Tribhuvan University

Institute of Science and Technology

2071
Advanced Java Programming
Full Marks: 60
Pass Marks: 24
Time: 3 hours
New Course
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Section A (2*10=20)
Attempt any two questions.
1.) What is multithreading? Why is it important to develop computer programs? Discuss life cycle of
thread in detail. (2+2+6)
Answer: Multithreading is the ability to run multiple threads concurrently. Thus multithreaded
programs can do many things at once. A thread is a separate unit of execution performing a particular
task in a multithreaded program. A thread is implemented by a particular method in programming
language such as Java. With multithreading, we can achieve multitasking. If we have multiple CPUs,
then each thread of a program can run on different CPUs allowing parallelism. If we have only one
CPU, then the threads take turns in their run and this context-switching of threads takes less time than
multiprocessing systems. For example, in word processors such as MS-Word, one thread may be
receiving input, another thread may be performing grammar check, and another thread may be auto-
saving the data, and so on. While one thread is waiting, another thread is scheduled to run in single
CPU systems. Further, in multithreading, all the threads of a program share the same memory space
whereas if it has been multiprocessing system, then each process would have its own memory space.
Thus, multithreading is important in programming for achieving multitasking and for optimizing
resource use.

The life cycle of a thread in java is controlled by JVM. The life cycle of a java thread involves the
following states in which the thread goes through.
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated

1) New: The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread class but before the
invocation of start() method.
2) Runnable: The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start() method, but the thread
scheduler has not selected it to be the running thread.
3) Running: The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has selected it.
4) Non-Runnable (Blocked): This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently not
eligible to run.
5) Terminated: A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method exits.

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 Fig: Thread States

2.) Write a program using swing components to find simple interest. Use text fields for inputs and
output. Your program should display the result when the user presses a button. (10)
Answer: //SimpleInterest.java
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SimpleInterest extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
JLabel l1 = new JLabel("Principal:");
JTextField t1 = new JTextField(10);
JLabel l2 = new JLabel("Time:");
JTextField t2 = new JTextField(10);
JLabel l3 = new JLabel("Rate:");
JTextField t3 = new JTextField(10);

JTextField t4 = new JTextField(10);

JButton b = new JButton("Interest");

public SimpleInterest() {
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setSize(200, 200);

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 setVisible(true);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
add(l1);
add(t1);
add(l2);
add(t2);
add(l3);
add(t3);
t4.setEditable(false);
add(t4);
add(b);
b.addActionListener(this);
}

@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
double pr = Double.parseDouble(t1.getText());
double ti = Double.parseDouble(t2.getText());
double ra = Double.parseDouble(t3.getText());
double in = (pr*ti*ra)/100;
t4.setText("" + in);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new SimpleInterest();
}
}

3.) What is servlet? Differentiate it with JSP. Discuss life cycle of servlet in detail. (2+3+5)
Answer: Refer to TU Exam Solution 2069 and 2070.

Section B (8*5=40)
Attempt any eight questions.
4.) How do you achieve multiple inheritance in java? Discuss. (5)
Answer: Refer to TU Exam Solution 2070.

5.) What is JDBC? Discuss different driver types in JDBC. (1+4)

Answer: JDBC is a Java database connectivity technology from Oracle Corporation. This technology
is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It
provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational
databases such as MySQL.

A JDBC driver is a set of Java classes that implement the JDBC interfaces, targeting a specific
database. The JDBC interface comes with standard Java, but the implementation of these interfaces is
specific to the database you need to connect to. Such an implementation is called a JDBC driver. There
are 4 different types of JDBC drivers:

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Type 1: JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
Type 2: Java + Native code driver
Type 3: All Java + Middleware translation driver
Type 4: All Java driver (Today, most drivers are type 4 drivers).

Type 1 JDBC Driver

A type 1 JDBC driver consists of a Java part that translates the JDBC interface calls to ODBC calls.
An ODBC bridge then calls the ODBC driver of the given database. Type 1 drivers are (were) mostly
intended to be used in the beginning, when there were no type 4 drivers (all Java drivers). Here is an
illustration of how a type 1 JDBC driver is organized:

Type 2 JDBC Driver

A type 2 JDBC driver is like a type 1 driver, except the ODBC part is replaced with a native code part
instead. The native code part is targeted at a specific database product. Here is an illustration of a type
2 JDBC driver:

Type 3 JDBC Driver

A type 3 JDBC driver is an all Java driver that sends the JDBC interface calls to an intermediate
server. The intermediate server then connects to the database on behalf of the JDBC driver. Here is an
illustration of a type 3 JDBC driver:

Type 4 JDBC Driver

A type 4 JDBC driver is an all Java driver which connects directly to the database. It is implemented
for a specific database product. Today, most JDBC drivers are type 4 drivers. Here is an illustration of
how a type 4 JDBC driver is organized:

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6.) Explain the importance of exception handling with suitable example. (5)
Answer: An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the
normal flow of instructions. So we have to handle exceptions. Exception handling is the ability of a
program to intercept run-time errors, take corrective measures, and then continue. Java exception
handling enables our Java applications to handle errors sensibly. Exception handling is a very
important yet often neglected aspect of writing robust Java applications or components. When an error
occurs in a Java program it usually results in an exception being thrown. How we throw, catch and
handle these exception matters. There are several ways to do so. Exception handling is important for a
program because it signals that some error or exceptional situation has occurred, and that it doesn't
make sense to continue the program flow until the exception has been handled.

The following program throws an exception whenever the user of the program gives an invalid age.
The invalid age condition is age being negative or age greater than 150. If exception has not been
handled here, then the user may possibly have provided the wrong input.

class InvalidAgeException extends Exception {

public InvalidAgeException(String msg) {

System.out.println(msg);
}
}

class Person {

private int age;

public void setAge(int age) throws InvalidAgeException {

if (age < 0 || age > 150) {
throw new InvalidAgeException("Invalid Age");
}
this.age = age;
}
}

public class ExceptionHandling {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person p = new Person();
try {
p.setAge(-20);
} catch (InvalidAgeException e) {
}
}
}

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7.) Discuss group layout with suitable example. (5)
Answer: GroupLayout is a layout manager that hierarchically groups components in order to position
them in a Container. GroupLayout works with the horizontal and vertical layouts separately. The
layout is defined for each dimension independently. We do not need to worry about the vertical
dimension when defining the horizontal layout, and vice versa, as the layout along each axis is totally
independent of the layout along the other axis. When focusing on just one dimension, we only have to
solve half the problem at one time. This is easier than handling both dimensions at once. This means
that each component needs to be defined twice in the layout. If we forget to do this, GroupLayout will
generate an exception. The following program demonstrates using GroupLayout.
import javax.swing.*;

public class GroupLayoutTest extends JFrame {

public GroupLayoutTest() {

JPanel panel = new JPanel();

GroupLayout layout = new GroupLayout(panel);

JButton one = new JButton("Button 1");

JButton two = new JButton("Button 2");
JButton three = new JButton("Button 3");
JButton four = new JButton("Button 4");
JButton five = new JButton("Button 5");
JButton six = new JButton("Button 6");

layout.setHorizontalGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
.addGroup(layout.createSequentialGroup()
.addComponent(one)
.addComponent(two)
.addComponent(three)) //first group
.addGroup(layout.createSequentialGroup()
.addComponent(four)
.addComponent(five)) //second group
.addComponent(six));

layout.setVerticalGroup(layout.createSequentialGroup()
.addGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.BASELINE)
.addComponent(one).addComponent(two).addComponent(three))
.addGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.BASELINE)
.addComponent(four).addComponent(five))
.addComponent(six));

panel.setLayout(layout);
add(panel);

setSize(400, 400);
setVisible(true);

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 setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new GroupLayoutTest();
}
}

The output of the above program will be:

8.) Write a simple java program to read from and write to files. (5)
Answer: Refer to TU Exam Solution 2070.

9.) What is TCP socket? Differentiate it with UDP socket. (2+3)

Answer: Refer to TU Exam Solution 2070.

10.) Discuss any five event classes in java. (5)

Answer: Every time a user interacts with a component on the GUI, events are generated. Events are objects that
store information like the type of event that occurred, the source of the event, etc. Once the event is generated,
then the event is passed to other objects, which handle or react to the event, called event listeners. Some event
classes that represent the event and their corresponding listeners are:
Events Listeners
FocusEvent FocusListener
MouseEvent MouseListener, MouseMotionListener
WindowEvent WindowListener
TextEvent TextListener
KeyEvent KeyListener
ItemEvent ItemListener
ActionEvent ActionListener

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Five of the many important event classes are:
(1) ActionEvent: In Java, most components have a special event called an ActionEvent. This is loosely speaking
the most common or canonical event for that component. A good example is a click for a button. To have any
component listen for an ActionEvent, we must register the component with an ActionListener as:
component.addActionListener(new MyActionListener());
and then write the
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e);
method for the component to react to the event.

(2) ItemEvent: It is generated in case of JRadioButton, JCheckBox, JCheckBoxMenuItem, JComboBox and

JList components. To have any component listen for an ItemEvent, we must register the component with an
ItemListener as:
component.addItemListener(new MyItemListener);
and then write the
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e);
method for the component to react to the event.

(3) MouseEvent: It is generated in case of mouse clicks and mouse motion when the cursor is over Swing
components such as JFrame. To have any component listen for a MouseEvent, we must register the component
with either MouseListener or MouseMotionListener as:
component.addMouseListener(new MyMouseListener);
OR
component.addMouseMotionListener(new MyMouseMotionListener);
and then write the
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e);
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e);
OR
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);
methods for the component to react to the event.

(4) KeyEvent: It is generated in case of key presses and key depresses on text fields such as JTextField and
JTextArea. One example of KeyEvent is user typing in a textfield. To have any component listen for a
KeyEvent, we must register the component with KeyListener as:
component.addKeyListener(new MyKeyListener);
and then write the
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);
public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);
methods for the component to react to the event.

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(5) WindowEvent: It is generated in case of Swing window and its derivative components such as JFileDialog
and JFrame. One example of WindowEvent is user closing a frame. To have any component listen for a
WindowEvent, we must register the component with WindowListener as:
component.addWindowListener(new MyWindowListener);
and then write the
public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e);
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e);
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e);
public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e);
public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e);
public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e);
public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e);
methods for the component to react to the event.

However, we also do have the option to use corresponding Adapter classes instead of these Listener
interfaces by which we can implement only the methods that are needed for the component and not
define all the methods that are not necessary.

11.) What is java beans? Differentiate it with java classes. (1+4)

Answer: Refer to TU Exam Solution 2070.

12.) What is RMI? Differentiate it with CORBA. (2+3)

Answer: Java’s Remote Method Invocation (commonly referred to as RMI) is used for client and
server models. RMI is the object oriented equivalent of RPC (Remote procedure call). The Java
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) system allows an object running in one Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) to invoke methods on an object running in another JVM.
RMI provides for remote communication between programs written in the Java programming language
i.e. RMI is a Java-specific technology. However, CORBA (Common Object Request Broker
Architecture) has implementations for many languages. We can use CORBA to share objects between
programs written in different languages (e.g. C++ and Java). Further, CORBA uses IDL (Interface
Definition Language) to separate interface from implementation whereas RMI just uses Java
interfaces. Also, since CORBA is not tied to a particular language, the data types do not always map
exactly to the types used by our programming language (e.g. a long in IDL is an int in Java), however
with RMI the data types are exactly mapped. These are the differences between competing distributed
systems technologies: RMI and CORBA.

13.) Write a simple JSP program to display “Tribhuvan University” 10 times. (5)
Answer: Refer to TU Exam Solution of 2070.

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