Onion S F
I H I N F T W I
T P
Chilli S
N FP F T I W I I H
T
LIVESTOCK
Cow M+SG
Buffalo M+SG
Goat M+OG
FP= Field Preparation H = Harvesting
S= Sowing T = Thrashing
I = Irrigation M = Maintenance activities (Feeding, cleaning,
F = Fertilizer application milking, selling etc.
W = Weeding SG= Shade Grazing

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 OG= Open Grazing
ST=Seed Treatment
N=Nursery

Agriculture being mainly oriented around agronomical crops the major problems is associated with the crop and persists year round.
However, certain problems are seasonal in nature. In case of animal husbandry enterprises also many problems of seasonal nature are there.

Table 14. Seasonal Problems of Malpur village

Particulars MONTHS
Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan
CROPS
Wheat T T
Maize GH SB GH
Mustard A A
Chlorophytum FR
LIVESTOCK
Cow FMD HS+BQ BQ FMD FMD+HS
Buffalo FMD FMD
Goat PPR
T-Termites, GH- Grasshopper, SB- Stem Borer, W- Wilt, WF- Whitefly, RL- Reddening of leaves, A-Aphids, TK- Tikka disease, FR-
Finger Rot FMD- Foot and Mouth disease, HS- Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, BQ- Black Quarter, PPR- Peste des Petites Ruminants

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5.7 Gender Disaggregated Seasonal Analysis

Gender issues are very important in the development process of any village. Women
role in agriculture and differentiation of work on the basis of the predominant gender
involved in the work throws light on the status of each gender, the gender equality,
opportunities to strive for equality, the scope and feasibility of mechanization, interventions
to increase the quality of life etc. In Malpur, women are directly involved in all agricultural
activities and rearing or management of livestock as well. Apart from these, household jobs
like cooking, supervising the children etc. is also entirely taken up by women.

Table 15. Gender disaggregated seasonal analysis of Malpur village

Enterprise Activity Who

Field preparation Men-60 % Women-40 %
Sowing Men-80 %, Women-20 %
Wheat Irrigation Men-90 %, Women-10 %
Weeding Men-20 %, Women-80 %
Harvesting Men-40 %, Women-60 %
Field preparation Men-60 % Women-40 %
Sowing Men-80 %, Women-20 %
Weeding Men-20 %, Women-80 %
Maize
Harvesting Men-40 %, Women-60 %
Thrashing Women-100%
Field preparation Men-60 % Women-40 %
Sowing Men-80 %, Women-20 %
Chlorophytum
Weeding Men-20 %, Women-80 %
Harvesting Women-100 %
Field preparation Men-60 % Women-40 %
Sowing Men-80 %, Women-20 %
Soybean
Irrigation Men-90 %, Women-10 %
Harvesting Women-100 %
Field preparation Men-60 % Women-40 %
Sowing Men-80 %, Women-20 %
Mustard Weeding Men-20 %, Women-80 %
Harvesting Women-100 %
Thrashing Women-100 %
Feeding Men-20 %, Women-80 %
Cleaning Men-20 %, Women-80 %
Cattle, Goat
Milking Men-30 %, Women-70 %
Weighing and selling Men-100%

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The women of the household tend to clean and feed the animals, collection of fodder etc.
Apart from these, household jobs like cooking, supervising the children etc. is also entirely
taken up by women.

5.8 BIO-RESOURCE FLOW

Key Informants: Karan Singh Ranawat, Khem Raj ji and Rani ji

B io-resource flow diagram reflects the inflow and outflow of farm produce and its by-
products from and to the household. It explains the interrelationship between different
farm enterprises that enable holistic planning for development of farm household. The
following bio-resource flow diagram (Fig. 8) is based on the information provided by the key
informants which depict the use of animal wastes, crop residues and agricultural wastes
which they use as cattle feed, manure and fuel in houses. In this village there are many scope
for Bio-gas production that can be used for various household activities and farm practices.

Fig. 2: Bio-resource flow of Malpur village

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5.9 DAILY ROUTINE DIAGRAM/ DAILY ACTIVITY PROFILE

D aily Activity and Routine Daily activity include only the economic activity of the men
and women of the villages, whereas daily routine refers to both economic and
uneconomic activities. The key informants interviewed were middle-aged men or women
belonging to farming communities. The main purpose of these PRA tools is to sort out proper
time to intervene with various extension activities.
This daily routine diagram depicts the way in which a typical farmer (middle/old aged) or
farm woman (middle/old aged) spend his or her time from morning to night. These maps can
be drawn for peak and off seasons. As these maps indicate specific involvement of farmers
and farm women in different home, homestead and farm activities as well as the leisure on
time dimensions, it can be effectively used to plan the extension (developmental /capacity
building) interventions in the village. The daily activities and routine are depicted in table
below.

Table 16. Daily Routine of Malpur village

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Table 17. Daily Routine of Men of Malpur village

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Table 18. Daily Routine of Women of Malpur village

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Table 19. Daily Activity profile of men and women of Malpur village

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30 | P a g e
 In Malpur village the work load of women is more than men. Women perform cattle
keeping activities in combination with household work & farm activities. Animal husbandry
activities taken up by women include milking, giving fodder to cattle, watering, bathing,
feeding, dung disposal etc. Daily activity table for women includes collection of fodder for
livestock, milking, farm activities. Farm activities includes weeding, sowing of seeds etc.
Daily routine activities of women include cleaning of livestock & their sheds, cleaning of
house, cooking food, preparing children for their school, watching television etc. The men
spend most of time in farming and collection of milk. Some important farm activities done by
men are sowing, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide spraying, harvesting etc. Mainly marketing
of farm produce is done by men to nearby market. They also used to go to market for
purchase of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. They spend their time in village by meeting with
other villagers in the evening time.

5.10 AGRO-ECOLOGY MAP

Agro-ecological or agro-ecosystem map indicates the macro and micro ecological

features (subsystems) in a village. It gives information about the various agro-ecological
parameters such as: land use pattern, irrigation facilities, soil type, water resources, crops and
animal resources. The village Malpur is located at 60 km from Udaipur in Jhadol tehsil. The
village is situated at 24°48'634"N Latitude and 73°45‘269“E Longitude and 632 altitude. The
Mean Annual Rainfall is about 520 mm and majority of total annual rainfall is recorded in the
period of June to September. The mean annual Temp is about 35 0C with Relative Humidity
30-35%. The soil type of Malpur is predominantly loamy-clay loam type. Majority of the
farmers are having mixed farming hence they are engaged throughout the year. In Kharif
season Maize and Soybean are the major crops. In Rabi season Wheat and Mustard occupies
the major share of area.Nearly every household have minimum one cow or buffalo for
milking purpose and 2 goat .

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Fig. 3: Agro-ecological map of Malpur village

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5.11 RESOURCE MAP

The village resource map shows the different kind of natural and man-made resources
such as land, vegetation, common land use, types of soil (loamy and clay loamy), livestock,
transport and source of communication. Resource map is an important PRA tool used to
highlight the developmental lacunae as well as progress achieved in the past. Resource map
can used in conjunction with other tools like social map and agro ecosystem map to get a
comprehensive picture of the village. The information required for resources in the village
was collected from key informants by way by way of informal discussion. The key
informants were met separately to enable better triangulation and validation. During the
general transect through the village, the different resources found are listed below:

Fig. 4: Resource map of Malpur village

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Table 20: Resources of Malpur village

Particulars Resources

Transport facilities Bicycle, Motor bike, Bus, Auto rickshaw

Common facility Hand pump, Open well

Educational Institution One school (upto VIIIth standard)

Communication facilities Television, Radio, Mobiles

Health and Welfare Institute Anganwadi

Agriculture Implements Tractor, Bullock Cart, Country Plough, Hand sprayer,

Animal use for agriculture Bullock

Advisory facilities information LAMPS(Large size adivasi multipurpose cooperative

society)
SEVA Mandir

Animal reproduction Natural service, Artificial Insemination

As Malpur is having only one pucca road connected to neighbouring villages

Chandwas, Talai and Jhadol tehsil, villagers mainly use their cycle or motorbikes for
transportation. The village has one school named Government Upper Primary School which
provides education upto 8th Standard. The students have to go neighboring villages/city
Chandwas, Jhadol or Udaipur for higher education.

The cow breeds like local breed, Malvi and Jersey, buffalo breeds like Surti are used
for milk, manure and draught purposes. Local breeds of goat Sirohi and Jakhrana are reared
mainly by the SC and ST communities.

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5.12. SOCIAL MAP
Key Informants: Bakhtawar singh and Khemraj Meghwal

T he social map gives the information to understand and analyse the social structure,
stratification, social institutions and availability of social facilities in the context of
existing socio-economic condition of the village. According to key informants, Malpur
village has population of 666 living in 135 houses. Among them 330 are male and 336 are
female.

Fig 5: Social Map of Malpur Village

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 The main occupation of the village is agriculture. Village is mostly electrified but
only 10 hours electricity per day is available. Some of the notable social features are given
below.
The predominant religion in the village is Hindu. The following caste are identified as
follows, General (Rajput), OBC (Jaat, Nai, Darji, Kumhar, Mandir Sevak), Scheduled Caste
(Meghwal) and Scheduled Tribes (Bhil). Generally the entire General, OBC, ST and SC caste
people are living in the clusters according to their particular caste except few houses of
General and OBCs present in mix. Even though there is no big caste problem between the
castes, the ST people are living in separation. SC and ST communities are mainly involved in
rearing and feeding of goat.
Religion:
100% of the residents take up Hinduism.
Marriage system:
Like in most cases arranged marriage is the most common practices. However love marriage
is not accepted by the society and none of the families want their heirs to resort to the love
marriage. Inter-caste marriage will not be accepted in the society, it is strictly prohibited.
Family set up:
The family set up in the village is such that maximum (35%) of the households are nuclear
family. While only 65% are joint family.
Festivals
The villagers celebrate the main festival such as deepawali and holi.
Village infrastructure
Government institutions within the village include one government upper primary school, one
ration shop. The economy of village is mainly dependent on agriculture. The old generation is
engaged in agriculture while the young generations are showing interest for migrating to
Ahmedabad or Udaipur for catering and other labour works.
Village has one school (up to 8 th standard) and one anganwadi centre is functioning to
take care of the education of the children in
Malpur village. All the parents in the village
prefer education to their children except for
Bhil community that have social obligation
in this regard.

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Other infrastructure
Road
The village has reinforced concrete cemented road, beside which several kutcha roads
traverse through the village.

Transport
Jeep, bicycle, bikes and auto-rickshaw are the mode of transportation within the village. Bus
does not ply through the village but villagers either walk or used bicycle or bikes about 1 km
to the main bus stop, located at the main road of the village.

Electricity
There are many small electric transformers in the village catering electricity to the whole
village and each household has access to the electricity supply.

Drinking water
There are number of wells and hand pumps in village, which cater the demand of water to the
village households.

Fuel
Maximum of the villagers collect dried barks, woods and leaf as fuel for the local Chulha
However almost all the households have LPG connection under the centre governments
“Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana” scheme.

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Household items:
The village has 3 pity shops that sell common daily need commodities.

Temple:
There are total six temples in the village. One temple is about 500 year old in the village that
is, Shiv mandir, is very famous in village.

Social evil:
Alcoholism and child marriages are the major social evils in the village. Mostly tribal people
spend evening time with drinking alcohol (Desi wine Mahua). Bhil community peoples are
very lethargic, don’t have any risk bearing capacity and not easily adopt the latest
technologies regarding crop production. When new technologies are introduced by
government majority of the families are of the opinion that government will eradicate their
poverty rather instead of making themselves self-sufficient by adopting these new
technologies in coming or future years. Child marriages are still prevalent in village mostly
followed in Bhil community.

5.13. Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)

ITK is the traditional, unique and technical knowledge present in the cultural fabric of
the village passed from generations to generations orally. To gain an insight into indigenous
technical knowledge of the villagers, a group of village elders were encouraged to discuss
about their accumulated experiences in dealing with situations and problems in various
aspects of farming.

Practice/(s) Purpose
Neem (Azadiritica
Bio-pesticide, Skin and other health issue
Indica)
Jungle jalebi (Arachis
Leaf ,roots and bark used for health issue
Indica)
Flame of forest
“Palas” (Butea Color making and paper plate
Monosperma)
Mahua (Madhuca
Fruits are used for making wine and jaggery
Longifolia)
Mitti ka kotha Storage of grains (Wheat and maize)

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Kher For stomach ailment of cattle
Wild gourd (Citrullus
Colocyathis) Roots exudates for Kadha

Table 21. ITKs of the village

Fig. 6: ITK map of Malpur village

5.14. TECHNOLOGY MAP

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T echnology map is a PRA technique, which is used to know different types of behavioral
patterns towards technology adoption. In other words, it is the pictorial representation
of behavioral patterns of respondents towards technology adoption.

There may be different types of technology behavior such as adoption type,

discontinuance, rejection and over adoption type, etc. Technology map comprises of type and
frequency of adoption behavior of respondents towards latest technology involving various
agencies related to agricultural research and development. It helps scientists and extension
workers to identify the problem of the farmers through feedback mechanisms.

The technology map has been depicted diagrammatically for the technologies
adopted, rejected and over adopted.

Table 22: Technology table for crops

Categor Technology Technology Adoption Reasons

y behaviour

Wheat Traditional Rejected Lower yield

LOK-1 Replaced by Traditional Bold seed, low water requirement,

Yield high

Maize Local Rejected Low yield and required more water

Ganga Adoption High yield and suitable rain fed

cultivation

Technologies adopted, over adopted, discontinued or rejected over time in case of

agricultural crops have been showed in tabular form above.

Technology table for farm implements

Technologies adopted or discontinued over time in case of agricultural crops have
been showed in tabular form below.

Table 23. Technology table for farm implements

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Technology Status Reason

Country plough A Less efficiency, time consuming

Tractor A Time and labour saving farm operation

Bullock cart A Availability of means of transportation

Knapsack sprayer
Power sprayer A Optimum application of pesticides

Combined thrasher A Less labour requirement, dual purpose of

(Electrical + tractor) harvesting and threshing

Electric motor A For irrigation

Table 24. Technology table for livestock:

Criteri Technology Status Reason

a
Cow
Jersey A High milk yield
Local breed A Low cost of maintenance
(Malvi)

Buffalo
Surti A High milk yield
Jaffarabadi A High milk yield
Goat Sirohi A
Adopted to local climatic condition, low cost of
maintenance
Jakharana A High market value
Local breed A Low cost of maintenance

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Fig. 7: Technology of Malpur village

5.15. MATRIX RANKING

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 LOK-1 Local variety
Parameters KIs Rank Points Rank Points
Water requirement KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 A 3 B 2
KI-3 A 3 B 2
  Total   9   6
Grain size KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 A 3 B 2
KI-3 A 3 B 2
  Total   9   6
Disease tolerance KI-1 B 2 B 2
KI-2 B 1 C 1
KI-3 C 1 C 1
  Total   4   4
Insect tolerance KI-1 B 2 B 2
KI-2 B 2 B 2
KI-3 B 2 C 1
  Total   6   5
Yield KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 A 3 C 1
KI-3 A 3 C 1
  Total   9   4
Profitability KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 A 3 C 1
KI-3 A 3 C 1
  Total   9   5
FINAL SCORE 37 29
FINAL RANK 1 2
Table 25: matrix ranking for wheat varieties in Malpur village

(Key informants: Prajapat ji, Vyas ji, Khemraj ji)

M atrix ranking is a PRA tool which facilitates prioritization of technologies with

respect to certain identified criteria, based upon users’ perception. The tool was
applied in the village Malpur for getting a firsthand idea of farmers’ relative preference for
different varieties of wheat, barley and also different milch animals adopted in village.

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 The results of the matrix ranking for different varieties of wheat depict that the variety
Lok-1 was the highest preferred one when compared to the remaining adopted varieties. It
was clearly understood that the farmers had been mainly concerned with crop yield, disease
resistance and drought tolerance while putting their preference (table 25).
Matrix ranking was also performed between two milch cattle viz Jersey and
indigenous breed. The criteria used for ranking were fat content, milk production, disease
incidence, susceptibility to high temperature and profitability. It was found that Jersey is
more preferred breed than the other available local breed on the basis of the above criteria.

Table 26: matrix ranking for cow breeds in Malpur village

INDIGENOUS
JERSEY BREED
Parameters KIs Rank Points Rank Points
Milk production KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 A 3 B 2
KI-3 A 3 C 1
  Total   9   5
Fat content KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 A 3 B 2
KI-3 A 3 C 1
  Total   9   5
Susceptibility to high
temperature KI-1 B 2 A 3
KI-2 B 2 A 3
KI-3 B 2 A 3
  Total   6   9
disease incidence KI-1 B 2 A 3
KI-2 B 2 B 2
KI-3 B 2 B 2
  Total   6   7
profitability KI-1 A 3 B 2
KI-2 B 2 C 1
KI-3 A 3 C 1
  Total   8   4

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 FINAL SCORE 38 30
FINAL RANK 1 2

5.16 VENN DIAGRAM

Key informants: Karan Singh Ranawat, Joga Ram, and Sunder singh

T he Venn diagram shows existing institutions, organizations, groups and important

individuals found in the village as well as the villagers’ view of their importance in the
community. Venn diagram also indicates the level of contact and cooperation between these
organizations and groups. The importance of a particular stakeholder is judged in terms of the
size of the circle. Further, the interactions among various stakeholders are indicated by the
overlapping of corresponding circles. It also shows various organizations, groups and
important individuals found in the village as well as the villager’s view on their importance in
the community.
As maize, mustard, soybean and wheat are the major crops. The
organizations/institutions/groups situated nearby Malpur village include both private and
public institutions in and around Jhadol and Udaipur. Technological interventions in the form
of new crop varieties, animal breeds and package of practices and training programs are
available in the KVK, Badgaon, Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Hospital and other
State Line Departments. The state agricultural department and Maharana Pratap University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology (MPUAT) is constantly been involving in region-
based research and extension activities and playing a major role in the generation of new
technologies and their adaption by farmers in agricultural activities in Malpur and other
villages in Jhadol region.
Anganwadi provides mid-day meal to 20-25 children, vaccinate the children against
various diseases and are also providing nutritious food and kits containing folic acid and iron
tablets to pregnant ladies. They conduct awareness programmes and organize camps for
medical checkup of girl child and pulse polio.
There is one cooperative society (LAMPS) whose head office is in Jhadol which is 10
kms away from Malpur. The main mandate of this cooperative society is to provide interest
free loan to the farmers and help them in procuring inputs for farm activities and then
procuring their produce, storing and marketing it at the remunerative prices in different
markets. This society is very much active in the village.

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 Fig 8: Venn Diagram showing institutions in Malpur village

5.17 WEALTH RANKING

I t is an analytical exercise carried out by local KIs based on their own criteria such as
income, assets, employment status and other local measures of well-being for the purpose
of investigating perceptions of wealth differences and inequalities in community, discovering
local indicators and criteria of wealth and establishing relative position of households in
community. For this technique, the representative KIs are to be selected from different socio-
economic strata for offsetting the biases. The wealth ranking technique is basically an
enumerative technique involving all the farm households in a village.

A list of the total number of households in the village was made using the voters list
obtained from Malpur Gram Panchayat. The key informants were asked individually to group
all the

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 S.No. Category Description
1. Medium Pakka House
Land (>5ha)
Motorcycle
Jeep
Shop
2. Poor Kachha House
Land (>2 ha)
Bicycle
3. Very poor Kachha House
Land (<1 ha)

households into different wealth categories based on their own criteria. The criteria
decided by each KI were noted down. The KI’s were asked to consider revenue sources other
than agricultural sources also while ranking. The following table shows the criteria chosen by
the 4 KIs for wealth ranking.

WEALTH RANKING

23%
30%

Medium Poor

Very Poor

47%

Fig. 9 Wealth wise percent share of families in Malpur village

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Out of the 209 households of Malpur village, only 21 households came under the rich farmers
category (10%), 64 households under the medium farmers category (31%) and 65 (31%)
households under poor farmers category. 59 households, categorized as landless labourers
didn’t have any crop land to cultivate. They were solely based on their physical labour and
livestock.
However, for the landless labourers some beneficial schemes have been implemented
like MGNAREGA (ensuring work for 100 days in a year), which should be monitored
properly.

5.18. LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS

This tool gives us information about the living standards of villagers. Using the wealth
ranking method, the entire Malpur village households were divided into three categories, viz.,
Medium farmers, poor farmers and landless labourers. The livelihood statuses of each of the
three categories were assessed by selecting a representative house from each group. The
small farmers which have less than 0.5 ha land, they also do work as contract farmer. It was
also observed that large numbers of villagers are going for savings in banks from their
income as a coping strategy. Some farmers also have Kisan Credit Card. It was also noted
that decisions are taken by only male member in the family.

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 Table 28. Livelihood analysis of Malpur village
S.No. Particulars Medium Poor Very poor
1. Family Members 8 6 7
a. Adult 6 4 3
b. Child 2 2 4

2. Employment Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture

Animal Husbandry Animal Husbandry Labour
Poultry Labour
Government Service

3. Assets Pakka House Kachha House Kachha House

Land (>5ha) Land (>2 ha) Land (<1 ha)
Motorcycle Bicycle
Jeep
Shop

4. Total Income 350000/- 200000/- 80000/-

(Rs./Year)

5. Expenditure 250000/- 150000/- 45000/-

(Rs./Year)

6. Savings 100000/- 50000/- 35000/-

(Rs./Year)

7. Decision Making Single Single Single

8. Coping Strategy Saving Accounts in Saving Accounts in Saving Accounts in

Co-operative Banks Co-operative Banks Co-operative Banks
FD

9. Migration No Temporary Temporary

10. Credit/Loan Co-operative Banks Co-operative Banks Co-operative Banks

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The livelihood statuses of each of these categories were assessed by selecting three
representative houses from each group and averaged data was presented in Table 28..

5.19. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES AND

PRIORITIZATION

Key informants: Khemraj Meghwal, Hari Singh Ji, Radhe Shyam Ji

T he problem identification technique was used to identify and prioritize the problems
prevailing in agricultural sector in the village. For this purpose, 30 farmers were
identified from the village representing all sections of the village using snowball technique.
From the seven key informants (progressive farmers), 10 problems in different crops/animal
husbandry sectors were selected based upon perception of the majority of 30 farmers. One by
one all 30 farmers were asked to rank the problems based upon the severity and percentage of
loss they are personally facing by the problem. Since selected farmers represented all the
sectors, ranking pattern were also diverse. The extent of damage (per acreage) to affected
crops due to particular problem in the village was determined by the farmers. The data for
damage were further validated by KVK, Badgaon Udaipur. The average monetary losses for
the village were calculated for each problem. Frequencies of each rank for a problem were
calculated and tabulated in rank frequency table. The percentage monitory loss due to the
problems like water scarcity, Nilgai and Electricity problems could not be calculated as the
base data from which losses could be calculated are not available, hence only RBQ for this
problem was estimated. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then
calculated using following formulae.

1. Rank Based Quotient

RBQ = ∑f1(n+1-i)x100

NXn

Where,
Fi = Frequency of farmers for the ith rank of the attribute
N = Number of farmers contacted for factor identification
n = The maximum number of ranks given for various factors.
i = Rank of the attributes

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2. Value Based Index

VBI = RBQ x Total economic loss percentage per annum experienced due to the problem at
the village level

Problems in the village

I) General problems-

1. Water Scarcity

2. Disease incidence in vegetables

3. Finger rot in white musli

4. Lack of soil testing facilities

II) Crop specific problems-

Table 29. Crops specific problems in Malpur village

Crop Problems

Mustard Mustard Aphids

Wheat Rust in Wheat

Weeds in Wheat

Maize Grasshopper in maize

Stem borer in maize

III) Livestock related problems-

1. Foot and mouth disease

2. Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

3. Black Quarter

4. Paste Des Petites Ruminants

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 Table 30. Problem Identification and Prioritization in Malpur village; Rank frequency
table

Total
Rank farmers

Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Water scarcity 14 7 3 1 - 4 - - - 1 30

Soil testing 5 8 7 3 - - 5 2 - - 30

Availability of seeds and

other inputs 3 6 7 3 2 - 1 2 6 - 30

Disease infestation in
vegetables 8 9 8 5 - - - - - - 30

1
Finger rot in safed musli - - 5 8 5 2 - - - - 30

Lack of transportation 1
facilities - - - - - - 6 0 7 7 30

Lack of agricultural
information in the area - - - 7 6 10 7 - - - 30

Low milk production - - - - - 8 4 4 5 9 30

Weed infestation - - - 3 7 2 5 7 6 - 30

Pest problem - - - - - 4 2 5 6 13 30

Table 31. Problems identified in Malpur village

Problem RBQ Average VBI Rank

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 economic
loss per
annum
(%)

water scarcity 85 30 2550 I

soil testing 64. 7 20 1293.3 III

availability of seeds and other inputs 44.7 15 670 V

disease infestation in vegetables 65. 7 25 1641.7 II

finger rot in safed musli 54.3 20 1086.7 IV

lack of transportation facilities 25 10 250 X

lack of agricultural information in the area 38 15 570 VI

low milk production 29 15 435 IX

weed infestation 35 15 525 VII

pest problem 22. 7 20 453.3 VIII

5.20. CONSEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Consequence diagram focuses light on the impacts of a particular technology on

individual farmer, farming community and society as a whole. This tool makes us to access
the positive and negative effects of a particular technology as perceived by the farmers.
This tool also explains the low adoption of several technologies generated by the
scientific community in our country every year. There is rejection, discontinuation, over
adoption and reinvention of several technologies, which is due to negative and positive effect
or consequence of a technology. For scientists, it is a very essential task to go through this
tool properly before creating new technologies or to solve a problem. This will be useful in
predicting the consequences of similar technologies so that positive consequences could be
promoted and negative consequences could be avoided or minimised. This will help
the extension worker to prepare extension strategies cautiously.

Fig 10. Consequence diagram of Jersey Cow

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Fig 11. Consequence diagram of Lok-1 Wheat variety

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5.21. PROBLEM CAUSAL AND SOLUTION TREE

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 The problem causal and solution trees for the above top four prioritized
problems are given below:

Fig 12: problem causal tree for water scarcity for crops

Fig 13: problem solution tree for water scarcity for crops

Fig 14: problem causal tree for disease infestation in vegetable crops

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Fig 15: problem solution tree for disease infestation in vegetable crops

Fig 16 : problem causal tree for finger rot in safed musli

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Fig 17: problem solution tree for finger rot in safed musli

Fig 18: problem causal tree for deteriorating soil health

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Fig 19: problem solution tree for soil health management

5.22. ACTION PLAN

Perspectives of Problems

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Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in research in various
agricultural disciplines, problems arising out of gaps in extension activities.

Main problems related to extension and research have been identified and enumerated as
follows:

Extension Gap

1. Awareness about water management strategies

2. Awareness about different schemes of the government for agriculture purpose

3. Lack of knowledge about improved varieties

4. knowledge about animal health and milk production

5. Lack of knowledge about different methods of pest and disease control

6. Awareness about market information

Research gap

1. Screening and identification of drought tolerant varieties of wheat

2. Management and development of rainwater harvesting techniques

3. Development of disease resistant varieties of vegetables (chili)

4. Development of aphid resistant variety of wheat

Research project proposals

Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research projects are
proposed.

1. Development of watershed management strategy

2. Impact of dryland development programs including watershed management on
productivity and socio-economic welfare of the community
3. Development of aphid resistant varieties of wheat
4. Development of Drought resistance varieties of wheat
5. Development of Integrated Pest management strategies for control of aphids in wheat

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 Table 32. Action Plan

WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN How Cost OUTCOME

Agricultural Development of MPUAT 2018- 1. Identification 1,500,000 Disease resistant

Biochemistry disease resistance and 21 of disease varieties of chili
variety of chili NRCPB, resistance gene
through genetic New in chili , 2.
transformation Delhi Study the gene
expression
level after
disease
infestation, 3.
Transformation
of chili cultivar
with the
suitable disease
resistant gene

Agronomy Response of MPUAT 2018- Response of 1,50,000 Varieties

and Water different varieties and 20 different suitable for less
technology of wheat under KVK region-specific water condition
different Badgaon varieties of
irrigation and soil Wheat will be
conditions seen under
different water
levels and soil
conditions

Plant To study the MPUAT 2018- Application of 3,00,000 Best suitable

pathology various methods and 21 various methods for
and for control of KVK, methods of control of
Agronomy finger-rot in Badgaon disease control finger-rot
safed musli viz cultural,
chemical and
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 Biological
methods

Agricultural Water shed MPUAT 2018- To develop and 1. Water and soil
Economics development and 22 implement the conservation
and Water strategies for KVK, land-use and
2. Ground water
technology water Badgaon water
recharge
conservation management
practices for
conservation of
soil and water

Soil science Encourage the MPUAT 2018- 1. Creatin 1,20,000 Balanced use of
and farmers to apply and 20 g awareness fertilizers,
Agricultural fertilizers in field KVK, among farmers increased soil
Extension based on Badgaon through health and
recommendations training and higher crop
given by soil demonstration productivity
health card and 2. Routine
use of organic soil and water
sources of testing
nutrients

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Individual Action Plan
Individual Action Plan

1. Ankita Kandpal
Agricultural Economics
Deep Mohan Mahala
Soil Science
Problem Water scarcity is a growing problem in Malpur village

Research Topic:
Sustainable farming for more economical, equitable, and diversified agriculture with
well-established watershed management and ground water recharge system.

Objectives:
1. To use efficient methods of rain water harvesting and management for increasing
productivity, profitability and diversity of the farming system.
2. To develop an economically viable design for rain water conservation and harvesting
techniques to offer potential solution for agricultural production and financial risks
associated with crop failure.

Hypothesis:

1. Water scarcity issue in agriculture created by extreme climatic conditions causes

recurring crop failures and a lack of livelihood diversification in rain-fed regions
which leads to distress and migration to other places.

2. Improving water availability in the area through watershed management can provide
for crop diversification, recharge of open wells and bore wells, better crop
productivity and thereby can help in increasing the economic stability.

Implications

High inter-annual variability and erratic rainfall distribution in space and time has
contributed to water-limiting conditions during the cropping season. The worsening state of
agriculture due to drought, recurring crop failures and a lack of livelihood diversification in

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rain-fed regions leads to distress. For these areas with inadequate rainfall, carefully selected
water conservation and harvesting techniques such as watershed management and ground
water recharge will offer the potential to secure agricultural production and reduce the
financial risks associated with crop failure. This can be minimized when the producer and
technology-driven approach is replaced by a community-based, demand-driven approach—
integrated watershed programs that address livelihoods, community empowerment,
agricultural production, and natural-resource management.

In these rain-fed regions, as the natural resources are dwindling day by day,
dependence on one particular commodity is problematic. Therefore, diversification is one of
the promising solutions. Diversification of livelihood strategies by the rural poor specifically
refers to the addition of new activities to complement existing ones, to safeguard or augment
household income. Crop diversification, recharge of open wells and bore wells, farm
mechanization, livestock interventions, and community biogas cum vermicomposting, market
linkages coupled with ICT interventions are some of the alternatives that increase economic
stability. Crucially, the introduction of new technologies must be based on incentives as
incentives for small-scale farmers will prove helpful to adopt improved watershed
technologies.

2. Bhagya Vijayan

Agricultural Extension

Himani Priya

Microbiology

Research problem: Farmers are not using the suitable doses of plant nutrients according to
the requirement of the soil.

Research topic: Creating awareness of the use and benefits of Soil Health Cards.

Objectives:

1. To analyze the nutritional status of soil of Malpur village

2. To suggest recommended dose of fertilizers on the basis of soil test reports

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Hypothesis: Use of balanced and recommended dose of fertilizers will improve the soil
health status and thereby crop productivity

Implication: Use of soil health card and following the recommended doses of plant nutrients
will provide for improving soil health status and reduce imbalance of nutrients in plants due
to earlier application of over/under doses. Though, the use of soil health cards can improve
soil fertility and crop productivity but still there are several issues which can be further
addressed through proper public and/or private interventions such as high cost, difficulty in
adoption, low credibility of soil testing report, and long distance to laboratory.

6. Village Seminar
After completion of village survey and the primary analysis of existing agricultural
problems, the trainees had presented village seminar on 9th February 2018 in coordination
with ICAR-NAARM and KVK, Badgaon.

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 The trainees were accompanied with KVK Head Dr. A.S. Jodha (Horticulture) and
NAARM faculty Dr. Surya Rathore, Principal Scientist, Agricultural Extension. The seminar
was attended by village sarpanch, head master of the Upper Primary School, in-charge
community animal health centre of the village, and other panchayat members.
Dr. Surya Rathore briefed the villagers about Field Experience Training. The major
issues discussed in the seminar were the lack of access to agricultural inputs mainly
fertilizers, pesticides and quality seeds. Further the seminar also included the problems
pertaining to lack of access to soil testing agencies, custom hiring centres, agro-service
centres and animal diseases like Foot and Mouth Disease. KVK head Dr. A.S. Jodha ensured
the villagers that the KVK, Badgaon will soon start its work in the Malpur village on the
major problems raised during the seminar. Agricultural scientist trainees gave a detailed
problem rectification on the pertinent issues raised during the seminar. There was a critical
discussion on how to utilize underutilized tree crops like Custard Apple, Sweet Tamarind etc.
The Scientist trainees also stressed on the need for crop diversification and practice of IPNM
so as to increase farmer’s income. The significance of new crop varieties which consumes
lesser inputs was also discussed.
The seminar was well received by the farmers. The role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in
plugging the information gap has been highlighted during the seminar.

7. INSTITUTE SEMINAR

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 The institute seminar was held on 12th March, 2018 at Vidhya Bhavan Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Udaipur. Dr. A.S Jodha, Programme Coordinator, VB KVK, Udaipur, Dr
Hakimuddin, Sr. Subject Matter Specialist (Ag. Engineering), Mrs Ragini Ranawat Subject
Matter Specialist (Home Science), Mr A.K Mathur Programme Assistant and Dr D.K Jain,
Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection) and other attendants from State Department of
Agriculture were present in the seminar. During the institute seminar, we discussed the
village transect, resource and social maps, daily activity profile of both men and women, time
line, seasonal calendar, consequence and Venn diagrams, problem tree, solution tree and
proposed research projects on the pertinent problems raised during the village seminar. The
presentation by each FOCARS trainee apart from different PRA tools also included
information vis-a-vis the problems of farmers.

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 We presented the researchable issues and means to overcome the problem of pest and
diseases in wheat, maize and Chlorophytum (Safed Musli), animal health diseases, water
scarcity problems. We also discussed on the significance of soil testing and how KVK can
extend service in all these areas to the village. We triangulated the details that were collected
from the village with the KVK staff and personnel from State Department of Agriculture.
After the seminar, critical discussion was held among scientists and feedbacks were received.
The scientists shared pragmatic ways to ameliorate most of the problems faced by the
villagers. The dignitaries were happy with the FET group presentation and the PRA work. It
was also suggested that further “farmer based - need oriented” research programmes should
be initiated.

8. INDUSTRIAL VISIT

As a part of our FET programme, an industrial visit was organized by KVK, Churu on
07/03/2018 at SARAS Dairy, Udaipur (Rajasthan). It is manufacturing milk products and
derivatives.

Saras Dairy (Udaipur Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Sangh Limited), Udaipur

Saras Dairy Plant, Udaipur is an ISO 9001:2008 & IS 15000

(HACCP) certified organization established in 1983 and affiliated to
Rajasthan Co-Operative Dairy Federation Ltd. The main aim of this
organization is to pay remunerative price to its milk producers and to provide quality
products to consumer at competitive price.
This milk plant caters these services in Udaipur and Rajsamand districts of South
Rajasthan with a processing capacity of 1.25 lakh litre/day.
Milk is used as a raw material and the different milk derivatives such as Ghee, Paneer,
Shreekhand, Curd and Buttermilk is manufactured. It is available in various forms, and it is
processed into an ever-increasing variety of nutritional products. The Dairy Plant has milk
processing equipment for handling 1.25 lakh litres of processed milk per day. A number of
products like ghee, butter, cream, toned milk, double toned milk, skimmed milk, are
produced.
Milk is first received in a dump tank from the road milk tankers. It is then chilled in a
chilling unit to 4ºC. This chilled milk is then pasteurized in a milk pasteurizer and cream is
separated from milk in by the cream separator to get skimmed milk. Milk is standardized

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depending on the requirement of toned milk, double toned milk, skimmed milk or full cream
milk.
The separated cream is further processed to manufacture ghee and butter. The
pasteurized skimmed milk is sent for packing in pouches in the packing machine for various
capacities like ½ kg, 1 kg and 6 Kg pouches. The plant will be in operation for 20 hours in a
day.

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 The plant has a lab for monitoring the quality of the raw as well as finished products,
which monitors adherence to quality standards through random sampling of milk and milk
products and detection of adulteration in milk and milk products. The farmers are paid for the
raw milk depending on the level of fat present in the milk. The testing of quantity of fat in the
milk is done by taking 10 ml milk, 10 ml sulfuric acid, 1 ml ethanol I to a centrifuge tube and
the then centrifuging at rate of 6000 r.p.m. This laboratory is engaged in monitoring the
quality standards of milk and milk products, packaging material and effluent treatment so as
to ensure their conformance with laid down respective standards of P.F.A., B.I.S., Ag-mark
and Pollution Control Board.
Fig 20. Milk Processing Flow

9. INSTITUTE VISIT

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 As a part of third phase of FET module we visited regional centre of National Bureau
of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP).
Initially regional Centre of National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
started at Vadodara in 1981 to cater the needs of the state of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Later it
was shifted to Udaipur, Rajasthan in 1990. Presently Dr R.S. Singh is head of this this centre.
This institute has following mandates
 Soil survey and mapping of the soils of the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat at tehsil,
district, state and regional level to promote scientific land use programmes in
collaboration with state soil survey and land use organization, state agricultural
universities and other user agencies.
 To conduct and promote research in areas of pedology, soil survey and land
evaluation and land use planning.
 Soil correlation, classification and characterization of benchmark soils at soil series
level in liaison with state soil survey agencies.
 Teaching and research activities in collaboration with Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur towards M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees.
 Consultancy.

Future strategies of institute:

The future approach to the soil resource inventory and research needs to be holistic, the
following aspects will be considered for future strategies.

 Prospective land use planning at state and district level viz. validation of
methodology development for LUP, refinement and modification of existing soil-site
suitability criteria, contingent crop planning based on rainfall and water balance

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 analysis, monitoring the impact of land use changes on quality of natural resources,
identification of efficient crop zone using crop simulation models and alternative
yield estimation techniques, optimum land use models etc.
 Soil survey and mapping, refinement and updating of soil maps, monitoring soil
quality/soil health.
 Water resource/watershed studies etc.

10. CONCLUSION

Malpur is a village which is dependent on Agriculture. Nearly 75-80% families are

involved in agriculture, but apart from agriculture some members from each family is
involved in labour either in Jhadol, Udaipur or Ahmedabad, because the farming is not so
beneficial in this village. Village has only one middle government school and one
angandwadi, while there is no bank, health care facilities, local mandi, higher education
facilities available in the village therefore this village is lacking in fulfilling the basic
requirements of the villagers. The major crops of village are cereals i.e. maize and wheat in
Kharif and Rabi season respectively. Maize cultivation is totally dependent on rainfall, while
wheat is under irrigation. Barley is other cereal which is also grown in this village. Mustard is
the only oil seed crop which is grown in this village. There is low vegetable production in this
village, while aonla and custard apple fruits are mostly grown at bare land in only 2-3 number
per farmer. Livestock rearing is also widespread activities in the village with many village
people are having cows and buffalos. Landless villagers resort to daily wages, labour in
Jhadol and goat rearing. Most commonly available breeds of cattle are Jersey and local breed
Malvi, while Murrah, Surti and Jaffarabadi are buffalo breeds in the village. Sirohi, Jakhrana
and local breed of goat are available in the village.

The farmers of Malpur village have used a number of wheat, maize and mustard
varieties over the years. Similarly most farm activities are not mechanized in the village and
the villagers have lag behind in adopting latest technologies with respect to farm implements,
vermicomposting, rapid composting, plant growth regulators, etc. The literacy rate of the
village is low, so there is a need of awareness about education. In the village, irrigation
system from open well is the major source of irrigation.

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 The prolonged exploitation of natural resources specially the soil resources due to the
cultivation of mainly cereal crop and there is no leguminous crop is added in cropping system
and water resources which leads to effect the soil health condition and depletion of the water
resources as a result of which cropping system will be affected.

Farmers think more in terms of their immediate needs and situations. The long term
view is not the topmost priority for farmers. Hence it is the scientist’s obligation to create
awareness among farmers of the long term effects of different cropping systems and how they
should be more dynamic to keep pace with changes in the system. Creating awareness is also
not an easy task and needs to be approached sensitively and sensibly with good planning.
Village is blessed by bio-diversity. Available bio-resources show that there are tremendous
opportunities for agricultural as well as infrastructure development. Community initiation and
attention from government side is required to explore the potential of farmers and natural
resources present in Malpur village.

This FET and PRA exercise has made us more aware of the ground reality and has
given us a better understanding of how to approach farmers and empower them to face the
days ahead.

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