Unit 5

1. Graphics Programming (Part 1/3)

The java.awt.Graphics Class: Graphics Context and Custom Painting. A graphics context
provides the capabilities of drawing on the screen. The graphics context maintains states such as
the color and font used in drawing, as well as interacting with the underlying operating system to
perform the drawing.

Definition: The AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) contains large no.of classes which help to
include various graphical components in java programming. The graphical components include
text box, buttons, labels, radio buttons, list items and etc., java.awt package should be imported.

AWT hierarchy

Object

Component

TextCompon
Button Canvas Checkbox Choice Container Label List Scrollbar
ent

Panel Window TextField TextArea

Frame Dialog

9 classes – label, etc.,

Component properties:
 Size – width, height
 Location – point of class X and Y
 Bounds – x, y, width, height
 Foreground and Background
 Font
 Color class – RGB
 Cursor – the shape of mouse pointer

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Container
The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like buttons,
textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known as container such as
Frame, Dialog and Panel.

Window
The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use frame, dialog or
another window for creating a window.

Panel
The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.

Window class – Frame (Decorated windows)

The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.

Canvas
It encapsulates a blank window upon which one can draw. It overrides paint() method.

2. Frame
 Frame is a standard graphical window.
 It can be displayed using the Frame class.
 It has standard minimize, maximize, and close buttons.
Syntax, i. Frame() | ii. Frame(String title)

Methods, void setResizable(boolean resizable) | void setTitle(String Title) | setSize(int

width, int height) | getTitle() | setVisible(boolean visible)
 Frame can be created in two ways,
o By extending frame class
o By creating instance of frame class
Example for extending frame class
import java.awt.*; Example for instance of frame class
class FrameDemo extends Frame import java.awt.*;
{ class FrameDemo
public static void main(String[] args) {
{ public static void main(String[] args)
FrameDemo fr = new FrameDemo(); {
fr.setSize(300,300); Frame fr = new Frame();
fr.setVisible(true); fr.setSize(300,300);
} fr.setVisible(true);
} }
Output: }

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3. Program using AWT Components

import java.awt.*;
class UsingAwtComponents
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Frame fr = new Frame("Displaying Components");
fr.setSize(500,600); //Method 1------------------------------
fr.setVisible(true); //Method 2-------------------------------

//label
Label L1 = new Label("OK");
fr.add(L1);

//Buttons - Puch Buttons

Button B1 = new Button("Submit");
fr.setBounds(30,100,80,30); fr.add(B1); //Method 3 & 4----------------------

//canvas - special area created on frame - used for drawing oval, rect, etc
Canvas C1 = new Canvas();
C1.setSize(100,100);
C1.setBackground(Color.blue); //Method 5----------------------------
fr.setLayout(new FlowLayout());//Method 6---------------------------
fr.add(C1);

//Scrollbars - slider widgets - Horizontal & vertical

Scrollbar HSelector = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL);
Scrollbar VSelector = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.VERTICAL);
fr.setSize(100,100);
fr.add(HSelector);
fr.add(VSelector);

//TextField
fr.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Label L2 = new Label("Enter ur name");
TextField input1 = new TextField(20);
fr.add(L2);
fr.add(input1);

//TextArea
fr.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Label L3 = new Label("Enter ur name");
TextArea input2 = new TextArea(10,20);

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fr.add(L3);
fr.add(input2);

//checkbox
Checkbox cb1 = new Checkbox("Candy");
Checkbox cb2 = new Checkbox("Juice");
Checkbox cb3 = new Checkbox("Coffee");
fr.add(cb1);
fr.add(cb2);
fr.add(cb3);

//CheckboxGroup - Radio button

CheckboxGroup cbg =new CheckboxGroup();
Checkbox cb4 = new Checkbox("Candy",cbg,true);
Checkbox cb5 = new Checkbox("Juice",cbg,false);
Checkbox cb6 = new Checkbox("Coffee",cbg,false);
fr.add(cb4);
fr.add(cb5);
fr.add(cb6);

//choice
Choice c1 = new Choice();
c1.add("Mango");
c1.add("Apple");
c1.add("Banana");
fr.add(c1);

//List panel
List Ls1 = new List();
Ls1.add("Rose");
Ls1.add("Lily");
Ls1.add("Jasmine");
fr.add(Ls1);
}}
Compile and run

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4. Life cycle of applet
Java Applet

 Applets are the small java programs that can be used in internetworking environment.
 Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the
dynamic display content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.
 Applet does not require main function.
 Applications, arithmetic operations, graphics, playing sounds, animation, etc.

Advantage of Applet

There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

◦It works at client side so less response time.

◦Secured

◦It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux, Windows,
Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet

◦Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The java.applet.Applet class 4 life cycle methods and java.awt.Component class provides 1 life
cycle methods for an applet.

java.applet.Applet class

For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle
methods of applet.

1.public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.

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2.public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is used to
start the Applet.

3.public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or browser is
minimized.

4.public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.

java.awt.Component class

The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.

1.public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class object
that can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.

Executing applet
Two ways

1. Using web browser

2. Using Appletviewer

Using web browser

1. Compile: javac filename.java

2. Type the code in notepad and save as demo.html
<applet code “filename.class” width=300 height=100>
</applet>
3. Then open the file demo.html in a browser to view output.

Using Appletviewer

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*<applet code “lineDem.class” width=300 height=100>
</applet>
*/
public class lineDem extends Component
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawLine(10,10,50,50);
g.drawLine(10,50,50,10);
}
}
Compile: javac lineDem.java
Run: Appletviewer lineDem.java

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5. Working with 2D shapes(Lines, Rectangle, Ellipses, Circles, Arcs)
Drawing Lines:
Using drawLine() method lines can be drawn.
Syntax: void drawLine(int startX, int startY, int endX, int endY)
Import java.awt.*;
Import java.applet.*;
Public class lineDemo extends Applet
{
Public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawLine(10,10,50,50);
g.drawLine(10,50,50,10);
}
}
Myapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code=" lineDemo.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
</body> </html>
Compile: javac lineDemo.java
Run: Appletviewer Myapplet.html
Similarly, to draw rectangle,
Syntax: void drawRect(int top, int left, int width, int height)
void fillRect(int top, int left, int width, int height)
Public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawRect(50,60,50,40);
g.drawRect(80,50,50,60);
}

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To draw ellipses and circles,
Syntax: void drawOval(int top, int left, int width, int height)
void fillOval(int top, int left, int width, int height)
Public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawOval(20,30,40,40);
g.drawOval(120,30,60,40);
}
To draw Arcs,
Syntax: void drawArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngel, int sweepAngle)
void fillArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngel, int sweepAngle)
Public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawArc(30,40,60,50,0,75);
g.drawArc(30,100,60,50,75,180);
}
6. Working with color, font and images
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
//import java.awt.Color;
/*
<applet code = "ColoredExample" width = 300 height = 300>
</applet>
*/
public class ColoredExample extends Applet{
String msg="";
public void init()
{
Font f;
f= new Font("Monotype Corsiva", Font.BOLD,40);
msg="Hello";
setFont(f);
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.blue); //set color to blue
g.drawString("Hello World...",30,180); //print hello world

g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString(msg, 10,50);
}}

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 Java provides support for two common image formats: GIF and JPEG. The basic class
for representing an image is java.awt.Image. Packages that are relevant to image handling are
java.applet, java.awt and java.awt.image.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*;
/*<applet code “lineDem.class” width=300
public class img extends Frame height=100>
{ </applet>
public img() */
{ setTitle(“Image on Frame”); public class lineDem extends Applet
setSize(250, 250); {
setVisible(true); Image img;
} public void init()
public void paint(Graphics g) {
{ Toolkit tk = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit(); img=getImage(getDocumentBase(),”abc.jpg”);
Image img = tk.getImage(“abc.jpeg”); }
g.drawImage(img,100,100,this); public void paint(Graphics g)
} {
public static void main(String args[]){ g.drawImage(img,50,50,this);
new img();//anonymous obj to access constructor }
}} }

Task:
Write an applet program to draw flower with color packages.

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7. Event Handling (Part 2/3)
 Event means any activity that interrupts the current ongoing activity.
 An event in Java is an object that is created when something changes within a
graphical user interface.
 Ex: a mouse click or key press from a keyboard.
 Event-handling code is responsible for all the activity which happen between user
and application
 AWT conveys these actions (events) to the programs.
7.1 Event Delegation Model
It is used for understanding the event and for processing it.

Event Delegation
Model

Event classes Event listener Handling events

Adapter classes
-ActionEvent -ActionListener -Actual Mouse or
-AdjustmentEvent -AdjustmentListener Keyboard event

7.2 Event handlers

7.2.1 Event Classes and Event Listeners
- Event classes are the classes responsible for handling events in the event handling
mechanism.
- EventObject class belongs to java.util other events are java.util.event package.
S.No Event Classes Object Event Listeners Interface
Object generated when
button pressed
Void
1. ActionEvent ActionListener actionPerformed(acti
Method:
onEvent ae)
String
getActionCommand()
Object generated when
scrollbars used Void
2. AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener adjustmentValueChan
Method: Adjustable ged(actionEvent ae)
getAdjustable()
Void
Occurs when text field
3. TextEvent TextListener textChnged(TextEvent
changed.
tx)

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 Void
Occurs when component
componentdded(Conti
add or removed
nerEvent ct)
4. ContainerEvent ContainerListener
Void
Method: Container
componentRemoved(
getContainer()
ContinerEvent ct)
Void
Occurs when resized,
componentShown(Co
moved, hidden or visible
ntinerEvent ct)
5. ComponentEvent ComponentListener
Hidden
Method: Component
Moved
getComponent()
Resized
Void
Occurs when item
6. ItemEvent ItemListener itemStateChanged(Ite
selected.
mEvent it)
Occurs during keybord
focus. Void
focusGained(FocusEv
7. FocusEvent FocusListener
Method:Component ent fo)
getOppositeComponent( Lost
)
Void
Occurs when key
keyPressed(keyEvent
pressed or released.
8. KeyEvent KeyListener k)
Method: Char
Released
getKeyChar()
Typed
Void
windowOpened(Wind
owEvent w)
Generated when window Closed
9. WindowEvent ctivted, maximized, WindowListener Closing
minimized Activated
Deactivated
Iconified
DeIconified
Void
mouseClicked(Mouse
Generated when mouse Event m)
10. MouseEvent clicked, moved, MouseListener Pressed
dragged, released. Released
Entered
Exited

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Relationship between Event Sources and Event Listener

An event source is an object that can register listener objects. The listener object is an instance of
a class that can implement a special interface called listener interface.

Step1: The event source sends the event objects to all the registered listeners when an event
occurs.

Step2: The listener objects will use the information in the event object and then determine
reaction.

8. Adapter classes
It is basically a class in java that implements an interface with set of dummy methods. Adapter
classes are,

- WindowAdapter
- ComponentAdapter
- ContainerAdapter
- FocusAdapter
- KeyAdapter
- MouseAdapter
- MouseMotionAdapter

Disdvantage: when a class implements such interface all 7 methods should be implemented.
WindowAdapter class implements WindowListener interface and make all seven empty
implementations.

But when WindowAdapter class is subclassed, we can use any method without restrictions.

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Example:

public interface WindowListener

{
void windowOpened(WindowEvent e);
void windowClosing(WindowEvent e);
void windowClosed(WindowEvent e);
void windowIconified(WindowEvent e);
void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e);
void windowActivated(WindowEvent e);
void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e);
}

class Terminator implements WindowListener

{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
if (user agrees)
System.exit(0);
}
public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e) {}
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e) {}
public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e) {}
public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) {}
public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e) {}
public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) {}
}

Task:

9. Actions
It is common to have multiple ways to activate the same command. The user can choose a certain
function through a menu, a keystroke, or a button on a toolbar.

The Swing package provides a very useful mechanism to encapsulate commands and to attach
them to multiple event sources: the Action interface.
An action is an object that encapsulates
• A description of the command (as a text string and an optional icon); and
• Parameters that are necessary to carry out the command (such as the requested color in our
example).

The Action interface has the following few methods:

void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
void setEnabled(boolean b)
boolean isEnabled()

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10. Mouse Events
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

/*
<applet code ="MouseDemo" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/

public class MouseDemo extends Applet implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener

{
String msg="";
int xposition=0, yposition=0;

public void init()

{
addMouseListener(this);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
}

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent m)

{
xposition = m.getX();
yposition= m.getY();
repaint();
}

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public void mousePressed(MouseEvent m)
{
xposition = m.getX();
yposition= m.getY();
msg = "Pressing mouse button";
repaint();
}

public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent m)

{
xposition = m.getX();
yposition= m.getY();
msg = "Releasing mouse button";
repaint();
}

public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent m)

{
xposition = 0;
yposition= 190;
msg = "Mouse entered";
repaint();
}

public void mouseExited(MouseEvent m)

{
xposition = 0;
yposition= 190;
msg = "Mouse exited";
repaint();
}

public void mouseDraggeded(MouseEvent m)

{
xposition = m.getX();
yposition= m.getY();
msg = "Dragging Mouse at "+xposition+","+yposition;
repaint();
}

public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent m)

{
xposition = m.getX();
yposition= m.getY();
msg = "Moving Mouse at "+xposition+","+yposition;
repaint();
}

public void paint(Graphics g)

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{
g.drawString(msg, xposition, yposition);
}
}

11. AWT Event Hierarchy

The AWTEvent is a class derived from EventObject class. EventObject class is defined in
java.util package.

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12. Programming with Swing

Swing Fundamentals
JFC –Java Foundation Classes are graphical set of GUI components for java applications that
streamline software and cloud application development.

JFC consists of,

AWT
Accessibility API
Java 2D API
Drag and Drop
AWT features Swing features
Rich set of UI components All the features of AWT
Robust event handling 100% java certified versions of existing AWT
Shape, color and font classes Tree view, list box, tabbed panes
Layout managers Pure java design
Data transfer classes – cut n paste Pluggable look and feel

13. Layout Manager Classes

Layout Manager

The layout manager automatically positions all the components within the container.

If we do not use layout manager then also the components are positioned by the default layout
manager. It is possible to layout the controls by hand but it becomes very difficult because of the
following two reasons.

 It is very tedious to handle a large number of controls within the container.

 Oftenly the width and height information of a component is not given when we need to
arrange them.

Java provide us with various layout manager to position the controls. The properties like size,
shape and arrangement varies from one layout manager to other layout manager. When the size
of the applet or the application window changes the size, shape and arrangement of the
components also changes in response i.e. the layout managers adapt to the dimensions of
appletviewer or the application window.

The layout manager is associated with every Container object. Each layout manager is an object
of the class that implements the LayoutManager interface.

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AWT Layout Manager Classes:
Following is the list of commonly used controls while designed GUI using AWT.

BorderLayout -4

The borderlayout arranges the components to fit in the five regions: east, west, north, south and
center.
CardLayout

The CardLayout object treats each component in the container as a card. Only one card is visible
at a time.
FlowLayout(int alignment) – 4

The FlowLayout is the default layout.It layouts the components in a directional flow.
GridLayout(int n, int m)

The GridLayout manages the components in form of a rectangular grid.

GridBagLayout

This is the most flexible layout manager class.The object of GridBagLayout aligns the
component vertically, horizontally or along their baseline without requiring the components of
same size.
Example for border layout:
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class Border {

JFrame f;
Border(){
f=new JFrame();

JButton b1=new JButton("NORTH");;

JButton b2=new JButton("SOUTH");;
JButton b3=new JButton("EAST");;
JButton b4=new JButton("WEST");;
JButton b5=new JButton("CENTER");;

f.add(b1,BorderLayout.NORTH);
f.add(b2,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
f.add(b3,BorderLayout.EAST);
f.add(b4,BorderLayout.WEST);
f.add(b5,BorderLayout.CENTER);

f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Border();
} }
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Swing container Hierarchy

Swing is a set of classes that provides more powerful and flexible components that are possible
with AWT.

Components include lists, buttons, panels, windows.

To use components, we need to place them in a container. A container is a component that holds
and manages other components.

Container display components using layout manager.

Swing component inherits JComponent class. JComponent inherits Container class in AWT.

Simple swing program

Public class abc extends JFrame

{
Public static void main(string args[])
{
New Hello();
}
Hello()
{
JLabel jl = new JLabel(“Hi”);
Add(jl);
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This.setSize(100,100);
setVisible(true);
}}
14. Draw and explain java swing class hierarchy
Classes of javax.swing

15. Write a program using JButton and JCheckBox

JButton

import javax.swing.*;
public class ButtonExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame f=new JFrame("Button Example");
JButton b=new JButton("Click Here");
b.setBounds(50,100,95,30);
f.add(b);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}

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JCheckBox
import javax.swing.*;
public class CheckBoxExample
{
CheckBoxExample(){
JFrame f= new JFrame("CheckBox Example");
JCheckBox checkBox1 = new JCheckBox("C++");
checkBox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);
JCheckBox checkBox2 = new JCheckBox("Java", true);
checkBox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);
f.add(checkBox1);
f.add(checkBox2);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new CheckBoxExample();
}}

2 marks

1. What is AWT?
2. What is a Frame?
3. List methods used in Frame?
4. What is an applet?
5. List advantages and drawbacks of applet.
6. Write synatx to draw Line, Rect.
7. Write syntax to set color, font and image.
8. What is an Event?
9. What is Event delegation Model.
10. List few Event Listeners.
11. What is an Adpater class?
12. What is an action?
13. List few predefined actions.
14. List few Mouse Event methods.
15. What is an Event Object?
16. Wht is swing?
17. D/B AWT and Swing.
18. What is Layout manager. List types.
19. What is JFC?
20. List components in swing content hierarchy.

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13 marks

1. Explain graphics programming with example

2. How to work with 2D shapes in java. Example.
3. Explain life cycle of applet. How applets are created and executed.
4. How to use color, font and image in applet.
5. Explain event handler types.
6. Explain adapter classes.
7. Explain AWT Event Hierarchy with neat diagram.
8. Explain swing class component hierarchy
9. Explain Layout manager types. Explain Grid Layout manager.
10. Write a program to create a phonebook look-up using swing.

Task:

1. Write a program to create a frame with the following menus, such that the
corresponding geometric object is created when a menu is clicked. i. Circle | ii.
Rectangle | iii. Line

2. Write a program using java swing to insert a picture and scroll bars.

3. Write a program to create product enquiry form using frames.

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