Acdm Tobt
Acdm Tobt
Acdm Tobt
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Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
2. What is Airport Collaborative Decision Making? .......................................................................... 3
3. Operating concept at Changi ......................................................................................................... 3
a) Target off Block Time (TOBT) ..................................................................................................... 3
Who is responsible for the TOBT? ................................................................................................. 4
TOBT updating process .................................................................................................................. 4
When and how TOBT is generated? .............................................................................................. 4
Why is manual TOBT needed? ....................................................................................................... 4
When to update the manual TOBT? .............................................................................................. 4
What IT systems are supporting the TOBT update? ..................................................................... 4
How will TOBT be disseminated to all stakeholders? ................................................................... 4
When does TOBT deletion occur? .................................................................................................. 5
b) Target Start‐Up Approval Time (TSAT) ...................................................................................... 5
How is TSAT calculated? ................................................................................................................. 5
When does TSAT calculation start? ............................................................................................... 6
How will the TSAT be communicated to various stakeholders? .................................................. 6
What happens if the aircraft is not pushed back at TSAT + 5 minutes? ....................................... 6
4. Overview of Changi A‐CDM process .............................................................................................. 7
a) Summary of TOBT‐TSAT procedures supporting Changi A‐CDM .............................................. 7
b) Overview of systems supporting Changi A‐CDM ....................................................................... 8
Airport Operations Central System (AOCS): A‐CDM online portal ............................................... 8
Gate Message Input Device (GMID): supporting TOBT input from Gate Hold Room .................. 9
Aircraft Docking Guidance System (ADGS): displaying TOBT and TSAT at ramp ....................... 10
5. A‐CDM Start‐Up Procedures ........................................................................................................ 10
6. Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... 13
7. Contact information for further enquiry about A‐CDM .............................................................. 14
1. Introduction
This handbook is an extract from the Changi A‐CDM Manual.
It explains the Changi A‐CDM model for operational staff and crews, focussing on Target Off‐Block
Time, Target Start‐up Approval Time, the supporting IT systems, and the pre‐departure process.
2. What is Airport Collaborative Decision Making?
Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A‐CDM) is an essential enabler to reduce delays at airports,
improving the predictability of events and optimising the utilisation of resources and airport
infrastructure.
The key objectives of implementing A‐CDM in Changi Airport are to improve gate management, flight
punctuality, resource management and taxiways congestion which would result in improved
operational efficiency and reduce costs for the entire airport community.
This aim is achieved via improved real time information sharing between airport operator, airlines,
ground handlers and air traffic control (ATC). Sharing inbound and turnaround information in a
collaborative process will improve predictability of subsequent events such as arrivals and off‐blocks.
3. Operating concept at Changi
Based on an accurate prediction of aircraft readiness for departure, from the ground handlers and
airlines, ATC can plan the optimal pre‐departure sequence at which aircraft are dispatched from the
parking stands. This dynamic mechanism between the prediction of when all ground handling
activities will end (Target off Block Time) and the pre‐departure sequencing (Target Start‐up Approval
time) is the core pillar of Changi A‐CDM.
a) Target off Block Time (TOBT)
TOBT Definition
The time that Airlines and / or its Ground Handlers estimate that an aircraft will be ready for departure
– all aircraft doors are closed, boarding bridge disconnected, pushback tow‐tug is in place and ready
to start‐up / pushback upon receiving the ATC clearance.
TOBT is the most important timing of the turnaround process and this timing is essential for the
calculation of TSAT. The TSAT is derived based on optimisation aircraft ground movement and
minimisation of apron congestion on taxiways.
TOBT can be predicted by tracking the flight events that occur prior to landing and during the
turnaround process. In order to achieve TOBT accuracy, close coordination of turnaround activities
and sharing of operational information among different partners are needed.
TOBT is initially automatically calculated by the Airport Operations Central System (AOCS) based on
the flight arrival information. Subsequently, airlines and ground handlers will coordinate and update
it based on the operational situation.
Who is responsible for the TOBT?
Changi A‐CDM assumes that the many parties involved in the turnaround process contribute to
departure readiness. In order to get good quality TSATs, airlines need to ensure that a timely, accurate
and stable TOBT is provided.
Airlines could update the TOBT or assign this responsibility to their ground handling agent. In either
case, it is the airline’s responsibility to ensure the procedures and workflow of coordinating TOBT
submission is in place.
TOBT updating process
Airlines and/or ground handlers must understand and adhere to this process in reporting TOBT.
1) “Automation” phase: TOBT will be derived by the IT systems based on flight arrival
information.
2) “Confirmation” phase: Airline and/or ground handlers to confirm the validity of system
generated TOBT at least 40 minutes prior to departure.
3) “Manual update” phase: Airline and/or ground handler to manually update TOBT with
differences of 5 minutes or more.
When and how TOBT is generated?
TOBT calculation starts 2 hours before the filed flight plan time (Estimated Off‐Block Time or EOBT)
and will be continuously improved based on the update of the Estimated Landing Time, or ELDT.
Why is manual TOBT needed?
The system generated TOBT may not accurately predict when the aircraft is ready for departure,
especially for cases of delays caused by turnaround activities. As a result, airlines and ground handlers
are required to continuously assess the operational situation and update TOBT if needed.
When to update the manual TOBT?
TOBT can be manually updated whenever it is needed throughout the turnaround process. At 40
minutes prior to departure, initial TOBT can be assessed as most of the turnaround activities have
started. Starting from that moment, TOBT will be used for the calculation of pushback sequence of
the flight. Any change in TOBT by 5 minutes or more will potentially impact the calculation of TSAT.
Hence, TOBT needs to be monitored and actively updated if there is a change of more than 5 minutes
based on the progress of the turnaround activities.
What IT systems are supporting the TOBT update?
In Changi, there are two ways to update the TOBT. It can be updated on the “Gate Message Input
Device” (GMID) at the gate hold rooms, or via the online web portal “Airport Operations Central
System” (AOCS).
How will TOBT be disseminated to all stakeholders?
At 40 minutes prior to departure, TOBT will be published via these channels:
On the online AOCS A‐CDM portal
On the GMID at gate hold rooms
On the Aircraft Docking Guidance System (ADGS) display panel located in front of every
aircraft parking stands
For flights at remote stands without ADGS, a different set of procedures will be required to
communicate the TOBT to the various stakeholders. We recommend that TOBT be communicated to
the crew via Passenger Name List (PNL). Update of TOBT can be done by the radiotelephony
communication between pilot, apron and the Operations Control Centres of the ground handlers.
When does TOBT deletion occur?
The TOBT may be deleted when certain circumstances render the TOBT unknown. One possibility is
that the aircraft experiences technical problems and the expected delay is unknown. In this scenario,
the airlines and / or ground handlers would have to delete the existing TOBT until a new TOBT
becomes available.
b) Target Start‐Up Approval Time (TSAT)
TSAT Definition
The time provided by ATC, taking into account TOBT and/or the local traffic situation and possible
Calculated Take‐Off Time (CTOT)’s, that an aircraft can expect start‐up / push back approval.
Prior to A‐CDM, ATC does not have accurate information of departure readiness in advance as pilots
request for pushback clearances only when the flight is ready. Thus, ATC was unable to forecast actual
runway demand, which could help to manage departure queues at the runway holding points.
With A‐CDM, we target to improve the predictability of runway demand from the TOBT and aim to
determine an optimal pushback sequence to ensure smooth take‐offs at the runways.
By adopting pre‐departure sequencing, we expect to reduce the aircraft waiting time at the runway
holding points, reduce fuel consumption on the taxiways and improve the passenger experience by
having a smoother departure flow.
How is TSAT calculated?
TSAT is the optimisation of the times that aircrafts are planned to depart from the parking stands.
TSAT is calculated by the Pre‐Departure Sequencer (PDS) based on the TOBT input from the airlines
and ground handlers. In Changi airport, the TSAT algorithm considers these key parameters:
Flight status e.g. VVIP, Medi‐Vac flights
CTOT status e.g. BOBCAT (AWUT) flights
TOBT and Variable taxi time
Parking bay allocation
Wake turbulence category and minimum separation between departures
Runway configuration and availability
Please refer to below diagram for illustration of the TSAT calculation:
*A suitable runway queue buffer is incorporated into the calculation to ensure sufficient runway
pressure, taking consideration of unavoidable process uncertainties (varying start‐up and push back
durations, taxi speeds etc.). As a result, small departure queues are a l w a y s maintained to
guarantee adequate demand at the runway and also to balance the waiting time between the
runway holding point and parking stand.
When does TSAT calculation start?
At 40 minutes prior to departure, PDS will calculate the first pre‐departure sequence based on TOBT
input from airlines and ground handlers. Subsequent TOBT updates triggers a recalculation until the
TSAT frozen period. A TSAT is considered as frozen when current time is equal to or less than TSAT ‐ 5
minutes.
How will the TSAT be communicated to various stakeholders?
At TOBT – 25 minutes, the TSAT will be published via these channels:
On the online AOCS A‐CDM portal
On the GMID at gate hold rooms
On the Aircraft Docking Guidance System (ADGS) display panel located in front of every
aircraft parking stands
For flights at remote stands without ADGS, TSAT will be communicated to pilots through radio via
GHA/AO or by ATC upon issuance of ATC clearance.
What happens if the aircraft is not pushed back at TSAT + 5 minutes?
Pilots should monitor the flight turnaround progress and ensure the aircraft is ready to pushback at
TOBT. At TSAT+5 minutes, if a pushback request has not been made, ATC clearance and TSAT will be
cancelled. AO/GHA is required to submit a new TOBT and once PDS receives the update of new TOBT,
a revised TSAT will be issued.
4. Overview of Changi A‐CDM process
a) Summary of TOBT‐TSAT procedures supporting Changi A‐CDM
o Note:
1. A new TOBT later than the previously
published TOBT and earlier or equal to TSAT does
not lead to a TSAT update
2. A new TOBT later than TSAT leads to a TSAT
update
TOBT ‐ 5 A‐CDM Start‐up Aircraft call Clearance Delivery for ATC clearance @
minutes Procedure TOBT‐5’
ATC will advise changes in TSAT if any due to air traffic
clearance restrictions or flow measures
TSAT AOBT (by ADGS) Aircraft call Ground Control for pushback request
Aircraft commences pushback
TSAT + 5 Latest AOBT ATC clearance and TSAT will be cancelled. Aircraft is
minutes event (by ADGS) required to submit a new TOBT before requesting for a
new ATC clearance
PDS will re‐compute new TSAT based on the new TOBT
Aircraft to re‐coordinate for new ATC clearance based on
the new TOBT.
b) Overview of systems supporting Changi A‐CDM
Airport Operations Central System (AOCS): A‐CDM online portal
AOCS is an online portal CAG created to support A‐CDM information sharing. It can be used by
operations control centre (OCC) to view and update A‐CDM TOBT information. The portal could be
accessed via http://aoc.changiairport.com/. Eligible airlines and ground handlers shall apply for AOCS
account by writing to CAG IT division (refer to the relevant contact at the end of this handbook or
email a‐[email protected])
A screenshot of A‐CDM portal is captured in below.
Gate Message Input Device (GMID): supporting TOBT input from Gate Hold Room
This device is located at the gate hold rooms and is available to the airlines and ground handlers for
updating the passenger boarding status. Update of TOBT can be done on the GMID and TSAT is also
published on the display.
Below is the screenshot of the GMID display.
A pin‐code is required to unlock GMID for any update of TOBT. CAG will be responsible to distribute
the pin‐code to the airlines and ground handling agents.
Aircraft Docking Guidance System (ADGS): displaying TOBT and TSAT at ramp
The ADGS is located at the front of every contact parking stands and is visible to cockpit crew and
apron staff. To support A‐CDM operations, improvements are made to display additional information.
The fundamental operation and usage of ADGS still remains the same for cockpit crew. Besides the
flight number, TOBT will be displayed 40 minutes prior to departure (timings are in local time). There
will be a TOBT countdown timer below the TOBT/TSAT to indicate the number of minutes left to TOBT.
At 25 minutes prior to TOBT, the TSAT will be displayed.
5. A‐CDM Start‐Up Procedures
Changi A‐CDM requires pilots to
1) Ensure aircraft is ready to push back at TOBT;
2) Notify the person responsible to update TOBT, if there is a difference of 5 minutes or more.
3) Call Clearance Delivery and request for ATC clearance within 5 minutes of TOBT.
a. ATC will update TSAT changes if any upon issuance of ATC clearances. Note that TSAT
displayed on ADGS may not be final and can be revised due to en‐route clearance
restrictions or flow measures.
b. Pilot shall only request for ATC clearance provided aircraft is ready to pushback at TOBT.
Any updates to TOBT after receipt of ATC clearance will result in cancellation of clearance
issued as the ATC clearance validity is based on the initial TOBT.
4) Request pushback from Call Ground Movement Control within 5 minutes of TSAT after obtaining
ATC clearance.
a. ATC may swap pushback sequence based on real‐time readiness of aircrafts to maximise
apron and runway capacity and reduce the overall delay to traffic as and when required.
b. A flight issued with gate hold (TSAT>TOBT) but chooses to commence pushback before
the assigned time will be allowed to do so subject to traffic. However, the flight should
not expect an earlier departure time as the planned pre‐departure sequence will be
maintained.
5) Initiate cancellation of ATC clearance and notify the person responsible to update TOBT, if a flight
is unable to pushback by TSAT + 5min due readiness of aircraft.
a. Non‐compliance to initial TSAT may result in an aircraft losing its existing position in the
pre‐departure sequence. Delays can be expected as a result of re‐sequencing based on
new TOBT input.
b. Flight will not be allowed to depart until a valid TOBT is entered and revised TSAT is given
and complied with.
6) Not to initiate TOBT update if delay in pushback is due to ground traffic or ATC clearance
restrictions. The ATC clearance will remain valid even if it exceeds TSAT + 5 minutes.
Reversion to non‐CDM start‐up procedures
To achieve seamless and immediate transition back to non‐CDM operations due to unforeseen
situations, the following procedures are to be followed if TOBT and TSAT become unavailable due to
system issues or maintenance.
If TOBT cannot be submitted or informed through different means stated in section
3 above (AOCS, GMID, ADGS), Pilots shall follow the current (non‐CDM) pushback
procedures published in Singapore AIP page AD 2‐23 which is to request for ATC
clearance when aircraft is ready to pushback within 5 minutes.
If TSAT is unavailable through different means (ADGS, AOCS, GMID), AO and GHA
will still continue to submit TOBT and pilots shall request for ATC clearance 5
minutes within TOBT. ATC will revert to gate hold procedures published in Singapore
AIP page AD 2‐25 and issue estimated pushback times accordingly when required.
In the event that A‐CDM operations need to be cancelled due to any reason, the
termination will be communicated by the trial management unit to relevant parties
through email and a NOTAM will be issued.
The flow chart summarizes the procedures described above.
Continuous update of TOBT when it
is expected to differ by +/‐ 5mins
6. Acronyms
SOBT “Scheduled Off Block Time” The time that an Slot coordinator
aircraft is scheduled to depart from its parking
position; associated with the Airport slot
allocated
7. Contact information for further enquiry about A‐CDM
Mr. Oliver Oliver.kiesewetter@changiai
Kiesewetter CAG rport.com
6541 2153
Mr. Kwek Chin
Lin CAAS [email protected] 65412664
Ms. Chan
Hwee Tuan CAAS [email protected] 65956057
Roger Lau
ATC manager, Changi Tower
Target Start-up Approval Time Understand Changi A-CDM
WHAT is TSAT? WHERE to view TSAT? The POWER of A-CDM is to regulate turnaround information
the time provided by Aircraft sharing for better prediction of push-back readiness, which enables ATC to
ATC after taking into Docking optimize the departure sequence and reduce take-off waiting time at run-
Guidance way holding point.
account TOBT and the
System
traffic situation when
Airline and Ground
an aircraft can expect Gate
Message Handlers’ Role
start-up / pushback
Input
approval Device Coordinate between various opera-
tional stakeholders and submit
Airport
Target Off Block Time
Changi A-CDM For enquiries regarding Changi A-CDM, please
Putting TOBT and TSAT together contact: [email protected] ATC’s Role
Optimise the push-back sequence
Target Start-up
and issue
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EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW
Target Off Block Time For enquiries regarding Changi A-CDM, please
contact: [email protected]
At TOBT, minutes
All doors closed
05
Arrival Refueling Baggage Loading Towing
Subsequent TOBT
PLB removed
update if it is different
Pushback Tug ready All these activities contribute to by more than
minutes
2. WHO shall update? Pushback Tug
Technical
Airline or Ground readiness
or
control center ground handler appointed by air-
line to submit revised TOBT.
GMID
Device at Gate Hold Boarding Catering Missing Passenger
Room Aircraft Rotation
Different airlines may have different TOBT
coordination models. Please check with
your A-CDM manager for more details.
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