Electrical Machines (2) : DR./ Abdelhady Ghanem

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Dr.

/ Abdelhady Ghanem

Electrical Machines (2)


Part II
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem
Lec. №: (3)
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Flux Effect


From the principle of alternator operation :

𝐼𝑓 generates 𝜑𝑚 (in phase) −→ 𝜑𝑚 cuts armature winding and generates E (E lags 𝜑𝑚 by 90˚)

When alternator is loaded, 𝑖𝑎 flow through the armature winding

𝑖𝑎 generates 𝜑𝑎 (in phase) → 𝜑𝑎 ∝ 𝑖𝑎

Part does not cross the air gap Part crosses the air gap
(small part) (greater part)
(leakage flux) (Armature reaction)
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Leakage Flux


➢ Leakage flux and leakage reactance:
The leakage flux makes the armature winding inductive in nature.
So, the armature winding possesses a leakage reactance in addition
to the resistance

✓ Types:
▪ Slot leakage → depends on the slot type 𝑥𝑙 ห𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 > 𝑥𝑙 ȁ𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛
▪ Tooth-tip leakage → depends on the air gap length
▪ Over-hang leakage
▪ Zig-zag leakage → appears when tooth of stator faces or neat a tooth
of rotor and vice versa
𝑥𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑙
N.B: During loading of the alternator, a voltage drop of 𝒊𝒂 𝒙𝒍 will appear

N.B: 𝒙𝒍 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏 → 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Reaction

➢ Armature reaction:
The effect of the armature flux on the value and distribution of the main flux

E
Φ
ia
Loads:
✓ Unity Power Factor Load: Φ = 0 (Resistive Load)
✓ Lag Factor Load: 0 < Φ ≤ 90 (Inductive Load) → Pure Inductive Load or ZPF Lag Load Φ = 90
✓ Lead Factor Load: -90 ≤ Φ < 0 (Capacitive Load) → Pure capacitive Load or ZPF Lead Load Φ = -90
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Reaction (cont’)


➢ Armature reaction at UPF Loading:
φm

φa
φR

ia

N.B: The average flux in the air gap remains


constant but its distribution gets distorted (Cross
magnetizing effect)
N.B: Due to such distortion, there is a small VD in
the terminal voltage of the alternator
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Reaction (cont’)


➢ Armature reaction at ZPF lag:
φR φm
ia φa

N.B: The armature flux tries to cancel the main


flux (demagnetizing effect)

N.B: So, there is more VD in the terminal voltage


of the alternator compared to UPF loading effect
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Reaction (cont’)


➢ Armature reaction at ZPF lead:
φa φm φR
ia

N.B: The armature flux assists the main flux


(magnetizing effect)

N.B: So, there is increase in the terminal voltage


of the alternator
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Armature Reaction (cont’)

φa sin θ
φm
In practice, loads are inductive in nature
φa cos θ
Φ
ia φa φR
𝜑𝑎 cos Φ → Cross magnetizing → distortion

𝜑𝑎 sin Φ → demagnetizing → decrease the main flux

N.B: Generally, there is a reduction of the terminal voltage of the alternator due to the armature
reaction. Therefore, the armature winding is assume to have a fictitious reactance 𝑥𝑎𝑟
equivalent to the armature reaction. So, a VD of 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑎𝑟 will be considered for the armature
reaction.
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Synchronous Impedance (Cylindrical Type)


Armature resistance:
The armature windings have a resistance of 𝑅𝑎 Ω/𝑝ℎ

Synchronous Reactance:
xar

zs = 1 p.u
𝑥𝑠 = 𝑥𝑙 + 𝑥𝑎𝑟 Ω/𝑝ℎ

Synchronous Impedance:
xl = 0.1→ 0.2 p.u
𝑧𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗 (𝑥𝑙 + 𝑥𝑎𝑟 ) = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑥𝑠 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Ra = 0.01 p.u
2 2 2
ȁ𝑧𝑠 ȁ = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑥𝑠 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine (Cylindrical Type)

Eo U

DC-supply
Eo V

Eo W
Rotor Circuit Stator Circuit
(Field) (Armature)

➢ Per-Phase Equivalent circuit:

(G) ia (G) ia
(M) ia (M) ia

Eo Ein Vt Eo Vt
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Determination of Synchronous Impedance (Experimental tests)


➢ Armature resistance (dc-test):

A U A U

DC-supply
Rph
V
Rph RUV

DC-supply
Rph
V RUV
V
Rph
Rph
W
Rph V
2
2 𝑅𝑝ℎ 2
𝑅𝑈𝑉 = 𝑅𝑝ℎ // 2 𝑅𝑝ℎ → 𝑅𝑈𝑉 = = 𝑅𝑝ℎ
W 3 𝑅𝑝ℎ 3
3
𝑅𝑈𝑉 = 2 𝑅𝑝ℎ → 𝑅𝑝ℎ = 𝑅𝑎 =
1
𝑅 𝑅𝑝ℎ = 𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑈𝑉
2 𝑈𝑉 2

N.B: In ac circuits, the effective resistance 𝑅𝑎𝑐 = (1.2 → 1.5)𝑅𝑑𝑐 due to the skin effect
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Determination of Synchronous Impedance (Experimental tests)


➢ Synchronous Impedance:
❑ No-load test
1. The machine is run at rated speed 2. Increase the field current gradually
3. Register the value of field current and it corresponding no-load voltage.

If
U
V 120%

A
𝑉
V 𝐸𝑜 = Y-Connection
DC-supply

No-Load phase voltage


3
If

𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉 Δ-Connection

Stator Circuit V
(Armature)
Rotor Circuit
(Field) W
Field Current
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Determination of Synchronous Impedance (Experimental tests)


❑ Short circuit test

1. The machine is run at rated speed 2. Increase the field current gradually
3. Register the value of field current and it corresponding short circuit current.

If
A isc 200 %
U
isc
A
𝑖𝑠𝑐−𝑝ℎ = 𝑖𝑠𝑐 Y-Connection

Short circuit phase current


DC-supply

If
𝑖𝑠𝑐
𝑖𝑠𝑐−𝑝ℎ = Δ-Connection
3
V
Stator Circuit
(Armature) W
Rotor Circuit
(Field)
Field Current
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Determination of Synchronous Impedance (Experimental tests)

From the equivalent circuit during short-circuit test:

Short circuit phase current


isc

Synchronous Impedance
No-Load phase voltage
Eo

𝐸𝑜
𝑧𝑠 = ቤ Ω/𝑝ℎ
𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝐼
𝑓 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

2 2 2
∴ 𝑥𝑠 = 𝑧𝑠 − 𝑅𝑎 Ω/𝑝ℎ
Field Current
𝑥𝑠 is called unsaturated synchronous reactance
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)


𝐼𝑓 ห
𝑣𝑡 =𝐸𝑜 →(𝑁𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑆𝐶𝑅 =
𝐼𝑓 ห c
𝑖𝑠𝑐 =𝑖𝑎−𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 →( 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡−𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡) Eo

Short circuit phase current


𝐼𝑓1 𝑜𝑎

No-Load phase voltage


∴ 𝑆𝐶𝑅 = =
𝐼𝑓2 𝑜𝑑
e
As △ 𝑜𝑎𝑏 and △ 𝑜𝑑𝑒 are similar:
𝑜𝑎 𝑎𝑏 b
∴ 𝑆𝐶𝑅 = =
𝑜𝑑 𝑑𝑒
𝑎𝑐
But if 𝑅𝑎 is neglected; ∴ 𝑥𝑠 = (1)
𝑎𝑏
𝐸𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐
From p.u definition; 𝑧𝑏 = = (2)
𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒
𝑎𝑐
From (1) → 𝑎𝑏 = From (2) → 𝑑𝑒 =
𝑎𝑐 a d
𝑥𝑠 𝑧𝑏 o
Field Current If1 If2
𝑎𝑏 𝑧𝑏 1
∴ 𝑆𝐶𝑅 = = =
𝑑𝑒 𝑥𝑠 𝑥𝑠−𝑝𝑢
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) (cont’):

Low SCR High SCR


𝑥𝑠 high low
Voltage regulation poor improved
Synchronizing power low high
Stability limit low high
𝑖𝑠𝑐 low high

From high speed turbo-alternators: SCR = 0.5 → 0.75


From low speed salient pole generators: SCR = 1 → 1.5
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Phasor Diagram and Terminal Voltage Equations

From the equivalent circuit of alternator during Loading:


ia
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
Eo Load
Vt

➢ UPF Load

2 2 2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 Eo ia xs

ia zs
−1
𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
𝛿 = tan
𝑉𝑡 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎
N.B: 𝐸𝑜 > 𝑉𝑡
ia Vt ia Ra
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Phasor Diagram and Terminal Voltage Equations (cont’):

➢ Lag PF Load ia xs ia xs

Eo Eo
ia z s ia zs

Vt ia Ra Vt ia Ra

ia ia
N.B: 𝐸𝑜 > 𝑉𝑡
ia Ra

2 2 2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
𝛿+𝜑 = tan−1
𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Phasor Diagram and Terminal Voltage Equations (cont’):

➢ Lead PF Load ia Ra

ia
ia
Eo
Eo

ia zs ia xs ia z s ia xs

Vt N.B: 𝐸𝑜 < 𝑉𝑡
Vt
ia Ra
ia Ra

2 2 2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠
𝜑−𝛿 = tan−1
𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Phasor Diagram and Terminal Voltage Equations (cont’):

➢ General Voltage Equation (Alternator)

𝐸𝑜 =
2
𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜑 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜑 ± 𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠 2 Vt

Vt=Eo

+ -
Lag PF Load Lead PF Load

Vt
Leading PF

Vt = Eo
% Ia
➢ Load c/cs
UPF 0 100 200
N, f, If = constant
Lagging PF

ia
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Report

From the equivalent circuit of synchronous motor:


1- Draw the phasor diagram and deduce the voltage equation at different PF conditions.
2- Deduce a general voltage equation formula.

Hint: 𝐸𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑎 − 𝑗𝑖𝑎 𝑥𝑠

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