Electrical Machines (2) : DR./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Electrical Machines (2) : DR./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Electrical Machines (2) : DR./ Abdelhady Ghanem
/ Abdelhady Ghanem
𝐼𝑓 generates 𝜑𝑚 (in phase) −→ 𝜑𝑚 cuts armature winding and generates E (E lags 𝜑𝑚 by 90˚)
Part does not cross the air gap Part crosses the air gap
(small part) (greater part)
(leakage flux) (Armature reaction)
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
✓ Types:
▪ Slot leakage → depends on the slot type 𝑥𝑙 ห𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 > 𝑥𝑙 ȁ𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛
▪ Tooth-tip leakage → depends on the air gap length
▪ Over-hang leakage
▪ Zig-zag leakage → appears when tooth of stator faces or neat a tooth
of rotor and vice versa
𝑥𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑙
N.B: During loading of the alternator, a voltage drop of 𝒊𝒂 𝒙𝒍 will appear
N.B: 𝒙𝒍 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏 → 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Armature Reaction
➢ Armature reaction:
The effect of the armature flux on the value and distribution of the main flux
E
Φ
ia
Loads:
✓ Unity Power Factor Load: Φ = 0 (Resistive Load)
✓ Lag Factor Load: 0 < Φ ≤ 90 (Inductive Load) → Pure Inductive Load or ZPF Lag Load Φ = 90
✓ Lead Factor Load: -90 ≤ Φ < 0 (Capacitive Load) → Pure capacitive Load or ZPF Lead Load Φ = -90
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
φa
φR
ia
φa sin θ
φm
In practice, loads are inductive in nature
φa cos θ
Φ
ia φa φR
𝜑𝑎 cos Φ → Cross magnetizing → distortion
N.B: Generally, there is a reduction of the terminal voltage of the alternator due to the armature
reaction. Therefore, the armature winding is assume to have a fictitious reactance 𝑥𝑎𝑟
equivalent to the armature reaction. So, a VD of 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑎𝑟 will be considered for the armature
reaction.
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Synchronous Reactance:
xar
zs = 1 p.u
𝑥𝑠 = 𝑥𝑙 + 𝑥𝑎𝑟 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Synchronous Impedance:
xl = 0.1→ 0.2 p.u
𝑧𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗 (𝑥𝑙 + 𝑥𝑎𝑟 ) = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑥𝑠 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Ra = 0.01 p.u
2 2 2
ȁ𝑧𝑠 ȁ = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑥𝑠 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Eo U
DC-supply
Eo V
Eo W
Rotor Circuit Stator Circuit
(Field) (Armature)
(G) ia (G) ia
(M) ia (M) ia
Eo Ein Vt Eo Vt
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
A U A U
DC-supply
Rph
V
Rph RUV
DC-supply
Rph
V RUV
V
Rph
Rph
W
Rph V
2
2 𝑅𝑝ℎ 2
𝑅𝑈𝑉 = 𝑅𝑝ℎ // 2 𝑅𝑝ℎ → 𝑅𝑈𝑉 = = 𝑅𝑝ℎ
W 3 𝑅𝑝ℎ 3
3
𝑅𝑈𝑉 = 2 𝑅𝑝ℎ → 𝑅𝑝ℎ = 𝑅𝑎 =
1
𝑅 𝑅𝑝ℎ = 𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑈𝑉
2 𝑈𝑉 2
N.B: In ac circuits, the effective resistance 𝑅𝑎𝑐 = (1.2 → 1.5)𝑅𝑑𝑐 due to the skin effect
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
If
U
V 120%
A
𝑉
V 𝐸𝑜 = Y-Connection
DC-supply
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉 Δ-Connection
Stator Circuit V
(Armature)
Rotor Circuit
(Field) W
Field Current
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
1. The machine is run at rated speed 2. Increase the field current gradually
3. Register the value of field current and it corresponding short circuit current.
If
A isc 200 %
U
isc
A
𝑖𝑠𝑐−𝑝ℎ = 𝑖𝑠𝑐 Y-Connection
If
𝑖𝑠𝑐
𝑖𝑠𝑐−𝑝ℎ = Δ-Connection
3
V
Stator Circuit
(Armature) W
Rotor Circuit
(Field)
Field Current
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Synchronous Impedance
No-Load phase voltage
Eo
𝐸𝑜
𝑧𝑠 = ቤ Ω/𝑝ℎ
𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝐼
𝑓 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2 2 2
∴ 𝑥𝑠 = 𝑧𝑠 − 𝑅𝑎 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Field Current
𝑥𝑠 is called unsaturated synchronous reactance
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
➢ UPF Load
2 2 2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 Eo ia xs
ia zs
−1
𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
𝛿 = tan
𝑉𝑡 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎
N.B: 𝐸𝑜 > 𝑉𝑡
ia Vt ia Ra
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
➢ Lag PF Load ia xs ia xs
Eo Eo
ia z s ia zs
Vt ia Ra Vt ia Ra
ia ia
N.B: 𝐸𝑜 > 𝑉𝑡
ia Ra
2 2 2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
𝛿+𝜑 = tan−1
𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
➢ Lead PF Load ia Ra
ia
ia
Eo
Eo
ia zs ia xs ia z s ia xs
Vt N.B: 𝐸𝑜 < 𝑉𝑡
Vt
ia Ra
ia Ra
2 2 2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
𝜑−𝛿 = tan−1
𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
𝐸𝑜 =
2
𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 ± 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 2 Vt
Vt=Eo
+ -
Lag PF Load Lead PF Load
Vt
Leading PF
Vt = Eo
% Ia
➢ Load c/cs
UPF 0 100 200
N, f, If = constant
Lagging PF
ia
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Report
Hint: 𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 𝑗𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠