TOEFL Module 2017

TOEFL Preparation Module Fitria Hardini Rangkuti, S.S.
,
M.Si
UNIT 1
Basic Listening Exercise I
PART 1
Questions 1-5
You will hear five short conversations. You will hear each conversation twice. There is one question for each
conversation. For each question, choose the right answer (A, B or C).
Example: Which is the girl’s horse? 3. How much is the skirt?
4. What’s the weather like now?

1. How many children went on the school
trip?
5. What will the girl cook?

2. Which campsite did Josh stay at last year?
PART 2
Questions 6 - 10
Listen to Nick talking to a friend about his birthday presents. What present did each person give him? For
questions 6 - 10, write a letter A - H next to each person. You will hear the conversation twice.
Example:
0 Cousin B
PEOPLE PRESENTS
A. bike
6. Mum
B. book
7. Brother C. cinema tickets
D. clothes
8. Aunt E. computer game
F. mobile phone
9. Uncle G. money
H. music CD
10. Grandmother
1
PART 3
Questions 11 - 15
Listen to Susie talking to her friend Matt about going to the cinema. For each question, choose the right
answer (A, B or C). You will hear the conversation twice.
Example:
0 Who is going to the cinema with Susie?
1. Jane
2. Sam √
3. Pete
11. Which film will they see? 14. Matt should meet Susie at A.
A. Sunny Day 3.45.
B. Field of Green B. 4.15.
C. Heart of Gold C. 4.20.
12. They are going to the cinema 15. The cinema tickets will cost
A. by the market. A. £5.50.
B. in the shopping centre. B. £6.20.
C. opposite the park. C. £8.00.
13. How will they get there?

A. by car
B. on foot
C. by bus
PART 4
Questions 16 - 20
You will hear a girl, Milly, asking a friend about guitar lessons. Listen and complete each question. You
will hear the conversation twice.
Guitar lessons
Day : Saturday
Teacher’s name : (16) ..........................
Price per hour : (17) £ ..........................
Place of lesson : 34 Purley Lane, near the (18) ..........................
Teacher’s phone number : (19) ..........................
Must call before : (20)..........................p.m.
PART 5
Questions 21 - 25
You will hear a man on the radio talking about a new TV quiz show. Listen and complete each
question. You will hear the information twice.
New quiz show
Name : Answer That!

Day : (21) ..........................
Number of teams : (22) ..........................
Questions will be about : Films, TV and (23) ..........................
This week’s prize : (24) ..........................
To be on the show, phone : (25) ..........................
Basic Listening Exercise II
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8)
(9) (10)
PART 2
Directions: You will hear a question or statement and three responses spoken in English. They will not be
printed in your test book and will be spoken only one time. Select the best response to the question or statement
and mark the letter (A), (B), or (C) on your answer sheet.
Example Sample Answer

(A) (B) (C) (D)
You will hear : Where is the meeting room?
You will also hear : (A) To meet the new director.

(B) It’s the first room on the right.
(C) Yes, at two o’clock.
11. Has the virus been removed from our 16. Haven’t we seen this proposal before?
server?
A B C
A B C
17. The buses run every 15 minutes, don’t
12. Wasn’t my car scheduled for an oil they?
change?
A B C
A B C
18. Will you be gone long?
13. Are you driving or flying?
A B C
A B C
19. Couldn’t they just e-mail us the contracts?
14. What do you do?
A B C
A B C
20. Don’t forget to take your book.
15. When do you get your results back?
A B C
A B C
21. A B C 31. A B C
22. A B C 32. A B C
23. A B C 33. A B C
24. A B C 34. A B C
25. A B C 35. A B C
26. A B C 36. A B C
27. A B C 37. A B C
28. A B C 38. A B C
29. A B C 39. A B C
30. A B C 40. A B C
UNIT 2
Dialogs
Format tes Listening
Dalam TOEFL PBT, Listening Comprehension terbagi ke dalam 3 bagian: dialogs, extended
conversation dan mini talks.
Umumnya, bentuk pertanyaan dialogs (Part A) selalu fokus kepada second speaker (pembicara
kedua). Namun, untuk mampu menjawab dengan benar, Anda tetap harus memahami apa yang dikatakan
oleh first speaker (pembicara pertama).
Adapun bentuk pertanyaan yang muncul dalam dialog, antara lain:
No. Type of questions Sample questions
Meaning question. - What does the man/ woman mean?

1.
The first most common - What do the speakers say about----------?
questions (about 50%).
Inference question. - What does the man/woman imply?

2. The second most common - What can be inferred from the conversation about-----------?
questions (about 20%). - What can be concluded from the conversation about----------?
- What does the woman suggest the man do?

Questions about - What does the man suggest they do?
3.
suggestions. - What does the woman suggest?
- What does the woman think the man should do?
- What will the man do?

Questions about future
4. - What will they probably do next?
actions.
- What are the speakers planning to do?
- What are they talking about?
5. Topic questions.
- What are they discussing?
- How does the man/woman feel about--------?
6. Questions about opinions.
- What is their opinion of------?
Questions about - What had the man assumed about---------?
7.
assumptions. - What had the woman previously assumed?
Questions about
8. questions. - What does the man want to know?
- When is this conversation taking place?
9. Questions about time.
- When will the------take place?
10. Questions about reasons. - Why did the man/woman-------?
- What problem is the man having?
11. Questions about problems.
- What is the problem?
12. Questions about activities. - What are the speakers probably doing?
LESSON 1
SOUND CONFUSION
Terdapat 3 tipe sound confusion dalam TOEFL PBT dialogs:

1. Minimal pairs (dua kata yang bunyi pengucapannya hampir sama namun huruf vokalnya atau
konsonannya berbeda)
Contoh kata dengan bunyi vokal yang

Contoh kata dengan bunyi konsonan
berbeda:
yang berbeda:
peel - pill
peel – feel
lack - lake
vine – wine
point - paint
mop – mob
2. Dua kata yang bunyi pengucapannya seperti satu kata. mark
it – market
sent her – center in
tents – intense
3. Satu kata yang apabila diucapkan bunyinya seperti bagian dari kata yang lain. nation
– imagination
mind – remind
give – frogive
EXERCISE (Audio 2.1)

Mark the appropriate blank (√)
1. (A) Get in a different lane. 9. (A) How much the ticket cost.
(B) Stand in another line. (B) What Ellen might win.
2. (A) Go down the slide. 10. (A) It’s been chipped.

(B) Play on the sled. (B) There’s a ship inside it.
3. (A) Put them in a file. 11. (A) He tripped in the aisle.

(B) Throw them in a pile. (B) He slipped in some oil.
4. (A) He can’t shut his suitcase. 12. (A) For its fast horses.
(B) His suitcase doesn’t fit in the closet (B) For its natural resouces.
5. (A) She made bread from whole wheat. 13. (A) Thinking about the decision.
(B) She baked some white bread. (B) Arguing about the issue.
6. (A) It’s being audio. 14. (A) The color is too bright.
(B) Brenda is typing it. (B) It doesn’t fit around the neck.
7. (A) Emily bought new clothes. 15. (A) Wrote his name on the paper.
(B) Emily recently moved. (B) Told his students to write a paper
8. (A) Its taste has improved.

(B) It tastes slightly bitter.
LESSON 2
HOMONYMS AND WORDS WITH MUTIPLE MEANINGS
Homonyms adalah kata-kata yang bunyi pengucapannya sama namun penulisan dan artinya berbeda.
Contoh: flour – flower
bare – bear
EXERCISE I (Audio 3.1)

Mark the appropriate blank (√)
1. (A) presence
(B) presents 7. (A) board
(B) bored
2. (A) overdue
(B) overdo 8. (A) brakes
(B) breaks
3. (A) pain
(B) pane 9. (A) sail
(B) sale
4. (A) where
(B) wear 10. (A) site
(B) sight
5. (A) fine
(B) find 11. (A) rose
(B) rows
6. (A) right
(B) write 12. (A) aloud
(B) allowed
EXERCISE II (Audio 3.2)

Choose the definition of the word as it is used in the dialog.
Mark the appropriate answer (√).
1. cold 6. coat
(A) minor illness (A) layer
(B) chilly weather (B) warm clothing
2. kind 7. field
(A) type (A) outside the classroom
(B) considerate (B) area of study
3. light 8. playing
(A) not heavy (A) taking part in a game
(B) not dark (B) appearing
4. wing 9. party
(A) part of an airplane (A) celebration
(B) part of a building (B) group
5. tables 10. period
(A) charts (A) puctuation mark
(B) furniture (B) class time
LESSON 3
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
Dalam TOEFL PBT, hampir 50% dialog berisi idiomatic expressions (ungkapan) yang teridiri dari 2-3 kata
dan memiliki arti tertentu.
Contoh idioms yaitu:
Call off
Look out for
EXERCISE I (Audio 4.1)

Thick (√) the answer that has the same meaning as the question,
then underline the phrase.
1. get into hot water 7. under the weather

(A) She was in trouble. (A) She didn’t want to practice because of the
(B) She took a warm bath. bad weather.
(B) She wasn’t there because she felf a little
2. bump into sick.
(A) He met Caroline unexpectedly at the
coffe shop. 8. take after
(B) Caroline and I jogged to the coffee shop. (A) He looks like his grandfather.
(B) He takes care of his grandfather.
3. hit it off
(A) He and Chuck argued as soon as they met. 9. for good
(B) He and Chuck quickly became friends. (A) He doesn’t want the professor to quit
teaching permanently.
4. a piece of cake (B) He hopes Professor Holmes has a good
(A) The exam was simple. reason for quitting.
(B) She had a snack after the test.
10. give a hand with
5. at the drop of a hat (A) Hand her the box.
(A) He can’t leave until he finds his hat. (B) Help her carry the box.
(B) He’s ready to leave immediately.
11. a stone’s throw from
6. on edge (A) He likes to throw rocks in the park.
(A) He walks back and forth when he’s (B) He lives close to the park.
nervous.
(B) He likes to walk along the edge. 12. not think much of
(A) She didn’t consider it.
(B) She didn’t like it.
EXERCISE II (Audio 4.3)
Thick (√) the approriate answer.
1. (A) Go to work with Jim.

6. (A) The program was canceled.
(B) Go out for coffee.
(B) The shuttle was lauched yesterday.
(C) Get some exercise.
(C) The lauch was delay.
2. (A) If the woman will go to the party with him.

7. (A) She stood up and left the lecture.
(B) If the red tie looks good with his shirt.
(B) She was waiting outside the lecture hall.
(C) If he should wear a tie to the party.
(C) Her sweater made her easy to spot.
3. (A) She missed Friday’s class, too.

8. (A) He deserved to get a ticket.
(B) They both missed class because
(B) He was going to a good restaurant.
they went sailing.
(C) He probably wasn’t speeding.
(C) He should take better notes during
Professor Morrison’s class.
9. (A) He’ll be glad to help.
(B) If he helps, it will save the man some
4. (A) He cut himself while he was preparing food.
money.
(B) He doesn’t want to work in a restaurant.
(C) He won’t be very cooperative.
(C) He’s planning to open up his own
restaurant.
10. (A) It’s about buying large real estate
properties.
5. (A) He wants to know if the woman is joking.
(B) There are too many students in his class.
(B) He wants the woman to leave him alone.
(C) In general, he likes his real estate class
(C) He’d like to know what the quiz will
be about.
.
LESSON 4
INFERENCE QUESTIONS
Inference question adalah pertanyaan yang menanyakan kesimpulan dari percakapan.
EXERCISE (Audio 5)
1. (A) He’s not related to Larry.

5. (A) He’s changed his major often.
(B) He doesn’t believe Larry won the contest.
(B) He hasn’t really changed his major.
(C) He’s not a very good dancer.
(C) He won’t do well in his new major.
2. (A) The suit costs a lot of money.

6. (A) His lectures put his students to sleep.
(B) The man dresses as if he were very
(B) He’s a middle-aged man.
wealthy.
(C) He lectures about history.
(C) The man already has an expensive suit.
7. (A) He hasn’t been to the dentist for years.

3. (A) There is just enough food.
(B) He wasn’t able to see the dentist yesterday.
(B) Many uninvited guests will come.
(C) Before he saw the dentist, he had a long
(C) The woman has prepared to much food.
wait.
4. (A) Dave is a painter.
8. (A) They have agreed on it.
(B) Dave’s apartment has been recently
(B) They have different opinions about it.
painted.
(C) It depends on their co-operation.
(C) Dave’s brother doesn’t like the smell of
paint.
9. (A) Louis’s new boss shouldn’t have been (B) Louis and his old boss argued.
promoted. (C) Louis should get a better job.
10. (A) There’s no enough snow to (B) It will probably snow all night.
cause a cancellation yet. (C) The university has already decided to
cancel classes.
LESSON 5
AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
Berikut ini adalah contoh ekspresi yang ditemukan dalam TOEFL :
Agreement
So do I. I’ll say!
Me too. You can say that again.
Neither do I.* Is/ Has/ Was it ever!
I don’t either.* You bet!
Who wouldn’t? I couldn’t agree with you more.
Isn’t he/ she/ it though!
I feel the same way you do about it.
(Didn’t he/ wasn’t she/ hasn’t it though!)
I’ll second that.
*Kedua expresi ini digunakan dengan pernyataan negatif.
A : I don’t really like my schedule this term.
B : I don’t either. OR. Neither do I.
Disagreement
I don’t think so. I’m afraid I don’t agree.
That’s not what I think. Probably not.
That’s not the way I see it. Not necessarily.
Not really. I’m afraid not.
I can’t say I agree. I’m not so sure.
I couldn’t agree with you less.

No. Agrees Disagrees No. Agrees Disagrees

1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
LESSON 6
SUGGESTIONS, INVITATIONS, OFFERS AND REQUESTS
A. Suggestions
Making Suggestions
Why don’t you / we ... If I were you ...
Why not ... If I were in your shoes ...
Have you ever thought of ... You / We should ...
You / We might want to ... Shouldn’t you/ we...
You / We could always ... What about ...
Maybe you / we could ... What if you / we ...
Try ... How about ...
Positive Responses Negative Responses

Why not! I don’t think so.
Good idea! I don’t believe so.
That’s an idea. I already thought of that.
Sounds good to me. I don’t think that will work.
By all means! Don’t look at me!
Why didn’t I think of that? Can I take a rain check?*
That’s worth a try.
*It means, “Could we do this some other time?”
Thanks, I’ll give that a try.
B. Invitations
Making Invitations
Shall we ... Let’s ...
Would you lke to ... Do you want to ...
Would you care to ... Could you ...
Would you be able to ... Can you ...
Want to ...

Yes, let’s. I’m sorry, but ...
Sure, thanks. I’d like to, but ...
Sounds good. I’d love to, but ...
All right, I’d love to. Thanks a lot, but ...
I’d like that. That sounds nice, but ...
What a great idea! I’ll pass.
Sure. Thanks for inviting me. Thanks for the invitation, but ...
If you want me to. I don’t think I’ll be able to make it this time.
Don’t mind if I do.
C. Offers
Making Offers
Let me ... Can I ...
Shall I ... May I ...
Would you like me to ... Should I ...
Do you want me to ... I could ...

That would be nice. I don’t think so.
Yes, please. I’m afraid not.
Please do. That won’t be necessary.
Sure, thanks. Thanks anyway.
Please don’t.
D. Requests
Making Requests
Would you ... Will you ..
Could you / I ... May I ...
Do / Would you mind if ... Can you /I...

I’d be glad to. Sorry, but ...
I’d be delighted. I’m afraid not ...
Sure thing. I’d like to, but ...
Certainly. I wish I could, but ...
Why not? Actually, I do/would.
If you want to. I’m afraid I do/would.
If you’d like. As a matter of fact, I do/would.
You bet.
Not at all.
Of course not.

1. (A) He would like a cigarette. (C) Buy some popcorn.

(B) The woman can smoke if she likes.
(C) He doesn’t want the woman to smoke. 4. (A) She should plan the trip.
(B) She may not feel well.
2. (A) The man wears it quite often.
(C) She can go on the class trip.
(B) It needs to be cleaned.
(C) The man should wear it. 5. (A) He doesn’t want more coffee.
(B) He doesn’t want to use his credit card.
3. (A) Make more popcorn.
(C) He’d like to make coffee.
(B) Go to another theater.
6. (A) She doesn’t think it’s warm. (C) She wants the window closed.
(B) She’ll open the window herself.
7. (A) The soup is more expensive than 8. (A) The kitchen also needs cleaning.
sandwiches. (B) The living room doesn’t have to be
(B) She doesn’t know what kind of soup cleaned.
there is. (C) The man shouldn’t do the cleaning.
(C) The man might enjoy some soup.
LESSON 7
CONTRADICTIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND QUESTIONS
Contradiction adalah situasi dimana pembicara kedua (second speaker) mengoreksi / membenarkan
pernyataan pembicara pertama (first speaker).
Assumptions adalah tipe dialog dimana first speaker membuat pernyataan yang berlawanan dengan
second speaker . Kemudian second speaker biasanya memberikan respon diawali dengan kata “oh” dan
menutupnya dengan mengucapkan frasa “......................................after all”.
Questions adalah situasi dimana kadang-kadang second speaker menanyakan apa yang diucapkan oleh
first speaker . Kemudian third speaker menanyakan apa yang ingin diketahui oleh second speaker .
EXERCISE (Audio 8)
Thick (√) the appropriate answer.
1. (A) Ginny is definitely coming to dinner.

(B) Ginny likes fish better than chicken. 6. (A) He doesn’t really like horseback
(C) Ginny likes chicken. riding.
(B) He rides horses whenever possible.
2. (A) She had already moved. (C) He doesn’t talk about riding very
(B) She hadn’t found a new apartment yet. much.
(C) She’d already made an appointment.
7. (A) When his insurance agent called.
(B) What his insurance agent wanted.
3. (A) What the man’s name is.
(C) What time he should return the call.
(B) Who told the man to see the dean.
(C) Who the dean is. 8. (A) He was working full time.
(B) He was eating in the cafeteria.
4. (A) He wants to take part in the election. (C) He didn’t want a job.
(B) He’s not interested in running for
office. 9. (A) When they returned.
(C) He wants to get more facts from the (B) How long their hike was.
president. (C) Where they hiked.
5. (A) She couldn’t type very fast.

(B) She had already finished the final
draft.
(C) She hadn’t completed the research.
UNIT 3
Extended Conversation
Tipe pertanyaan dalam Part B (extended conversation) terbagi 3: overview questions, detail
questions dan inference questions.
Overview question adalah jenis pertanyaan yang berisi tentang general idea (inti) dari isi percakapan. Jenis
pertanyaan ini sering muncul setelah percakapan.
TYPE OF OVERVIEW QUESTION IN EXTENDED

SAMPLE QUESTION
CONVERSATION
Topic question - “What are the speakers discussing?”
- “Where/When did this conversation take

Questions about setting (time and location)
place?”
- “Who are the speakers?”
Questions about the speakers - “What is the probable relationship between the
speakers?”
Detail question adalah jenis pertanyaan yang menanyakan tentang informasi tertentu (specific information)
dalam percakapan. Biasanya jawaban dari tipe pertanyaan ini merupakan fakta dan langsung dapat ditemukan
(directly stated) dalam percakapan.
Detail questions sering diawali dengan:

According to the conversation, ...
According to the man, ...
According to the woman, ...
Inference questions adalah bentuk pertanyaan yang menanyakan kesimpulan dari percakapan.
Inference questions sering diawali dengan:

What can be inferred from the man’s comment about ... ? What
does the man imply about ... ?
What will the speakers probably try to do?
LESSON 1
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS (Audio 12)
1. (A) Methods of predicting earthquakes.

4. (A) The language of the deaf.
(B) Ways to improve the man’s presentation.
(B) Methods of teaching German.
(C) The many new uses of computer graphics.
(C) Communication networs.
2. (A) Statistic.
5. (A) Professor Quinn’s approach to teaching.
(B) Computer Science.
(B) The process of getting a student
(C) Geology.
identification card.
(C) Procedures for checking out reserve
3. (A) A language teacher and a student.
material.
(B) A dean and a teacher.
(C) A teacher and an assistant. 6. (A) At a university library.
(B) In a psychology class.
(C) In a laboratory.
7. (A) To ask for a job.
9. (A) Helpful.
(B) To get some advice.
(B) Discouraging.
(C) To discuss medical research.
(C) Inconsiderate.
8. (A) Academic advisor.

10. (A) The art of raising dogs.
(B) Physician.
(B) A softball game.
(C) Administrator.
(C) A dogsled race.
LESSON 2
DETAIL & INFERENCE QUESTIONS (Audio 13.2)
1. (A) North of Los Angeles.

7. (A) A tour guide.
(B) Between Los Angeles and San Diego.
(B) A classroom.
(C) East of San Diego.
(C) A map.
2. (A) They are a type of insect.

8. (A) In the Science Building.
(B) They are a kind of fish.
(B) In the Student Center Building.
(C) They are a type of bird.
(C) In the University Recreation center.
3. (A) In March.
9. (A) A test in a composition class.
(B) In early summer.
(B) A road test.
(C) In October.
(C) The written test for her driver’s license.
4. (A) About 200 miles.

10. (A) He drove too fast.
(B) About 1,000 miles.
(B) He couldn’t park well.
(C) About 7,000 miles.
(C) He made an improper turn.
5. (A) The swallows’ arrival.

11. (A) Drive her to the test site.
(B) The parade.
(B) Help her get ready for the road test.
(C) The swallows’ departure.
(C) Sell her car.
6. (A) Only during the first week of classes.

12. (A) It doesn’t belong to her.
(B) Whenever students ask for them.
(B) She’s not a licensed driver.
(C) Only in the afternoon.
(C) It isn’t running right.
UNIT 4
Mini Talks
Listening Comprehension Part C berisi Mini Talks. Mini Talks adalah monolog yang melibatkan 1 orang
speaker. Setiap MiniTalk biasanya diikuti oleh 3-5 pertanyaan.
Mini Talk terdiri dari 2 bagian:
1. The Introductory Comments

→ berisi penjelasan singkat tentang isi MiniTalk yang akan didengarkan.
Contoh : “Questions 35 to 40 : Listen to a lecture given at a botanical garden.”
2. The Talk
→ berisi monolog yang biasanya bersifat formal dan memiliki topik yang berbeda. Topic Mini Talk dapat
berupa materi perkuliahan (biologi, sejarah, sastra dll) dan monolog tentang segala sesuatu yang
berhubungan dengan Universitas (organisasi kampus, prosedur registrasi, dll).
Tipe pertanyaan dalam Mini Talk terbagi 3 seperti extended conversation:
Type of Overview Question in Mini Talks Sample Question

What is the lecture mainly about? What
is main idea of this lecture? Why is the
Topic/ main idea/ purpose questions
speaker giving this talk? What is the
main point of this lecture?
Questions about setting (course, time) and In what course was this lecture probably given?
location) Where / When was this talk probably given?
Who is the speaker?
Questions about the speaker
What is the speaker’s occupation?
Untuk tipe detail question dan inference question, Mini Talk dan Extended Conversation memiliki
bentuk yang hampir sama.
LESSON 1
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS (Audio 15)
1. (A) A teacher.
(C) During a game.
(B) A tour guide.
(C) A photographer. 5. (A) Factory workers.
(B) Visitors to a factory.
2. (A) A description of the wildlife preserve. (C) Management trainees.
(B) Advice about outdoor photography.
(C) The scientific classification of buffaloes. 6. (A) The process of canning soft drinks.
(B) Management-labor teamwork.
3. (A) To explain the traditions of handball. (C) The life cycle of plants.
(B) To give information about the rules of
tennis. 7. (A) The physical rewards of dancing.
(C) To discuss the rules of handball. (B) The importance of the program to the
university.
4. (A) At the end of a tournament. (C) The advantages of being in the program.
(B) Before an exhibition game.
8. (A) Director of a dance program. (B) Professor of psychology.
(C) Athletics coach.
12. (A) The use of blueprints.
(B) Methods of organizations.
9. (A) A host at a party.
(C) Editing papers.
(B) The president of a society.
(C) The captain of a ship. 13. (A) Experienced skiers.
(B) Ski instructors.
10. (A) The role of the State Historical Society.
(C) Beginning skiers.
(B) The history of new England.
(C) The story of some shipwreks.
14. (A) The fundamentals of skiing.
(B) Championship skiers.
11. (A) Composition.
(C) The development of ski resorts.
(B) Fine arts.
(C) Architecture.
LESSON 2
DETAIL & INFERENCE QUESTIONS (Audio16.1)
TALK A
1. (A) It covers some difficult topics.

4. (A) As harmful.
(B) Its unlike other biology courses
(B) As easily damaged.
(C) It has never been offered by this
(C) As frightening.
department
5. (A) Transportation
2. (A) By visiting a coral reef.
(B) Housing.
(B) By going to the library.
(C) Basic equipment.
(C) By going to a farm.
6. (A)Traveling by ship.
3. (A) Diving. (B) Trying to get financial aid.
(B) Photography. (C) Applying to another university.
(C) Biology.
TALK B
7. (A) They have such impressive appetites.

11. (A) The kodiak bear.
(B) They sometimes walk on two legs.
(B) The grizzly bear.
(C) They frequently attack people.
(C) The black bear.
8. (A) They will eat anything except plants. 12. (A) They are sometimes not as friendly as they
(B) They eat only honey. seem.
(C) They aren’t limited to a few types of food. (B) They are much more dangerous than
grizzly bears.
9. (A) Five feet. (C) They look dangerous but are usually
(B) Ten feet. friendly.
(C) Fifteen feet.
10. (A) In Alaska.

(B) In Yellowstone National Park.
(C) All over the United States.
UNIT 1
Parts of Speech
NOUN
INTERJECTION PRONOUN
PART OF VERB
PREPOSITION
SPEECH
CONJUNCTION ADVERB
ADJECTIVE
PART OF
No FUNCTION EXAMPLE WORDS EXAMPLE SENTENCES
SPEECH
1 Verb action or state (to) be, have, do, like, EnglishClub is a web site. I like
work, sing, can, must English Club.
2 Noun thing or person pen, dog, work, music, This is my dog. He lives in my
town, London, teacher, house. We live in London.
John
3 Adjective describes a noun good, big, red, well, My dogs are big. I like big dogs.
interesting
4 Adverb describes a verb, quickly, silently, well, My dog eats quickly. When he is
adjective or adverb badly, very, really very hungry, he eats really quickly.
5 Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
6 Preposition links a noun to another to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday.
word
7 Conjunction joins clauses or and, but, when I like dogs and I like cats. I like
sentences or words cats and dogs. I like dogs but I
don't like cats.
8 Interjection short exclamation, oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are
sometimes inserted you? Well, I don't know.
into a sentence
UNIT 2
Phrase, Clause and Sentence
PHRASE
CLAUSE
SENTENCE
The basic unit of English grammar is the clause. Clauses are made up of phrases. We can join two or more
clauses together to make sentences.
Presentation Material.
Find:
1. Types of Phrase with examples
2. Difference between phrase, clause and sentence
UNIT 3
Problems with Personal Pronoun
Tabel Personal Pronoun
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive Relative

Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
I Me My Myself
Who
You (singular) You Your Yourself
He Him His Himself Whom
She Her Her Herself Itself
It It Its Yourselves Whose
You (plural) You Your Ourselves
We Us Our Themselves which
They Them Their
Personal Pronoun adalah kata ganti orang dan terbagi menjadi 5 jenis, yaitu:
1. Subject Pronoun
→ digunakan untuk semua kata benda yang menjadi subjek kalimat. Anda tinggal memperhatikan
kata benda yang ingin Anda ganti, baik itu berdasarkan jumlah maupun jenis kelaminnya.
Contoh: My uncle stopped smoking. He stopped last year.
The people destroy the building. They look fierce.
Subject Pronoun juga dapat digunakan setelah be yang diikuti oleh sebuah frasa yang
menerangkan subjek kalimat.
Contoh: It is he who started to deny the church’s creed.
2. Object Pronoun
→ digunakan untuk semua kata benda yang menjadi objek dari sebuah kalimat. Contoh:
She loves me.
Object Pronoun (bukan subject pronoun) digunakan setelah preposition (kata depan): among,
between, for, from, of, to, with.
Contoh: Among them I am the most beautiful.
3. Possessive Adjective
→ digunakan untuk menggantikan kepemilikan.
Contoh: The blue whale is the heaviest creature on earth. Its weight can reach hundreds
of ton.
Possessive Adjective juga dapat menyerupai kata depan. Contoh:

With their legs, the spider started to chase its
prey.
4. Reflexive Pronoun
→ digunakan jika kata kerja dalam sebuah kalimat menerangkan kembali pelaku dari kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh: Jack does the work himself. (Jack sendiri yang mengerjakan pekerjaannya)
5. Relative Pronoun
→ kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua klausa menjadi satu dan diartikan sebagai
“yang”.
 Who digunakan untuk menggantikan subjek orang. This
is the woman who jumps from the Eiffel tower.
 Whom digunakan untuk menggantikan objek orang. He
lost the woman whom he cares so much.
 Whose digunakan untuk menggantikan kepunyaan. This
is the man whose wife jumps from Eiffel tower.
 Which digunakan untuk menggantikan benda.
This is the tower which we visited.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer!
1. My name is John. am a butcher.
2. They are fields around the mountainous regions. bear good crops.
3. The man stopped and asked us to give him a ride to the city.
4. The cat has a long tail. tail has a white patch at the end.
5. She can’t change the flat tire by .
6. I hope that you still remember the hat I am wearing. You gave it to the previous New
Year.
7. Those people just care about .
8. Let start working. We have to finish this proposal this afternoon.
9. The novel is about a girl is falling in love with a frog.
10. This is the man book is sold over twenty millions copies worlwide.
TOEFL EXERCISE
Part A
Choose the correct answer!
1. The story from “the wizard of Oz” told us that Champion that is hard to break for other
a little girl named Dorothy had to kill a drivers.
wicked witch to get back to her (A) he
house in Kansas. (B) his
(A) she herself (C) himself
(B) she (D) him
(C) herself
(D) who 4. Sherlock Holmes, accompanied by Dr.
Watson was his partner, tried to
2. You don’t have my agreement if you say solve all the mysteries that came to his
that among there is no single
desk.
appropriate candidate for the vacancy. (A) which
(A) them
(B) whom
(B) themselves (C) who
(C) they (D) that
(D) their
5. It was , who started the business of
3. Michael Schumacher has retired. Going the liquor in the United State of America and
with are seven times world F-1 became the most dangerous gangster leader in
America.
(A) he them were either sent to live with
(B) him fathers or killed.
(C) his (A) it
(D) himself (B) them
(C) they
6. All the players had given out for (D) their
the game but they still lost it.
(A) themselves 9. The moon shows progressively different
(B) himself phases as it moves along orbit.
(C) ourselves (A) it
(D) yourselves (B) its
(C) itself
7. The Egyptians believed that the spirits of the (D) their
dead monarchs traveled with the sun. When
the sun set in the west, the spirits settled into 10. His ability to play football makes
their tombs and renewed the MVP for this year.
in the morning. (A) him
(A) themselves (B) he
(B) their (C) himself
(C) ourselves (D) his
(D) our
8. The mythology of Amazon said that the

Amazons occasionally had sexual relations
with men of neighboring states and all male
children who were born to
Part B
Choose the incorrect answer!
1. Bees are the most important pollinating insects, and they interdependence with plants makes
A B
them an excellent example of the type of symbiosis mutualism. C
D
2. F. Scott Fitzgerald published his first book, This Side of paradise, in the same year when
A B
him married his girlfriend Zelda Sayre. C
D
3. The United States of America became a big contender in doll manufacturing in 1930’s when A
B
it made some innovation like putting in dimples, finger with nails, and making latex- rubber dolls C
that could drink water and wet itself.
D
4. Vampire bats have fewer teeth than those of other bats, but they have large, sharp incisors for
A
piercing the flesh of their prey, and anticoagulant in its saliva, which prevents the blood B C
D
from clotting.
5. Benito Mussolini, who was known as Il Duce or the leader, centralized political power in Italy and A
B
bound the nation to his with his charisma.
C D
6. The first dinosaurs, studied by some paleontologist, were megalosaurus and iguanodon, whose
A
partial bones were discovered in England and the shape of their bones, indicates that their were B C
D
were large and land-dwelling reptiles.
7. Lake Baikal, which is the deepest lake in the world, is known for the remarkable clarity of their A B
water and for the great diversity of its plant and animal life and it’s also estimated to contain
C D
approximately one-fifth of all the earth’s fresh surface water.
8. Jimi Hendrix, who we know as a guitarist, a singer, and a songwriter, left us with his ability and his A B
C
extremely popular performance by smashing his guitar.
D
9. Some astronomers believe that a black hole may be formed from the stars which are emitting
A
heat and light into space, and their support themselves against their own gravitational pull with the B
C D
outward thermal pressure.
10. Ernest Hemingway began his writing career in France where he published his early books,
A B C
including the The Sun Also Rises, in Europe before it were released in the United States of
D
America.
UNIT 4
Problems with Noun
Noun (kata benda) dapat dibagi menjadi:
1. Countable nouns mewakili benda- benda yang dapat dihitung, dapat dicacahkan satu per satu.
 countable nouns dapat berbentuk tunggal (singular) maupun jamak (plural). Anda dapat
menambahkan satuan “a/an” ataupun bentuk jamak “-s/-es”.
Contoh: I buy a book.
I buy three books.
My books are all red.
 countable nouns dapat diberi kata sandang few / a few (sedikit), many (banyak) dan a large /
small number (sangat banyak / sedikit)
Contoh: I have a few books.
There were only few people at the store. I think, they don’t make a very good business
with the store.
A large number of students.are going to the cinema.
2. Uncountable nouns mewakili benda-benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Benda-benda tidak dapat dihitung
yang masuk dalam kelompok ini adalah benda yang biasanya berbentuk konsep-konsep, yang tidak dapat
kita raba (dignity, beauty, etc) atau dapat kita raba tapi sulit untuk kita cacahkan (water, wood, fire,
sand, etc).
 Dalam uncountable nouns, tidak dikenal penambahan satuan “a”, yang menunjukkan bahwa sebuah
benda adalah benda tunggal, atau tambahan “-s/-es” untuk menunjukkan sebuah benda disebut jamak
(karena memang tidak ada bentuk tunggal maupun jamaknya). Contoh: Your bread is rotten.
 uncountable nouns dapat diberi tambahan kata sandang little / a little (sedikit), much
(banyak), dan a large / small amount of (sangat banyak/sedikit).
Contoh: I need a little bread.
 Dapat diungkapkan dengan satuan (baik berjumlah satu atau atau lebih) menggunakan
uncontable expression.
Contoh: I need two bars of soap.
Would you get me four slices of bread?
She wants a slice of bread.
EXERCISE
Nouns Uncountable Countable Noun Uncountable Countable
Climate Money
Idea Wood
Work News
Machine Information
Job Advice
Machinery Anger
Furniture Weather
Damage Woman
Leisure Traffic
Paper Traffic jam
Homework Ocean
TOEFL EXERCISE Part A

1. Joanne Kathleen Rowling graduated from
University of Exeter in England and
afterward worked in various
while attempting to write a fiction novel.
(A) works 6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, infectious
(B) jobs agent that causes AIDS, has
(C) a work the HIV-1 and HIV-2.
(D) a job (A) two type;
(B) a two type;
2. Water will become ice at 0° C only if the (C) two a type;
water is contaminated with or (D) two types;
other objects.
(A) dust 7. The searching of was claimed
(B) a dust to play an important factor earlier on, as it
(C) dusts became one of the most important articles in
(D) many dusts early trade.
(A) a salt
3. Knight-Ridder, Inc., an international
(B) the salts
communications company that operates
(C) salts
(D) salt
8. A lot of people in New York are stressed by

the sound of horns resulting from
one of the largest newspaper chains in the
_ in the streets.
United States, has business news and
(A) traffic jams
_ other services.
(B) traffics
(A) a large number of
(C) a traffic
(B) a large amount of
(D) a traffic jams
(C) a large numbers of
(D) a large amounts of
9. Within decades, internet has
become a primary thing in life for some
4. The design of Borobudur, a temple- mountain
people.
symbolizing the structures of the universe,
(A) a
was influencing the building of
(B) little
_ temples in Angkor, Cambodia.
(C) a few
(A) many
(D) a little
(B) much
(C) a
10. _ in restaurants can cause the
(D) a little
customers to eat quickly so that one table can
serve more customers on average.
5. Slovak American parents typically
(A) Fast musics
encouraged their children to seek secure
(B) A fast musics
_ rather than social or economic
(C) A fast music
advancement.
(D) Fast Music
(A) works
(B) jobs
(C) a work
(D) much works
Part B
1. The largest of all diamonds is the Cullinan, which was discovered in South Africa with 3106 carat A B
C
in weight.
D
2. In the year of 1970, there were almost 109 millions motor vehicles in the United States of America
A B
which caused traffics jam in all over big cities in America.
C D
3. With a machinery we can make a tough job easier because it enables a person to apply less of A B
C
his force with the same result or even greater. D
4. In China, tea is sometimes mixed with the scent of much different flowers, and jasmine is a A
B C
particular favorite one.
D
5. There are several types of comedies, those which are to release tension and those which are to A B
C
make a laughter.
D
6. On the million dollar baby film, a woman boxer forgot to obey an advice from her coach to protect A
B C
herself.
D
7. Mississippi produces one of the largest cotton yields in the United States of America and A B
C
a large number of the cotton is grown in the alluvial plain region.
D
8. Adolf Hitler instituted sterilization and euthanasia to enforce his idea of racial purity among
A B
German people and caused the slaughter of millions of Jews, Sinti, Roma, Slavic people, and
C
much others whom he considered inferior.
D
9. The major goal of the pacifists is to get a peace for all the people on this earth, and that is why
A B
they don’t want any war to emerge. C
D
10. The first atomic bomb which caused a major damaged and killed thousands of people was
A B C
dropped in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.
D
UNIT 5
Problems with Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjective adalah kata sifat seperti cantik, malas, pintar, tinggi, dan sebagainya; sedangkan adverb adalah
kata keterangan. Adverb bisa dibentuk dari adjective, seperti: beautiful → beautifully, lazy → lazily.
Adjectives:
1. dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda dan diletakkan di depan kata benda. Contoh:
I have a black cat.
2. dapat digunakan sebagai kata benda sehingga tidak memerlukan tambahan “-s/-es” untuk kata benda
jamak.
Contoh: I have a three-year old boy.
3. diletakkan setelah verbs of senses: feel, smell, taste, look, sound.
Contoh: Your radio sounds loud. (bukan loudly)
Adverbs:
1. digunakan untuk menerangkan kata selain kata benda. Pada ummumnya, bentuk adverb
menggunakan akhiran “-ly”, jika kata tersebut dibentuk dari kata sifat.
Contoh: She walks slowly. (slowly menerangkan kata kerja walk)
2. sebuah kalimat dapat diawali dengan bentuk “adverb with negative emphasis”, untuk memberi kesan
negatif yang lebih kuat. Dengan menempatkan adverb di awal kalimat, pola kalimat yang dipakai adalah
kalimat inverse.
Adverbs with negative emphasis antara lain:

Hardly ever, hardly, never, not only, not till, once, only then, scarcely, seldom, etc.
Contoh: I had never seen this building. → Never had I seen this big building.
Berikut ini merupakan kata sifat dan keterangan yang mempunyai bentuk yang sama.
Fast Late Hard
High Long Little
Contoh: I drive a fast car. (Adjective)

The car is fast. (Adverb)
EXERCISE I
Berikut adalah kata-kata yang memiliki arti dan fungsi yang berbeda. Apakah perbedaan masing- masing kata
tersebut?
1. She comes late.
She has often come to my house lately.
2. The bird is flying high.
She speaks very highly of you.
3. I can hardly breath.
The job is very hard.
TOEFL EXERCISE (A) common

Part A (B) commonly
Choose the correct answer! (C) commonness
(D) commons
1. There are two forms of a dialing telephone
system: a dial pulse from a rotary dial and a 2. The peregrine falcon, also known as duck hawk,
multi frequency tone, which is can fly as as 320
called a touch- tone. kilometers/hour.
(A) fast
(B) fastest
(C) faster
(D) fastly
6. The name of bug is often
3. mostly becomes the favorite of applied to beetles such as ladybug and
young and sporty people. potatobug.
(A) A two-door sedan (A) incorrect
(B) A two-doors sedan (B) not correct
(C) A two-door sedans (C) incorrectly
(D) A two-door’s sedan (D) incorrectness
4. Editorial cartoons also referred to political 7. Nowadays, the International Morse Code is
cartoons, look more rather than no longer used by the
humorous. military, because it has been replaced by the
(A) satirically digital communications via satellite.
(B) satire (A) commercially
(C) satirical (B) commercial
(D) satirize (C) commercialize
(D) commerce
5. because of the public inquiry.
(A) Not once the Pearl Harbor 8. The book “Daodejing”, written by Lao-tzu, is
Investigation had been held considered to be a book that has had an
(B) Once not the Pearl Harbor influence on Chinese thought
Investigation had been held and culture.
(C) Not once had been held the Pearl (A) enormously
Harbor Investigation (B) enormous
(D) Not once had the Pearl Harbor (C) enormity
Investigation been held (D) enormousness
9. Even though birds, mammals, and crocodiles

live in different habitats, they all have
.
(A) a four-chambers hearts
(B) a four-chambers heart
(C) a four-chamber heart
(D) a four-chamber’s heart
10. Some of the Superman’s shots had to be re-

done in the later days since Christopher Reeve,
the actor who played Superman, trained so
hard during the making of the film that his
physique changed .
(A) noticeably
(B) notice
(C) notices
(D) notification
Part B
1. The U.S Government and its regulatory agencies continue monitors the development and the use
A B
of all drugs sold in the United States of America to ensure that the American public have access
C
only to drugs that are safe and effective.
D
2. A street luge, a-ground based extreme sport similar to the traditional luge, can run as fastly as
A B C D
100 kilometers/hour.
3. Back in Shakespeare’s day, only upper-class people dressed fashion, while the mass of the rural
A B
peasantry wore simple clothing that hardly changed over many generations.
C D
4. Rap is the first music to adapt the fast, fractured rhythms, the bizarre juxtapositions, and the A
B C
ceaselessly self-promotion.
D
5. Because the launch heights are low compared to those in skydiving, the parachutes used in A
B
BASE Jumping are specially designed to open quick.
C D
6. Plastics, materials made up of large, organic molecules, can be made hardly as stone, strong as A B
C D
steel, transparent as glass, light as wood, and elastic as rubber.
7. In 1942, the FW-190 plane was made with a two-speeds mechanical supercharger with a A B
C D
hydraulically-operated clutch mechanism.
8. Fish’s heart works like two hearts side by side, keeping the pulmonary and systematic circulations AB
complete separated.
C D
9. Arsenic occurs frequent in the sulfides, which are the principle ores of many heavy metals. A
B C D
10. Bungee jumping is most common done from specially designed platforms and under the A B
C
supervision of a licensed company.
D
UNIT 6
Problems with Comparison
The Degrees of Comparison (tingkat perbandingan) dalam bahasa Inggris merupakan istilah untuk
tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat (Adjectives). Adapun berdasarkan tingkatannya, The Degrees
of Comparison dibagi menjadi 3 level:
1. Positive degree (Tingkat positif / setara)

Bentuk positif hanya dengan menambahkan as...........as diantara kata sifat.
 She is as smart as John. (Dia sepintar/ sama pintarnya dengan John)
2. Comparative degree (Tingkat perbandingan / lebih)

Bentuk Comparative dibuat dengan menambahkan akhiran –r (than) atau –er (than) setelah kata sifat.
 She is smarter than John. (Dia lebih pintar dari John).
Apabila kata sifat terdiri dari lebih dari 2 suku kata maka Anda meletakkan awalan more di depan kata
sifat.
 She is more beautiful than her.
Bentuk lain yang dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan comparative adalah tanpa menggunakan
than sebagai pembanding.
 You are getting prettier and prettier everyday.
 The richer the better.
3. Superlative degree (Tingkat terbaik/ paling)

Bentuk superlative dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran –st atau –est dan awalan the most
untuk kasus yang sama.
 She is the smartest.
 She is the most beautiful.
Berikut adalah hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam comparison degree:

Kata Sifat (Adjectives) yang terdiri atas satu suku kata, hanya ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative

cheap cheaper cheapest
great greater greatest
tall taller tallest
Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan berakhiran dengan satu huruf mati (konsonan) yang diawali
dengan huruf (vokal), ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est. Satu huruf mati terakhir digandakan.

big bigger Biggest
fat fatter Fattest
thin thinner Thinnest
Kata sifat (adjective) yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan diawali satu atau dua huruf mati, maka – y
diganti dengan –i dan kemudian ditambah–er atau -est. Contoh:

happy happier Happiest
lucky luckier Luckiest
pretty prettier Prettiest
Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan sebelumnya diawali dengan huruf hidup (Vokal) juga, maka huruf
–y tidak mengalami perubahan dan langsung ditambah –er atau –est. Contoh:

grey greyer Greyest
Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata dan berakhiran dengan –er atau –ow langsung ditambah – er atau
-est. Contoh:

clever cleverer Cleverest
shallow shallower Shallowest
slow slower Slowest
Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf –e, maka hanya ditambah dengan –
r atau –st saja. Contoh:

wise wiser Wisest
brave braver Bravest
Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata, akan tetapi tekanan pengucapannya jatuh pada suku kata pertama,
tidak ditambah –er dan –est tetapi ditambah dengan more dan most.

famous more famous most famous
nervous more nervous most nervous
charming more charming most charming
Kata sifat yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata atau lebih, langsung ditambah dengan more atau most.

careful more careful most careful
careless more careless most careless
useful more useful most useful
Ada beberapa Kata Sifat (Adjective) yang bentuk Comparative (Lebih) maupun Superlative (Paling)- nya
tidak mengikuti aturan seperti yang telah ditetapkan di atas, perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.
bad worse worst
good better best
Many/much more most
little less least
later last
late
later latest
older oldest
old
elder eldest
farther farthest
far
further furthest
a few less least
few fewer fewest
CATATAN
 Older dan oldest digunakan untuk orang dan benda, sedangkan elder dan eldest hanya
digunakan untuk orang saja.
Contoh:
She is my elder sister. My truck is older than yours.
 Farther dan farthest digunakan untuk menunjukkan jarak saja, sedangkan

further dan furthest digunakan untuk menunjukkan jarak dan waktu. Contoh:
Bali is farther than Maluku. We shall get further information
 Bentuk-bentuk perbandingan yang lain:

the same as – the same This book is the same as mine.
She has the same age as my brother. (menggunakan noun)
like – alike Your book and mine are the same.
similar to Your book is similar to mine.
different from Your book is different from mine.
differs Your book differs from mine.
TOEFL EXERCISE
Part A
1. Atoms are the particles of a (A) bigger and healthier

chemical element that still exhibit all the (B) the biggest and the healthiest
chemical properties unique to that element. (C) the bigger and the healthier
(A) smaller (D) big and healthy
(B) small
(C) smallest 3. A person can have the others,
(D) more smaller but each individual can inherit different
forms of a given gene that makes each
2. On average, Native Americans were person genetically unique.
than the Europeans who first (A) the same set of genes alike
encountered them, although they were (B) the same set of genes from
hopeless against European disease. (C) the same set of genes as
(D) the same set of genes than
4. Both automatic rifles and machine guns can trigger, but automatic rifles are much
fire repeatedly when the user holds the machine guns.
(A) Iight than (A) similar to
(B) the lighter than (B) similar to that
(C) lighter from (C) similar like
(D) lighter than (D) similar like that
8. The Antartic research program that had been

planned by 12 nations for the International
Geophysical Year (IGY) during the year of
1957-1958 was the
5. Gaseous water vapor does not reflect ever conceived-for and carried-
radar waves as well as liquid droplets of water out in this region.
or solid ice crystals, so radar returns from rain (A) most expensive
or snow are those from (B) more expensive
the clouds. (C) expensive
(A) stronger than (D) expensivest
(B) stronger from
(C) the strongest 9. Many secretaries are using computers to
(D) stronger than that make them work .
(A) fast and fast
6. Vaccination is intentional immunization (B) the faster and faster
against a particular disease by the use of (C) fastest and fastest
vaccines, substances which are structurally (D) faster and faster
those of the actual
disease-producing agents but which do not 10. Antartica, with 86% of the world’s total
produce disease themselves. glacial ice in 1956, made it a place that had the
(A) similar to amount of glacial ice on
(B) similar like earth.
(C) similar from (A) much
(D) similar as (B) more
(C) less
7. The pre-Christian religion of the Vikings (D) most
was of other Germanic
tribes.They worshiped a number of gods.
Part B
1. Jails are facilities operated by the local authorities, which used to confine adult criminal offenders
A B
who receive short-term sentences, that is sentences of lesser than one year. C D
2. The sentence “The man jumped on the buffalo” contains exactly the same morphemes like
A B
“The buffalo jumped on the man”, but they have different meaning.
C D
3. The pelvis construction of Saurischians dinosaur were similar to other ancient reptiles but, unlike
A B
other reptiles, Saurischians had stronger backbones, no claws on their outer front digits, and
C
forelimbs that were usually much shorter than the hind limbs.
D
4. It is true that the lower a star’s magnitude, the brightest it is. A
B C D
5. Weltwitschia mirabilis, has both one of the longest life spans and some of the longest leaves in
A
the plant kingdom, and it differs markedly in both anatomy and physiology than other plants that B C
D
are found in the desert.
6. Microprocessors are fabricated using techniques similar to other integrated circuits, such as
A B
memory chips, but Microprocessors generally have a more complex structure than those of other
C D
chips.
7. Among the world’s major cities, people in Australia and United States of America make the less A B
C
use of alternatives to private cars.
D
8. The relations between the United States of America and Cuba became the worse in February A B
C D
1996 when Cuba shot down two American civilian planes without warning.
9. It is hypothesized that the greater someone exposure is to hassles, the worst is his mood will be. A B
C D
10. Over the last century, the average surface temperature of Earth has risen about 0.6 Celsius
A
degree, therefore scientists predict far warming of 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius from that in the last century.
B C D
UNIT 7
Problems with Tenses
Pada dasarnya ada 3 bentuk waktu, yaitu : present (saat ini), past (lampau), dan future (yang akan datang).
Ketiga bentuk dasar tersebut masih dikelompok-kelompokkan lagi. Berikut adalah tenses yang umumnya
dijumpai dalam TOEFL.
Present Tense dalam kalimat positif.
Present Tenses He / she / It I/ you/ we/ they
1. Simple present → He studies English. → I study English.

→ He is a student. → I am a student.
2. Present continuous → He is studying English. → I am studying English.
3. Present perfect → He has studied English. → I have studied English.
4. Present perfect → He has been studying English → I have been studying English
continuous for three hours. for three hours.
To be yang dipakai dalam present tense:
Auxilary verb
Subject Tobe (kata kerja
bantu)
I am have, do
You
She
He
It
You
We
They
Past Tense dalam kalimat positif.

1. Simple past → He studied English. → I studied English.
→ He was a student. → I was a student.
2. Past continuous → He was studying English. → I was studying English.
3. Past perfect → He had studied English. → I had studied English.
→ He had been studying English → I had been studying English

4. Past perfect continuous
when you came. when you came.
To be yang dipakai dalam past tense:
Auxilary verb
Subject Tobe (kata kerja
bantu)
I was had, did
You
She
He
It
You
We
They
Future Tense dalam kalimat positif.

1. Simple future → He will study English. → I will/shall study English.
→ He will be a student. → I will/shall be a student.
2. Future continuous → He will be studying English. → I will/shall be studying English.
→ I will/ shall have studied

3. Future perfect → He will have studied English.
English.
→ He will have been studying → I will/shall have been studying

4. Future perfect continuous
English when you came. English when you came.
→ I would/should have studied

5. Past Future Perfect → He would have studied English.
English.
EXERCISE I
1. I never you that I loved her; I 4. I want the exercises for

only said that I liked her. advanced students.
(A) told (A) try
(B) have told (B) to try
(C) was telling (C) to have tried
2. I to Greece until Sally and I 5. Hey, you at the computer all

went there last summer. day. You should really take a break now.
(A) have never been (A) have been sitting
(B) had never been (B) were sitting
(C) was never being (C) did sit
3. By the time I'm 50, I a million 6. He claimed that he had never seen that
dollars. man, but I know that .
(A) will make (A) he did
(B) would make (B) he had
(C) will have made (C) he was
7. What to her about last night? (C) did you speak
(A) have you spoken
(B) you spoke 8. He his granddaughter daily.
(A) calling 9. She lunch when someone rang
(B) calls the doorbell.
(C) is calling (A) was preparing
(B) prepared
(C) has been preparing
10. She never when someone

leaves her a message.
(A) has called back
(B) calls back
(C) will call back
EXERCISE II
1. A number of resources watching 6. his economic disadvantages, Peter was

more than four hours a day of television is very successful in business.
more dangerous than listening to the radio (A) Although
four hours a day or more. (B) Despite
(A) are confirming (C) In spite
(B) confirm that
(C) confirming 7. Eating too many corn products is
eating too much meat.
2. Before leaving on a long journey, to (A) as dangerous to your health as
the doctor for a check-up. (B) as dangerous to your health than
(A) usually goes he (C) as dangerous to your health then
(B) usually he goes
(C) he usually goes 8. the weather was horrible, we
continued our walk through the
3. the French Revolution, many countryside.
citizens had become upset with the (A) Even though
aristocracy. (B) Despite
(A) By the time (C) In spite the fact
(B) Until
(C) By the time of 9. In the last decade of 1900s, more
dependent on telecommunications
4. Civil rights leader, the Cyber technology than ever before.
Defender prize for her Twitter campaign in (A) the world became
2009. (B) the world has become
(A) Jane Atherby was awarded (C) the world is becoming
(B) was awarded Jane Atherby
(C) was Jane Atherby awarded 10. that vegetables are healthier than
beef.
5. is certainly much easier with hybrid (A) Certain it is
technology. (B) Certainly it is
(A) Designing a fuel efficient vehicle (C) It is certain
(B) To design a fuel efficient vehicle
(C) Fuel efficient vehicle designed
UNIT 8
Problems with Modals
Modals adalah bagian dari kelompok kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verbs). Kata kerja setelah modals selalu
berbentuk kata kerja bentuk dasar (infinite without to).
Berikut adalah modals:
Can could (dapat)
May might (mungkin/boleh)
Must (harus)
Shall should (akan/seharusnya)
Will would (akan/seharusnya)
Fungsi modals juga bermacam-macam, diantaranya:

1. Memberi makna baru
Modal + Verb I
Contoh:
She drives a car. → She must drive a car.
(Dia mengemudi mobil) (Dia harus mengemudi mobil)
2. Membuat kesimpulan atas suatu peristiwa.

 Kesimpulan yang dibuat berdasarkan peristiwa saat ini.
Must be + adjective/-ing
Contoh:
She looks pale. She must be sick. (Dia kelihatan pucat. Dia pasti sakit)
 Kesimpulan yang dibuat berdasarkan peristiwa yang lampau.
Must have + Verb III

Contoh:
The streets are very wet, it must have rained last night.
(Jalanan sangat basah, pasti tadi malam hujan)
3. Mengajak dan menanyakan sesuatu.

Contoh:
Would you come to my office this afternoon?
(Apakah Anda bersedia datang ke kantor saya sore ini?)
EXERCISE I
State whether they are true (T) or false (F). Put a tick [√] to the correct answer.
No. Sentences T F
1. She can’t be married. She doesn’t wear a wedding ring.
2. I think I can finished your order before new year.
3. Her cat is dead. She must upset now.
I have two messages on the phone this morning. Somebody must have call me last
4.
night.
I can’t withdraw my money today. The bank must be blocking my account
5.
yesterday.
6. Her line is busy. She must have used your phone now.
7. Would you like to see miss Connelly tomorrow?
When we get home, my mother can’t find the key. She must be leaving it
8.
somewhere before we arrived at our house.
9. It’s 10 p.m.. She must be sleeping now.
10. Do you like to make documentaries every time you are in other cities?
TOEFL EXERCISE
PART A
1. It is said that Roman women could almost 6. A black hole is a one-way surface which matter
always husbands, even on a can, regardless its size,
second or a third marriage. inward but which cannot emerge anymore.
(A) finds (A) fell
(B) find (B) falling
(C) found (C) fall
(D) finding (D) falls
2. Although colon cancer can in 7. It is still debated that in the core of the earth
any segment of the colon, it does most
there might solid core.
common in the sigmoid colon, the section (A) be
closest to the rectum.
(B) is
(A) occured
(C) been
(B) occur
(D) being
(C) occurs
8. Earthquakes, undersea volcanic eruptions, and
(D) occuring
underwater landslides can
large waves to wash ashore which are known
3. Mission specialists of a space shuttle are
as tsunamis.
scientists and engineers who must
(A) cause
_ detailed knowledge on shuttle
(B) causing
systems and equipment as well as on
(C) caused
objectives associated with that mission.
(D) to cause
(A) has
(B) having
9. When winter suddenly halts the supply of
(C) have
insects, birds that eat insects must
(D) had
_ warmer climates where food is
still bountiful.
4. Indonesia consists of thousands of
(A) they head for
islands, it many cultures.
(B) head for
(A) must have had
(C) heading for
(B) must have
(D) headed for
(C) could be having
(D) has to be having
10. When an employer and a union cannot
_ an agreement through the
5. _ to handle this matter for me?
collective bargaining process, the union
(A) Do you like
may conduct a strike.
(B) Will you like
(A) reaching
(C) Did you like
(B) reaches
(D) Would you like
(C) they reach
(D) reach
PART B
1. As the earth is getting hotter, some regions in warmer climates will receive more rainfall than A B
C
before, but soils will dried out faster between storms.
D
2. The existence of the International Geophysical Year, a research program in the Antartica, will give A B
C
out information that will permits serious scientific assessment, based on systematically developed D
data.
3. During the early days of he United States of America, the Southern patriots feared that building a
A B
strong central government might interfered with the slavery that they supported.
C D
4. When you see a tall grey bird fishing in a river, it must a heron.
A B C D
5. A person should, with sunglasses or not, never looks directly at the sun. A
B C D
6. The term espionage can, in relations to its field range, is used with reference to business, military,
A B C
economic, and political decisions.
D
7. A lot of people must be buy a large number of cell phones, because their prices are beginning to A B
C D
decrease.
8. It must be the invention of a relatively light internal combustion, as one of many factors, which A B
C D
made the Wright prothers succeeded in building an early aero plane.
9. In the Middle Ages salt could have played an important role since slaves were often purchased
A B
with it.
C D
10. A one-year-old baby should, without any help from others, can sit up or stand up. A
B C D
UNIT 9
Problems with Verbs
Dalam bahasa Inggris, satu kalimat minimal terdiri dari 1 subjek dan 1 kata kerja (verb).
Contoh: She sings.
Namun, ada beberapa kalimat yang membutuhkan objek agar kalimat menjadi benar dan bermakna. Contoh:
She wants...
Objek kalimat dari kata kerja dapat berbentuk gerund (verb + -ing) atau infinitive with to, tergantung kata
kerjanya.
Contoh: She wants climbing the tree.
She wants to climb the tree.
Verbs yang diikuti infinitive with to antara lain:
agree Decide hesitate need refuse

appear Demand hope offer seem
arrange Deserve learn plan tend
ask Expect manage prepare wait
claim Fail mean promise want
Verbs yang diikuti gerund antara lain:
admit delay mention

appreciate deny miss
avoid discuss postpone
complete enjoy keep
suggest consider
CATATAN
1. Kata depan (preposition) juga membutuhkan gerund maupun kata benda.
at on for with
by of in about
Contoh: Mary insisted on coming with us.
2. Verb-phrases yang diikuti gerund :

look forward to
do not mind
object to get
through
Contoh : I look forward to seeing you.
3. Verb yang dapat diikuti baik gerund maupun infinitive.

stop
forget
remember
consider
Contoh : She stopped going to the market.
She stopped (her work) to go to the market.
TOEFL EXERCISE
PART A
1. At first, General George Washington refused 6. A person who quits before the
black troops, but the age of 50 reduces his risk of life- threatening
demands of the war during the American disease by half compared to that who
civil revolution eventually changed his contunues smoking.
mind. (A) to smoke
(A) to recruit (B) smoked
(B) recruit (C) he smoked
(C) recruited (D) smoking
(D) recruiting
7. The humpbacks manage fish
2. “The regime de la terreur” or Reign of terror, inside a cylindrical column of bubbles
during the french revolution, was intended to released through the whales’ blowholes.
promote democracy and popular rules by (A) to corral
_ the revolution (B) corralling
of its enemies and thereby purifying it. (C) to be corralled
(A) ridding (D) corralled
(B) rid
(C) ridded 8. In 1995, scientists at the Carnegie Institute of
(D) to rid Washington announced that computer models
of the earth’s inner core appear
3. In the cold war era, the United States and _ one huge, remarkably aligned
the Soviet Union did not hesitate iron crystal.
_ African countries in their global (A) to showing
contest. (B) showed
(A) involved (C) to show
(B) involving (D) showing
(C) to involve
(D) to be involving 9. Astronomers learn about the physical and chemical
properties of a star by
4. At the Progressive era, reformers or _ the energy it emits.
progressives wanted the (A) studying
United States of America a better place to (B) studied
live, and like Roosevelt, they believed that the (C) to study
government had an important role to play in (D) studies
this transformation.
(A) made 10. Individuals who have been exposed to
(B) making significant doses of ionizing radiation, as from
(C) they to make the explosion of nuclear weapons, tend
(D) to make from temporary baldness.
(A) to suffering
5. Muslims are expected for (B) they suffering
prayer at five different times every day. (C) to suffer
(A) they paused (D) to suffers
(B) pausing
(C) paused
(D) to pause
PART B
1. A certain element of reciprocity existed in religion, such as the Romans expected their gods
A B
responded to offerings.
C D
2. Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence cannot be cured yet, but various treatment options can help
A B
an alcoholic to avoid to drink and to regain a healthy life.
C D
3. The death of Martha jefferson had a profound effect on Jefferson and probably influenced his A B
return to politics, which he had finally considered to abandon.
C D
4. During their childhoods, individuals with dissociative identity disorder often appear moody or
A
irresponsible because they may switch personalities suddenly or deny have done something they B C
no longer remember.
D
5. In 1864, one of the most influential and farsighted Russian revolutionaries, Alexandr Ivanovich
Herzen moved to Geneva, where he hoped, with a big anticipation, win a closer contact with the
A B C
younger generation of Russian revolutionaries studying at Swiss universities.
D
UNIT 10
Problems with Passive Voice
Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya dikenai pekerjaan.
Be + participle (Verb III)
Be yang digunakan dapat berbentuk present, past, future ataupun menggunakan get dan become. Contoh:
Tenses Example Translaton
Present simple The book is written by me. Buku tersebut ditulis oleh saya
Past simple The book was written by me. Buku tersebut dulu ditulis oleh saya
Buku tersebut akan ditulis oleh
Future simple The book will be written by me.
saya
Present Buku tersebut sedang ditulis oleh
The book is being written by me.
continuous saya sekarang
Buku tersebut sedang ditulis oleh
Past continuous The book was being written by me.
saya (dahulu).
Buku tersebut telah ditulis oleh
Present perfect The book has been written by me.
saya.
Menggunakan get dan become.

Contoh: I will get fired if I always come late.
I got fired yesterday.
CATATAN:
 Passive agent adalah subjek yang melakukan kegiatan, dan ditunjukkan dengan adanya kata “by”.
 Passive gerund adalah kalimat yang formatnya berbeda karena dapat digunakan bersama dengan
kata kerja tertentu saja, yaitu: want dan need.
Contoh: The book needs revising. (bukunya perlu direvisi)
EXERCISE I
Complete the following sentences using appropriate active or passive verb forms.
1. Medicines _ among the poor. 4. The sick man upon.

(A) were distributing (A) had operated
(B) distributed (B) had been operated
(C) were distributed (C) operated
2. Three bullets from his body. 5. Seats for the visitors.

(A) had removed (A) were reserving
(B) had been removed (B) had reserved
(C) removed (C) had been reserved
6. They the meeting on time.
3. The invitation by the minister. (A) had been started
(A) has accepted (B) were starting
(B) has been accepted (C) had started
(C) accepted
7. He the truth from his wife. (B) had hidden
(A) hidden (C) had been hidden
9. The project by us.
8. Nothing in the house. (A) will undertake
(A) had left (B) will be undertaken
(B) had been left (C) undertook
(C) left
10. The flight crew in a space shuttle
_ by a commander.
(A) is led
(B) lead
(C) leading
EXERCISE II
Change into passive voice.
1. They were interviewing her for the job. 6. They say that women are smarter
She for the job. than men.
(A) was being interviewed Women to be smarter
(B) was interviewed than men.
(C) has been interviewed (A) were being said
(B) were said
2. Tom is writing the letter. (C) are said
The letter by Tom.
(A) was written 7. The fire has destroyed the house.
(B) is being written The house by the
(C) has been written fire.
(A) has been destroyed
3. Everyone understands English. (B) was being destroyed
English by everyone. (C) is destroyed
(A) is understood
(B) has been understood 8. She would have told you.
(C) was understood You by her.
(A) would have been told
4. The employees brought up this (B) would be told
issue during the meeting. (C) were being told
This issue by the
employees during the meeting. 9. She would reject the offer.
(A) has been brought up The offer by her.
(B) is brought up (A) will have been rejected
(C) was brought up (B) would be rejected
(C) will be rejected
5. The professor told him not to talk in
class. He _ by the professor 10. This surprises me.
not to talk in class. I by this.
(A) has been told (A) would have been surprised
(B) was told (B) will be surprised
(C) was being told (C) am surprised
UNIT 11
Problems with Used to
Use to adalah kata kerja yang berarti “dulu punya kebiasaan itu”. Used to diikuti infinitive (verb I) dan
dalam TOEFL menggunakan “did” sebagai kata kerja bantunya. Used to, be used to dan get used to,
dapat digunakan dalam present, past dan future tense dan memiliki arti masing-masing sesuai tense yang
digunakan.
Penggunaan dalam kalimat positif.

1. Used to 2. Be used to (get used to)
→ diikuti verb I → diikuti gerund atau kata benda
 I used to drink beers.  I am used to drinking
→ diikuti to be beers. I get used to
 I used to be happy. drinking beers.
 I am used to traffic
jams. I get used to
traffic jams.
→ diikuti to be
 I am used to be happy.
Penggunaan dalam kalimat negatif. CATATAN

 I did not (didn’t) use to drink beers.  Used to menyatakan kegiatan (kebiasaan)
 I am not used to traffic jams. yang selalu terjadi di masa lalu.
 I did not (didn’t) get used to traffic jams.  Be used to menyatakan sesuatu yang
terbiasa dilakukan.
 Get used to menyatakan sesuatu yang akan
menjadi kebiasaan.
Contoh: She found the heels too high, but
she got used to them.
EXERCISE I
Fill in the blanks using used to or get used to.
1. He used to (be) fat but now he's thin
2. He isn't used to (work) in these bad conditions.
3. How did you get used to (sleep) in the middle of this mess.
4. Did you (use to) write poems when you were young?
5. I need some time to get used to (live) in this town.
6. Sting used to (be) a teacher before he became a famous singer.
7. I'm not used to (wash) linen by hand.
8. She'll get used to (walk) in the extremely cold winter of Siberia.
9. My mother didn't (use to) drink much coffee. But now she has become addicted to it
10. There used to (be) a lot of trees in this court yard. They have all been cut down.
EXERCISE II
Complete the following sentences with the correct form.
hike direct travel work be perform go
1. My band “Doloris” used to in front of thousands of audience.

2. I am used to up the Himalayan by himself.
3. My girlfriend and I are used to to the beach on Saturday nights.
4. He is not used to a large number of trainees.
5. Believe me or not, but I used to around Europe with a motorbike.
6. The new employee is not used to under dateline.
7. The mangoes in my garden used to sweet and fresh.
UNIT 12
Problems with Advisability
Advisability adalah frasa yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah nasihat atau saran. Frasa yang
digunakan antara lain:
1. Had better ( ...‘d better) diikuti infinitive (Verb I) yang artinya “sebaiknya”.
Contoh: You had better go home. (Kamu sebaiknya pulang)
You’d better go home.
2. - Would rather (...‘d rather) diikuti infinitive (Verb I) yang artinya “lebih suka”.
Contoh: I would rather go home now.
I’d rather go home now.
- Would rather that (...‘d rather that) diikuti subject dan Verb II yang artinya “lebih suka”
Contoh: I would rather that he went home now. (Saya lebih suka kalau dia pulang
sekarang)
CATATAN
 Had better dan would rather memiliki satu subjek, sedangkan would rather that memiliki dua
subjek yang berbeda.
TOEFL EXERCISE
1. I you to the party, but you were out of

6. I can't find my wallet anywhere, I it at
town.
home.
(A) will invite
(A) should have left
(B) had to invite
(B) have to leave
(C) would have invited
(C) must have left
(D) would rather invite
(D) used to leave
2. Before you started studying Byzantine history,
7. You better care of yourself, and you
you medieval Greek so that you sick.
the primary sources. (A) used to take / ought not to have gotten
(A) should have learned / could read (B) would have taken / hadn't better gotten
(B) had better learn / were able to read (C) would rather take / must have gotten
(C) might be learning / can read (D) should have taken / wouldn't have gotten
(D) would rather learn / read
8. The poce would rather that I more
3. According to statistics, humans now sleep on careful.
average about 2 hours less every night than (A) would drive
they a century ago. (B) would rather drive
(A) should have (C) drove
(B) must (D) drive
(C) could have
(D) used to 9. The majority of the pedestrians would rather that
the government the overtaking.
4. You had better or the dog will bite (A) better cancel
you. (B) had better cancel
(A) ran (C) cancelled
(B) run (D) would cancel
(C) have run
(D) running 10. All drivers had better their vehicles
before driving.
5. Jim is studying mechanical engineering but (A) check
creative writing because he is a great (B) to check
writer. (C) checking
(A) should have been studying (D) would rather check
(B) could have be studying
(C) must have been studying
(D) had been studying
UNIT 13
Problems with Conditional Sentence
Conditional sentence (kalimat pengandaian) terdiri dari Main Clause (induk kalimat) dan
Subordinate (anak kalimat).
Tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:

The Zero conditional
→ digunakan untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang selalu terjadi (hal-hal yang merupakan fakta).
If + Simple Present, + Simple Present
Contoh:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes. I
go jogging If I wake up early,
CATATAN:
√ If dapat diganti dengan when
Conditional Sentence Type I (called the “real” conditional)

→ digunakan untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi.
If + Simple Future, + Simple Present
Contoh: If I have enough time, I'll watch the football match.

I will tell her the secret If I see her.
Conditional Sentence Type II (called the “unreal” conditional)

→ digunakan untuk menggambarkan keadaan yang berlawanan dengan keadaan sekarang dan
tidak mungkin terjadi.
If + Simple Past, + Simple Past Future
Contoh : If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.

I would call him If I were you.
CATATAN:
√ tobe yang dipakai selalu “were” walaupun subjeknya I, she, he,it
Conditional Sentence Type III

→ digunakan untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena telah berlalu di masa
lampau.
If + Simple Past Perfect, + Simple Past Future Perfect
Contoh : If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.
I would have passed the exam, If I had studied harder.
INGAT!!
Berikut adalah penggunaan If (jika) v.s Unless (jika tidak) dalam conditional sentence.
Conditional Sentence Type 1:

 If we don't hurry, we will be late for the show.
 Unless we hurry, we will be late for the show.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
 If he had permission from his parents, he would travel alone.
 Unless he had permission from his parents, he wouldn't travel alone.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
 If you hadn't suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him.
 Unless you had suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him.
EXERCISE I
Change into conditional sentence.
1. If an object blocks the light of the sun, a dark patch, or shadow (form) behind it.
2. Ferdinand Magellan (not sail) around the world if he had not had the approval from
King Charles I.
3. If you bur fuel, it (release energy).
4. Gandhi would not have thrown himself into the struggle for elementary rights for Indians if he
_ (to be) treated equally in Durban.
5. If you (look) directly at the Sun, it will damage your eyes.
EXERCISE II
Identify the incorrect answer!
1. The United States became involved in Vietnam because it believed that if all of the country fall under a
Communist government, Communism would spread throughout Southeast Asia and beyond.
2. If there was no cutting machine, a miner would use his hand to cut a coal.
3. If both of your parents had brown hair, you will probably have the genes for brown hair.
4. There would have been no bombing in Nagasaki and Hiroshima if the Japanese have not
massively attacked the United States of America’s Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor.
5. Although the military did not welcome the change, there would be no great strides toward eliminating
racial segregation and discrimation if President Harry S. Truman had not made the Harry S. Truman
Executive Order 9981)
UNIT 14
Problems with Wish / if only
Wish / if only adalah juga salah satu bentuk kalimat pengandaian. Berikut
adalah bentuk wish/ if only sesuai maknanya dalam kalimat:

1. Menginginkan perubahan di masa sekarang atau masa lalu
If only / wish + simple past
 If only I knew how to use a computer.

(I don’t know how to use a computer and I would like to learn how to use it)
 I wish I were you.
2. Mengekspresikan penyesalan terhadap kejadian di masa lampau

If only / wish + past perfect
 If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.)
3. Mengekspresikan keluhan
If only / wish + past future
 I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time.

(I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time)
EXERCISE
1. I wish that I (talk) I to him yesterday.

2. I need help badly. If only you (can) help me.
3. My old car often breaks down. I wish I (buy)a new car.
4. He didn't pass the exam. If only he (work) hard.
5. She was absent. I wish she (attend) the conference.
6. What a beautiful house! I wish I (have) a house like this one.
7. I wish (to be)I rich. I would buy a farm and enjoy the calm of the countryside.
8. They had that bad accident because they were careless. If only they (to be) more
careful.
9. We saw the film. I wish you (see) it with us. It was an amazing evening.
10. I like traveling around the world. If only I (have) time to realize my dream.
UNIT 15
Problems with Subjunctive
Subjunctive adalah kata kerja yang mengekspresikan harapan, keinginan maupun pilihan.
Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk subjunctive adalah:
require recommend suggest

request insist command
propose demand hope
atau kata sifat dalam bentuk kalimat berikut:
It is (vital / important/ necessary / desirable) that....
Form:
Subjuntive + that+ subject + Infinitive without to (Verb I)
Contoh: The minister hopes that you help him with the new law.
It is vital that you finish your studies.
CATATAN
 Sebagian dari kata-kata kerja subjunctive di atas dapat berubah menjadi noun (kata benda) dengan
aturan yang sama:
requirement recommendation suggestion

request insistence demand
proposal
Contoh: The suggestion is that he go to the doctor.

UNIT 16
Problems with Connectors / Conjuctions
Connector atau conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang dapat menghubungkan kata, frase klausa.
Coordinate Conjunction
→ menghubungkan kata dengan kata, frase dengan frase dan klausa dengan klausa. Apabila 2 klausa
dihubungkan, biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma (,).

Coordinate
Arti Aplikasi dalam kalimat
conjunction
Hereford cows are brown and white.
and dan
He washed his car and cleaned out the garage.
atau, kemungkinan This plant can be grown in a house or in a garden. Her
Or
(positif) action was very brave or very follish.
He brought his wallet but forgot his checbook.
but tetapi/namun The book discussed some interesting ideas, but it wasn’t very well
written.
nor negation He’s never taken a class in sociology, nor does he intend to.
so*
Sehingga (akibat) It was a bright day, so she put on her sunglasses.
(*So - hanya digunakan untuk menghubungkan klausa.)
Subordinate conjunction
→ menghubungkan klausa terikat (dependent clause) dan klausa bebas (independent clause).
Subordinate conjuctions antara lain:

after because though
although because of unless
as before till/until
as far as by the time when
as if even though whenever
as long as in case whereas
as soon as in case of wherever
Contoh: Finish your worksheet by the time I come back.

I left before you came.
Take notes as you read the article.
Correlative conjunction
→ merupakan kata penghubung 2 bagian (berpasangan) yang berfungsi seperti coordinate
conjuction.
Correlative conjunction Aplikasi dalam kalimat
both ... and Both wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family.
Dominic studied not oly mathematics but also computer
not only ... but also ...
science.
either ... or... We need either a nail or a screw to hang up this picture.
Neither ... nor ... Neither the television nor the sereo had been turned off.
Conjunctive Adverbs
→ menghubungkan klausa dengan klausa. Tetapi dalam TOEFL, kata-kata ini umunya digunakan untuk
pengecoh (distractors)- jarang sekali mucul sebagai jawaban yang benar.
Conjunctive adverbs yaitu moreover, however, nevertheless, therefore, dsb.
TOEFL EXERCISE
Part A
1. Blindfish, which spend their whole lives in 6. Endive can be used as a salad
caves, have eyes nor body green or as a cooking vegetable.
pigments. (A) such
(A) not any (B) both
(B) neither. (C) either
(C) nor (D) neither
(D) without
7. Glucose does not have to be digested,
2. Specialty stores, unlike department stores, _ it can be put directly into the
handle only one line of mercahndise bloodstream.
_ a limited number of closely (A) so
related lines. (B) while
(A) either (C) and since
(B) but (D) nor
(C) instead
(D) or 8. Natural fiber comes from either animal
_ plant sources.
3. Thomas Eakins studied not only painting (A) or
_ anatomy when he was training to (B) otherwise
become an artist. (C) and
(A) moreover (D) nor
(B) but also
(C) as well 9. Paint is used to protect wood.
(D) and (A) not only the substance
(B) the substance which is not only
4. Although topologyis the youngest branch of (C) not only a substance which is
geometry, is considered the (D) not the only substance
most sophisticated.
(A) but it 10. An acoustic engineer’s purpose in designing
(B) so it a factory is to suppress sound,
(C) it _ his or her purpose in designing
(D) however it a concert hall is to transmit sound
faithfully.
5. In 1923 jean Toomer wrote a book titled (A) or
Cane which combined fiction (B) so
poetry to dscribe the experience of being (C) but
black in the United States. (D) which
(A) and
(B) to
(C) also
(D) or
UNIT 17
Problems with Parallel Structure
Dalam TOEFL, penggunaan Parallel Structure yang benar sangat penting. Parallel Structure berarti
kalimat yang secara struktur memiliki kesamaan bentuk gramatikal dan fungsi.
Contoh: She spends her leisue time biking, camping and fishing.
He changed the oil, checked the tire pressure and filled the tank with gas.
Nancy plans to either study medicine or major in biology.
Parallel Structure juga sering digunakan dengan correlative conjunction seperti:

either...or ataupun not only ... but also.
TOEFL EXERCISE
1. Computers are often used to control, adjustment, and correct complex industrial operations. A
B C D
2. The bellflower is a wildflower that grows in shady fields, in marshes, and mountain slopes. A
B C D
3. Eggs may be boiled in the shell, scrambled, fried, and cooked in countless another ways. A B
C D
4. Many places of history, scientific, cultural, or scenic importance have been designated national A B C
D
monuments.
5. R. Buckminster Fuller was a design, an architect, an inventor, and an engineer.

A B C D
6. Modern motorcycles are lighter, faster, and specialized than motorcycles of 25 years ago. A
B C D
7. Many people who live near the ocean depend on it as a source of food, recreation, and
A B C
to have economic opportunities.
D
8. Large commercial fishing vessels are equipped to clean, packaging, and freeze the fish, that they
A B C
catch at sea.
D
9. As a breed, golden retrievers are intelligent, loyally, and friendly dogs. A B
C D
10. Mathematics can be considered a language, an art, a science, a tool, or playing a game.
A B C D
UNIT 18
Problems with Agreement
Agreement (kesesuaian) adalah suatu kondisi dimana terdapat kesesuaian antara kata benda dan kata ganti
bendanya, antara subjek dan kata kerjanya, antara kata kerja dan keterangan waktu, serta antara kata kerja dan
kata kerja.
Agreement on subject and verb

Contoh: The new manager, who is a British, always arrives at seven in the morning.
Several chairs, square and round, were delivered yesterday.
Agreement on indefinite subject and verb

Berikut adalah kata - kata yang termasuk singular:
Anyone everything
Anything no one
Each nothing
Either nobody
Neither whatever
Everyone whoever
Contoh: Nobody is coming to my party.
Kata yang termasuk ke dalam kategori jamak adalah kata both.

Contoh: Both books are mine.
Agreement on impersonal pronoun

Impersonal pronoun yang kita bahas adalah “one”. Kata “one” yang mengacu pada seseorang harus diikuti
oleh noun atau pronoun yang menggunakan kata “one” itu sendiri.
Contoh: One cannot succeed unless one works hard.
One will have to show one’s license to join this competition.
CATATAN
Bentuk possssive dari one adalah one’s atau his.
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO READING COMPREHENSION
QUESTION TYPES
Adapun bentuk pertanyaan yang muncul dalam Reading Comprehension, antara lain:
No. Type of question Sample Question
“What is the main idea of the passage?”

Overview questions:
1. “What is the passage primarily about?”
Main Idea/ Topic/ Purpose Question
“Why did the author write the passage?”
“According to the passage, ... ?”

Factual questions
“Which of the following is true, according to the passage?”
“Which of the following is not true about ...?”

Detail Negative questions
“All the following are true, EXCEPT ...”
2. Questions
Scanning question “Where in the passage does the author first discuss ...”
Vocabulary-in-context
“The word in line 5 is closest in meaning to ... “
question
Reference question “The word “it” in line 15, refers to ... “
“ Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?”

3. Inference Question “The author implies that ...”
“The author suggests that ...”
UNIT 2
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS
A. Main Idea, Topic and Purpose Questions

Definition:
1. Main Idea question
→ ask you to identify the most important thought in the passage.
2. Topic question
→ ask you what the passage generally “about”.
3. Purpose question
→ ask why an author wrote a passage.
B. Other overview Questions

Definition:
4. Tone question
→ ask you determine the author’s feeling about the topic by the language that he or she
uses in writing the passage.
5. Attitude question
→ is very similar to tone question. You must understand the author’s opinion.
6. Organization question
→ ask about the overall structure of a passage or about the organization of a
particular paragraph.
7. Questions about previous or following paragraphs
→ ask you to assume that the passage is part of a longer work.
UNIT 3
SKIMMING AND SCANNING
As a student, you will be assigned a lot of reading. Sometimes it is important to read slowly and carefully. Other
times, you are just trying to find specific information. Skimming and scanning are skills that will help you with
both of these types of reading.
SKIMMING
To skim means to run your eyes over a text very quickly. Read the title so that you know what the
reading is about. Read the first few sentences of each paragraph to get the main ideas. Quckly read the
conclusion. You will also get an impression of how long the reading is and how difficult it will be.
You might think it will take more time to fist skim and then go back to the beginning to read carefully.
But actually, skimming wll save you time because you will read more easily and remember more.
Most of the time, you would not skim a novel. But try skimming your academic reading, as well as
newspaper and magazine articles and websites. In TOEFL, you will also need to skim every passage in order to
understand the content and correctly answers the questions with the time given.
SCANNING
To scan means to look just for specific information. When you look for a definition in a dictionary, you
are scanning. You are looking for only one entry. You find it as quickly as you can, and you read only that
information.
When you scan, think first about what kind of answer you are looking for. For example, if you are
looking for someone’s name, look for two words with capital letters (Mohandas Gandhi). If you look for a date,
look for four numbers together (1876).
EXERCISE I
Questions 1-5 are about the following note from a teacher.
Dear Cathy,
Thanks for volunteering to clean up the science laboratory this afternoon. Usually, when
a student does this for the first time, I go to the lab to show him or her exactly what to do.
However, today I have a teacher’s staff meeting at 3:30, so I can’t be there. Still, I’m sure
everything will be fine, since you have worked in the lab many times. Here is what you
should do:
1. Clean all the glass containers that were used in class today.
2. After washing the containers, place them upside down on a towel to dry.
3. Wipe down all the worktables with a wet cloth.
4. Put all the microscopes that have been left out back on the equipment shelf.
5. Sweep the floor.
6. Put the trash outside the door.
7. Turn off the lights and lock the door when you leave.
If you have any questions, please ask Ms. Edwards in the classroom next
door. You can return the key to me tomorrow when we have class at 10:30.
Thank you so much for your help!
— Mr. Marston
1. In line 2 of the note, the word this refers to (B) finishing homework
. (C) going to the science laboratory
(A) saying thank you (D) cleaning the science laboratory
4. What should Cathy do immediately after
2. Where will Mr. Marston probably be when sweeping the floor?
Cathy cleans the lab? (A) Lock the lab door
(A) In the lab (B) Put away any microscopes
(B) In his office (C) Wipe down the worktables
(C) At a meeting (D) Take the trash out of the lab
(D) In the classroom next door
5. When should Cathy give the key back to Mr.
3. Where should Cathy put the glass Marston?
containers? (A) On her way home
(A) On a towel (B) In class the next day
(B) Near the door (C) Right after she cleans the lab
(C) Next to the sink (D) Before school begins the next
(D) On the equipment shelf morning
Questions 6-10 refer to the following letter in a school newspaper.
Lin
e This is my first year attending Wilson Middle School. Last year I went to a different
middle school. Over the summer my father got a new job, so our whole family moved. Now I
go to Wilson.
I want to make some comments based on my unique perspective as someone who has attended
two different middle schools. For example, I was surprised by all the complaints that the students at
5
Wilson make about the food in the cafeteria. Either they don’t like it,
or they want more choices. But I like the food. The dishes are pretty tasty. And as for choices,
at the school I went to last year there were never more than two lunch options each day.
Sometimes there was only one!
However, I don’t want anyone to think that I have a negative opinion of the Wilson students.
10
Actually, I have been impressed with how involved the students here are. I plan to participate in
some of the special clubs here that are organized by students, like the photography club and the
hiking club. At my last school, students were not as actively involved in forming clubs.
6. Why is the author a student at Wilson (A) cause and effect

Middle School? (B) back and forth
(A) Because his family recently moved (C) out of date
(B) Because his father is a teacher there (D) point of view
(C) Because it is the best school in the
area 8. In line 9, the word one refers to .
(D) Because he just completed primary (A) day
school (B) school
(C) option
7. In line 4, the word perspective is closest in (D) cafeteria
meaning to .
9. Why does the author like the food at Wilson 10. What does the author imply about the students at
Middle School? his previous school compared to students at
(A) It tastes good. Wilson Middle School?
(B) It is very healthful. (A) They did better in their studies.
(C) The servings are large. (B) They planned fewer activities.
(D) Students help to make it. (C) They belonged to sports clubs.
(D) They gave him more help.
Questions 11-17 are about the following story.
Line
Cricket—how I detested this game when I was young! My family would spend hours and hours
watching it on television while I angrily waited for it to end. Every game seemed the same. Yes, one
team won and the other one lost, but it was always the same game—some men pitching a ball, some
running back and forth.
5
Then something happened. I became old enough to start playing cricket myself with the other
kids in my neighborhood. We found a place to play wherever we could put up a wicket. We
played on the street, in the backyard—even on the tops of buildings, believe it or not!
I can recall so clearly the sounds of the ball hitting the bat and the quick running feet. I can still
feel the sun on my face as I played and the bruises and scratches from falling down. I can still see the
10 blue sky fading to darkness behind the buildings as our games continued into the night. It became my
favorite thing in the world. Now I watch it not with anger, but with fond memories of the endless
days and nights spent playing the game.
11. What title best summarizes the main idea of the (A) hated
passage? (B) played
(A) Cricket: A Game for All Ages (C) wanted
(B) How I Learned to Love Cricket (D) watched
(C) The Dangers of Playing Cricket
(D) Learning the Rules of a Difficult 13. What best describes the author’s attitude
Game toward cricket when he was very young?
(A) It was boring to watch.
12. In line 1, the word detested is closest in (B) It was difficult to learn.
meaning to . (C) It was fun to talk about.
(D) It was dangerous to play.
14. According to the author, what was surprising following EXCEPT .
about some of the cricket games he played? (A) how the sun felt on his skin
(A) They were played without bats. (B) how the ball sounded hitting the bat
(B) They were played on rooftops. (C) how the sky turned from light to dark
(C) No one cared who won them. (D) how the rules of the game caused
(D) No one got hurt playing them. Arguments
15. The author describes memories of all of the 16. What change does the author describe?
(A) He could not remember the rules of cricket at first, but then he decided it
did not matter.
(B) He was afraid of getting hurt playing
cricket at first, but then he stopped
being afraid.
(C) He did not like cricket at first, but
then he began to enjoy it.
(D) He liked playing cricket at first, but
then he grew tired of it.
17. In line 13, the word fond is closest in

meaning to .
(A) old
(B) cruel
(C) happy
(D) interesting
EXERCISE II
Focus: Identifying correct answers and recognizing distractors in main idea / topic / purpose
questions.
Direction : Read the passage. Then mark each answer choice according to the following system.
S too Specific I Irrelevant
G too General C Correct
X Incorrect
Passage I
There are two main types of cell division. Most cells are produced by a process called mitosis. In mitosis, a
cell divides and forms two identical daughter cells, each with an identical number of chromosomes. Most
one-celled creatures reproduce by this method, as do most of the cells in multicelled plants and animals.
Sex cells, however, are formed in a special type of cell division called meiosis. This process reduces the
number of chromosomes in a sex cell to half the number found in other kinds of cells. Then, when sex
cells unite, they produce a single cell with the original number of chromosomes.
1. What is the main topic of this passage?
(A) The method by which one-celled organisms reproduce.
(B) A comparison between mitosis and meiosis.
(C) Meiosis, the process by which identical cells are produced.
Passage II
The last gold rush belongs as much to Canadian history as it does to American. The discovery of gold along
the Klondike River, which flows from Canada’s Yukon Territory into Alaska, drew some 30,000 fortune
hunters to the north.The Yukon became a territory, and its capital of the time, Dawson, would not have
existed without the gold rush. The gold strike furnished material for a dozen of Jack London’s novel. It
inspired Robert Service to write “The Shooting of Dan McGrew” and other poems, and it provided the
background for the wonderful Charlie Chaplin movie, The Gold Rush. It also marked the beginning of
modern Alaska.
2. This author’s main purpose in writing is to

(A) discuss the significance of mining in Canada and the United States.
(B) show the influence of the Klondike gold strike on the creative arts.
(C) point out the impact of the Klondike gold strike.
Passage III
An old proverbs states, “Be aware of oak, it draws the stroke.” This saying is handy during thunderstorm
season. In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do trees with
shallow, drier roots. Oaks are around 50 times more likely to be struck than beeches. Spruces are nearly as
safe as beeches. Pines are not as safe as these two, but are still much safer than oaks.
3. What is the author’s main point?

(A) Old proverbs often contain important truths.
(B) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning than those with deep roots.
(C) The deeper a tree’s roots, the safer it is during a thunderstorm.
Passage IV
Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea for a new type of toy. After the
Montgolfier brothers flew the first balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings. In the nineteenth
century, soon after railroads and steamships were developed, every child had to have model trains and
steamboats. The same held true for automobiles and airplanes in the early twentieth century. Toy rockets
and missiles became popular at the beginning of the space age, and by the 1980’s, there were many
different versions of space-shuttle toys.
4. The main idea of this passage is that

(A) inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms of transportation.
(B) toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early 1900’s.
(C) toy design has followed developments in transportation.
Passage V
American folk music originated with ordinary people at a time when the rural population was isolated and
music was not yet spread by radio, audios, compact disks, or music DVDs. It was transmitted by oral
tradition and is noted for its energy, humor, and emotional impact. The major source of early American folk
songs was music from the British Isles, but songs from Africa as well as songs of the American Indians
have a significant part in its heritage. Later settlers from other countries also contributed songs. In the
nineteenth century, composer Stephen Foster wrote some of the most enduringly popular of all American
songs, which soon became part of the folk tradition. Beginning in the 1930’s, Woody Guthrie gained great
popularity by adapting traditional melodies and lyrics and supplying new ones as well. In the 1950’s and
1960’s, singer-composers such as Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, and Joan Baez continued this tradition by
creating “urban” folk music. Many of these songs dealt with important social issues, such as racial
integration and the war in Vietnam.
5. The primary purpose of this passage is to

(A) trace the development of American folk music
(B) explain the oral tradition.
(C) contrast the styles of folk musicians.
(D) point out the influence of social issues on “urban” folk music.
Choose the correct answer.
Passage VI
Other major changes in journalism occured around this time. In 1986, Richard Hoe invented the steam
cylinder rotary press, making it possible to print newspapers faster and cheaper. The development of the
telegraph made possible much speedier collection and distribution of news. Also in 1846, the first wire
service was organized. A new type of newspaper appeared around this time, one that was more attuned to
the spirits and needs of the new America. Although newspapers continued to cover politics, they came to
report more human interest stories and to record the most recent news, which they could not have done
before the telegraph. New York papers and those of other northerns cities maintained corps of
correspondents to go into all parts of the country to cover newsworthy events.
6. The main purpose of the passage is to

(A) Other types of rotary presses
(A) present a brief history of American journalism
(B) Alternatives to using wire services
(B) outline certain developments in mid-19th-
(C) Newspapers that concentrated on politics
century journalism
(D) Other developments in journalism
(C) explain the importance of the steam
cylinder rotary press
8. The tone of the passage could best be described as
(D) present some biographical information
(A) objective
about Richard Hoe
(B) optimistic
(C) angry
7. What is the most probable topic of the paragraph
(D) humorous
preceeding this one?
Passage VII
While fats have lately acquired a bad image, one should not forget how essential they are. Fats provide
the body’s best means of storing energy, far more efficient energy sources than either carbohydrates or
proteins. They act as insulation against cold, as cushioning for the internal organs, and as lubricants.
Without fats, there would be no way to utilize fat-soluble vitamins. Futhermore, some fats contain fatty
acids that contain necessary growth factors and help with the digestion of other foods.
An important consideration of fat intake is the ratio of saturated fats to unsaturated fats. Saturated fats,
which are derived from dairy products, animal fats, and tropical oils, increase the amount of cholesterol in
the blood. Cholesterol may lead to coronary heart disease by building up in the arteries of the heart.
However, unsaturated fats, derived from vegetable oils, tend to lower serum cholesterol if take in a
proportion twice that of saturated fats.
The consumption of a variety of fats is necessary, but the intake of too much fat may lead to a variety
of health problems. Excessive intake of fats, like all nutritional excesses, is to be avoid.
9. The main idea of the first paragraph is that

11. The main paragraph of the third paragraph is that
(A) fats have a bad image
(A) people are eating less and less fat today
(B) fats serve important functions in the body
(B) fats should be gradually eliminated from
(C) fats store more food more efficiently than
the diet
proteins or carbohydrates
(C) excessive consuption of fats maybe
dangerous to one’s health
10. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
(A) unsatured fats may reduce cholesterol levels 12. With which of the follwing is the whole passage
(B) the consumption of any type of fat leads to primarily concerned?
heart disease (A) The role of fats in human health
(C) fats taken in the proper proportion may (B) The dangers of cholesterol
reduce serum cholesterol (C) The benefits of fats in the diet
(D) The importance of good nutrition
UNIT 4
DETAIL QUESTIONS
A. Factual Questions
→ ask about explicit facts and details given in the passage (directly stated in the passage). Factual
question often begin with the phrase :According to the passage,...” or “According to the author, ...”.
B. Negative Questions
→ ask you to determine which of the four choices is not given in the passage. These questions contain the
words NOT, EXCEPT, or LEAST (which are always capitalized).
C. Scanning Questions
→ ask you to find where in the passage some particular information or transition is located. They are
usually easy toidentify: the answers are usually line numbers.
D. Vocabulary-in-context Questions
→ ask you to determine which of four words or phrases can best substitute for a word or words in the
passage.
E. Reference Questions
→ ask what noun (called the referent) a pronoun or some other expression refers to
EXERCISE I
Scanning passages to locate answers for detail questions.
Questions 1-7
Antlers grow from permanent knoblike bones on a deer’s skull.

(Line)
Deer use their antlers chiefly to fight for mates or for leadership of a
herd. Among most species of deer, only the males have antlers, but
both male and female reindeer and caribou have
(5 antlers. Musk deer and Chinese water deer do not have antlers at all.
)
Deer that live in mild or cold climates lose their antlers each
winter. New ones begin to grow the next spring. Deer that live
in tropical climates may lose their antlers and grow new ones at other
(10) times of year.
New antlers are soft and tender. Thin skin grows over the
antlers as they develop. Short, fine hair on the skin makes it look like
velvet. Full-grown antlers are hard and strong. The velvety skin dries
up and deer rubs the skin off by scraping
(15) its antlers against trees. The antlers fall off several months later.
The size and shape of a deer’s antlers depend on the animal’s age and
health. The first set grows when the deer is from one to
two years old. On most deer, the first antlers are short and
(20) straight. As deer get older, their antlers grow larger and form
intricate branches.
1. How do deer primarily use their antlers? .
2. In what way are reindeer and caribou different from other types of deer? .
3. When do deer that live in temparate climates begin to grow their antlers? .
4. According to the article, which of the following does the skin on deer’s antlers most closely
resemble? .
5. Which of the following factors influences the size and shape of a deer’s antlers? .
6. At what age do deer get their first antlers? _.
7. What happens to a deer’s antlers as the deer grow older? _.
Questions 8-17
In 1862, during the Civil War, President Lincoln signed the Morrill Act. The measure was named for its
(Line sponsor, Congressman (later Senator) Justin S. Morrill of Vermont. Popularly called the Land Grant Act, it
)
provided each state with 30,000 acres of public land for each senator and each representative it had in
Congress. It required that the land be sold, the proceeds invested, and the income used to create and maintain
colleges to teach agriculture and engineering.
(5) Although not all states used the money as planned in the act, some thirty states did establish new
institutions. Purdue University, The Unversity of Illinois, Texas A & M, Michigan State, and the University of
California all trace their roots to the Morrill Act. Eighteen states gave the money to existing state universities to
finace new agricultural and engineering departments. A few gave their money to private colleges. For example,
Massachusettes used much of its funds to endow the Massachusettes Institute of Technology. One state changed
(10) its mind. Yale University was chosen to be funded in Connecticut, but farmers protested, and the legislature
moved the assets to the University
of Connecticut.
Most students chose to study engineering. Agricuture was not even considered a science until it had been
dignified by the work of research stations. These were established at land-grant institutions in 1887 by the
(15) Hatch Act. Gradually, universities broke away from the narrow functions Congress had assigned them and
presented a full range of academic offerings. From anthropology to zoology.
Today there are some 69 land-grant institutions in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto
Rico. About one in five college students in the United States attends land-grant schools.
8. When was the Morrill Act signed? _.

9. Who sponsored the Morrill Act? .
10. What position did the sponsor of the Morrill Act have at the time it was passed? .
11. How much land did each state receive under the Morrill Act? .
12. How many states used the money in the way it was intended by Congress? .
13. Which of these states used its money to fund a private university? _.
14. Who objected to the way the Connecticut legislature initially decided to spend its fund?
.
15. What was one effect of the Hatch Act of 1887? .
16. How many land-grant institutions are in operation at present? _.
17. What percent of college students in the United States currently attend land-grant institutions?
.
EXERCISE II
Read each item. Then mark the answer choice that could be best used in place of the
underlined expression as it appears in the sentence.
1. The planet Mercury is visible to the naked eye but is not the easiest planet to spot.
A. unclothed B. unaided C. unarmed
2. Every atlas has its own legend.

A. mythical story B. famous person C. explanation of symbols
3. Above the snowline, any mountain hollow is permanently occupied with snow.
A. filled B. busy
4. The glass factories of Toledo, Ohio, boomed after Michael Owens invented a process that turned out
bottles by the thousands.
A. exploded B. resounded C. prospered
5. Dr. Renѐ Dubos, a French physician who came to the United States in 1924, searched for
substances that would check the growth of bacteria.
A. restrict B. investigate
6. The root of the horseradish plant has a biting taste.

A. chewing B. sharp C. sarcastic
7. The double-bass is shaped like a viola and has a deep, rich tone.
A. valuable B. resonant C. abundant
8. A public library is a resource the entire community can draw on.

A. illustrate B. approach C. use
9. A business concern with two or more owners is reffered to as a partnership.

A. firm B. worry
10. Table salt is finer than rock salt.

A. made up of smaller particles
B. of better quality
C. freer of impurities
EXERCISE III
Questions 1-6
Dulcimers are musical instruments that basically consist of wooden boxes with string stretched over them.
(Line In one form or another, they have been around since ancient times, probably originating with the Persian santir.
) Today there are two varieties: the hammered dulcimer and the Appalachian, or mountain dulcimer. The former is
shaped like a trapezoid, has two or more strings, and is played
with wooden mallets. It is the same instrument played in a number of Old World countries. The Appalachian
(5) dulcimer is classified by musicologists as box zither. It is a descendant of the Pennsylvania Dutch scheitholt
and the French epinette. Appalachian dulcimers are painstakingly fashioned by artisans in the mountains of
West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. These instruments have three or four strings and are
plucked with quills or the fingers. They are shaped like teardrops or hourglasses. Heart-shaped holes in the
sounding board are traditional. Most performers play the instruments while seated with the instruments in their
(10) laps, but others wear them around their necks like guitars or place them on tables in front of them. Originally
used to play dance music, Appalachian dulcimers were popularized by performers such as John Jacob Niles
and Jean Ritchie during the folk music revival of the 1960’s.
1. According to the passage, a hammered B. a heart
dulcimer is made in the shape of C. a trapezoid
A. an hourglass D. a teardrop
4. According to the author, most performers
2. According to the passage, which of the
play the Appalachian dulcimer
following is NOT an ancestor of Appalachian
A. while sitting down
dulcimer?
B. with the instrument strapped around their
A. The box zither
neck
B. The santir
C. while standing at a table
C. The scheitholt
D. with wooden hammers
D. The epinette
5. According to the author, what are John Jacob
3. According to the passage, how many strings
Niles and Jean Ritchie known for?
does the Appalachian dulcimer have?
A. played dance music on Appalachian
A. One or two
dulcimers
B. Three or four
B. are artisans who design Appalachian
C. Four or five
dulcimers
D. Six or more
C. helped bring Appalachian dulcimers to
the public’s attention
D. began the folk music revival of the
1960’s
6. Where in the passage does the author

describe the hammered dulcimer?
A. Lines 1-2
B. Lines 4-5
C. Lines 9-10
D. Lines 13-14
Questions 7-14
(Line
All birds have feathers, and all animals with feathers are birds. No
)
other major groups of animals is so easy to categorize. All birds have
wings, too, but wings are not peculiar to birds.
Many adaptations are found in both feathers and wings. Feathers form
the soft down of geese and ducks, the long decorative plumes
(5)
of ostriches, and the strong flight feathers of eagles and hawks. Wings
vary from the short, broad ones of chickens, which seldom fly, to the
long, slim ones of albatrosses, which spend almost all their lives soaring
on air currents. In penguins, wings have been modified into flippers and
(10) feathers into a waterproof covering. In kiwis, the wings are almost
impossible to detect.
Yet diversity among birds is not so striking as it is among mammals.
The difference between a hummingbird and a penguin is immense, but
hardly as startling as that between a bat and a whale.
It is variation in details rather than a fundamental patterns
(15)
that have been important in the adaptation of birds to many kinds of ecosystems.
7. The word “categorize” in line 2 is closest in 11. hich of the following is closest in meaning to
meaning to the word “diversity” in line 12?
A. appreciate A. function
B. comprehend B. heredity
C. classify C. specialty
D. visualize D. variety
8. Which of the following is closest in meaning to 12. The word “hardly” in line 14 is closest in
the phrase “peculiar to” in line 3? meaning to
A. unusual for A. defenitely
B. common to B. not nearly
C. necessary for C. possible
D. unique to D. not always
9. The word “slim” in line 8 is closest in 13. The word “startling” in line 14 is closest in
meaning to meaning to
A. slender A. initial
B. powerful B. existing
C. graceful C. tremendous
D. soft D. surprising
10. The word “detect” in line 11 is closest in 14. The word “fundamental” in line 15 is closest in
meaning to meaning to
A. utilize A. basic
B. extend B. shifting
C. observe C. predictable
D. describe D. complicated
EXERCISE IV
Questions 1- 10
(Line) Just as optical fibers have transformed communication, they are also
revolutionizing medicine. These ultra-thin, flexible fibers have opened a window
into the living tissues of the body. By inserting optical fibers through natural
openings or small incisions and threading them along the body’s established
(5) pathways, physicians can look into the lungs, intestines, and other areas that were
formerly inaccessible to them.
The basic fiber-optics system is called a fiberscope, which consists of two
bundles of fibers. One, the illuminating bundle, carries light to the tissues. It is
coupled to a high-intensity light source. Light enters the cores of the high-purity
(10) silicon glass and travels along the fibers. A lens at the end of the bundle collects the
light and focuses it into the other bundle, the
imaging bundle. Each fiber in the bundle transmits only a tiny fraction of the total
image. The reconstructed image can be viewed through an eyepiece or displayed on
a television screen. During the last five years, improved methods of fabricating
(15) optical fibers have led to a reduction in fiberscope diameter and an increase in the
number of fibers, which in turn has increased resolution.
Optical fibers can also be used to deliver laser light. By use of laser beams,
physicians can perform surgery inside the body, sometimes eliminating the need for
invasive procedures in which healthy tissue must be cut through to reach the site of
(20) disease. Many of these procedures do not require anesthesia and can be performed
in a physician’s office. These techniques have reduced the risk and the cost of
medical care.
1. What is the main subject of the passage? A. tips
A. A revolution in communication. B. centers
B. The invention of optical fibers. C. clusters
C. New surgical techniques D. lines
D. The role of optical fibers in medicine.
7. According to the passage, how do the
2. In line 2, the author uses the expression have fiberscope used today differ from those
opened a window to indicate that the use of used five years ago?
optical fibers A. they use brighter lights
A. has enabled scientists to make amazing B. they are longer
discoveries. C. they contain more fibers
B. sometimes requires a surgical incision. D. they are larger in diameter
C. allows doctors to see inside the body
without major surgery. 8. The word resolution in line 17 is closest in
D. has been unknown to the general public meaning to which of the following?
until quite recently. A. strength
B. sharpness
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to
C. inconvenience
the word formerly in line 6?
D. efficiency
A. Previously
B. Completely
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by
C. Usually
the author as one of the advantages of laser
D. Theoretically
surgery techniques?
A. they can be performed in a physician’s
4. The word them in line 6 refers to
office
A. optical fibers B. they are safer than conventional surgery
B. pathways C. they can often be performed without
C. other areas of the body anesthesia.
D. physicians D. they are relatively easy to teach to
physicians.
5. According to the passage, what is the
purpose of the illuminating bundle in a
fiberscope? 10. Where in the passage does the author provide a
A. to carry light into the body basic description of a fiberscope?
B. to collect and focus light A. lines 1-2
C. to reconstruct images B. line 7
D. to perform surgery inside the body C. lines 10-11
D. line 14
6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to
the word cores in line 9?
Questions 11- 18
The 1960s, however, saw a rising dissatisfaction with Modernist movement, especially in North
(Line
America where its failings were exposed in two influential books, Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of
)
Great American Cities in 1961 and Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in
1966. Jacobs highlighted the destruction of the richness of American cities by massive, impersonal
buildings. Venture implied that Modernist structures were without meaning because they lacked the
(5) complexity and intimacy of historical buildings.
This dissatisfaction was translated into action in 1972 with the demolition of several
fourteen-story Modernist apartment blocks that only twenty years before had
won architectural prizes. Similar housing developments were destroyed elsewhere in North America
in the following decades, but it was in St. Louis that the port-Modernist
(10) era began.
Post-Modernist architects have little in common in terms of style and theory.
They are united mainly in their opposition to the Modernist style. Robert Venturi’s
designs show wit, humanity and historical reference. This tendencies can be seen in his bold design for the
Tucker House (1975) in Katonah, New York, and the Brant-Johnson House (1975) in Vail, Colorado,
(15) which owes something to the Italian renaissance . Similar characteristics are apparent in the work of
Venturi’s disciple Michael Graves. Graves’ Portland Public Service Building (1982) in Portland, Oregon,
and his Humana Tower (1986) in Louisville, Kentucky, have the bulk of skyscrapers but incorporate
historical souvenirs such as colonnades, belvederes, keystones, and decorative sculpture.
Other post-Modernists rejected the playfulness of Venturi and his group. They chose a more
(20) historically faithful classical style, as in Greenberg and Blateau’s reception rooms at the
U.S. Department of State in Washington D.C. (1984-1986). The most complete instance of
historical accuracy is the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu,
California (1970-1975), designed by Langdon and Wilson. They relied on archaeological advice to
achieve the authentic quality of a Roman villa.
(25)
11. With which of the following topics did the paragraph preceding the passage probably deal?
A. The Modernist movement
B. Architecture outside North America
C. A history of Post-Modernism
D. Books of the 1950s
12. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word highlighted in line 4?
A. Celebrated
B. Denied
C. Emphasized
D. Exaggerated
13. The word they in line 6 refers to

A. historical buildings.
B. Venturi and Jacobs.
C. North American cities.
D. Modernist structures.
14. According to the passage, what do the two books mentioned in the first paragraph have in
common?
A. They were both written by the same author.
B. They both lack complexity.
C. They are both critical of Modernism.
D. They both outline post-Modernist theory.
15. According to the author, which event signaled the beginning of post-Modernism?
A. The publication of a book
B. The building of a housing development
C. The awarding of a prize
D. The destruction of some buildings
16. The author mentions that a house designed by Robert Venturi in a style influenced by the Italian
Renaissance was built in
A. Katonah, New York
B. Vail, Colorado
C. Portland, Oregon
D. Louisville, Kentucky
17. Which of the following is closest in meaning to disciple in line 17?

A. Adviser
B. Follower
C. Critic
D. Partner
18. The J.Paul Getty Museum is given as an example of

A. a massive, impersonal Modernist building.
B. a faithful reproduction of classical architecture.
C. a typical Malibu structure
D. playful architecture.
UNIT 5
INFERENCE QUESTIONS
Inference questions → ask you to make conclusion based indirectly on information in the passage
because the inference is not directly stated on the passage. Many of these questions contain some form of the
words infer or imply.
EXERCISE I
Focus : Identifying valid inference based on sentences.
1. Cities founded around the turn of the eighteenth century, such as Williamsburg, Annapolis, and especially
Philadelphia, were laid out on a regular grid with public squares, while cities laid out in the mid-
seventeenth century, such as Boston, remain chaotic to this day.
A. Philadelphia is today laid out more regularly than either Williamsburg or Annapolis.
B. Boston wa not originally laid out according to a logical plan.
C. Philadelphia, Williamsburg, and Annapolis were founded before Boston.
2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples, they don’t mean something developed last
month, last year, or even in the last decade.
A. Apple growers haven’t developed any new varieties in recent decades.
B. Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.
C. New varieties of apple take many years to develop.
3. Blood cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults.

A. Blood cholesterol is no longer a problem for adults.
B. Only children have a problem with blood cholesterol.
C. Blood cholesterol affects both adults and children.
4. A metal-worker of 3,000 years ago would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process used to
cast titanium for jet engines.
A. Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.
B. The lost-wax method of casting is very old.
C. Metal working has changed very little in 3,000 years.
5. There is more quartz in the world than any one kind of feldspar, but the feldspars as a group are five
times more common than quartz.
A. One type of quartz is five times more plentiful than feldspar.
B. Quartz is less common than the feldspars.
C. The most common type of feldspar is as plentiful as quartz.
6. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtle’s brain is comparatively small since turtles,
like all other reptiles, depend on senses other than sight.
A. No reptiles, depend on senses other than sight.
B. Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles do.
C. The visual areas of other reptile brains are comparatively smaller than those of turtles.
7. Contrary to popular belief, there is no validity to the stories one hears of initials carved in a tree by a young
boy becoming elevated high above his head when he visits the tree as an old man.
A. Trees don’t grow the way many people think they do.
B. If a child carves initials in a tree, it won’t grow.
C. Over time, initials that are carved into a tree will be elevated.
8. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the
penmanship of Goerge Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, or John Kennedy reveals.
A. Washington, Roosevelt, Kennedy all had handwriting that was difficult to read.
B. A person’s handwriting reveals a lot about that person.
C. The author believes that Washington Roosevelt, and Kennedy all had weak characters.
9. William Faulkner set many of his novels in and around an imaginary town, Jefferson, Mississippi, which
he closely patterned after his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi.
A. William Faulkner wrote many of his novels while living in Jefferson, Mississippi.
B. The town of Oxford, Mississippi, exists only in Faulkner’s novels.
C. Faulkner actually wrote about his hometown but did not use its real name.
10. Most fish take on, to a certain degree, the coloration of their natural surroundings, so it is not surprising
that the fish inhabiting warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant tints of
the rainbow.
A. Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their environment.
B. Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.
C. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environments.
EXERCISE II
Focus : Recognizing valid inferences based on longer passages.
Direction : Read the passages. If the statements following the passages are valid inference based on those
passages, mark the items I. If the statements cannot be inferred from the passage , mark those items X.
The term “ neon light” was originally applied to a particular type of vapor lamp using the inert gas neon. A
long tube was filled with neon, which then became luminous at low pressure when an electric current was
passed through it. The lamp then emitted the characteristic reddish-orange light of neon. Today, the term
“neon light” is given to lams of this general type which may be filled with a variety of gases, depending on
the color that is desired. Argon, for example, is used to produce blue light. Colors can also be altered by
changing the color of the glass tube. The tubes must be quite long in all these lamps to produce light
efficiently. As a result, high voltages are required. Neon tube lamps are not practical for indoor
illumination, but they have founf widespread outdoor use in glowing, colorful advertising signs.
1. The inert gas neon is reddih-orange in color.

2. The meaning of the term ”neon light” has changed over time.
3. Today’s “neon light” never actually contain neon.
4. All types of “neon light” work on the same general principles.
5. When stimulated by electricity, different types of gas produce different gas.
6. Modern “neon light” are more efficient than those used in the past.
7. The primary market for “neon lights” is businesses rather than private households.
Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the vital
ingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at ta cost of thousands of dollars a
pound; an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost. Since the early twentieth
century, succes in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that today produces
hundreds of artificial flavours and fragrances.
Some natural fragrances are easily synthetized; these include vanillin, the aromatic
ingredient in vanilla, and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragrances,
however, have dozens,even hundreds of components. Only recently has it been possible to separate
and identify these ingredients by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the
chemical identity is known, it is possible to synthesize them.
Nevertheless, some complex substances, such as the aroma of fresh coffee, have still not been
duplicated satisfactorily.
Many of the chemical compunds making up these synthetics are identical to those found in
nature, and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety,
and when used in food, must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
The availability of synthetic flavors and fragrances has made possible a large variety of
products, from inexpensive beverages to perfumed soap to used cars with applied “new car odor”.
8. Natural rose fragrance is 100 times more expensive to produce than artificial rose fragrance.
9. Vanillin is easier to synthetize than benzaldehyde.
10. In general, the more components there are in a fragrance, the harder it is to synthesize.
11. Once a substance has been chemically analyzed, it can always be easy synthesized.
12. Once recently has it been possible to satifactorily synthesize the aroma of fresh coffee.
13. Not all synthetic flavors are harmless.
14. Synthetized substances must be tested for safety only if they are used in food.
15. Synthetic fragrances can be used to make a used car smell like a new one.
EXERCISE III
Questions 1-5
(Line)
For most modern airports, the major design problem is scale—

)
(5)
(10
)
(15
)
(20
h e space on the ground for maneuvaring wide- body jet s while permitting
o convenient and rapid movement of passengers departing, arriving, or
w transferring from one flight to another.
Most designs for airport take one of four approaches.
t In the linear plan, the building may be straight or curved. The
o passengers board aircraft parked next to the terminal. This plan works
well for small airports that need to provide boarding areas for only a
few aircraft at a time.
a
In the pier plan, narrow corridors or piers extend from a
l
central building. This plan allows many aircraft to park next to the
l
building. However, it creates long walking distances for passengers.
o
In the sattelite plan, passengers board aircraft from small
w
terminals that are separated from the main terminals. Passengers reach
the satellites by way of shuttle trains or underground passageways that
a have shuttle trains or moving sidewalks.
d The transporter plan employs some system of transport to move
e passengers from the terminal building to the aircraft. If buses
q are used, the passengers must climb a flight of stairs to board the
u aircraft. If mobile lounges are used, they can link up directly with
a the aircraft and protect passengers from the
t weather.
1. It can be inferred that scale would not pose a C. the plan makes use of the most modern,
major design probelm at airports if high-technology equipment
A. airports were larger D. airports that make use of this plan
B. aircraft did not need so much space to utilize data from weather sattelites
maneuver on the ground
C. other forms of transportation were 4. The passage suggests that shuttle trains
more efficient transfer passengers to satellite terminals
D. airplanes could fly faster from
A. the main terminal
2. The linear plan would probably be best at B. airplanes
A. a busy airport C. downtown
B. an airport used by many small aircraft D. other sattelite terminals
C. an airport with only a few arrivals or
departures 5. It can be inferred that mobile lounges
D. an airport that serves a large city would be more desirable than buses
when
3. The passage implies that the term A. passengers are in a hurry
”satellite plan” is used because B. flights have been delayed
A. satellites are lounged and tracked C. the weather is bad
from these sites D. passengers need to save money
B. small terminals encircle the main
terminal like sattelites around planet
Questions 6-7
(Line )
)
(5) (15)
(10
e ve to the land for at least 100 year, geologists say. During that same period,
T e the Atlantic
h n Coast has eroded an average of 2 to 3 feet per year, the Gulf Coast
e r even faster. Many engineers maintain that seawalls and replenished
i beaches are necessary to protect the nation’s shoreline. Too many
s people live or vacation in Miami beach, Atlantic city, or Martha’s
s
i Vineyard to allow theor roads and buildings to simply fall into the
e
n sea.
a
g The problems with seawalls is that they simply don’t work. One
r study has shown that, in fact, seawalls accelerate the erosion of beaches.
h e Faced with the loss of their beaches, other communities have tried a
a l simple but expensive solution: replace the lost sand.
s a These replenishment programs, however, are costly and of dubious value.
t Another study has shown that only 10% of replenished beaches lasted
b i more than 5 years.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the author

A. opposes the use of both seawalls and beach replenishment
B. believes beach replenishment would be more effective than seawalls
C. opposes any actions to protect the shoreline
D. denies that beach erosion is a problem
7. Why does the author mention Miami Beach, Atlantic City and Martha’s Vineyard?
A. These are communities with seawalls.
B. These are communities that have implemented replenishment programs
C. These are communities in danger of beach erosion
D. These are communities which have lost roads and buildings to erosion

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TOEFL Module 2017

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TOEFL Preparation Module Fitria Hardini Rangkuti, S.S.

Example: Which is the girl’s horse? 3. How much is the skirt?

4. What’s the weather like now?

5. What will the girl cook?

13. How will they get there?

Name : Answer That!

Basic Listening Exercise II

Example Sample Answer

You will hear : Where is the meeting room?

You will also hear : (A) To meet the new director.

Format tes Listening

Adapun bentuk pertanyaan yang muncul dalam dialog, antara lain:

No. Type of questions Sample questions

Meaning question. - What does the man/ woman mean?

Inference question. - What does the man/woman imply?

- What does the woman suggest the man do?

- What will the man do?

Terdapat 3 tipe sound confusion dalam TOEFL PBT dialogs:

Contoh kata dengan bunyi vokal yang

EXERCISE (Audio 2.1)

2. (A) Go down the slide. 10. (A) It’s been chipped.

3. (A) Put them in a file. 11. (A) He tripped in the aisle.

8. (A) Its taste has improved.

EXERCISE I (Audio 3.1)

EXERCISE II (Audio 3.2)

EXERCISE I (Audio 4.1)

1. get into hot water 7. under the weather

1. (A) Go to work with Jim.

2. (A) If the woman will go to the party with him.

3. (A) She missed Friday’s class, too.

1. (A) He’s not related to Larry.

2. (A) The suit costs a lot of money.

7. (A) He hasn’t been to the dentist for years.

EXERCISE (Audio 6.1)

No. Agrees Disagrees No. Agrees Disagrees

Positive Responses Negative Responses

Positive Responses Negative Responses

Positive Responses Negative Responses

Positive Responses Negative Responses

EXERCISE (Audio 7.2)

1. (A) He would like a cigarette. (C) Buy some popcorn.

1. (A) Ginny is definitely coming to dinner.

5. (A) She couldn’t type very fast.

TYPE OF OVERVIEW QUESTION IN EXTENDED

- “Where/When did this conversation take

Detail questions sering diawali dengan:

Inference questions sering diawali dengan:

1. (A) Methods of predicting earthquakes.

8. (A) Academic advisor.

1. (A) North of Los Angeles.

2. (A) They are a type of insect.

4. (A) About 200 miles.

5. (A) The swallows’ arrival.

6. (A) Only during the first week of classes.

Mini Talk terdiri dari 2 bagian:

1. The Introductory Comments

Tipe pertanyaan dalam Mini Talk terbagi 3 seperti extended conversation:

Type of Overview Question in Mini Talks Sample Question

1. (A) It covers some difficult topics.