TOPIK 7.

READING COMPREHENSION
Read the reading materials on Reading 1, 2 and 3 and answer the questions that
follow.

HORMONAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

During pregnancy, it is inevitable that body will change. The change will result in
unpleasant condition.
Firstly is hormonal changes. The Human Chorionic Genadotropin (HCG) is a hormone
produced only during pregnancy, roughly 10 days after fertilization. It is detactable in the
urine ad is thus what pregnancy test kits check for. This hormone prevents the release of
more eggs from the ovaries and stimulates the production of hormones estrogen and
progesterone. In the first trimester, the level of HCG will increase dramatically, but drop
later on tn the pregnancy. This hormone can cause nausea and vomitting in the first
trimester.
Estrogen helps to regulate levels of progesterone and prepare the uterus for the
baby and breasts for feeding. It cuases breast tenderness and enlargement adn is produced
throughout pregnancy. This hormone is associated with fuzzy feelings of love, it is also been
called to trigger ‘caring’ behavior, although this is not apparent in all pregnant women. Mind
you! Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions during pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding.
This is why women in later stages of pregnancy are warned that sex may trigger an ealy
labo, as oxytocin is released during the sex act.
Progesterone positions in the placenta and also prevents uterus from spontanously
aborting. Towards the end of pregnancy, progesterone level will drop to initiate labo.
Incidentally, this is also the ormone that causes loss of interest in sex. Constant backache is
also due to relaxin, which softens the cervix and loosens the joints around the pelvic area to
prepare for delivery. Some bad news: backache may continue on after pregnancy.

Questions

1. What happens when body changes in pregnancy

Pleasant condition unpleasant condition happy condition trigger

condition

2. Human Chorionic Genadotropin (HCG) is produced ___________

 Before pregnancy after pregnancy during pregnancy before and after
pregnancy

3. How can HCG be detected in pregnant woman?

Through urine through feces through vagina through saliva

4. This hormone prevents the release of more eggs from the ovaries and stimulates the
production of hormones estrogen and progesterone. The word this hormone refers to
_______

HCG estrogen progesterone hormone

5. __________ helps to regulate levels of progesterone and prepare the uterus for the
baby and breasts for feeding.

Estrogen HCG progesterone hormone

6. ____________ also causes uterine contractions during pregnancy, labor and

breastfeeding.

HCG estrogen progesterone Oxytocin

7. __________________ prevents uterus from spontanously aborting?

HCG estrogen progesterone Oxytocin

_____________ cause nausea and vomitting in the first trimester.

HCG estrogen progesterone Oxytocin

_______________ causes loss of interest in sex

HCG estrogen progesterone Oxytocin

8. What hormone causes backache?

HCG estrogen progesterone Oxytocin

 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that can be transferred from one
person to another through any type of sexual contact. STDs are sometimes referred to as
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) since they involve the transmission of a disease-
causing organism from one person to another during sexual activity. It is important to
realize that sexual contact includes more than just sexual intercourse (vaginal and anal).
Sexual contact includes kissing, oral-genital contact, and the use of sexual "toys," such as
vibrators. STDs probably have been around for thousands of years, but the most dangerous
of these conditions, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has only been
recognized since 1984.

Many STDs are treatable, but effective cures are lacking for others, such as HIV,
HPV, and hepatitis B and C. Even gonorrhea, once easily cured, has become resistant to
many of the older traditional antibiotics. Many STDs can be present in, and spread by,
people who do not have any symptoms of the condition and have not yet been diagnosed
with an STD. Therefore, public awareness and education about these infections and the
methods of preventing them is important.

There really is no such thing as "safe" sex. The only truly effective way to prevent
STDs is abstinence. Sex in the context of a monogamous relationship wherein neither party
is infected with a STD also is considered "safe." Most people think that kissing is a safe
activity. Unfortunately, syphilis, herpes, and other infections can be contracted through this
relatively simple and apparently harmless act. All other forms of sexual contact carry some
risk. Condoms are commonly thought to protect against STDs. Condoms are useful in
decreasing the spread of certain infections, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea; however,
they do not fully protect against other infections such as genital herpes, genital warts,
syphilis, and AIDS. Prevention of the spread of STDs is dependent upon the counseling of
at-risk individuals and the early diagnosis and treatment of infections.

Questions:

1. what is sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

2. How does STD spread?
3. What does sexual contacts consist of?
4. Write down some STD’s and how they spread!
5. What is the effective way of preventing STD?
6. How can condom protect one from STD?
7. When was AIDS firstly recognized?
8. What does the word ‘they” in par. 1 line 3 refer to?
9. What does it mean by the word “abstinence” in line 1 paragraph 3?
10. According to text, kissing is not a ‘safe’ activity. Why?
 GONORRHEA

What is gonorrhea?

Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection caused by the organism Neisseria gonorrheae that

is transmitted by sexual contact. Gonorrhea is one of the oldest known sexually transmitted
diseases. It is estimated that over one million women are currently infected with gonorrhea.
Among women who are infected, 25%-40% also will be infected with chlamydia, another
type of bacteria that causes another STD. (Chlamydia infection is discussed later in this
article.)

Contrary to popular belief, gonorrhea cannot be transmitted from toilet seats or door
handles. The bacterium that causes gonorrhea requires very specific conditions for growth
and reproduction. It cannot live outside the body for more than a few seconds or minutes,
nor can it live on the skin of the hands, arms, or legs. It survives only on moist surfaces
within the body and is found most commonly in the vagina, and, more commonly, the
cervix. (The cervix is the end of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.) It can also live
in the tube (urethra) through which urine drains from the bladder. Gonorrhea can even exist
in the back of the throat (from oral-genital contact) and in the rectum.

Symptoms of gonorrhea

Over 50% of infected women have no symptoms, especially in the early stages of the
infection. Symptoms of gonorrhea include burning or frequent urination, a yellowish vaginal
discharge, redness and swelling of the genitals, and a burning or itching of the vaginal area.
If untreated, gonorrhea can lead to a severe pelvic infection with inflammation of the
Fallopian tubes and ovaries. Gonorrheal infection of the Fallopian tubes can lead to a
serious, painful infection of the pelvis known as pelvic inflammatory disease or PID. PID
occurs in 10%-40% of women with gonorrheal infection of the uterine cervix. Symptoms of
pelvic infection include fever, pelvic cramping, abdominal pain, or pain with intercourse.
Pelvic infection can lead to difficulty in becoming pregnant or even sterility. Occasionally, if
the infection is severe enough, a localized area of infection and pus (an abscess) forms, and
major surgery may be necessary and even lifesaving. Gonorrhea infection in people with
conditions causing serious abnormal immune function, such as AIDS, can also be more
serious.

Diagnosis of gonorrhea

Testing for gonorrhea is done by swabbing the infected site (rectum, throat, cervix) and
identifying the bacteria in the laboratory either through culturing of the material from the
swab (growing the bacteria) or identification of the genetic material from the bacteria.
Sometimes the tests do not show bacteria because of sampling errors (the sampled area
does not contain bacteria) or other technical difficulties, even when the woman has an
infection. Newer tests to diagnose gonorrhea involve the use of DNA probes or amplification
techniques (for example, polymerase chain reaction, or PCR) to identify the genetic material
of the bacteria. These tests are more expensive than cultures but typically yield more rapid
results.

Treatment of gonorrhea

In the past, the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea was fairly simple. A single injection
of penicillin cured almost every infected person. Unfortunately, there are new strains of
gonorrhea that have become resistant to various antibiotics, including penicillins, and are
therefore more difficult to treat. Fortunately, gonorrhea can still be treated by other
injectable or oral medications.

Uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the cervix, urethra, and rectum, are usually treated
by a single injection of ceftriaxone intramuscularly or by 400mg of cefixime (Suprax) in a
single oral dose. For uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the pharynx, the recommended
treatment is 125 mg of ceftriaxone in a single IM dose.

Alternative regimens for uncomplicated gonococcal infections of the cervix, urethra, and
rectum are 2 g of spectinomycin in nonpregnant women (not available in the United States)
in a single IM dose or single doses of cephalosporins (ceftizoxime, 500 mg IM; or cefoxitin,
2 g IM, administered with probenecid (Benemid), 1 g orally; or cefotaxime, 500 mg IM).

Treatment should always include medication that will treat chlamydia [for example,
azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax) or doxycycline (Vibramycin, Oracea, Adoxa, Atridox and
others)] as well as gonorrhea, because gonorrhea and chlamydia frequently exist together
in the same person. The sexual partners of women who have had either gonorrhea or
chlamydia must receive treatment for both infections since their partners may be infected
as well. Treating the partners also prevents reinfection of the woman. Women suffering
from PID require more aggressive treatment that is effective against the bacteria that cause
gonorrhea as well as against other organisms. These women often require intravenous
administration of antibiotics.

It is important to note that doxycycline, one of the recommended drugs for treatment of
PID, is not recommended for use in pregnant women.

Gonorrhea is one of the easier STDs to prevent because the bacterium that causes the
infection can survive only under certain conditions. The use of condoms protects against
gonorrhea infection. Since the organism can live in the throat, condoms should be used
during oral-genital contact as well.

Questions
How is gonorrhea transmitted?
Sexual contact social contact communication contact dialogue contact
The followings are gonorrhea symptoms; except________?
burning or frequent urination a yellowish vaginal discharge redness and swelling of
the genitals vomiting
How is gonorrhea diagnosed?
Injecting the infected site swabbing the infected site putting bandage giving
antibiotics
How is gonorrhea treated?
antibiotics injection virus injection medicine injection Penicillin injection
What causes gonorrhea?
Virus bacterium fungi micro-organism