STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL Page 1 of 9

JGS 210-120-1-66E
STD-09-041 Rev. 0, Sep-03
TANK MIXING
Rev.0September
DATE 15,2003
NOV.-30-'95

CONTENTS
PAGE
1. SCOPE.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. WORK PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Input to the Design .................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Design Outputs .......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Work Steps ................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.3.1 Procedure-A....................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3.2 Procedure-B....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Computer Programs................................................................................................................................... 3
3. DESIGN............................................................................................................................................................ 3
3.1 Design of Side-Entering Jet Nozzles ......................................................................................................... 3
3.1.1 Procedure-A....................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1.2 Procedure-B....................................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................................ 5
4. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 5
5. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 5
APPENDIX-1: EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF SIDE-ENTERING JET MIXER USING “PROCEDURE-A” .... 7
APPENDIX-2: EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF SIDE-ENTERING JET MIXER USING “PROCEDURE-B”..... 9
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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
JGS Rev. 0, Sep-03
210-120-1-66E

1. SCOPE
This standard practice provides the guidelines for basic designs of tank mixing devices mainly for oil
refinery or petrochemical plants. However, most descriptions within this practice are applicable to
many other plants, for example, for producing food etc.
Basically there are two methods to perform mixing in a large tank. One is to use side-entering
agitator(s) and the other is to use jet nozzle(s).
Moreover, two types of jet nozzle are used. One is a simple jet nozzle which has a single nozzle and
usually installed on a tank side wall. On the other hand, a rotary jet nozzle consists of multiple
nozzles (usually two nozzles) and is located inside a tank (usually at the center of a tank). Typical jet
nozzles (side-entering jet nozzles) are shown in Figs. 1, 2.
It should be noted that only side-entering jet mixer is treated in this manual.

2. WORK PROCEDURE
2.1 Input to the Design
Summarized input data to be prepared prior to a basic design work of mixer design are listed below.
(1) Liquid Properties
- Density, Viscosity, (miscibility)
(2) Tank Conditions
- Tank Diameter
- Liquid Height at Mixing Operation
(3) Process Condition
- Pump Capacity(Performance Curve of a pump)
- Mixing Time(if required)
2.2 Design Outputs
The design outputs for jet nozzle are as follows.
- Nozzle Inclination Angle
- Nozzle Diameter
2.3 Work Steps
The calculation procedure is different depending on whether the pump is available or not.
2.3.1 Procedure-A
For the case when the mixing pump is existing.
(1) Procedure of input data which is specified in 2.1 above.(Mixing time is not required.)
(2) Decide nozzle inclination angle.
(3) Calculate excess head.
(4) Calculate head required and check the pump data.
If the pump head and capacity is not satisfied the requirement, new pump shall be provided.
The calculation procedure shall be changed to Procedure-B.
(5) Calculate nozzle inner diameter.
(6) Calculate mixing time.
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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
JGS Rev. 0, Sep-03
210-120-1-66E

2.3.2 Procedure-B
For the case when any pump is not available. In this case, pump shall be designed with the design of
jet nozzle.
(1) Procedure of input data which is specified in 2.1 above.
(2) Decide nozzle inclination angle.
(3) Calculate excess head.
(4) Calculate head required for mixing.
(5) Calculate nozzle flow rate based on the required mixing time.
(6) Calculate nozzle inner diameter.
2.4 Computer Programs
BEST will be available for rigorous sizing,

3. DESIGN
3.1 Design of Side-Entering Jet Nozzles
Important factors in design of a jet mixer are nozzle inner diameter, nozzle inclination, nozzle jet
velocity(jet flow rate), and mixing time.
h S=H-h

h S=H-h
H

L L
DT DT

Single Nozzle Twin Nozzle

3.1.1 Procedure-A
(1) Select Type of Nozzle
Single Nozzle : Capacity 15,000 kL
Twin Nozzle : Capacity 15,000 kL
(2) Decide Nozzle Inclination, .
1 S
tan (1)
L
where
S=H h (m)
L=(2/3)DT (for Single Nozzle) (m)
L=(1/3)DT (for Twin Nozzle) (m)
H :liquid height(m)
h :nozzle elevation from tank bottom(m)
DT:tank diameter(m)
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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
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210-120-1-66E
(3) Calculate Critical Excess Head,H c.
K S ( 2 1) / 2
Hc = 2
(m) (2)
sin
where
0.3
2 1
K 6.4
2

:density of lighter liquid (kg/m3)

1
3
2 :density of heavier liquid (kg/m )
Limitation of the above correlation is as follows.:
S/Dn>100
(4) Calculate Actual Head Available,Ha.
H a 1.5H c (m) (3)
(5) Calculate Jet Velocity,VJ.
VJ = 2 g Ha (m/sec) (4)
where g: gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s2
(6) Calculate Nozzle Diameter , Dn.
4 A
Dn = (m) (5)
where
Q
A= (m2) (for Single Nozzle)
CD VJ 3600
Q/2
A= (m2) (for Twin Nozzle)
CD VJ 3600
Q : jet flow rate (m3/hr)
CD is assumed 0.7.( Refer Technical Report [1] )
(7) Mixing Time, .
0.065 DT2
(hr) (6)
Q1/ 2 Ha 1/ 4
3.1.2 Procedure-B
(1) Select Type of Nozzle( Single Nozzle or Twin Nozzle)
(2) Decide Nozzle Inclination, .( using eq. (1) )
(3) Calculate Critical Excess Head,Hc. ( using eq. (2) )
(4) Calculate Actual Head Available,Ha. ( using eq. (3) )
(5) Calculate Jet Velocity,VJ. ( using eq. (4) )
Above five(5) steps are same as “PROCEDURE-A”.
(6) Calculate Jet Flow Rate,Q.
Calculate jet flow rate based on the required mixing time, . The correlation is as below.
2
(0.065) DT 2
Q 1/ 4
(m3/hr) (7)
Ha
If is not available, assume as 7 hrs and see Technical Report[2].
(7) Calculate Nozzle Diameter,Dn.
This step is same as “PROCEDURE-A”. (using eq. (5) )
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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
JGS Rev. 0, Sep-03
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3.2 Miscellaneous
The condition of high jet velocity is sometimes dangerous because high-voltage static electricity is likely to be
generated.

4. DEFINITIONS
(1) Mixing Time
Mixing Time for a tank is defined as the time required to reduce the intensity of segregation to the
specified value. In other word, it is the time within which a specified uniformity of concentration is
attained.
(2) Stratified Layer Segregation and Excess Head
Stratified Layer Segregation is a phenomenon that two separate layers are formed. When the phenomenon
occurs, the two fluids are not readily mixed.
And under the condition stated above, a certain head under which stratified layer segregation can not be
formed, is called as the Excess Head.

5. REFERENCES
TECHNICAL REPORT
[1] ‘95-11, S.Oguro
[2] ‘95-11, Y.Suzuki

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Technical Document on Rotary Tank Mixer provided by KASHIMA
ENGINEERING CO. and TAIHO KOGYO CO.
[2] N.Harnby, M.F.Edwards, and A.W.Nienow,”Mixing in the Process Industries”,
Butterworth & Co.Ltd. (1985)

LITERATURE
(1) R.Muramatsu,”ON TANK MIXING NOZZLE”, Nisseki Review(Japanese), Vol.13, No.1, pp.31-37 (1971)
(2) N. Okita and Y. Oyama,”MIXING CHARACTERISTIC IN JET MIXING”, Journal of Chem. Eng., Vol.1,
No.1, pp.92-101 (1963)
(3) D. Konno and Y. Oyama,”MIXING CHARACTERISTIC IN JET MIXING”, Journal of Chem. Eng.,
Vol.1, No.1, pp.92-101 (1963)
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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
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(1) Axial jet (a) Downward Vertical Jet

(1) Axial jet (b) Upward Vertical Jet

(2) Side entry jet

Fig. 1 Flow patterns in jet mixed tank

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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
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TYPE A (single nozzle) TYPE B (single nozzle)

TYPE C (twin nozzle)

Flow pattern for a single nozzle

Fig. 2 Installation of side-entering jet nozzles and flow pattern

APPENDIX-1: EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF SIDE-ENTERING JET MIXER

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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
JGS Rev. 0, Sep-03
210-120-1-66E

USING “PROCEDURE-A”
A side-entering jet mixer is to be installed in a tank with the conditions listed below.

Operating conditions:
- Nominal capacity = 10,000 kL
- Tank diameter ,D = 32.94 m
- Liquid height ,H = 13.20 m
- Nozzle elevation ,h = 0.40 m from the tank bottom
- Pump flow rate ,Q = 200 m3/hr

Properties of the fluids:

- Entering liquid density , 2 = 870 kg/m3
- Holding liquid density , 1 = 850 kg/m3
- Entering liquid viscosity , = 9.57 cp.

[Step-1]Select type of nozzle

In this case, tank capacity is less than 15,000kL. Therefor we choose "Single Nozzle" type.
[Step-2]Calculate nozzle inclination, .
= tan -1 (S / L) = tan -1 {(13.2 - 0.4) / (32.94 (2 / 3)} = 30.2
[Step-3]Calculate Critical Excess Head,Hc.
H c = {K S( 2 - 1 ) / 2 } / sin 2
where
K = 6.4{ 2 - 1 ) / 2 }-0.3 = 19.8
( 2 - 1 ) / 2 = (870 - 850) / 870 = 0.023
Therefore
H c = {19.8 (13.2 - 0.4) 0.023}sin 2 (30.2 ) = 23.0 m
[Step-4]Calculate Actual Head Available,Ha.
H a = 1.5H c = 1.5 23.0 = 34.5 m
[Step-5]Calculate Jet Velocity,VJ.
VJ = 2 g H a 2 9.8 34.5 26.0 m/sec
[Step-6] Calculate Nozzle Diameter,Dn.
A = Q / (C D VJ 3600) = 200 / (0.7 26.0 3600) = 3.05 10 -3 m 2
D n = 4A / 4 3.05 10 3 / 0.062 m
[Step-7]Calculate Mixing Time, .
2
= 0.065D T / (Q 1/ 2 Ha 1/4 ) = 0.065 32.94 / {(200) 1/ 2 (34.5) 1/ 4 } 2.06 hr
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STANDARD PRACTICE CONFIDENTIAL STD-09-041
JGS Rev. 0, Sep-03
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APPENDIX-2: EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF SIDE-ENTERING JET MIXER

USING “PROCEDURE-B”
A side-entering jet mixer is to be installed in a tank with the conditions listed below.

Operating conditions:
- Nominal capacity = 500 kL
- Tank diameter ,DT = 7.76 m
- Liquid height ,H = 10.30 m
- Nozzle elevation ,h = 0.228 m from the tank bottom
- Mixing time , = 25 min. = 0.417 hr

Properties of the fluids:

- Entering liquid density , 2 = 945 kg/m3
- Holding liquid density , 1 = 935 kg/m3
- Entering liquid viscosity , = 195 cst

[Step-1]Select type of nozzle

In this case, tank capacity is less than 15,000kL. Therefore, we choose "Single Nozzle" type.
[Step-2]Calculate nozzle inclination, .
= tan -1 (S / L) = tan -1 {(10.3 - 0.228) / (7.76 (2 / 3)} = 63
[Step-3]Calculate Critical Excess Head,Hc.
H c = {K S( 2 - 1 ) / 2 } / sin 2
where
K = 6.4{ 2 - 1 ) / 2 }-0.3 = 24.1
( 2 - 1 ) / 2 = (945 - 935) / 945 = 0.0106
Therefore
H c = {24.1 (10.3 - 0.228) 0.0106}sin 2 (63 ) = 3.24 m
[Step-4]Calculate Actual Head Available,Ha.
H a = 1.5H c = 1.5 3.24 4.86 m
[Step-5]Calculate Jet Velocity,VJ.
VJ = 2 g H a 2 9.8 4.86 9.8 m/sec
[Step-6]Calculate Jet Flow Rate,Q.
2 2 2
(0.065) D T (0.065) (7.76) 2
Q 1/ 4
40.0 m3/hr
Ha (0.417) (4.86) 1/ 4
[Step-7] Calculate Nozzle Diameter,Dn.
A = Q / (C D VJ 3600) = 40.0 / (0.7 9.8 3600) = 1.62 10 -3 m 2
D n = 4A / 4 1..62 10 3 / 0.045 m