Chapter – 6 : Poverty

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Choose the correct option:)

Q1. Poverty implies:

a. people fail to fulfil the minimum consumption needs

b. people are poorer in comparison to others
c. people are living below poverty line
d. all of these

Q2. Which of the following is a reason of poverty in India?

a. Rising prices
b. Rising population
c. Low level of GDP
d. All of these

Q3. Poverty line cut-off is determined with reference to:

a. minimum needs of the people

b. total needs of the people
c. GDP
d. expenditure on education and health

Q4. In India, absolute poverty is measured with reference to:

a. poverty line
b. GDP
c. per capita income
d. unemployment

Q5. The people who never move above the poverty line are called:

a. chronic poor
b. non-poor
c. both (a) and (b)
d. (d) none of these

Q6. Poverty can exist even when:

a. nominal GDP is rising

b. real GDP is rising
c. GDP per capita is rising
d. all of these

Q7. As components of private consumption expenditure, we consider:

a. food items
b. non-food items
c. both (a) and (b)
d. none of these
Q8. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojana was started in:

a. 1997
b. 2000
c. 1990
d. 2001

Q9. Under MGNREGA, work is offered for minimum period of:

(a) 100 days

(b) 150 days
(c) 180 days
(d) 200 days

Q10. Head count ratio is used with reference to:

a. the percentage of population above the poverty line in a country

b. the percentage of population living below the poverty line in a country
c. the percentage of population with a decent standard of lit
d. the ratio of poor people to non-poor in a country

Q11. Rural poor includes:

a. landless labourers only

b. marginal farmers only
c. tenants at will only
d. all of these

Q12. MGNREGA was introduced in:

a. 2004
b. 2005
c. 2006
d. 2007

Q13. Poverty line specified by Dadabhai Naoroji was:

a. different for rural area and urban area

b. different for males and female
c. three-fourth of the adult jail cost of living
d. three-fourth of the adult cost of living

Q14. _______________ was the first to discuss the concept of poverty line in pre-independence India.

a. V.K.R.V. Rao
b. William Digby
c. Findlay Shirrast
d. Dadabhai Naoroji

Q15. __________poverty is defined with respect to minimum requirements of life.

a. Relative
b. Absolute
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
Q16. Poverty is a reflection of:

a. inequality
b. unemployment
c. illiteracy
d. none of these

Q17. ______________category includes both 'always poor' and 'usually poor'.

a. Churning poor
b. Chronically poor
c. Occasionally poor
d. Transient poor

Q18 _____________ is measured with reference to poverty line.

a. Relative
b. Absolute
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these

Q19. Percentage of population below poverty line is called:

a. poverty incidence ratio.

b. head count ratio
c. both (a) and (b)
d. none of thes

Q 20. Which of the following is an example of urban poor?

a. Rag pickers
b. Road-side vendors
c. Street cobblers
d. All of these

Q21.India is a country suffering from:

a. chronic unemployment
b. cyclical unemployment
c. structural unemployment
d. none of these

Q22. At the macro level, a country is poor when:

a. people feel helpless and powerless to change their plight

b. it is inflicted with hunger and starvation
c. a large segment of the population lacks capability to get education
d. all of these

Q23. Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme was started in:

a. 1995
b. 1998
c. 2008
d. 2010
Q24. Head count ratio refers to:

a. some cut-off point with respect to the individual consumption expenditure per month
b. measurement of poverty in terms of the number of persons below poverty line
c. measurement of poverty across different classes, regions or countries
d. none of these

Q25. Relative poverty refers to:

a. poverty across different countries

b. poverty across different regions
c. poverty across different classes
d. all of these

Q26. The objective of ____________ is to provide employment to educated unemployed.

a. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana

b. Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana
c. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
d. National Urban Livelihood Mission

Q27. According to Dadabhai Naoroji's calculations, poverty line corresponds to:

a. one-fourth of the adult jail cost of living

b. two-third of the adult jail cost
c. three-fourth of the adult jail cost of living (d) none of these
d. none of these

Q28. In 1979, the Government of India formed:

a. Expert Groups to define the criterion for identifying poor in the country
b. Study Group to define the criterion for identifying poor in the country
c. Task Force on projections of minimum needs and effective consumption demand
d. None of these

Q29. Which of the following is not a cause of poverty in India?

a. Low level of national product

b. Inflationary spiral
c. Capital adequacy
d. Lack of infrastructure

Q30. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana was launched in:

a. April 1991
b. December 1995
c. April 1999
d. December 2001

Q31. Which of the following is a base to identify poor according to economists?

a. Occupation
b. Income
c. Ownership of the assets
d. Both (a) and (c)
Q32. The concept of poverty line in India was first introduced

a. 1955
b. 1962
c. 1979
d. 1989

Q 33. Churning poor are the people:

a. who are born in poverty, live in poverty and die in poverty

b. who are below poverty line but are occasionally better-off than those who are always
poor
c. who keep moving up and down the poverty line.
d. none of these

Q34. Under the Mid-day Meal Scheme, free lunch is supplied to children in:

a. primary and upper primary classes in government schools

b. primary and upper primary classes in government-aided schools
c. graduation level
d. both (a) and (b)

Q35. Which of the following is an example of rural poor?

a. Push cart vendors

b. Landless labourers
c. Women who string flowers
d. Beggars

Q36. Which of the following is correct in the context of MGNREGA?

a. This Act is based on the principle of right to work

b. This Act was introduced in 2005
c. Under this Act, work is offered for minimum period of 100 days
d. All of these

Q37. Poverty in India can also be explained with reference to:

a. illiteracy
b. unequal distribution of income
c. unemployment
d. none of these

Q38. What is the reason behind the decline in the per-head availability of land for cultivation?

a. Rapid growth in population

b. Lack of alternative employment opportunities
c. Lack of literacy
d. Both (a) and (b)

Q39. Rural Employment Generation Programme aimed at:

a. self-employment opportunities in small towns and villages

b. self-employment opportunities only to urban unemployed
c. self-employment opportunities to educated unemployed
 d. none of these

Q40.____________ in rural and urban areas pushes people to indebtedness.

a. Intermittent employment
b. Voluntary employment
c. Casual employment
d. Both (a) and (c)

Q41. The financial assistance is given to urban poor in the form of interest subsidy on the bank loans
under:

a. Rural Employment Generation Programme

b. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana
c. National Urban Livelihood Mission
d. Prime Minister's

Q42. Which of the following is a limitation of poverty line in India?

a. Ignorance of social factors

b. Ignorance of economic factors
c. No differentiation among poor
d. Both (a) and (c)

Q43. ______________ seeks to alleviate poverty through 'trickle-down effect'.

a. Poverty Alleviation Programmes

b. Meeting Minimum Needs of the Poor Approach
c. Growth-Oriented Approach
d. None of these

Q44. Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme aims to provide an assistance of:

a. 10 lakh for setting up a manufacturing enterprise

b. 20 lakh for setting up a manufacturing enterprise
c. 225 lakh for setting up a manufacturing enterprise
d. none of these

Q45. which of the following is a objective of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana?

a. Encouraging saving habit

b. Direct transfer of benefits of government schemes to the bank accounts
c. Direct transfer of subsidies to the bank accounts
d. All of these

Q46. The objective of Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana is to:

a. facilitate the construction and up-gradation of houses of slum-dwellers

b. provide a healthy urban environment through community toilets
c. both (a) and (b)
d. none of these
Q47.Integrated Child Development Services Scheme was launched in:

a. 1975
b. 1979
c. 1981
d. 1985

Q48.which of the following is not a component of economic infrastructure?

a. Health
b. Transport
c. Energy
d. Communication

Q49. Under National Social Assistance Programme, the government provides assistance in the form
of:

a. cash subsidy to set up any kind of enterprise

b. pensions
c. interest subsidy on the bank loans
d. none of these

Q50. Owing to poor delivery mechanism, benefits of PAPs have largely been appropriated by the

a. poor
b. non-poor
c. occasionally poor
d. (d) none of these

Answers

1 (d) , 2. (d) 3. (a) 4.(a) 5. (a) 6 (d) 7 (c), 8 (d)

9 (a) 10 (b), 11 (d) 12 (b), 13 (c), 14 (d), 15 (a), 16 (b),

17 (b), 18 (b), 19 (c) , 20 ( d0, 21 (a), 22 (d), 23

(c),

24 (b), 25 (d), 26 (c), 27 (c), 28 (c ), 29 ( c), 30 (c),

31 (d), 32 (a), 33 (c), 34 (d), 35( b), 36 (d), 37 (b), 38 (d),

39 (a), 40( d), 41( c), 42 (d), 43 (c), 44(c), 45(d),

46(c), 47 (a), 48 (a), 49 (b), 50 (b)

 Chapter- 4 :ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS

1. Read the following statements-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives
given below:

Assertion (A): Transient poor category includes 'churning poor' and 'occasionally poor.

Reason (R): Chronically poor category includes both 'always poor' and 'usually poor.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A)

2. Assertion (A): The minimum calorie intake is higher in rural areas.

Reason (R): Hard-working male population is found to be higher in rural areas.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A)

3. Assertion (A): Addressing the problem of poverty through self-employment schemes is the most
effective means of poverty alleviation.

Reason (R): Self-employment schemes improve the rate of participation and also empower the poor.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A)

4. Assertion (A): Casual employment pushes people into indebtedness which reinforces poverty.

Reason (R): India is a country sustaining cyclical unemployment.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans: (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false

5. Assertion (A): In the determination of poverty line cut-off, consumption is a preferred parameter
than income.

Reason (R): Consumption reflects actual use of the goods and services by an individual, as well as the
type of goods actually used.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A)

6. Assertion (A): India uses the monthly per capita expenditure mechanism to identify the poor.

Reason(R): Monthly per capita expenditure mechanism takes into consideration social factors as well.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans: c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false

7. Assertion (A): Under Mid-day Meal Scheme, free lunch is supplied to children in all classes in

government, government-aided, local body and other schools.

Reason (R): Under MGNREGA, employment is offered for a minimum period of 100 days.
Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

8. Assertion (A): Urban poverty is a spillover of rural poverty.

Reason (R): People tend to migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs.
Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)

9.Assertion (A): Meeting minimum needs of the poor helps to alleviate poverty through trickle down
effect

Reason. (R): Meeting minimum needs of the poor as an approach to combat poverty focuse on meeting
the basic requirements of the poor.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

10. Assertion (A): Income is not considered as a criterion while determining the poverty line.

Reason(R): Data on distribution of income is not available. Alternatives:

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)

Chapter – 6 : CASE-BASED QUESTIONS

I. Read the following case study carefully and answer the questions 1-4 on the basis of the same:

The concept of Poverty Line in India was introduced on the recommendation of the Task Force on
"Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demands" in 1979. The contribution of the Task Force
was to estimate daily per capita calorie requirement separately for rural and urban areas on the basis of
age, sex and activity-specific calorie allowance recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group (1968).
The official approach to measurement of poverty, therefore, started by fixing a standard of calorie
intake and observing the level of per capita consumption expenditure e with which on the average, this
calorie intake level associated. An allowance for non-food consumption also exists in the delineation
of the poverty line though not on normative basis but on a behavioural basis. The poverty line at 1973-
74 (base year) prices for the rural and urban sectors was worked out as 49.09 and 256.64 respectively
utilizing National Sample Survey (5) data on consumer expenditure and using inverse interpolation
method. The poverty line so defined was updated over time by taking care of change in the price
levels.

r. M. Sreedhar, Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India,

ernational Journal of Science and Research, 2015

Choose the correct option:

1. The minimum calorie intake for urban areas has been estimated at:

a. 2.100 calories
b. 2.200 calories
c. 2.300 calories
d. 2.400 calories

2. Which of the following is not true about poverty line?

a. It does not make any distinction among the different classifications of poor
b. It ignores social factors which play a significant role in perpetuating poverty
c. The Noble Laureate, Amratya Sen has developed Sen Index to address the limitations of
poverty line
d. None of these
3. Which among the following is true about relative poverty?

a. It is a variant of poverty
b. It refers to poverty across different classes, regions or countries
c. It is measured with reference to poverty line
d. Both (a) and (b)

4. The people who keep moving up and down the poverty line fall under the category of:

a. churning poor
b. chronic poor
c. occasionally poor
d. transient poor

Answers

1.(a) 2,100 calories

2 (d) None of these
3 (d) Both (a) and (b)
4 (a) churning poor

Case – II

Read the following case study carefully and answer the questions 1-4 on the basis of the same

India ranked 162 GNI Per Capita with 1410 US Dollars in 2011 and is named as lower middle income
country under altas method and is ranked 156 with under PPP method an GNI Per Capita of 3590
International Dollars in 2011. Poverty in India is widespread, with the nation estimated to have a third
of the world's poor. In 2010, the World Bank reported that 32.7% of the total Indian people falls below
the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day.
Poverty in India is mainly due to lack of proper government policies and the exploitation of the
financially weaker section by the richer class. The main policies outcome of poverty is hunger.
Hunger's seriousness can be understood easily from the fact that every year, 5.8 million children die
from hunger related-causes around the world. (That is, 16,000 children die each day.) Estimates by
NCAER (National Council of Applied Economic Research) show that 80 million households in India
are in income levels of 245,000-90,000 per year. These numbers also are more or less in line with the
latest World Bank's estimates of the "below-the-poverty-line" households that may total about 456
million individuals.

-Anto Rozarina, N. Junofy, A Study on Poverty and Hunger in India.

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2013

Choose the correct option:

1. The data on poverty is sourced through:

a. NITI Aayog
b. Planning Commission
c. (r) National Sample Survey Organisation
d. (d) None of these
2. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana was launched on:

a. 1st July, 1997

b. 24th August, 1997
c. 1st December, 1997
d. 24th December, 1997

3. Which of the following statements about poverty is not true?

a. Growth-oriented approach seeks to alleviate poverty through trickle-down effect

b. Poverty in India can be explained with reference to unequal
c. Rise in GDP leads to fall in poverty
d. Both (a) and (c)

4. The estimation of poverty line, based on Jail Cost of Living, was given by:

a. Dadabhai Naroji
b. Deendayal Upadhyay
c. Mahatma Gandhi
d. R.C. Desai

Answers

1.a)NITI Aayog
2. (c) 1st December, 1997
3 (c) Rise in GDP leads to fall in poverty
4. (a) Dadabhai Naroji

Case –III

Read the following news report carefully and answer the questions 1-4 on the basis of the same:

That the reduction in poverty hasn't been impressive has also been pointed out by an assessment
released in January 2020 by government think-tank NITI Aayog. Going by the states' progress on
poverty reduction. India is far behind the 'zero poverty by 2030 States rather slipped their efforts to
reduce poverty in 2019, in comparison to 2018. The lapsing back of people dimbing above the poverty
line is the most important reason of chronic poverty, according to the CPRC study. It means our
poverty-eradication efforts are not successful in keeping people above poverty line.

-Down to Earth, 14th January, 2020

Choose the correct option:

1. The above paragraph relates to:

a. chronic poor
b. churning poor
c. occasionally poor
d. transient poor

2. Minimum calorie intake for rural person to be above poverty line has been set at:

a. 2,200 calories
b. 2,300 calories
 c. 2,400 calories
d. 2,500 calories

3.________________ is one of the ways to estimate the number of people who are below poverty
line.

a. Poverty ratio
b. Sampling
c. Head count ratio
d. None of these

4. Which of the following is not true about governments initiates to alleviate poverty?

a. Integrated Child Development Services Scheme aims to improve the nutritional and health
status of children in the age group of 0-6 years
b. Meeting minimum needs of the poor is an approach that seeks to alleviate poverty through
trickle-down effect
c. MGNREGA which is based on the principle of right to work was launched in 2005
d. None of these

Answers

1. (a) chronic poor

2 (c) 2,400 calories.
3. (c) Head count ratio
4. (b) Meeting minimum needs of the poor is an approach that seeks to alleviate poverty through
trickle-down effect

Case - IV

Read the following news report carefully and answer the questions 1-4 on the basis of the same:

Poverty can be defined as a condition in which an individual or household lacks the financial resources
to afford a basic minimum standard of living. However, the perception regarding what constitutes
poverty may vary over time and across countries. The conventional approach to measuring poverty is
to specify a minimum expenditure (or income) required to purchase a basket of goods and services
necessary to satisfy basic human needs. This expenditure is called the poverty line. The basket of
goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human tiends the Poverty Line Basket (PLB). Poverty
can be measured in terms of the number of people living below this line (with the incidence of poverty
expressed as the head count ratio (HCR the poverty ratio- number of poor to the total population
expressed as percentage). Global countries use different measures for measuring poverty but the
underlying principle remains the same -a poverty line is calculated based on of consumption required
for maintaining some minimum standard of living in the country. However, complexities of measuring
incidence of poverty in a comparable manner over time and across regions have given rise to alternate
approaches also such as measures of the depth of poverty and of its severity,

-De Seema Gaur and Dr. N Srinivasa Rao, Poverty Measurement in India

A Working Paper, Ministry of Rural Development, India

Choose the correct option:

1. Initially, the rural poverty line was set at:

a. 48.54 per capita per month

b. 49.04 per capita per month
c. 52:24 per capita per month
d. 56.64 per capita per month

2. Government uses mechanism to identify poor in India.

a. monthly per capita expenditure

b. quarterly per capita expenditure
c. yearly per capital expenditure
d. bi-monthly per capita expenditure

3. In terms of money, poverty line for rural areas in 2011-12, was defined as consumption worth:

a. 815
b. 816
c. 995
d. 1,000

4. ______________ is an alternative method to estimate poverty.

a. HDI
b. Head count ratio
c. Jail cost of living
d. Sen index

Answers

1. (b) 49.04 per capita per month

2. (a) monthly per capita expenditure
3. (b) 7816
4. (d) Sen index

Case - V.

Read the following case study carefully and answer the questions 1-4 on the basis of the same

Poverty alleviation and employment generation have always been the major thrust areas of the
planning in India. Since independence, the Government of India has taken up various initiatives and
policy interventions in this regard. However, even after more than six decades of economic planning,
nearly 26 per cent of the population is living with poverty and 40 millions are unemployed. These two
are still the major challenges before the policy makers. Although in the post-economic reforms period
Indian economy has grown faster, but its performance has remained dismal on the three counts-
removal of poverty, creating adequate employment

opportunities and reducing economic disparities across regions, sectors, gender and social groups. The
failure of the neo-liberal policy regime in tackling these issues has now become well-established fact.
The de-linking growth with employment has significantly reduced poverty.
Poverty is particularly acute in the rural areas because agriculture has suffered stagnation or decline
over the past decade. The remedy of this malady, therefore, lies not only in achieving faster economic
growth but also in making the growth more pro-poor and inclusive.

Dr. Parvathamma G. L. An Assessment on Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Rural India

A Case Study, Indian Journal of Applied Research, 2012
Choose the correct option:

1. Which of the following is not the cause of poverty in India?

a. Inflationary spiral
b. Capital deficiency
c. Demographic dividend
d. Obsolete social institutions

2. The Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) formed a study group to define the criterion for
identifying poor in:

a. 1956
b. 1962
c. 1979
d. 1989

3. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana did not replace which of the following?

a. Integrated Rural Development Programme

b. Rural Empowerment Mission
c. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment
d. None of these

4. Choose the odd one out.

a. Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana

b. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana
c. Rural Employment Generation Programme
d. National Urban Livelihood Mission

Answers

1. (c ) Demographic dividend
2. (b) 1962
3. (b) Rural Empowerment Mission
4. (c) Rural Employment Generation Programme