FLOOR & FLOORING

FLOOR FINISHES

O A floor finish is a general term for a permanent covering of a floor. It is expected to

protect and extend the life of the floor while providing an attractive appearance
and slip resistant surface.

INGREDIENTS TYPES

O There are five basic categories of floor finish O Terrazzo Flooring

ingredients,
O Stone Flooring
(1) Polymer emulsions,
O Timber Flooring
(2) Film formers,
O Brick Flooring
(3) Modifiers,
O PCC Flooring
(4) Preservatives
O PVC Flooring
(5) Water
 WHAT’S IN A FLOOR FINISH

O As many as twenty-five ingredients. Some evaporate while others remain after

drying.
O Those that evaporate are "volatile" and those that stay on the floor are "non-
volatile" components.
O Ingredients are used to enhance floor finish characteristics like hardness, gloss,
clarity, scuff resistance, slip resistance, water and detergent resistance, buff
ability, removability, recoat ability, and toughness.
 TERRAZO
FLOORING`

 Terrazzo is a flooring material traditionally made by

exposing marble chips on the surface of concrete and
then polishing until smooth.
 However terrazzo is now available in tile form.
 It’s often used in public buildings because it’s long-
lasting and can be refinished repeatedly.
 COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS

Best Use : Flooring, walls, Installation Cost : minimum

countertops, backsplashes 30 to 50 INR per square
feet to a max 200 INR.

The typical thickness for CONCRETE + STONE,

terrazzo is between 2 GLASS, PLASTIC
1/2" and 3" AGGREGATES =
TERRAZO
INSTALLATION PROCESS
 DEFECTS

1. Cracks

2. Discoloration

3. Scratches

4. Sealant failure

5. Wear
WHY USE TERRAZO FLOORING?

• Extremely hard wearing

• Easy to clean and maintain
• Attractive in appearance
• Flexible – can be designed to be in
keeping with other architectural features
and colour schemes
• Hygienic – suitable for some areas of
food preparation and in hospitals
• Cost effective – will outlive most other
types of hard flooring
DECORATIVE TERRAZO FLOORING
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Unique beauty 1.Terrazzo is quite slippery
2. Elegance 2.Expensive
3. Longevity 3.Need skills for installation
4. Comfortable under feet 4.Polishing needed for
5. Controls noise maintaining the look.
 STONE
FLOORING
 STONE FLOORING
Stone flooring is a type of flooring in which the floor is covered with stone slabs or stone tiles

Used in public buildings because of it durability and hardness

There are three basic types of rock from which we carve out stone floors:

Sedimentary rock
Igneous
Metamorphic
 TYPES OF STONE FLOORING

MARBLE FLOORING

Various colors depending on origin.

fine and prosperous looking floors.

Mainly used in homes for interior flooring reason

expensive flooring.

Available in different sizes

Price : 120-600 Rs per sq.ft.

 SLATE FLOORING

can be used in homes for outdoor flooring reasons.

very hard in nature.

variety of colors.

extremely durable.

slip-resistant .

Available in different sizes and shapes

Price : 15-80 Rs per sq.ft

 GRANITE FLOORING

granite is composed of quartz and feldspar mixed with

particles of mica.

coarse-grained, light-colored

long life and easy to install

granite floors are being used in areas which are used

every day.

Available in different sizes

Price : 30-100 Rs per sq.ft
 INSTALLATION PROCESS
1. 2.

3. 4.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages Disadvantages

Very hard in nature Formation of cracks

Extremely durable Regular washing and cleaning

Variety of colours Weight of material

 TIMBER
FLOORING
INTRODUCTION
 Timber flooring is any product
manufactured from timber that is
designed for use as flooring, either
structural or aesthetic.
 common choice as a flooring material
due to its environmental profile,
durability, and restorability.
 Used in interiors as well as exteriors.
 Divided into two categories:
1. SOLID
2. ENGINEERED
SOLID/HARDWOOD
 One of easiest ways to add value to a
home.
 Cost effective, durable and classy, solid
wood floors are one of the few long-
lasting home fixtures
 Made of planks milled from a single
piece of timber.
 Many genuine timber floors are
immediately distinctive by the width of
the planking, weathered patina and
distinctive grain.
 Can be self installed without calling the
professional.
 Sizes:125x600x15mm,150x700x16mm
 ENGINEERED
ENGINEERE
D
 most common type of wood flooring used
globally.
 composed of two or more layers of wood in
the form of a plank where
TOP LAYER :Aluminum oxide and is specially
treated to achieve high wear resistance.
SECOND LAYER :Real hardwood veneer.
CORE LAYER : stacked layers of plywood,
HDF (high density fiberboard) or MDF
(medium density fiberboard) lay at 90 degree
angles to each other.

 This gives the flooring better structural

stability and bonded together under heat
and pressure.
 More suitable in high moisture areas or in
areas of frequent temperature changes.
 It does not warp or cup during climatic
changes.
 Sizes:24{T}X180{W}X1830{L},24{T}X190{W
}X1200-2400{L}
LAYING

Over the finished floor,wooden planks with tongue and groove are placed.

The tongue and groove are jotted into each othersimilarly the whole flooring is laid.
APPLICATIONS
 Usually layed in interiors(bedroom, living
area, dining area, kitchen)and bathroom
excluding the wet areas.
 Used in skirting.
 Nowadays, Timber planks are widely
used in exteriors.
 FINISHES
 Wood Floor Finishes are very popular as they
are durable, water-resistant, and require minimal
maintenance. These are blends of synthetic
resins.
 Most popular modern finishes for wood flooring
are oil-modified Urethane and water-based
polyurethane.
 WATER BASED:Appear clear and will resist
turning yellow over time.
1. They have a mild odor when applied, and will dry
in two to three hours.
2. Water-based finishes are very durable.
 OIL BASED:
1. appear amber in color.
2. They have a moderate odor when applied, and
will dry in about eight hours.
3. Produces sheen appearance of the floor.
MANUFACTURERS
O Major distributers of wooden flooring includes
China,germany,malaysia.
O The cheapest of them all is from china naming SPAN
dealing in oak and Merbau.
 ADVANTAGES
EASY MAINTAINENCE:
 If taken care of,it lasts for many years,despite of much traffic and use.
 Easier to clean & get harder as they age, which makes them even easier to
clean.
 Does’nt dust mites
DURABILITY
 Solid hardwood is among the longest lasting of all flooring types. With today’s
flooring finishes, these floors are also water resistant.
VARIETY:
 These are also easy to match to nearly any home style and design. There are a
lot of styles, colours and species of timber flooring available than ever before.
 Hardwood timber floors will always look good both in contemporary and
traditional interior design.
 DISADVANTAGES

MAY SCRATCH
 A hardwood floor's finish is susceptible to scratching
from traffic or pet nails.
FULL BATH INSTALLATION NOT RECOMMENDED
 it is sensitive to humidity and the potential for pooling
water.
 Water from tubs and showers can cause hardwood
floors to buckle or warp.
LIMITED BELOW GRADE INSTALLATION
 not recommended for below grade installation due to
sensitive to humidity. These floors perform better in
humidity controlled environments.
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

•The mixture of cement, sand and

aggregate is called plain cement concrete
(PCC)

•Plain cement concrete composition 1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone )

by volume Types of cement concrete floors:
Non-Monolithic or bonded floor finish floor
Monolithic floor finish floor
 COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS

CEMENT SAND AGGREGATE

 WHY USE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING?

They are economical as they require

negligible maintenance cost

They can be finished with a pleasing

appearance.

Provide a smooth & non absorbent surface

 INSTALLATION PROCESS

Preparation of sub base:-

•filling of earth is done
•10-15 cm thick coarse sand

Laying of base concrete:-

•Usually of cement concrete or
lime concrete
Laying the topping:- •Thickness is 7.5-10 cm
•Area is divided into rectangular or
square sections
•Finally a layer of cement concrete is
applied on the top
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
 Freeze-Thaw Effect
•Concrete is very strong in compression
but relatively weak in tension.
• It can and often does crack.
DEFECTS
Chemical Attack

Chemical attack can occur because

concrete is alkaline and chemically
reactive.
Crazing
This is a network of very small surface
cracks usually spreading out over large
areas or the entire surface.
Scaling
thin flakes of concrete come loose and
flake or peel off the surface
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
They are hard & Durable Defect once developed cannot be
easily rectified
Provide a smooth & non absorbent Does not provide heat and sound
surface insulation

They are more fire resistant It cannot be satisfactorily repaired

by patch work
They provide more sanitary surface
as they can be cleaned & washed
easily.

They are economical as they

require negligible maintenance cost
BRICK FLOORING
Floor that has brick /brick tile as its covering.
The flooring is done with laying bricks down in a
bed of mortar and arranged in a pattern.
Commonly used in alluvial places, where stone is
scarce and well burnt bricks of good quality are
readily available
• Warehouses
• Stores
• Godowns
• Places where heavy articles are stored
 PATTERNS IN BRICK FLOORING
O The brick flooring may be done with bricks laid flat, or on
edge arranged in hearing-bone pattern, or set at right
angles to the walls.
O Brick-on edge is preferred to bricks laid flat, because the
former being less liable to crack under pressure than the
latter and also having the higher depth gives a greater
thickness in the former case to resist the moisture
penetration.
 CHARACTERISTICS
The low maintenance requirements of brick flooring make it
very popular in kitchens.

Durability: Brick is one of the hardest and most durable

flooring materials available. It requires little to no
maintenance, and an installation can last for years

The tile is set in such a way that when it is installed it is very

difficult to detect a repeating pattern in the surface.

This picture makes it clear that brick flooring is not confined to

squares and rectangles.
 Promenade Brick Flooring Pattern on a Porch
Other
propertie
s Color
 Texture
 Heat
 Slip
Resistan
t
 Hardnes
Brick Kitchen Flooring With Inlaid Pine Beams s
 Replace
SIZES
ment
• Bricks are available in a range of
 Weight
thicknesses,40mm to 100mm.
• For domestic use ,the 50mm -60mm
units are suitable.
• Road construction -80 mm thick units.
Thin brick veneer as flooring • Airports, ports and freight yard-100mm
thick units.
 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

 The earth fillling is properly consolidated.

 10cm thick layer of dry clean sand is evenly laid.
 10cm thick layer of LIME CONCRETE (1:4:8) or LEAN CEMENT
CONCRETE (1:8:16) is laid, compacted and cured to form a base
concrete.
 Well soaked bricks are laid in CEMENT MORTAR (1:4) in any
desired bond pattern e.g. Herring Bond, Diagonal Bond or any
other suitable bond.
 In case the pointing is not to be done , the thickness of joints
should not exceed 2mm and the mortar in joints is struck off flush
with a trowel.
 In case the pointing is to be done, the minimum thickness of
joints is kept 6mm and the pointing may be done as specified.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
 APPLICATIONS

O Primarily used for architectural

purposes. But, now used in commercial
complexes, parking area and
community centres. These pavers are
offered in various designs and sizes.

DEFECTS

Cracks can occur as defect in brickwork, that can occur in due to:
Ground movement
Accident
Thermal movement
Brick Rot
 MERITS AND DEMERITS
MERITS DEMERITS
O Cheaper than Cement • Slightly Uneven when
concrete, wooden, mosaic laid.
flooring. • The resulting surface
O Provides a non slippery and is not smooth and is
fire resistant surface. rough.
O Easily repairable.
• Water absorbent.
• Installation requires
O Tough ,durable and
use of toxic materials.
sufficiently hard.
O Easy in maintenance.
O Easy to construct.
VINYL FLOORING
SOME BASIC VINYL FLOORING

1. THEROTILE
•
THIS IS A TYPE OF VINYL TILE.
THIS CAN BE FIXED ON ANY AREA OF YOUR HOME.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 60/SQ. FT.

2. BASIC VINYL SHEET

•
THIS IS A PLAIN VINYL SHEET, MOSTLY USED IN HOSPITALS
AND INDUSTRIES.
•ONE CAN SELECT THE BASIC COLOUR OF SHEET AND
CHOOSE SOME PRINTING IMAGES OF ONE’S OWN
CHOICE.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 30/SQ. FT.
EMBOSSED
EMBOSSED VINYL FLOORING CAN BE USED IN THE
LIVING ROOM.
• UNLIKE OTHER EMBOSSED DESIGNS, THIS IS EASY
TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 52 – RS. 120 / SQ. FT.

PRINTED

PRINTED VINYL FLOORING WILL BE AWESOME TO

LOOK. THE DESIGNS YOU GET IN VINYL WILL NOT
EVEN BE AVAILABLE IN TILES, MARBLES AND
GRANITES.

THIS WILL COST YOU AROUND RS. 20 – RS. 40/SQ.

FT.

.
3. PVC VINYL FLOORING
•
CHOOSE PVC VINYL FLOORING FOR A CLASSIC LOOK.
THIS WILL COST YOU AROUND RS. 80 – RS. 100/SQ. FT.

4. ANTI – SKIP
THIS FLOORING IS USED IN BATHROOMS
THOUGH IT IS CHEAP AND GOOD TO LOOK
IT IS VINYL IT TENDS TO PEEL WHEN IT IS PRONE TO WET.

5. TRANSPORT FLOORING

ONE CAN USE TRANSPORT VINYL FLOORING IN YOUR PARKING

AREA AS IT IS MANUFACTURED SPECIALLY FOR BARING THE
WEIGHT OF THE VEHICLE.
AVAILABILITY:

VINYL SHEETS ARE AVAILABLE IN ROLLS ,HAVING WIDTH 6’ TO 12’ WIDTH.

TYPICAL VINYL TILES ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES OF 1 SQ FT.

VINYL PLANKS ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES RANGING FROM 0.25’ BY 3’ OR LONGER

THEY GENERALLY HAVE THICKNESS OF 1MM, 1.3MM, 2MM AND 3MM.

PRICE RANGE VARIES FROM RS20 TO RS120 /SQ FT.

USES:

GENERALLY USED IN HOSPITALS WHERE MUCH OF CLEANLINESS IS REQUIRED.

IT IS INSTALLED IN CHILDREN ROOMS TO AVOID ACCIDENTS.

IT IS INSTALLED IN BLOOD BANKS.

IT IS ALSO INSTALLED IN HOTELS OF HOMES ,WHERE EVER DESIRED.

 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
•VINYLL FLOORING WITH NON WAX COATING HAS
•FREEDOM OF AESTHETIC EFFECTS – AN EASY TENDENCY OF WEARING OUT .
AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF COLOURS
AND PATTERNS •VINYL FLOORING CANNOT WITHSTAND MUCH OF
WATER OF CHEMICAL CLEANSERS
•EASE OF INSTALLATION, EASY TO CLEAN
•VINYL FLOORING TEND TO DIS COLOUR OR FADE
•EASILY RECYCLABLE AWAY WHEN EXPOSED TO TOO MUCH OF SUNLIGHT.

•VARIABLE THICKNESS •TYPICAL VINYL FLOORING CANNOT WITHSTAND

MUCH PULLING OR PUSHING OF OBJECTS OR SHARP
•LIGHT WEIGHT. OBJECTS.
•DURABLE

•PROVIDES US WITH RANGE OF CHOICE.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FOR VINYL FLOORS.
ROTOGRAVURE VINYL:
THE COLOR AND PATTERN ARE PRINTED ON THE SURFACE LEVEL OF THE VINYL ONLY.
THIS IS A LOWER COST AND MORE POPULAR METHOD OF PRODUCTION THAT LEAVES THE COLOR
AND PATTERN SUSCEPTIBLE TO WEARING AWAY OVER TIME.
INLAID VINYL:
THE COLOR AND PATTERN GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE VINYL.
THIS MAKES THE COLOR AND PATTERN VERY WEAR–RESISTANT.

ROTOGRAVU
INLAID VINYL
RE
VINYL FLOORING CONSTRUCTION
VINYL FLOORING IS CREATED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

HOMOGENOUS OR SOLID:
HOMOGENOUS (SOLID) VINYL IS UNIFORM IN STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION THROUGHOUT, WITH NO
ADDED BACKING.

INLAID:
• INLAID VINYL IS MADE BY ADDING GRANULES OF VINYL TO A VINYL BACKING. HEATING THEM WITH THE
WEAR (SURFACE) LAYER.
• THIS CREATES COLORS PATTERNS THAT WILL LAST EVEN IF THE SURFACE LAYER BEGINS TO WEAR DOWN
LAYERED COMPOSITE
• LAYERED COMPOSITE VINYL IS THE MOST
COMMON TYPE OF VINYL FLOORING.
• IT CONSISTS OF FOUR DISTINCT LAYERS.
•THE BACKING (BOTTOM) LAYER IS VINYL,
FIBERGLASS OR FELT.
•THIS LAYER IS COVERED WITH A CORE LAYER
OF LIQUID POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) AND
FILLER,
• WHICH IS TOPPED WITH A DECORATIVE
LAYER
•A WEAR LAYER OF PROTECTIVE, CLEAR VINYL
VINYL FLOORING WEAR LAYERS
VINYL NO–WAX:
THE LEAST DURABLE OF THE THREE, YOUR FLOOR WILL NONETHELESS RESIST
SCRAPES, SCUFFS, AND SOME STAINS.
REQUIRED MAINTENANCE INCLUDES REGULAR WASHING
A GOOD POLISHING FROM TIME TO TIME TO RESTORE SHINE.
URETHANE (PVC):
URETHANE SURFACES WILL KEEP THEIR "LIKE NEW" APPEARANCE LONGER THAN
MOST VINYL NO–WAX SURFACES, AS WELL AS RESIST STAINS, SCRAPES, SCUFFS,
AND HEEL MARKS.
IT HAS A MORE TEXTURED SURFACE, WHICH SOMETIMES SIMULATES TILE OR
STONE PATTERNS.
ENHANCED URETHANE:
THIS MOST DURABLE OF WEAR LAYERS RESISTS STAINING FROM MANY
COMMON HOUSEHOLD ELEMENTS.
SINCE GRIME AND DIRT WILL NOT STICK TO THIS TYPE OF SURFACE.
THE ONLY MAINTENANCE NEEDED IS AN OCCASIONAL SWEEP OR MOPPING.
INSTALLATION OF VINLY FLOORING
APPLICATION ON THE FLOOR
MAINTAINANCE

•THE VINYL FLOORS SHOULD FIRST BE DUSTED AND THEN

DAMP-MOPPED.

• MICROFIBER CLOTHS AND MOPS ARE ABLE TO SOAK 7 TO 10

TIMES THEIR WEIGHT IN LIQUID AND ARE EXCELLENT AT
TRAPPING DEBRIS AND DUST

•ONE SHOULD NOT "DRENCH" THE VINYL. WATER CAN WORK

ITS WAY INTO CRACKS AND SEAMS WHEN A MOP IS TOO WET,
DESTROYING THE GLUE.

• THIS CAUSES THE VINYL TO COME LOOSE AND/OR CORNERS

TO CURL UP.

•OVER-USE OF CLEANING CHEMICALS ON NO-WAX VINYL WILL

CAUSE A FILM OVER THE SURFACE.
"IT GETS STICKY AND ACTUALLY ATTRACTS THE DIRT,"