Technical Report No. Iv: Wing and Tail Geometry Selection: Name: Sky Trainers

TECHNICAL REPORT NO.
IV: WING
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AND TAIL GEOMETRY SELECTION
DATE: NOVEMBER 06, 2021 PAGE NO.: 01 OF 75
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. EDWARD BAUTISTA
RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01
A. AIRFOIL SELECTION - ASYMMETRICAL AIRFOILS
GIVEN:
RN: 3891145.229
VCRUISE: 198 FT/S
CRUISING ALTITUDE: 11,000 FT
ASPECT RATIO: 7.6
AIRFOIL 1
NACA 23018
I. AIRFOIL COORDINATES IN PERCENT OF AIRFOIL CHORD
AIRFOIL STATION AND ORDINATE DATA
UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE
1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0009 0.0081 -0.0140
0.9856 0.0034 0.0222 -0.0253
0.9677 0.0075 0.0415 -0.0348
0.9430 0.0130 0.0655 -0.0430
0.9119 0.0198 0.0940 -0.0505
0.8748 0.0276 0.1276 -0.0575
0.8323 0.0362 0.1674 -0.0641
0.7850 0.0453 0.2140 -0.0695
0.7335 0.0547 0.2656 -0.0729
0.6786 0.0641 0.3207 -0.0742
0.6211 0.0732 0.3784 -0.0736
0.5619 0.0818 0.4379 -0.0712
0.5018 0.0895 0.4982 -0.0674
0.4416 0.0961 0.5586 -0.0623
0.3823 0.1011 0.6182 -0.0564
0.3247 0.1043 0.6760 -0.0498
0.2696 0.1054 0.7312 -0.0428
0.2179 0.1043 0.7831 -0.0357
0.1695 0.1008 0.8308 -0.0287
0.1238 0.0939 0.8737 -0.0220
0.0830 0.0830 0.9111 -0.0159
0.0491 0.0685 0.9424 -0.0105
0.0234 0.0515 0.9673 -0.0060
0.0068 0.0336 0.9854 -0.0027
-0.0008 0.0162 0.9963 -0.0007
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. IV: WING
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 23018
SCALE: 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

A.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM THEORY OF WING SECTIONS BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
B.) CL VS ALPHA & CM 0.25 VS ALPHA PLOTS (FROM THEORY OF WING SECTIONS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
C.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)
NACA 23018
C
l Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
1.5
1.0
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.040 0.080 0.120 0.160 0.200 0.240 0.280 0.320 0.360 0.400 0.440
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
D.) CL VS ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)
NACA 23018
AR = 7.6, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
Cl
1.5
1.0
0.5
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
E.) CM 0.25 VS. ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)
NACA 23018
AR = 7.6, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
C
0.2 m 0.25
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 2
NACA 23015

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0005 0.0036 -0.0105
0.9855 0.0020 0.0145 -0.0203
0.9675 0.0045 0.0325 -0.0294
0.9427 0.0078 0.0573 -0.0376
0.9115 0.0119 0.0885 -0.0447
0.8743 0.0165 0.1257 -0.0505
0.8316 0.0216 0.1684 -0.0549
0.7840 0.0270 0.2160 -0.0579
0.7324 0.0325 0.2676 -0.0594
0.6773 0.0380 0.3227 -0.0595
0.6197 0.0432 0.3803 -0.0582
0.5603 0.0481 0.4397 -0.0558
0.5000 0.0523 0.5000 -0.0523
0.4397 0.0558 0.5603 -0.0481
0.3803 0.0582 0.6197 -0.0432
0.3227 0.0595 0.6773 -0.0380
0.2676 0.0594 0.7324 -0.0325
0.2160 0.0579 0.7840 -0.0270
0.1684 0.0549 0.8316 -0.0216
0.1257 0.0505 0.8743 -0.0165
0.0885 0.0447 0.9115 -0.0119
0.0573 0.0376 0.9427 -0.0078
0.0325 0.0294 0.9675 -0.0045
0.0145 0.0203 0.9855 -0.0020
0.0036 0.0105 0.9964 -0.0005
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 23015
SCALE 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 23015
C
1.5 l Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
1.0
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480 0.560
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 23015
AR = 7.6, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
1.5 Cl
1.0
0.5
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 23015
AR = 7.6, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
0.2 C m 0.25
0.1
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 3
NACA 0010-34

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0009 0.0081 -0.0140
0.9856 0.0034 0.0222 -0.0253
0.9677 0.0075 0.0415 -0.0348
0.9430 0.0130 0.0655 -0.0430
0.9119 0.0198 0.0940 -0.0505
0.8748 0.0276 0.1276 -0.0575
0.8323 0.0362 0.1674 -0.0641
0.7850 0.0453 0.2140 -0.0695
0.7335 0.0547 0.2656 -0.0729
0.6786 0.0641 0.3207 -0.0742
0.6211 0.0732 0.3784 -0.0736
0.5619 0.0818 0.4379 -0.0712
0.5018 0.0895 0.4982 -0.0674
0.4416 0.0961 0.5586 -0.0623
0.3823 0.1011 0.6182 -0.0564
0.3247 0.1043 0.6760 -0.0498
0.2696 0.1054 0.7312 -0.0428
0.2179 0.1043 0.7831 -0.0357
0.1695 0.1008 0.8308 -0.0287
0.1238 0.0939 0.8737 -0.0220
0.0830 0.0830 0.9111 -0.0159
0.0491 0.0685 0.9424 -0.0105
0.0234 0.0515 0.9673 -0.0060
0.0068 0.0336 0.9854 -0.0027
-0.0008 0.0162 0.9963 -0.0007
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 2412
SCALE: 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2412
C Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
1.5 l
1.0
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480 0.560
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2412
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
Cl
1.5
1.0
0.5
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2412
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
C
m 0.25
0.2
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 4
NACA 2418

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9965 0.0010 0.0052 -0.0153
0.9858 0.0040 0.0175 -0.0289
0.9680 0.0089 0.0365 -0.0408
0.9435 0.0154 0.0621 -0.0508
0.9126 0.0233 0.0937 -0.0589
0.8756 0.0323 0.1309 -0.0650
0.8332 0.0420 0.1732 -0.0690
0.7858 0.0523 0.2200 -0.0710
0.7342 0.0626 0.2706 -0.0713
0.6791 0.0726 0.3244 -0.0700
0.6213 0.0821 0.3808 -0.0674
0.5616 0.0906 0.4394 -0.0637
0.5009 0.0979 0.4991 -0.0590
0.4401 0.1036 0.5590 -0.0535
0.3799 0.1073 0.6180 -0.0475
0.3210 0.1085 0.6755 -0.0412
0.2647 0.1069 0.7305 -0.0349
0.2120 0.1026 0.7822 -0.0287
0.1637 0.0956 0.8299 -0.0227
0.1205 0.0862 0.8729 -0.0173
0.0833 0.0747 0.9104 -0.0123
0.0525 0.0615 0.9419 -0.0081
0.0285 0.0470 0.9670 -0.0046
0.0116 0.0318 0.9852 -0.0021
0.0021 0.0160 0.9962 -0.0005
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 2418
SCALE 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2418
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
1.5
C
l
1.0
0.5
0.0 Cd
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2418
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
1.5
Cl
1.0
0.5
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2418
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
0.2
Cm 0.25
0.1
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 5
NACA 2415

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9965 0.0009 0.0049 -0.0127
0.9857 0.0035 0.0170 -0.0238
0.9680 0.0077 0.0359 -0.0335
0.9434 0.0134 0.0613 -0.0415
0.9124 0.0203 0.0929 -0.0478
0.8754 0.0281 0.1301 -0.0524
0.8329 0.0366 0.1724 -0.0553
0.7855 0.0455 0.2193 -0.0566
0.7339 0.0545 0.2701 -0.0564
0.6788 0.0632 0.3241 -0.0551
0.6210 0.0713 0.3807 -0.0528
0.5614 0.0786 0.4394 -0.0498
0.5007 0.0848 0.4993 -0.0459
0.4400 0.0896 0.5592 -0.0415
0.3800 0.0927 0.6183 -0.0367
0.3213 0.0936 0.6758 -0.0317
0.2652 0.0921 0.7308 -0.0267
0.2126 0.0881 0.7825 -0.0219
0.1645 0.0819 0.8302 -0.0173
0.1214 0.0736 0.8731 -0.0131
0.0842 0.0635 0.9106 -0.0094
0.0533 0.0521 0.9420 -0.0061
0.0291 0.0397 0.9671 -0.0035
0.0121 0.0267 0.9852 -0.0016
0.0024 0.0134 0.9962 -0.0004
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 2415
SCALE: 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2415
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
C
1.5 l
1.0
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2415
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
1.5 Cl
1.0
0.5
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 2415
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 7.6
C
0.2 m 0.25
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
IV. AIRFOIL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR ASYMMETRICAL AIRFOILS

STALLING Cl/Cd AT
AIRFOIL t/c ClMAX AOA CdMIN ClMAX
NACA 23018 0.1800 1.3460 17.0000 0.0082 8.5650
NACA 23015 0.1500 1.2050 14.0000 0.0081 11.1450
NACA 2412 0.1200 1.1130 12.0000 0.0095 14.0960
NACA 2418 0.1800 1.4150 16.0000 0.0087 10.3160
NACA 2415 0.1500 1.2630 14.0000 0.0088 12.0840
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR ASYMMETRICAL AIRFOILS
Cl AT AOA AT
AIRFOIL CmAC (Cl/Cd)MAX (Cl/Cd)MAX (Cl/Cd)MAX x/c y/c
NACA 23018 -0.0050 0.3280 26.7150 2.0000 0.2360 0.0190
NACA 23015 -0.0050 0.3200 24.3770 2.0000 0.2310 0.0500
NACA 2412 -0.0330 0.4060 24.3010 2.0000 0.2390 0.0060
NACA 2418 -0.0330 0.5280 20.9280 3.0000 0.2390 0.0440
NACA 2415 -0.0330 0.6130 24.3970 4.0000 0.2410 0.0140

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
V. AIRFOIL SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION
THE DESIGNERS USED THE MATRIX ABOVE TO DETERMINE WHICH

AIRFOIL IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE FOR THE WING SECTION OF THE
AIRCRAFT. THE APPROACH CHOSEN BY THE DESIGNERS WAS TO RANK ALL OF
THE AIRFOILS BASED ON THE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS SHOWN ABOVE, AND
THEN THE AIRFOIL THAT RANKS THE HIGHEST OVERALL WAS CHOSEN. IN
CONCLUSION, THE NACA 23018 AIRFOIL WAS CHOSEN SINCE IT HAD THE MOST
DESIRABLE TRAITS AMONG ALL OF THE AIRFOILS. FIRST, IT WAS THE THICKEST
AIRFOIL, BUT ALSO HAD RELATIVELY LOWER DRAG THAN THE OTHERS. A
THICKER AIRFOIL IS FAVORED SINCE IT HAS SMOOTHER STALLING
CHARACTERISTICS; GRADUAL LOSS IN LIFT AND MINIMAL CHANGE IN
PITCHING MOMENT. ADDITIONALLY, THIS REDUCTION IN STALLING EFFECTS
PROMOTES SAFETY IN FLIGHT. FURTHERMORE, THE THICKER PROFILE ALLOWS
FOR MORE WING SPACE, WHICH GIVES MORE ROOM FOR STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS INSIDE THE WING. MORE WING SPACE ALSO ALLOWS OPTIMIZATION
OF THE WING FLIGHT CONTROLS AND ADDS MORE SPACE FOR FUEL. THE HIGH
THICKNESS RATIO ALSO MEANS THAT THE WING STRUCTURAL WEIGHT IS
REDUCED. NEXT, THE NACA 23018 AIRFOIL HAD THE HIGHEST STALLING ANGLE
OF ATTACK WHICH MEANS THAT THE AIRFOIL TAKES LONGER TO STALL. IT
ALSO HAS THE BEST L/DMAX WHICH DENOTES THAT THE AIRFOIL HAS THE BEST
PERFORMANCE FOR RANGE OPTIMIZATION. IN ORDER TO REACH THIS L/DMAX,
THE AIRCRAFT DOES NOT NEED TO FLY AT A HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK, WHICH IS
BENEFICIAL FOR THE AIRCRAFT SINCE IT REQUIRES LESS FUEL CONSUMPTION.
FINALLY, ITS LOW PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENT ALSO SHOWS THAT THE
NACA 23018 HAS GOOD LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND THUS, BETTER
PITCHING. ONE FACTOR THAT THE DESIGNERS NOTICED IS THAT THE DESIGN
LIFT COEFFICIENT IS LOWER COMPARED TO THE OTHER AIRFOILS. HOWEVER,
IT WAS ANALYZED THAT THE BENEFITS OF THE NACA 23018 AIRFOIL
OUTWEIGH THE MINOR DISADVANTAGES CONNECTED WITH IT, AND IT IS THE
MOST APPROPRIATE WING FOR THE TRAINER AIRCRAFT.
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
A. AIRFOIL SELECTION - SYMMETRICAL AIRFOILS

GIVEN:
RN: 3891145.229
VCRUISE: 198 FT/S
CRUISING ALTITUDE: 11,000 FT
ASPECT RATIO: 3.0
AIRFOIL 1
NACA 0006

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0003 0.0036 -0.0052
0.9855 0.0010 0.0145 -0.0102
0.9675 0.0023 0.0325 -0.0147
0.9427 0.0039 0.0573 -0.0188
0.9115 0.0059 0.0885 -0.0223
0.8743 0.0083 0.1257 -0.0252
0.8316 0.0108 0.1684 -0.0275
0.7840 0.0135 0.2160 -0.0290
0.7324 0.0162 0.2676 -0.0297
0.6773 0.0190 0.3227 -0.0297
0.6197 0.0216 0.3803 -0.0291
0.5603 0.0240 0.4397 -0.0279
0.5000 0.0262 0.5000 -0.0262
0.4397 0.0279 0.5603 -0.0240
0.3803 0.0291 0.6197 -0.0216
0.3227 0.0297 0.6773 -0.0190
0.2676 0.0297 0.7324 -0.0162
0.2160 0.0290 0.7840 -0.0135
0.1684 0.0275 0.8316 -0.0108
0.1257 0.0252 0.8743 -0.0083
0.0885 0.0223 0.9115 -0.0059
0.0573 0.0188 0.9427 -0.0039
0.0325 0.0147 0.9675 -0.0023
0.0145 0.0102 0.9855 -0.0010
0.0036 0.0052 0.9964 -0.0003
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 0006
SCALE 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0006
C Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
1.0 l
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480
-0.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0006
AR = 3.0, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
1.0 Cl
0.5
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0006
AR = 3.0, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
C
0.2 m 0.25
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 2
NACA 0012

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0007 0.0074 -0.0115
0.9856 0.0029 0.0210 -0.0204
0.9677 0.0064 0.0400 -0.0276
0.9430 0.0111 0.0641 -0.0337
0.9119 0.0168 0.0931 -0.0394
0.8747 0.0235 0.1273 -0.0449
0.8322 0.0308 0.1675 -0.0503
0.7848 0.0385 0.2144 -0.0550
0.7333 0.0465 0.2660 -0.0580
0.6784 0.0546 0.3210 -0.0593
0.6209 0.0624 0.3787 -0.0590
0.5616 0.0698 0.4382 -0.0573
0.5015 0.0765 0.4985 -0.0543
0.4413 0.0821 0.5589 -0.0503
0.3820 0.0865 0.6184 -0.0456
0.3244 0.0894 0.6762 -0.0403
0.2693 0.0905 0.7314 -0.0347
0.2176 0.0898 0.7833 -0.0289
0.1693 0.0870 0.8309 -0.0233
0.1242 0.0813 0.8738 -0.0179
0.0839 0.0719 0.9111 -0.0129
0.0504 0.0592 0.9425 -0.0085
0.0249 0.0443 0.9673 -0.0049
0.0081 0.0287 0.9854 -0.0022
-0.0001 0.0137 0.9963 -0.0006
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 0012
SCALE 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0012
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
1.0 C l
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480 0.560
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0012
AR = 3, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
1.0 Cl
0.5
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0012
AR = 3, RE = 3891145.229, M = 0.1844268617
0.2 Cm 0.25
0.1
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 3
NACA 0010-34

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0003 0.0036 -0.0052
0.9855 0.0010 0.0145 -0.0102
0.9675 0.0023 0.0325 -0.0147
0.9427 0.0039 0.0573 -0.0188
0.9115 0.0059 0.0885 -0.0223
0.8743 0.0083 0.1257 -0.0252
0.8316 0.0108 0.1684 -0.0275
0.7840 0.0135 0.2160 -0.0290
0.7324 0.0162 0.2676 -0.0297
0.6773 0.0190 0.3227 -0.0297
0.6197 0.0216 0.3803 -0.0291
0.5603 0.0240 0.4397 -0.0279
0.5000 0.0262 0.5000 -0.0262
0.4397 0.0279 0.5603 -0.0240
0.3803 0.0291 0.6197 -0.0216
0.3227 0.0297 0.6773 -0.0190
0.2676 0.0297 0.7324 -0.0162
0.2160 0.0290 0.7840 -0.0135
0.1684 0.0275 0.8316 -0.0108
0.1257 0.0252 0.8743 -0.0083
0.0885 0.0223 0.9115 -0.0059
0.0573 0.0188 0.9427 -0.0039
0.0325 0.0147 0.9675 -0.0023
0.0145 0.0102 0.9855 -0.0010
0.0036 0.0052 0.9964 -0.0003
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 0010-34
SCALE: 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0010-34
C Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
1.0 l
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.040 0.080 0.120 0.160 0.200 0.240 0.280 0.320 0.360 0.400 0.440
-0.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0010-34
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
1.0 Cl
0.5
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0010-34
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
C
m 0.25
0.2
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 4
NACA 0009

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0004 0.0036 -0.0079
0.9855 0.0015 0.0145 -0.0152
0.9675 0.0034 0.0325 -0.0220
0.9427 0.0059 0.0573 -0.0282
0.9115 0.0089 0.0885 -0.0335
0.8743 0.0124 0.1257 -0.0379
0.8316 0.0162 0.1684 -0.0412
0.7840 0.0202 0.2160 -0.0434
0.7324 0.0244 0.2676 -0.0446
0.6773 0.0285 0.3227 -0.0446
0.6197 0.0324 0.3803 -0.0437
0.5603 0.0360 0.4397 -0.0418
0.5000 0.0392 0.5000 -0.0392
0.4397 0.0418 0.5603 -0.0360
0.3803 0.0437 0.6197 -0.0324
0.3227 0.0446 0.6773 -0.0285
0.2676 0.0446 0.7324 -0.0244
0.2160 0.0434 0.7840 -0.0202
0.1684 0.0412 0.8316 -0.0162
0.1257 0.0379 0.8743 -0.0124
0.0885 0.0335 0.9115 -0.0089
0.0573 0.0282 0.9427 -0.0059
0.0325 0.0220 0.9675 -0.0034
0.0145 0.0152 0.9855 -0.0015
0.0036 0.0079 0.9964 -0.0004
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 0009
SCALE 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0009
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
1.0
C
l
0.5
0.0 Cd
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.240 0.320 0.400 0.480
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0009
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
1.0
Cl
0.5
0.0 a
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
-1.0
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0009
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
0.2
Cm 0.25
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
AIRFOIL 5
NACA 0010-35

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9964 0.0008 0.0036 -0.0048
0.9855 0.0033 0.0145 -0.0098
0.9675 0.0072 0.0325 -0.0149
0.9427 0.0123 0.0573 -0.0201
0.9115 0.0181 0.0885 -0.0252
0.8743 0.0242 0.1257 -0.0302
0.8316 0.0303 0.1684 -0.0349
0.7840 0.0359 0.2160 -0.0391
0.7324 0.0408 0.2676 -0.0427
0.6773 0.0446 0.3227 -0.0457
0.6197 0.0474 0.3803 -0.0478
0.5603 0.0490 0.4397 -0.0491
0.5000 0.0495 0.5000 -0.0495
0.4397 0.0491 0.5603 -0.0490
0.3803 0.0478 0.6197 -0.0474
0.3227 0.0457 0.6773 -0.0446
0.2676 0.0427 0.7324 -0.0408
0.2160 0.0391 0.7840 -0.0359
0.1684 0.0349 0.8316 -0.0303
0.1257 0.0302 0.8743 -0.0242
0.0885 0.0252 0.9115 -0.0181
0.0573 0.0201 0.9427 -0.0123
0.0325 0.0149 0.9675 -0.0072
0.0145 0.0098 0.9855 -0.0033
0.0036 0.0048 0.9964 -0.0008
0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
II. AIRFOIL DRAWING
NACA 0010-35
SCALE: 1:5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
III. AIRFOIL DATA

NAME: SKY TRAINERS
BY ABBOTT)
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0010-35
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
C
1.0 l
0.5
C
0.0 d
0.000 0.040 0.080 0.120 0.160 0.200 0.240 0.280 0.320 0.360 0.400
-0.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0010-35
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
Cl
1.0
0.5
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.5
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
NACA 0010-35
Re = 3891145, M = 0.1844268617, r = 2, AR = 3
C
0.2 m 0.25
0.1
a
0.0
-30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-0.1
-0.2
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
IV. AIRFOIL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR SYMMETRICAL AIRFOILS

STALLING
AIRFOIL t/c ClMAX AOA ClMIN Cl/Cd AT ClMAX
NACA 0006 0.0600 0.3770 7.0000 0.0100 13.3370
NACA 0012 0.1200 0.6200 12.0000 0.0105 9.4060
NACA
0010-34 0.1000 0.3840 7.0000 0.0103 13.9500
NACA 0009 0.0900 0.5220 10.0000 0.0102 11.0110
NACA
0010-35 0.1000 0.3500 6.0000 0.0079 15.0840
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR SYMMETRICAL AIRFOILS
Cl AT AOA AT
AIRFOIL CmAC (Cl/Cd)MAX (Cl/Cd)MAX (Cl/Cd)MAX x/c y/c
NACA 0006 0.0000 0.2990 14.2900 5.0000 0.2500 0.0000
NACA 0012 0.0000 0.2610 15.2040 4.0000 0.2500 0.0000
NACA
0010-34 0.0000 0.3110 14.9360 5.0000 0.2450 -0.0800
NACA 0009 0.0000 0.3700 14.5540 6.0000 0.2500 0.0000
NACA
0010-35 0.0000 0.2520 16.4240 4.0000 0.2050 0.0300
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
V. AIRFOIL SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION
SIMILAR TO THE SELECTION OF THE WING AIRFOIL, THE DESIGNERS

USED THE MATRIX ABOVE TO DETERMINE WHICH AIRFOIL IS THE MOST
APPROPRIATE FOR THE HORIZONTAL TAIL SECTION OF THE AIRCRAFT. AGAIN,
THE APPROACH CHOSEN BY THE DESIGNERS WAS TO RANK ALL OF THE
AIRFOILS BASED ON THE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS SHOWN ABOVE, AND THEN
THE AIRFOIL THAT RANKS THE HIGHEST OVERALL WAS CHOSEN. IN
CONCLUSION, THE NACA 0009 AIRFOIL WAS CHOSEN SINCE ITS
CHARACTERISTICS WERE THE MOST APPROPRIATE TO USE FOR THE TAIL
SECTION. FIRST, IT HAS A LOW THICKNESS RATIO WHICH IS RECOMMENDED
FOR THE TAIL SECTION SINCE HAVING A LOW THICKNESS RATIO DELAYS
STALLING EFFECTS AND AT THE SAME TIME, ALSO INCREASE CLMAX BY
ALLOWING THE FORMATION OF VORTICES JUST BEHIND THE LEADING EDGE. IT
ALSO HAS A HIGH STALLING ANGLE OF ATTACK, WHICH MAKES THE AIRCRAFT
LESS PRONE TO STALLING. AS A RESULT OF THE LOWER THICKNESS RATIO, THE
DRAG IS ALSO RELATIVELY LOW. THE MATRIX MIGHT SHOW THAT THE CDMIN IS
RANKED LOWER, BUT ITS DIFFERENCE IN VALUE WITH THE OTHER AIRFOILS
ARE VERY SMALL. THE NACA 0009 ALSO HAS A HIGH DESIGN LIFT COEFFICIENT.
AS AN ADDITIONAL EFFECT OF A LOWER THICKNESS RATIO, THE STRUCTURAL
WEIGHT IS ALSO HIGHER. SINCE THE DRAG PRODUCED BY THE HORIZONTAL
TAIL IS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT OF THE WING, THIS FACTOR MAY
BE DISREGARDED. IN FACT, THE ADDED STRUCTURAL WEIGHT ALSO MEANS
THAT THERE IS ADDED STRENGTH FOR THE HORIZONTAL TAIL.
NAME: SKY TRAINERS
B. GEOMETRY SELECTION
I. WING
ASPECT RATIO (AR): 7.6
TAPER RATIO: 0.45
AIRFOIL SELECTION, ROOT: NACA 23018
TIP: NACA 23018
II. VERTICAL TAIL
TAPER RATIO: 0.45
TIP: NACA 0009
III. HORIZONTAL TAIL
TAPER RATIO: 0.45
TIP: NACA 0009

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TECHNICAL REPORT NO.

I. AIRFOIL COORDINATES IN PERCENT OF AIRFOIL CHORD

AIRFOIL STATION AND ORDINATE DATA

UPPER SURFACE LOWER SURFACE

1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.9964 0.0009 0.0081 -0.0140

0.9856 0.0034 0.0222 -0.0253

0.9677 0.0075 0.0415 -0.0348

0.9430 0.0130 0.0655 -0.0430

0.9119 0.0198 0.0940 -0.0505

0.8748 0.0276 0.1276 -0.0575

0.8323 0.0362 0.1674 -0.0641

0.7850 0.0453 0.2140 -0.0695

0.7335 0.0547 0.2656 -0.0729

0.6786 0.0641 0.3207 -0.0742

0.6211 0.0732 0.3784 -0.0736

0.5619 0.0818 0.4379 -0.0712

0.5018 0.0895 0.4982 -0.0674

0.4416 0.0961 0.5586 -0.0623

0.3823 0.1011 0.6182 -0.0564

0.3247 0.1043 0.6760 -0.0498

0.2696 0.1054 0.7312 -0.0428

0.2179 0.1043 0.7831 -0.0357

0.1695 0.1008 0.8308 -0.0287

0.1238 0.0939 0.8737 -0.0220

0.0830 0.0830 0.9111 -0.0159

0.0491 0.0685 0.9424 -0.0105

0.0234 0.0515 0.9673 -0.0060

0.0068 0.0336 0.9854 -0.0027

-0.0008 0.0162 0.9963 -0.0007

0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000

II. AIRFOIL DRAWING

III. AIRFOIL DATA

C.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

D.) CL VS ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

E.) CM 0.25 VS. ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

AIRFOIL STATION AND ORDINATE DATA

II. AIRFOIL DRAWING

III. AIRFOIL DATA

C.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

D.) CL VS ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

E.) CM 0.25 VS. ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

AIRFOIL STATION AND ORDINATE DATA

II. AIRFOIL DRAWING

III. AIRFOIL DATA

C.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

D.) CL VS ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

E.) CM 0.25 VS. ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

I. AIRFOIL COORDINATES IN PERCENT OF AIRFOIL CHORD

AIRFOIL STATION AND ORDINATE DATA

II. AIRFOIL DRAWING

III. AIRFOIL DATA

C.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

D.) CL VS ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

E.) CM 0.25 VS. ALPHA PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)

AIRFOIL STATION AND ORDINATE DATA

II. AIRFOIL DRAWING

III. AIRFOIL DATA

C.) CL VS. CD PLOT (FROM JAVAFOIL)