Steel

Steel: Steel is one of the strongest building materials available with excellent strength capacity in
both tension and compression. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, it is ideal for
structural framework of tall buildings and large industrial facilities. Structural steel is available in
standard shapes such are angles, I beams and C-channels. These shapes can be welded together
or connected using high-strength bolts to build structures capable of resisting large forces and
deformations. Steel is a relatively expensive building material so it is the structural engineer’s
responsibility to choose economic sizes and shapes according to the actual loads on the building
to avoid overdesign. Because of the the higher cost of steel, I often get questions from our clients
asking if there is a way to reduce the weight and size of some of steel members in the structure.
This can be done if the loads can be reduced on the members and/or additional vertical supports
can be introduced. The installation of steel is less time consuming compared to concrete and can
be installed in any type of environment. steel structural building beams
Wood: Wood has been used as a construction material for thousands of years and if properly
maintained can last for hundred of years. It is a readily available and economically feasible
natural resource with a light weight and highly machinable properties. It also provides good
insulation from the cold which makes it an excellent building material for homes and residential
buildings. wood structural columns Wood pieces used in construction are machine-planed and
sawn into certain dimensional specifications. Dimensional lumber comes in widely available
sections such as 2”x4”, 2”x6”, etc. This is commonly used in the construction of walls and
floors. Believe it or not, a 2”x4” is actually 1 ½” wide x 3 ½” high. Wood that comes in larger
dimensions are referred to as timber or beams and are commonly used to construct the frames of
large structures such as bridges and multi-story buildings. Engineered wood is another type of
wood used in construction that consist of various forms of wood glued together to form a
composite material suitable for specific construction applications. Examples of engineered wood
is glued laminated wood (glulam), plywood and fiberboard. Because of its light weight, wood is
not the most suitable construction material to support heavier loads and not ideal for long spans.
Wood is rarely used for foundations and basement walls, as it needs to be pressure treated
because of its contact with soil/moisture which can be fairly expensive. In a wood framed house,
the foundations and basement walls are usually constructed with reinforced concrete.
Masonry: masonry and brick building foundations Masonry construction is using individual
units to build structures that are usually uses mortar to bound the units together. The most
common material I use in the design of masonry structures is concrete block, with vertical steel
reinforcing if required. Masonry is strong in resisting compression loads/stresses which makes it
ideal to use for the construction of load bearing walls. Other masonry materials include brick,
stone and glass block. Masonry is a highly durable and fire resistant material, however it can be
sensitive to mortar and workmanship quality. There has been an increase in the use of masonry
as load bearing walls for the design of multi-story buildings in my office. The structural system
typically consists of concrete floors supported on a combination of masonry and reinforced
concrete walls depending on the number of floors and amount of load on the walls. Masonry
walls with windows or openings need horizontal beams or lintels to span the weight of the wall
above across the opening. Masonry is not as accommodating to large openings in walls as
concrete or steel framing is, but can be an economical choice if the framing and opening sizes are
reasonable and length of wall segments are not too short. Load bearing masonry walls can be
stacked up on top of one another to build multi-story buildings. The load on the first floor
masonry wall is the accumulation of all the weight of the floors above it. Therefore, the bottom
floor wall must be stronger than the upper floor walls. This can be achieved by reinforcing the
voids in the bottom masonry walls with steel bars and concrete grout. More steel bars closer
spacing of grouted cores equals stronger masonry walls. If a load bearing masonry wall does not
extend all the way down to the foundation because of required openings such as parkade drive
aisles, large concrete or steel transfer beams are required to support the wall above the opening.
There is lots more that can be covered on the topic of construction materials, but hopefully this
gives you a good understanding of each of the major materials and the applications that are best
suited for each of them. If you have any questions on any of these mate.
Mud and Clay

Mud is defined as the mixture of soil, loam, silt, or clay with water. It generally naturally form
after the rainfall near the river or water sources. After some time the mud hardens and makes a
mudstone.
As a building material mud is a semi-fluid material that can be used to coat, seal, and adhere
materials. Mud is referred to as with many different names by its different components like
slurry, mortar, plaster, stucco, and concrete.
Clay Bricks and Blocks Types of Building Materials

The mud bricks are known as the Clay bricks. It is also called adobe.
Sand
Sand is a generally granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It
also defines based on the size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. It is one of the
essential types of building materials.
Aggregates
Aggregates are the most commonly used material in construction. Also, aggregates are the most
mining material in the world.
Aggregate is the main component of composite material such as concrete and asphalt concrete. It
gives strength to the overall composite material.
Stone or Rock
Rock is naturally available material. It is used in construction at different places. The stone or
rock which is been used in construction is hard, durable, tough, and free from the weathered soft
patches of materials, cracks, and other defects which reduce the strength and durability of a rock.
Thatch
With the help of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge, rushes, heather, or palm
branches roof of the building is crafted is known as the thatching. Due to thatching, the shaded
water does not come to the inner roof. Due to densely packed vegetation is used for the thatching
it works as insulation also.
Wood and Timber
Timber is the one type of wood which is been used for the construction or carpentry purpose.
Fired Brick and Clay Blocks

Generally Fired bricks made from the fire clay and is used for the high temperature construction
likes kilns, lining furnaces. Fired bricks are manufacture similar to the normal bricks but in a
burning process fired bricks are exposed to a very high temperatures. Fired bricks weighs about
30 to 35 N. The compressive strength of 200 to 220 kg/cm2. Water absorption is varies from 5 to
10%, Fires bricks have good chemical resistance properties.
Cement
The cement is a fine powder material, which is been used for a binder the substance and set and
harden them or bind the other adheres to other materials together. It old an extensively used and
the oldest type of Fabric
In civil engineering, the use of fabric in many places, but nowadays a fabric is used for a fabric
structure that provides end users a variety of aesthetic free form building designs. It is recent
Fabric structures are flame retardant, weather resistant and natural forces requirements.
Fabric structure is a one type of a tensile structure.
In the fabric structure, the fabric is used is coated and laminated with synthetic materials for
increased strength, durability, and environmental resistance.
building material.
Foam
Nowadays, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam is use in combination with structural
materials like concrete.
Glass
Glass is a product which is been made with a mixture of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire
stove called a kiln and is very brittle. It is one of the widely used types of building materials.
Glass is generally used in the windows to cover the panel of the window with the ability to both
let light into the room and while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside.
Gypcrete
As a new building material gypcrete or gypsum concrete is a mixture of gypsum plaster and
fiberglass roving.
It is used as a floor underpayment.
etal and Steel
Metal or steel is the second most common building material after concrete. It is one of the most
useful and strong types of building materials.
There are many types of metal are present in the market.
Plastic
Today the use of plastic is more than the other material. Plastic is very light in weight and easies
for work and maintenance. It is an important type of building material.
There are many different types of plastics are available in the market they all are their own
properties and own uses.
why is estimation important in construction?

The estimate helps developers determine the viability and profitability of a particular project.
Perhaps most essential, a precise estimate keeps all stakeholders focused on completing a project
on schedule and under budget. It makes a developer and construction business liable for cost
overruns and overruns.
why is scheduling important in construction?
Proper planning would guarantee that the project was completed on time and within budget. It
not only specifies the work tempo, but also how the duties are carried out. Furthermore,
scheduling specifies the method and sequence in which resources are distributed.
what is the most considerable factor in construction site?
Because labor is frequently the most important aspect in overall construction output and accounts
for a big portion of construction expenses in this labor-intensive sector, it is more vulnerable to
management choices than other resources and is more easily quantified.

Steel

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Steel: Steel is one of the strongest building materials available with excellent strength capacity in

Mud and Clay

Clay Bricks and Blocks Types of Building Materials

Fired Brick and Clay Blocks

why is estimation important in construction?

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