DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

NEW DELHI

SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATION USING PLAXIS 2D

ADVANCE FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT CODE: “GTE- 503”

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

ANKIT SINGH PROF AMIT TRIVEDI

ROLL NO.- 2K20/GTE/04 DTU DELHI

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

MTECH 1ST SEMESTER

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 MOTIVATION

 In recent years, several construction projects have been built on soft soil. These
Structures undergoes settlement due to the characteristics of soft soil. Pile
Foundation is one of the ways to reduce the settlement.
 Piles are somewhat similar to the column in that loads developed at one level are
transmitted to a lower level. Piles foundation are generally used when spread
foundation at suitable depth is not possible either because the strata of required
bearing capacity are available at a greater depth or steep slopes are encountered.
 The objective of the current study is Vertical load and settlement analysis of pile
foundatiom and calculating the ultimate load carrying capacity of pile and
checking the displacement in a pile under loads by finite element method using
plaxis 2D.
 The ultimate load-bearing capacity of a pile is the maximum load which it can
carry without punching shear failure or excessive settlement.
 The vertical load on a pile is carried partially by skin friction and partially by the
resistance offered by the soil at the base of the pile. As a result, the piles may
reduce the settlement, but the settlement appears constant after reaching a certain
number of piles. For an economical design, it is necessary to consider the optimal
number of piles in the pile foundation.
 Horizontal load carrying capacity calculations are done by IS code method
{IS:2911(PartI/Sec2)}

Introduction

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The construction of a structure over soft soils possesses great settlements. If the soil has
low dense and low bearing capacity properties, then It is better to provide a deep
foundation (pile foundation, Caissons or well foundation) to make the structure durable. P

■ Types of pile based on their action:

1) End bearing pile

2) Friction/ hanging pile

3) End bearing and friction pile

Fig: Pile based on their action

Methods of determining the load carrying capacity of piles:

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The following methods generally estimate the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a single
pile:

 Static method: This is an analytical method which is suitable for friction pile in
cohesive soil.
 Dynamic method: It is based in hammer test and is suitable for friction pile in
dense sands. It is not preferred for cohesive soils because contrary to a static
method, and dynamic method will
Use impact, and that can remould the soil or cause the development of pore water
pressure, which will subsequently weaken the soil. Thus, the soil will be
underestimated.
 Field methods:
a) Pile load test:
It is the best and most accurate method, but it is a destructive method. Test
pile got damage and become useless
b) Cyclic pile load test:
Cyclic pile load test uses to found end bearing resistance and skin friction
resistance separately.
c) Penetration test:
Static cone penetration test and standard penetration test are often used to
determine the pile load capacity based on correlations.

Load carrying capacity of the pile:

The ultimate load-bearing capacity of a pile is the maximum load which it
can carry without punching shear failure or excessive settlement. The
vertical load on a pile is carried partially by skin friction and partially by
the resistance offered by the soil at the base of the pile.
(Qup = Qeb + Qsf)
Qup = ultimate load Bearing capacity of soil

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Qeb = resistance due to end bearing of or point resistance
Qsf = resistance due to skin friction
If Qeb>>>>>Qsf pile is called end bearing piles
If Qsf>>>>Qeb pile is called friction pile.
(Qup = qbAb + qsAs)
Qb = Unit end bearing resistance
Qs = Unit skin friction between piles and soil
Ab = Base of bearing area
As = Surface area of pile
For C-Φ soil it is given by
qb = CNc + σ'Nq + 1/2BγNγ
1/2BγNγ in deep is very small compared σ'Nq hence is usually neglected
thus
qb = CNc + σ'Nq
For clay:
qb = CNc = 9c ( as per mayerhoff)
C = unit cohesion at the base of pile
qs = αC’
α = adhesion factor
thus,
Qup = 9CAb + αC’As
For Sand:
qb = γlNq , C=0
qs = Unit Skin Friction = 0.5KγLtan𝛿
K = earth pressure coefficeint, 𝛿 = Friction angle between pile and soil

Pile load capacity for sand:

Qup = ( γLNqAb + 0.5Kγ Ltan𝛿 )

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Settlement in a pile foundation:

 Whenever the load is applied on a pile it undergoes settlement . The

maximum allowable load on any foundation should be such that maximum
settlement is restricted below the permissible value permitted by codal
agency. (Bureau of Indian standards)
 The incremental loading is applied either on a test pile or a pile designed in
any software and settlement is noted.
 The load versus settlement curve is plotted in which shear failure is either
progressive (Loose soil) or by sudden settlement (Dense soil).

Fig: Types of load settlement curve

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Plaxis 2D:

PLAXIS 2D is a powerful user-friendly finite element package intended for two

dimensional analysis of deformation and stability in geotechnical engineering and rock
mechanics. It is used worldwide by top engineering companies and institutions in the
civil engineering and geotechnical engineering industries.
Applications range from excavation ,embankment and foundation to tunneling , mining
and reservoir geo-mechanics. PLAXIS is equipped with broad range of advanced feature
in model a diverse range of geotechnical problems, all from within a single integrated
software package.

Finite Element Method:

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical method for finding fairly accurate
solutions of partial differential equations as well as integral equations. The solution
approach is based either on eliminating the differential equation completely (steady state
problems), or rendering the PDE into an approximating system of ordinary differential
equations, which are then numerically integrated using standard techniques such as
Euler's method. For carrying out elastic analysis in this project, commercially available
geotechnical software PLAXIS 2D is being used which uses Finite Element Analysis
(FEA) for simulation of model.

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 Objective:

 The objective of this project is to construct the Augered cast bored pile and to
study the load settlement behavior of model pile on a stratified soil layer. The
length of the pile, diameter of the pile is kept constant for all the trial. Load varied
as 100KN, 200KN, 300KN, 400KN, 500KN and so on until the pile fails in
compression or soil body collapses

 To draw the load vs settlement graph.

 To determine the maximum allowable load as per shear criteria.

 To determine the permissible allowable load as per settlement criteria.

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 Problem statement:

 The subsoil is divided into 4 layers.

 The pile diameter is 1.73m length is 20m which is ultimately loaded to failure in
compression or failue of soil.
 Case 1: The water table is located at 20m below the ground surface .
 Case 2: The water table is located at ground level.

Fig: Numerical structure

Properties of material:

Table: Properties of material 9

Methodology:

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Analysis of pile in plaxis 2d:
Step 1: In this step, we selected 15 nodal points and decided the dimension of influence
area

Figure: Select15 Nodal points

STEP 2: Construct whole profile of soil and plate and Select plate command to insert
pile of given dimensions

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 Figure: pile in influenced area
STEP 3: After making complete geometry of pile, next step to assign soil property and
pile property to model.

Fig: Assign properties to structural element (soil)

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STEP 6: MESH IS GENERATED

Fig: Generation of mesh

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STEP 7: Ground water table is assigned.

Fig: Generation of ground water table

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Step 9: calculation

Calculation is done in three phases:

 Stage:1 Construction of augured cast bored piles.

 Stage 2: Incremental loading.
 Stage 3: Calculation of settlement.

Fig: Calculation

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 Results and discussion

Case 1: when water table is located at 20m below ground level.

Ectreme active pore pressure: 98.89 KN/m2

Fig: Active pore pressure

Extreme total displacement : 785.27mm

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 Fig: Deformed Mesh
Extreme shear stress : 614.23 KN/m2

Fig: Shear Stresses

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Load vs settlement curve:

Fig: Load vs settlement curve

Load vs settlement table:

1 unit of M- load corresponds to 100 KN load.

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Table: Load vs Settlement

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Analysis of Load vs Settlement graph:

 Shear criteria:
o Maximum Load at which shear failure of soil takes place: 2160.5KN
o Settlement obtained at max load: 55mm
o Thus allowable as per shear criteria taken FOS of 3: 720.17KN
o Settlement obtained at allowable load : 33mm
 Settlement criteria:
o IS 2911 GUIDELINES:
o The allowable load on pile may be taken as 50% of ultimate load at which total
settlement is 10% of pile diameter.
o 10% of pile dia is= 0.1*1730= 173mm
o Allowable load thus obtained is 734.75KN
 Thus safe load should be minimum of shear criteria and settlement criteria:
720.17KN

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 Conclusion

Based on the results obtained using finite element method, the following broad
conclusions are drawn:

 From above study it can be concluded that the finite element analysis of augered
cast bored piles by using software like Plaxis are more economical and accurate
and time saving.
 From the above analysis, it was found that as load increases, settlement increases
and if load goes higher then settlement goes on increasing further.
 The model in this problem statement seems to work in a fairly reasonable manner,
considering the magnitude of settlements. This indicates that a plane strain model
in PLAXIS 2D can be a good and time effective tool to get a first result, before
using a more complicated three-dimensional model.
 From above analysis it can be concluded that instead of doing on site pile load test
we can determine the ultimate load carrying capacity and bearing capacity of soil
using PLAXIS 2D.
 Pile load test is a destructive test, the loaded pile in this case will become waste
thus analysis on plaxis 2d is economical.

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 References

[1]
 Saundarya Dandagawhal(2019) “Settlement Analysis of Pile Foundation
Using Plaxis 2D”, International Journal of Science and Research, Volume 8
Issue 9, Page No. 1706 – 1714.
[2]
 Akbar Firoozi, M.R. Taha, B.P.Naveen (2014) “Design and Construction of
Pile and Numerical Simulation by Plaxis”, Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences , Volume 8, Page No. 30-33.
[3]
 Jaymin. D. Patil , S. A.Vasanvala , C. H. Solanki(2013) “A Study on Piled
Foundation”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology,
Volume 2, Page No. 1464- 1470.
[4]
 Ahmed Majeed1, Olla Haider (2018) “Simulation of bearing capacity of
bored piles” , EDP Sciences, Volume 162, Page No. 1- 12.
[5]
 Serhii Lozovyi , Evhen Zahoruiko (2012), “Plaxis Simulation of Static Pile
Tests and Determination of Reaction Piles Influence” Scientific and Technical
Journal, Volume 23, Page No. 68-73.
[6]
 Daniel Kefelegn teshager (2019)” Numerical Simulation of static pile load
test on stratified soil deposits”, Global scientific journal, ISSN 2320-9186,
Volume 7, Issue 11, Page no. 1180- 1211.
[7]
 Wattamar Mayur Kishanrao, Arun prasad (2016), “Numerical modelling of
single pile in a two- layered soil”, International Journal of Mechanical And
Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Page No. 105-107.
[8]
 Mohamed Nabil Omar and Abid Abu Tair, “Comparison between Theoretical
and Practical Compression Capacities of Deep / Long Piles in Dubai”,
International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, Voume. 7,
Page No. 76-82.
[9]
 Mohammad Mahdi Jalali, Syed Hasan Golmaei(2012), ”Using Finite Element
method for Pile-Soil Interface (through PLAXIS and ANSYS)”, Journal of

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 Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, Volume. 3(10), Page No-
256-272.
[10]
 IS 2911 PART 1 (2010): “Design and construction of pile foundations”
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD, New Delhi 2011, Second revision May
2011.
[11]
 Plaxis version 8 , “Tutorial Manual”.

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